Period Three Learning About Language (Grammar)
语法归纳
【归纳用法】
1.had+动词过去分词 2.had+been+动词过去分词
【实战演练】
●Ⅰ 1.had been found 2.hadn’t studied 3.had worked
4.had been sent 5.had been finished 6.had
7.had wanted 8.had been 9.had learned/learnt
10.had been planted
●Ⅱ 1.had had/spent together with his wife
2.had been well organized
3.had learnt/learned something
4.had been admitted to
5.had intended toPeriod Three Learning About Language (Grammar)
Ⅰ.1.had expected 2.had been consumed 3.had he got 4.had studied 5.had been trapped 6.had passed 7.had been left 8.had been 9.had wanted 10.had been conducted
Ⅱ.1.returned to his hometown; it had changed completely
2.It was the second time that; had been given/awarded to
3.The manager had intended to
4.He had no sooner returned to England/No sooner had he returned to England
5.The designer had hardly finished introducing his plan
Ⅲ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是香在许多文化中拥有悠久的历史,并且被人们广泛使用,无论是用它来享乐还是把它用作药物。
1.with 考查介词。分析句子可知,设空处使用介词与后面的its roots构成介词短语。此处表示“有着”,应使用介词with。故填with。
2.or 考查连词。分析句子可知,句中whether…or…为固定短语,意为“无论是……还是……”。故填or。
3.Made 考查非谓语动词。句中has been used为谓语动词,设空处使用非谓语动词,同时主语incense与make之间是被动关系,故使用过去分词作状语。同时该空置于句首,单词首字母大写。故填Made。
4.pursuit 考查名词。设空处使用pursue的名词pursuit作宾语,意为“追求”。故填pursuit。
5.a 考查冠词。句中form为可数名词,此处表示泛指,故使用不定冠词;同时空后的far发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
6.Basically 考查副词。分析句子可知,设空处使用basic的副词basically作状语,修饰句子,意为“基本上”,同时该空置于句首,单词首字母大写。故填Basically。
7.to possess 考查非谓语动词。句中it is believed to do为固定用法,it为形式主语,不定式结构为真正的主语。故填to possess。
8.their 考查代词。分析句子可知,设空处使用they的形容词性物主代词their作定语。故填their。
9.where 考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句,引导词在从句中作地点状语,意为“在器官中”表示地点。故填where。
10.are chosen 考查动词时态和语态。设空处作谓语,句子表述客观事实,故使用一般现在时。同时the specific types of incense与choose之间是被动关系,故使用一般现在时的被动语态。故填are chosen。
Ⅳ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了以秘鲁文化为基础的食谱使得罗萨里奥餐厅在美国丹佛都会区深受欢迎。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第二段中“…recipes that have helped her solidify a status for many as the best Peruvian restaurant in the Denver metro area.”可知,是其秘鲁特色的食谱使得罗萨里奥餐厅在丹佛都会区如此受欢迎。故选D项。
2.A 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“It is her determination and passion to turn a vision into reality.”及第三段“‘I have always said, if you can dream it, you can achieve it, and for me, the restaurant was my dream,’ Cardenas said.”可知,Cardenas是一个有抱负且坚定的人。故选A项。
3.A 细节理解题。根据第四段“Rosario’s isn’t just about delicious food, it’s also serving up slices of Peruvian culture. It’s part of Cardenas’ vision to help customers feel like they’ve taken a trip to her home country. At her restaurant, she created a concept on her menu called ‘tours’, where guests can have samples of all kinds of Peruvian dishes.”可知,罗萨里奥的菜单被称为“旅游”,是想让客人认识秘鲁,品尝其菜肴,了解其文化。故选A项。
4.C 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Cardenas has regular Latino (拉丁美洲人) customers who will drive special three to four hours, some even from Wyoming, not just to enjoy her cooking but also to find a restaurant that represents their own culture in the metro area.”可知,Cardenas有固定的拉丁裔顾客。根据最后一段内容可知,餐馆有来自墨西哥、哥伦比亚和拉丁美洲各地的人。由此推断,罗萨里奥餐厅有助于拉丁文化的融合。故选C项。
Ⅴ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者作为素食主义者在旅行中喜欢去当地的食品杂货店购物,以便制作自己的食物。作者在不同的国家发现了各种各样的食品,并通过购物体验当地市民的日常生活。作者认为这是一个有趣的而且可以让自己像当地人一样融入当地文化的做法。
1.D 根据前文“As a vegetarian, finding restaurants that meet my needs is not always easy abroad.”可知,作者是一名素食主义者,因此在旅游时找到满足自己需求的餐馆并不容易,因此设空处应该指出作者在旅游时如何解决该问题。D项“So I always make sure to book a place with a kitchen.(所以我总是确保预订一个带厨房的地方。)”承接前文,指出为解决在外旅游饮食问题,作者总是确保预订一个带厨房的地方。故选D。
2.A 根据前文“In Malta, I found the most delicious chocolate-filled cakes, the ones I would struggle to find even in the UK.”可知,作者遇到了一种美味的巧克力夹心蛋糕。A项“I ended up eating these every day for breakfast.(后来我每天早餐都吃这些。)”中的these指代前文的chocolate-filled cakes,指出作者每天早餐都吃巧克力夹心蛋糕。故选A。
3.B 根据后文“Looking for smoked tofu and corn pancakes turns into quite a mission whenever I visit Cluj-Napoca in Romania.”可知,此处强调作者喜欢在旅游过程中寻找食物。B选项“The challenge of finding food is interesting, too.(寻找食物的挑战也很有趣。)”引起下文,指出作者将寻找食物看作是有趣的挑战。故选B。
4.F 根据后文“That is because they are never available at the smaller ones.”指出玉米煎饼在较小的商店里永远都买不到。F项“Corn pancakes always require a trip to the bigger grocery store.(玉米煎饼总是需要去大一点的杂货店。)”与后文的they相呼应,指出买玉米煎饼总是需要去大一点的杂货店,因为在较小的商店里永远都买不到它们。故选F。
5.E 根据前文“But it means being involved in the day-to-day lives of a country’s citizens.”以及“I can watch kids begging their parents for sweets, an international experience that needs no language, or watch couples pick up snacks and drinks for a party on a Friday night.”可知,前文强调通过购物可以体验当地市民的日常生活,E项“It’s an act of understanding people as much as of buying food.(这是一种理解他人的行为,就像购买食物一样。)”承接前文,指出通过购物作者可以让自己像当地人一样融入当地文化。故选E。
Ⅵ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,主要讲述了中国人对食物的尊重和热情根植于文化景观,并讲述了面条的起源和刀削面的发明过程。
1.in 考查介词。be rooted in是固定词组,意为“根植于”。故填in。
2.the 考查冠词。此处特指面条的故事,所以应用定冠词。故填the。
3.slowly 考查副词。此处修饰后面的动词created,应用副词作状语。故填slowly。
4.has become 考查时态和主谓一致。主语noodle-making是单数,与become为主动关系,且由so far可知,此处应用现在完成时。故填has become。
5.typical 考查形容词。此处用形容词作定语,修饰后面的one。故填typical。
6.when 考查定语从句。此句是定语从句,先行词为the 13th century,在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when引导定语从句。故填when。
7.shared 考查非谓语动词。此处是with的复合结构,且one knife与share为被动关系,应用过去分词作宾补。故填shared。
8.to use 考查固定搭配。decide to do sth为固定搭配,表示“决定做某事”。故填to use。
9.rolling 考查非谓语动词。此处用动名词形式与 pinching以及and后面的making构成并列关系。故填rolling。
10.families 考查名词复数。family意为“家人”时为可数名词,且由 their可知,应用名词复数形式作宾语。故填families。Period Three Learning About Language (Grammar)
【探索发现】
①When my family and I had just arrived in China,we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing.
②Tired,hungry,and not knowing a word of Chinese,we had no idea how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten.
③A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend, and finally, we found it.
④Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America,with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes.
【归纳用法】
1.例句①和②的黑体部分为过去完成时,其构成为“ ”,表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
2.例句③和④的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式,其构成为“ ”,表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的动作。
The past perfect tense & the past
perfect passive voice
(过去完成时及其被动语态)
一、基本概念
在英语时态中,“时”指动作发生的时间,“态”指动作的样子和状态。过去完成时表示“在过去某一时间或动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作或状态”。
二、基本结构
主动语态的基本结构:
1.肯定句:主语+had+动词过去分词+其他.
2.否定句:主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其他.
3.一般疑问句:Had+主语+动词过去分词+其他
肯定回答:Yes, 主语+had.
否定回答:No, 主语+hadn’t.
4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+动词过去分词+其他
被动语态的结构:
主语+had (not)+been+及物动词(短语)的过去分词+其他.
三、基本用法
1.表示“在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作或状态”,即“过去的过去”,可以用by,before等介词(短语)或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个表示过去的动作来表示,还可以通过上下文来表示。如:
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到从宇宙飞船发来的200张图片。
2.表示“从过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态”,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。如:
I had waited at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.
当一辆公共汽车终于到来时,我在公共汽车停靠站已等了20分钟。
3.先叙述过去发生的事情,在此之后追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。如:
Mr Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他一直是我的好友。
4.在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。如:
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
5.过去完成时还常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。如:
He said that he had known her well.
他说他很了解她。
6.用在状语从句中:描述在过去不同时间发生的两个动作,发生在前的,用过去完成时;发生在后的,用一般过去时。如:when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的复合句。如:
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.
我醒来时雨已停了。
注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和after的复合句中,因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如:
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.
马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。
7.动词think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示“过去未曾实现的想法、希望、打算或意图”等。如:
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来想帮忙,但不能及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
8.过去完成时还可用在“hardly…when…”“no sooner…than…”“It was the first/second…time (that)…”等固定句型中。如:
No sooner had he arrived here than he went away again.
他刚到这儿就又走了。
Hardly had I left home when it began to rain.
我刚离开家,天就开始下雨了。
四、语法区别
1.与现在完成时的区别:
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以现在的时间为基点,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去的时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。如:
I have learned 1,000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
I had learned 1,000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
—I’m sorry to keep you waiting.
“对不起,让你久等了。”
—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes. “没什么,我才到这儿几分钟。”
2.与一般过去时的区别:
(1)时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。如:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
(2)当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before,after,as soon as引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示时间的先后,因此也可以用一般过去时来代替过去完成时。如:
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
五、语法判定
1.由时间状语来判定:
一般来说,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
(1)by+过去的时间点
(2)by the end of+过去的时间点
(3)before+过去的时间点
2.由“过去的过去”来判定:
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后顺序,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
(1)宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。有这样用法的动词有told, said, knew, heard, thought等。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
她说她之前已经看过这部电影了。
(2)状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后顺序,动作在前的要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
做完作业后,他上床睡觉了。
(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
我们原本希望你来,但你没有来。
(4)根据上下文来判定。如:
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn’t seen each other since he went to Beijing.
昨天我在街上遇见了王涛。自从他去北京以后,我们就没有见过面。
【实战演练】
●Ⅰ 单句填空
1.Yesterday she said that her lost key (find).
2.I almost knew nothing about the subject, for I (not study) my lesson attentively.
3.He said he (work) in that factory since 1949.
4.I thought that the letter
(send) a week before.
5.She didn’t go back home until the work (finish).
6.Hardly he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.
7.Robert (want) to attend Peter’s birthday party, but an unexpected visitor ruined his plan.
8.It was the third time that he (be) out of work that year.
9.We (learn) over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
10.Six hundred trees (plant) before last Wednesday.
●Ⅱ 语法与写作
1.That old man often thought of and missed the good time he before his death.
那位老人在去世前经常想起和怀念他与妻子一起度过的美好时光。
2.It was because the workers that they accomplished the task in half the time scheduled.
正是因为工人们被很好地组织了起来,所以他们用了计划时间的一半就完成了任务。
3.A few months before he came to China, Mr Smith about the people and culture here.
在他来中国几个月之前,史密斯先生就已经对这里的人和文化有了一些了解。
4.It was not until she learned her son the elementary school she favoured that the mother breathed a sigh of relief.
直到获悉儿子被心仪的小学录取时,这个妈妈才松了一口气。
5.I send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn’t manage it.
我原本打算在彼得结婚时送他一个礼物来道贺的,可是我没有做到。Period Three Learning About Language (Grammar)
●Ⅰ 单句填空
1.Instead of getting down to a new task as I (expect), he examined the previous work again.
2.By the time we got to the party, the cakes and fruit (consume).
3.Hardly (he, get) into the room when the telephone rang.
4.She (study) English for many years before she went abroad for further study.
5.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who (trap) in
the mountains for two days.
6.Before I knew it, an hour (pass) and it was time to move to lunch.
7.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a book that (leave) in the office.
8.When Jack arrived at the station, he learned Mary (be) away for half an hour.
9.They (want) to give a hand, but they couldn’t get there in time.
10.Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the US and Europe well before the Second World War.
●Ⅱ 语法与写作
1.When he last year, he found that .
当他去年回到家乡的时候,他发现家乡已经完全变了样。
2.Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015. a Nobel Prize a Chinese.
屠呦呦在2015年获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。那是诺贝尔奖第二次被授予一名中国人。
3. give him a pay rise before, but he made a serious mistake.
经理之前原打算给他涨工资的,可是他却犯了一个严重的错误。
4. than he bought a house and went to live there.
他刚回到英格兰便买下了一套房子住了进去。
5.
when someone rose to refute it. 这位设计师刚介绍完他的计划,就有人站起来反驳。
●Ⅲ 语篇填空
Incense (香) boasts a long history, 1. its roots in many cultures—ancient China, ancient Egypt, Babylon and beyond. People from all walks of life benefit from its countless qualities, whether they use it for pleasure 2. as medicine.
Since the Tang and Song dynasties, burning incense, hanging paintings, making tea, and enjoying music have been known as the “four arts for the literati (文人)”. 3. (make) from seeds, leaves and flowers, incense has been used as an enjoyable 4. (pursue) for scholars.
Moreover, medical incense is an essential part of Traditional Chinese Medicine, which considers preventative healthcare as 5.
far superior form of treatment when illness strikes.
6. (basic), medical incense can kill bacteria in the environment, protecting people against infections. It is also believed 7. (possess) the ability to balance the flow of Qi, a vital energy force within the body. Once the medical elements within incense are breathed in, they soon find 8. (they) way into the bloodstream. From there they go directly to the organs 9. treatment assistance is needed. The specific types of incense 10. (choose) based on the individual’s condition, aiming to restore balance and promote well-being.
●Ⅳ 阅读理解
[2024·河南部分高中高二期末联考]
Rosario’s Peruvian Restaurant in Longmont has become well-known in the Denver metro area (都会区), Colorado over the last 10 years. The restaurant’s owner Rosario Cardenas spends seven days a week at her beloved restaurant, joking that she calls it her “baby”. But how she made the restaurant a success is no joke at all. It is her determination and passion to turn a vision into reality.
Rosario’s is a little place but for the last decade it has been serving up big, bold flavours from recipes Cardenas brought with her from her home in Perú—recipes that have helped her solidify a status for many as the best Peruvian restaurant in the Denver metro area.
As a former teacher and school principal, cooking used to be just a hobby. But when she immigrated to the US, she couldn’t use her education degree here, so she decided to use her talents to share her country’s unique dishes with her new community. “I have always said, if you can dream it, you can achieve it, and for me, the restaurant was my dream,” Cardenas said.
Rosario’s isn’t just about delicious food, it’s also serving up slices of Peruvian culture. It’s part of Cardenas’ vision to help customers feel like they’ve taken a trip to her home country. At her restaurant, she created a concept on her menu called “tours”, where guests can have samples of all kinds of Peruvian dishes.
Cardenas has regular Latino (拉丁美洲人) customers who will drive special three to four hours, some even from Wyoming, not just to enjoy her cooking but also to find a restaurant that represents their own culture in the metro area.
“Food is a great way to connect, not just with the Peruvian community, but every single community. We have people from Mexico, Columbia, from all parts of South and Latin America.” Cardenas explained, “So, having me and my restaurant be that connection between these people and their culture and their heritage, I think it’s just beautiful.”
( )1.What makes Rosario’s popular in the Denver metro area
A.Its high-quality service.
B.Its family-centred model.
C.Its special location in Colorado.
D.Its Peruvian style recipes.
( )2.Which words can best describe Cardenas
A.Ambitious and committed.
B.Organized but self-centred.
C.Adventurous and legendary.
D.Optimistic but simple-minded.
( )3.Why did Cardenas present “tours” on her menu
A.To get customers to know about Perú.
B.To get customers to shape Peruvian identity.
C.To reward regular visitors from Perú.
D.To draw more tourists to her home country.
( )4.What can be inferred about Rosario’s from the last two paragraphs
A.It can meet the demand of all customers.
B.It is a place to realize American dreams.
C.It helps bring Latino cultures together.
D.It will be widely known all over the world.
●Ⅴ 阅读七选五
[2024·湖北夷陵中学、恩施高中高二期末]
For most people travelling abroad, their first choice is probably to rush directly to tourist sights. For me, I find lots of joy in grocery shopping on holiday.
As a vegetarian, finding restaurants that meet my needs is not always easy abroad. 1. The first thing I do, after dropping my bags off, is to go to a grocery store. That enables me to cook breakfast in the morning without walking around for hours trying to find “vegan breakfast” near me.
The variety of foods attracts me every time I travel somewhere new. In Malta, I found the most delicious chocolate-filled cakes, the ones I would struggle to find even in the UK. 2. I was so delighted that I could enjoy such an unexpected treat. Another surprise was their selection of ice cream available even in the smallest grocery stores.
3. Looking for smoked tofu and corn pancakes turns into quite a mission whenever I visit Cluj-Napoca in Romania. There is usually only one variety of smoked tofu, sold in a very small tub (食品盒) and only in the cafeteria section. 4. That is because they are never available at the smaller ones.
Grocery shopping on holiday sounds unusual. But it means being involved in the day-to-day lives of a country’s citizens. I can pretend I am a local and put myself in their shoes. I can watch kids begging their parents for sweets, an international experience that needs no language, or watch couples pick up snacks and drinks for a party on a Friday night. 5.
A.I ended up eating these every day for breakfast.
B.The challenge of finding food is interesting, too.
C.The smoked product is unique and specially packed.
D.So I always make sure to book a place with a kitchen.
E.It’s an act of understanding people as much as of buying food.
F.Corn pancakes always require a trip to the bigger grocery store.
G.By wandering around in a new country, I start to see what they value.
●Ⅵ 语法填空
“Food is the first necessity of the people,” said historian Sima Qian. Today, these words still ring true. The Chinese respect and passion for food are rooted 1. the cultural landscape.
The Central Plains is where 2. story of noodles began. The Yellow River flows through this ancient cradle (发源地) of Chinese civilization, and its floods 3. (slow) created the rich soil perfect for the growth of wheat. Noodle-making 4. (become) the cooking feature of nearby Shanxi so far. Daoxiao mian is a 5. (type) one among them.
The Mongolians established the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th century 6. the Han people didn’t own knives. Later several families, with only one knife 7. (share), found noodle-making impossible. One day, a smart cook decided 8. (use) a small piece of metal to slice the dough (生面团) directly into the pot, so daoxiao mian was made.
Wheat is the main staple in Shanxi, so people craft the dough into all sorts of fun shapes: pinching it into a cat’s ears or little fish, 9. (roll) it into tiny shells with the thumb, and making it into floral or animal shapes. They use their imagination to make their 10. (family) eat the same thing every day. (共65张PPT)
Period Three
Learning About Language (Grammar)
语法归纳
练习册
【探索发现】
①When my family and I had just arrived in China,we went looking
for a good place to eat in Beijing.
②Tired,hungry,and not knowing a word of Chinese,we had no idea
how to order, so the chef just began filling our table with the best
food we had ever eaten.
③A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend,
and finally, we found it.
④Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese
cooking was in America,with Chinese food that had been changed
to suit American tastes.
【归纳用法】
1.例句①和②的黑体部分为过去完成时,其构成为“______________________”,
表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。
had+动词过去分词
2.例句③和④的黑体部分为过去完成时的被动语态形式,其构成为
“______________________________”,表示过去某一时间以前已经被完成的
动作。
had+been+动词过去分词
The past perfect tense & the past perfect passive voice
(过去完成时及其被动语态)
一、基本概念
在英语时态中,“时”指动作发生的时间,“态”指动作的样子和状态。
过去完成时表示“在过去某一时间或动作之前就已经发生或完成了的动作或
状态”。
二、基本结构
主动语态的基本结构:
1.肯定句:主语+had+动词过去分词+其他.
2.否定句:主语+had+not+动词过去分词+其他.
3.一般疑问句:Had+主语+动词过去分词+其他
肯定回答:Yes, 主语+had.
否定回答:No, 主语+hadn't.
4.特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+had+主语+动词过去分词+其他
被动语态的结构:
主语+had (not)+been+及物动词(短语)的过去分词+其他.
三、基本用法
1.表示“在过去某一时刻或动作之前已经完成了的动作或状态”,即“过去的过
去”,可以用by,before等介词(短语)或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可以用一个
表示过去的动作来表示,还可以通过上下文来表示。如:
By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the
spaceship.
到昨晚9点钟,我们已经收到从宇宙飞船发来的200张图片。
2.表示“从过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态”,常
和for,since构成的时间状语连用。如:
I had waited at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally
came.
当一辆公共汽车终于到来时,我在公共汽车停靠站已等了20分钟。
3.先叙述过去发生的事情,在此之后追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去
完成时。如:
Mr Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.
史密斯先生昨天去世了。他一直是我的好友。
4.在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去
完成时。如:
I returned the book that I had borrowed.
我已归还了我借的书。
5.过去完成时还常常用在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句
(或间接引语)中,这时从句中的动作发生在主句表示的过去的动作之前。如:
He said that he had known her well.
他说他很了解她。
6.用在状语从句中:描述在过去不同时间发生的两个动作,发生在前的,用过去完
成时;发生在后的,用一般过去时。如:when,before,after,as soon as,till/until
引导的复合句。如:
When I woke up, it had already stopped raining. 我醒来时雨已停了。
注意:如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时,特别是在包含before和
after的复合句中,因为从句的动作和主句的动作发生的先后顺序已经非常明确,
可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时。如:
After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his
English.
马克思到达英格兰之后,努力提高他的英语水平。
7.动词think,want,hope,mean,plan,intend等用过去完成时来表示“过去未曾
实现的想法、希望、打算或意图”等。如:
They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.
他们本来想帮忙,但不能及时赶到那里。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you.
我们本来希望能来看看你。
8.过去完成时还可用在“hardly…when…”“no sooner…than…”“It was
the first/second…time (that)…”等固定句型中。如:
No sooner had he arrived here than he went away again.
他刚到这儿就又走了。
Hardly had I left home when it began to rain.
我刚离开家,天就开始下雨了。
四、语法区别
1.与现在完成时的区别:
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以现在的时间为基点,但侧重对现在产生的
结果或造成的影响;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去的时间为基点,它所
表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作
相比较时,才用到它。如:
I have learned 1,000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
I had learned 1,000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了1000个英语单词。
—I'm sorry to keep you waiting.
“对不起,让你久等了。”
—Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
“没什么,我才到这儿几分钟。”
2.与一般过去时的区别:
(1)时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强
调过去某一特定的时间。如:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
(2)当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用and或but连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一
般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before,after,as soon as引导的从句中,
由于这些连词本身已经表示时间的先后,因此也可以用一般过去时来代替过去完
成时。如:
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
五、语法判定
1.由时间状语来判定:
一般来说,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
(1)by+过去的时间点
(2)by the end of+过去的时间点
(3)before+过去的时间点
2.由“过去的过去”来判定:
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,
即动作有先后顺序,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法
常出现在:
(1)宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过
去完成时。有这样用法的动词有told, said, knew, heard, thought等。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
她说她之前已经看过这部电影了。
(2)状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后顺序,动
作在前的要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
做完作业后,他上床睡觉了。
(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose
等,用过去完成时表示“原本……,未能……”。如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
我们原本希望你来,但你没有来。
(4)根据上下文来判定。如:
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each
other since he went to Beijing.
昨天我在街上遇见了王涛。自从他去北京以后,我们就没有见过面。
【实战演练】
Ⅰ单句填空
1.Yesterday she said that her lost key _____________________(find).
2.I almost knew nothing about the subject, for I
___________________(not study) my lesson attentively.
3.He said he ________________(work) in that factory since 1949.
had been found
hadn't studied
had worked
4.I thought that the letter ___________________(send) a week before.
5.She didn't go back home until the work _______________________
(finish).
6.Hardly ______ he begun to speak when the audience interrupted
him.
7.Robert ________________ (want) to attend Peter's birthday party,
but an unexpected visitor ruined his plan.
had been sent
had been finished
had
had wanted
8.It was the third time that he _____________(be) out of work that
year.
9.We ________________________(learn) over two thousand English
words by the end of last term.
10.Six hundred trees _______________________(plant) before last
Wednesday.
had been
had learned/learnt
had been planted
Ⅱ语法与写作
1.That old man often thought of and missed the good time he
_______________________________________________ before his death.
那位老人在去世前经常想起和怀念他与妻子一起度过的美好时光。
had had/spent together with his wife
2.It was because the workers _______________________________that
they accomplished the task in half the time scheduled.
正是因为工人们被很好地组织了起来,所以他们用了计划时间的一半就完成了
任务。
had been well organized
3.A few months before he came to China, Mr Smith
_____________________________________about the people and culture
here.
在他来中国几个月之前,史密斯先生就已经对这里的人和文化有了一些了解。
had learnt/learned something
4.It was not until she learned her son ____________________________
the elementary school she favoured that the mother breathed a
sigh of relief.
直到获悉儿子被心仪的小学录取时，这个妈妈才松了一口气。
had been admitted to
5.I _____________________send Peter a gift to congratulate him on
his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.
我原本打算在彼得结婚时送他一个礼物来道贺的,可是我没有做到。
had intended to
练 习 册
Ⅰ单句填空
1.Instead of getting down to a new task as I __________________
(expect), he examined the previous work again.
had expected
2.By the time we got to the party, the cakes and fruit
__________________________ (consume).
had been consumed
3.Hardly_______________ (he, get) into the room when the telephone
rang.
had he got
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
4.She ________________(study) English for many years before she
went abroad for further study.
had studied
5.A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who
_______________________ (trap) inthe mountains for two days.
had been trapped
6.Before I knew it, an hour _______________ (pass) and it was time
to move to lunch.
had passed
7.The students were writing busily when Miss Brown went to get a
book that __________________(leave) in the office.
had been left
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
8.When Jack arrived at the station, he learned Mary
_____________(be) away for half an hour.
had been
9.They ________________(want) to give a hand, but they couldn't get
there in time.
had wanted
10.Experiments of this kind __________________________ (conduct) in
both the US and Europe well before the Second World War.
had been conducted
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ⅱ语法与写作
1.When he _________________________________last year, he found that
__________________________________.
当他去年回到家乡的时候,他发现家乡已经完全变了样。
returned to his hometown
it had changed completely
2.Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in
2015.___________________________________ a Nobel Prize
___________________________________a Chinese.
屠呦呦在2015年获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。那是诺贝尔奖第二次被授予
一名中国人。
It was the second time that
had been given/awarded to
1
2
3
4
5
3.______________________________________ give him a pay rise before,
but he made a serious mistake.
经理之前原打算给他涨工资的,可是他却犯了一个严重的错误。
The manager had intended to
4.__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________ than he bought a house and
went to live there.
他刚回到英格兰便买下了一套房子住了进去。
He had no sooner returned to England/No sooner had he returned to England
5.__________________________________________________________________
when someone rose to refute it. 这位设计师刚介绍完他的计划,就有人
站起来反驳。
The designer had hardly finished introducing his plan
1
2
3
4
5
Ⅲ语篇填空
Incense (香) boasts a long history, 1._______its roots in many
cultures—ancient China, ancient Egypt, Babylon and beyond. People
from all walks of life benefit from its countless qualities, whether
they use it for pleasure 2.____as medicine.
Since the Tang and Song dynasties, burning incense, hanging
paintings, making tea, and enjoying music have been known as the
“four arts for the literati (文人)”. 3.________(make) from seeds,
leaves and flowers, incense has been used as an enjoyable
4.__________(pursue) for scholars.
with
or
Made
pursuit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Moreover, medical incense is an essential part of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, which considers preventative healthcare as 5.___
far superior form of treatment when illness strikes.
6.___________(basic), medical incense can kill bacteria in the
environment, protecting people against infections. It is also
believed 7.______________(possess) the ability to balance the flow of
Qi, a vital energy force within the body. Once the medical
elements within incense are breathed in, they soon find
8._______(they) way into the bloodstream. From there they go
directly to the organs 9._________treatment assistance is needed.
a
Basically
to possess
their
where
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The specific types of incense 10._______________(choose) based on
the individual's condition, aiming to restore balance and promote
well-being.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍的是香在许多文化中拥有悠久的历
史，并且被人们广泛使用，无论是用它来享乐还是把它用作药物。
are chosen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1._______
with
[解析] 考查介词。分析句子可知，设空处使用介词与后面的its roots构成介
词短语。此处表示“有着”，应使用介词with。故填with。
2.____
or
[解析] 考查连词。分析句子可知，句中whether…or…为固定短语，意为“无
论是……还是……”。故填or。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3.________
Made
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句中has been used为谓语动词，设空处使用非谓
语动词，同时主语incense与make之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词作状语。
同时该空置于句首，单词首字母大写。故填Made。
4.__________
pursuit
[解析] 考查名词。设空处使用pursue的名词pursuit作宾语，意为“追求”。
故填pursuit。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5.___
a
[解析] 考查冠词。句中form为可数名词，此处表示泛指，故使用不定冠词；
同时空后的far发音以辅音音素开头。故填a。
6.___________
Basically
[解析] 考查副词。分析句子可知，设空处使用basic的副词basically作状语，
修饰句子，意为“基本上”，同时该空置于句首，单词首字母大写。故填
Basically。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
7.______________
to possess
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。句中it is believed to do为固定用法，it为形式主
语，不定式结构为真正的主语。故填to possess。
8._______
their
[解析] 考查代词。分析句子可知，设空处使用they的形容词性物主代词their
作定语。故填their。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
9._________
where
[解析] 考查定语从句。设空处引导的是定语从句，引导词在从句中作地点状
语，意为“在器官中”表示地点。故填where。
10._______________
are chosen
[解析] 考查动词时态和语态。设空处作谓语，句子表述客观事实，故使用一
般现在时。同时the specific types of incense与choose之间是被动关系，
故使用一般现在时的被动语态。故填are chosen。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Ⅳ阅读理解
[2024·河南部分高中高二期末联考]
Rosario's Peruvian Restaurant in Longmont has become well-
known in the Denver metro area (都会区), Colorado over the last
10 years. The restaurant's owner Rosario Cardenas spends seven
days a week at her beloved restaurant, joking that she calls it her
“baby”. But how she made the restaurant a success is no joke at
all. It is her determination and passion to turn a vision into reality.
1
2
3
4
Rosario's is a little place but for the last decade it has been
serving up big, bold flavours from recipes Cardenas brought with
her from her home in Perú—recipes that have helped her solidify a
status for many as the best Peruvian restaurant in the Denver
metro area.
As a former teacher and school principal, cooking used to be
just a hobby. But when she immigrated to the US, she couldn't use
her education degree here, so she decided to use her talents to
share her country's unique dishes with her new community.
1
2
3
4
“I have always said, if you can dream it, you can achieve it, and
for me, the restaurant was my dream,” Cardenas said.
Rosario's isn't just about delicious food, it's also serving up
slices of Peruvian culture. It's part of Cardenas' vision to help
customers feel like they've taken a trip to her home country. At
her restaurant, she created a concept on her menu called “tours”,
where guests can have samples of all kinds of Peruvian dishes.
Cardenas has regular Latino (拉丁美洲人) customers who will
drive special three to four hours, some even from Wyoming, not
1
2
3
4
just to enjoy her cooking but also to find a restaurant that
represents their own culture in the metro area.
“Food is a great way to connect, not just with the Peruvian
community, but every single community. We have people from
Mexico, Columbia, from all parts of South and Latin America.”
Cardenas explained, “So, having me and my restaurant be that
connection between these people and their culture and their
heritage, I think it's just beautiful.”
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了以秘鲁文化为基础的食谱使得罗
萨里奥餐厅在美国丹佛都会区深受欢迎。
1
2
3
4
( ) 1.What makes Rosario's popular in the Denver metro area
D
A.Its high-quality service.
B.Its family-centred model.
C.Its special location in Colorado.
D.Its Peruvian style recipes.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第二段中“…recipes that have helped her
solidify a status for many as the best Peruvian restaurant in the
Denver metro area.”可知，是其秘鲁特色的食谱使得罗萨里奥餐厅在丹佛
都会区如此受欢迎。故选D项。
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4
( ) 2.Which words can best describe Cardenas
A
A.Ambitious and committed. B.Organized but self-centred.
C.Adventurous and legendary. D.Optimistic but simple-minded.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“It is her determination and
passion to turn a vision into reality.”及第三段“‘I have always said,
if you can dream it, you can achieve it, and for me, the restaurant
was my dream,’ Cardenas said.”可知，Cardenas是一个有抱负且坚定
的人。故选A项。
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( ) 3.Why did Cardenas present “tours” on her menu
A
A.To get customers to know about Perú.
B.To get customers to shape Peruvian identity.
C.To reward regular visitors from Perú.
D.To draw more tourists to her home country.
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2
3
4
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第四段“Rosario's isn't just about delicious
food, it's also serving up slices of Peruvian culture. It's part of
Cardenas' vision to help customers feel like they've taken a trip to
her home country. At her restaurant, she created a concept on her
menu called ‘tours’, where guests can have samples of all kinds
of Peruvian dishes.”可知，罗萨里奥的菜单被称为“旅游”，是想让客人认
识秘鲁，品尝其菜肴，了解其文化。故选A项。
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2
3
4
( ) 4.What can be inferred about Rosario's from the last two
paragraphs
C
A.It can meet the demand of all customers.
B.It is a place to realize American dreams.
C.It helps bring Latino cultures together.
D.It will be widely known all over the world.
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2
3
4
[解析] 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Cardenas has regular Latino
(拉丁美洲人) customers who will drive special three to four hours,
some even from Wyoming, not just to enjoy her cooking but also
to find a restaurant that represents their own culture in the metro
area.”可知，Cardenas有固定的拉丁裔顾客。根据最后一段内容可知，餐馆
有来自墨西哥、哥伦比亚和拉丁美洲各地的人。由此推断，罗萨里奥餐厅有助
于拉丁文化的融合。故选C项。
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Ⅴ阅读七选五
[2024·湖北夷陵中学、恩施高中高二期末]
For most people travelling abroad, their first choice is probably
to rush directly to tourist sights. For me, I find lots of joy in
grocery shopping on holiday.
As a vegetarian, finding restaurants that meet my needs is not
always easy abroad. 1.____ The first thing I do, after dropping my
bags off, is to go to a grocery store. That enables me to cook
breakfast in the morning without walking around for hours trying
to find “vegan breakfast” near me.
D
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2
3
4
5
The variety of foods attracts me every time I travel somewhere
new. In Malta, I found the most delicious chocolate-filled cakes, the
ones I would struggle to find even in the UK. 2.___ I was so
delighted that I could enjoy such an unexpected treat. Another
surprise was their selection of ice cream available even in the
smallest grocery stores.
3.___ Looking for smoked tofu and corn pancakes turns into
quite a mission whenever I visit Cluj-Napoca in Romania. There is
usually only one variety of smoked tofu, sold in a very small tub
(食品盒) and only in the cafeteria section. 4.___ That is because
they are never available at the smaller ones.
A
B
F
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5
Grocery shopping on holiday sounds unusual. But it means
being involved in the day-to-day lives of a country's citizens. I can
pretend I am a local and put myself in their shoes. I can watch
kids begging their parents for sweets, an international experience
that needs no language, or watch couples pick up snacks and
drinks for a party on a Friday night. 5.___
E
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2
3
4
5
A.I ended up eating these every day for breakfast.
B.The challenge of finding food is interesting, too.
C.The smoked product is unique and specially packed.
D.So I always make sure to book a place with a kitchen.
E.It's an act of understanding people as much as of buying food.
F.Corn pancakes always require a trip to the bigger grocery store.
G.By wandering around in a new country, I start to see what they
value.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者作为素食主义者在旅行中喜
欢去当地的食品杂货店购物，以便制作自己的食物。作者在不同的国家发现了
各种各样的食品，并通过购物体验当地市民的日常生活。作者认为这是一个有
趣的而且可以让自己像当地人一样融入当地文化的做法。
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1.____
D
[解析] 根据前文“As a vegetarian, finding restaurants that meet my
needs is not always easy abroad.”可知，作者是一名素食主义者，因此
在旅游时找到满足自己需求的餐馆并不容易，因此设空处应该指出作者在旅游
时如何解决该问题。D项“So I always make sure to book a place with
a kitchen.(所以我总是确保预订一个带厨房的地方。)”承接前文，指出为解
决在外旅游饮食问题，作者总是确保预订一个带厨房的地方。故选D。
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2.___
A
[解析] 根据前文“In Malta, I found the most delicious chocolate-
filled cakes, the ones I would struggle to find even in the UK.”可
知，作者遇到了一种美味的巧克力夹心蛋糕。A项“I ended up eating
these every day for breakfast.(后来我每天早餐都吃这些。)”中的these指
代前文的chocolate-filled cakes，指出作者每天早餐都吃巧克力夹心蛋糕。
故选A。
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3.___
B
[解析] 根据后文“Looking for smoked tofu and corn pancakes turns
into quite a mission whenever I visit Cluj-Napoca in Romania.”可知，
此处强调作者喜欢在旅游过程中寻找食物。B选项“The challenge of
finding food is interesting, too.(寻找食物的挑战也很有趣。)”引起下文，
指出作者将寻找食物看作是有趣的挑战。故选B。
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4.___
F
[解析] 根据后文“That is because they are never available at the
smaller ones.”指出玉米煎饼在较小的商店里永远都买不到。F项“Corn
pancakes always require a trip to the bigger grocery store.
(玉米煎饼总是需要去大一点的杂货店。)”与后文的they相呼应，指出买玉米
煎饼总是需要去大一点的杂货店，因为在较小的商店里永远都买不到它们。故
选F。
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5.___
E
[解析] 根据前文“But it means being involved in the day-to-day
lives of a country's citizens.”以及“I can watch kids begging their
parents for sweets, an international experience that needs no
language, or watch couples pick up snacks and drinks for a party
on a Friday night.”可知，前文强调通过购物可以体验当地市民的日常生活，
E项“It's an act of understanding people as much as of buying
food.(这是一种理解他人的行为，就像购买食物一样。)”承接前文，指出通过
购物作者可以让自己像当地人一样融入当地文化。故选E。
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Ⅵ语法填空
“Food is the first necessity of the people,” said historian
Sima Qian. Today, these words still ring true. The Chinese respect
and passion for food are rooted 1.____ the cultural landscape.
The Central Plains is where 2.______ story of noodles began.
The Yellow River flows through this ancient cradle (发源地) of
Chinese civilization, and its floods 3._________ (slow) created the
rich soil perfect for the growth of wheat. Noodle-making
4.________________ (become) the cooking feature of nearby Shanxi
so far. Daoxiao mian is a 5._________ (type) one among them.
in
the
slowly
has become
typical
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2
3
4
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6
7
8
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10
The Mongolians established the Yuan Dynasty in the 13th
century 6.________ the Han people didn't own knives. Later several
families, with only one knife 7._________ (share), found noodle-
making impossible. One day, a smart cook decided 8._________ (use)
a small piece of metal to slice the dough (生面团) directly into the
pot, so daoxiao mian was made.
Wheat is the main staple in Shanxi, so people craft the dough
into all sorts of fun shapes: pinching it into a cat's ears or little
fish, 9._________ (roll) it into tiny shells with the thumb, and
making it into floral or animal shapes. They use their imagination
to make their 10.___________ (family) eat the same thing every day.
when
shared
to use
rolling
families
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了中国人对食物的尊重和热情根植
于文化景观，并讲述了面条的起源和刀削面的发明过程。
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1.____
in
[解析] 考查介词。be rooted in是固定词组，意为“根植于”。故填in。
2.______
the
[解析] 考查冠词。此处特指面条的故事，所以应用定冠词。故填the。
3._________
slowly
[解析] 考查副词。此处修饰后面的动词created，应用副词作状语。故填
slowly。
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4.________________
has become
[解析] 考查时态和主谓一致。主语noodle-making是单数，与become为主
动关系，且由so far可知，此处应用现在完成时。故填has become。
5._________
typical
[解析] 考查形容词。此处用形容词作定语，修饰后面的one。故填typical。
6.________
when
[解析] 考查定语从句。此句是定语从句，先行词为the 13th century，在从
句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导定语从句。故填when。
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7._________
shared
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。此处是with的复合结构，且one knife与share为被
动关系，应用过去分词作宾补。故填shared。
8._________
to use
[解析] 考查固定搭配。decide to do sth为固定搭配,表示“决定做某事”。
故填to use。
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9._________
rolling
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。此处用动名词形式与 pinching以及and后面的
making构成并列关系。故填rolling。
10.___________
families
[解析] 考查名词复数。family意为“家人”时为可数名词，且由 their可知，
应用名词复数形式作宾语。故填families。
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