Period Four Writing
【单元主题表达】
【写作词汇】
1.as far as I am concerned 2.uniform 3.benefit
4.negative 5.get rid of 6.reveal/show 7.durable
【高级句式】
1.is of great benefit 2.Negative as some people consider
3.can wearing school uniforms contribute to 4.which helps them focus on learning instead of fashion 5.saving a lot of money for students 6.Wearing school uniforms also reminds students of
【活学活用】
One possible version:
Teaching your baby to read as young as possible is crucial owing to the necessity of obtaining successful education. (要点1) It needs starting as soon as possible because babies’ intelligence will be improved when their brains develop fast. (要点2) Important as it is, relaxation and easiness could be brought into the learning process. (要点3) Therefore, for people keen on teaching babies to read, it is time to begin with sparing some time regularly with effective teaching materials. (要点4)Period Four Writing
Ⅰ.A
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了习得性无助的概念及其对人们日常生活和问题解决的影响,指出现代生活带来的挑战和机会需要我们重塑心理响应,培养韧性和成长型思维,以应对挑战并抓住成功机会。
1.C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“The concept of learned helplessness was first coined by psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven Maier in the late 1960s during a series of experiments with dogs.”和最后一段“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our mindset towards effort and success, we also need to be more conscious of our belief in personal competence, resisting the temptation to yield to learned helplessness. By fostering resilience and adopting a growth mindset, we can effectively manage our responses to life’s challenges and seize opportunities for improvement and success.”可知,习得性无助是一种可以克服的心理状态,故选C。
2.C 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“As adults, we often encounter a version of learned helplessness in our daily lives. We face challenges not in the form of electric shocks but in situations where we might feel overwhelmed or powerless, such as long-standing stress at work or repeated personal failures.”可知,工作中的长期压力会导致无力感。故选C。
3.D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our mindset towards effort and success, we also need to be more conscious of our belief in personal competence, resisting the temptation to yield to learned helplessness. By fostering resilience and adopting a growth mindset, we can effectively manage our responses to life’s challenges and seize opportunities for improvement and success.”可知,作者对那些屈服于习得性无助的人持理解和鼓励的态度,希望他们能够克服这种心理状态并取得成功。故选D。
4.B 推理判断题。本文首先介绍了习得性无助的概念,并指出我们在日常生活中经常遇到类似的情况。接着,文章提到了现代生活方式对我们心理状态的影响,并强调我们需要意识到我们对个人能力的信心,抵制向习得性无助屈服的诱惑。最后,文章提出了通过培养韧性和采取成长型思维来有效管理我们对生活挑战的反应并抓住改进和成功的机会的策略。因此,文章的内在逻辑是问题和解决方案的关系,即先提出问题,然后提出解决方案。故选B。
B
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了错误共识效应这种心理现象,同时探讨了如何利用该效应解决环境问题。
5.D 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus effect.”和“Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too.”可知,错误共识效应使人们可以为社会不可接受或非法的行为找到合理化的理由。D选项“A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking.”最能说明错误共识效应。故选D。
6.A 细节理解题。根据第三段“They also believed others viewed poaching as socially acceptable;however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view.”可知,大多数澳大利亚渔民觉得偷猎是不可接受的。故选A。
7.B 词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“…or to publicly buy eco-friendly products.”可知,or表示“或者”,说明画线短语和buy eco-friendly products意思相近,也就是买东西时做出环保的选择,并且让他人看见或知道,和B选项“Make green choices that others can perceive.”意思相近。故选B。
8.C 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help address it.”,倒数第二段的“Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to their neighbours.”和最后一段的“As the research evidence shows, social norms can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviours.”可知,改变人们的观念可以解决环境问题,也就是要宣传可持续发展的做法。故选C。
Ⅱ.第一节
One possible version:
Good morning, everyone! Today, I’d like to deliver a speech on “Failure and growth”. I believe failures are unavoidable in life. A school music competition witnessed my setback experience. I had prepared diligently, but on the day of the performance, my nerves got the better of me. My voice trembled and I forgot the lyrics. The audiences’ whispers and disappointed expressions were a harsh reminder of my failure, which urges me to strive forward. Not only does this experience make me stronger, but it teaches me a valuable lesson.
Failure is not the end but a stepping stone to success, motivating me to practise harder, stay more focused and get better prepared for the future.
Thank you!
第二节
【思路点拨】 本文以人物为线索,主要讲述了作者在放学后坐在沙发上,看到奖杯时引发的回忆。作者在小学五年级时就在篮球队了,并经历了多场失败的比赛,原因是团队缺乏合作。在一次训练中,作者和队友因争夺球而发生冲突,教练对此表示失望,并强调了团队合作的重要性。
【详解】
1.段落续写:
①由第一段首句“那天,梁教练宣布他将在我们的比赛结束后退休。”可知,本段可描写教练宣布赛后退休,队员感动之下奋发图强,以团结协作为重,刻苦训练,旨在比赛中致敬教练的奉献。
②由第二段首句“篮球比赛的日子到了。”可知,本段可描写比赛日到来,梁教练深情激励球队,队员全力以赴,展现完美配合,最终获胜。
2.续写线索:教练宣布退休—球队决定回报—球队努力训练—比赛—球队获得胜利—感悟
One possible version:
That day, Coach Leong announced that he would be retiring after our competition. His voice trembled with emotion as he shared the news(as引导时间状语从句), casting a depressed mood over the team (现在分词作状语). Understanding dawned on us—the upcoming game wasn’t just about winning;it was our last chance to honour Coach Leong’s dedication and years of hard work(不定式作定语). We doubled our efforts during practices, focusing on coordination, trust, and passing (现在分词作状语) rather than individual glory. Through sweat and perseverance, we gradually learned to function as a unit.
The day of the basketball match arrived. For one final inspiring talk, Coach Leong’s eyes gleamed with a mixture of hope and pride, which reminded us that (定语从句) this game was for him, for our school, and most importantly, for ourselves. Stepping onto the court (现在分词作状语), we played like never before—passing precisely, communicating effectively, and supporting each other at every turn. When the final whistle blew(when引导的时间状语从句), marking our victory (现在分词作状语), tears welled up in Coach Leong’s eyes. When holding (省略结构) that championship trophy high, we knew we had not only won the game but also rediscovered the true essence of teamwork.Period Four Writing
Writing a summary
写概要
【写作点拨】
概要写作是在准确理解原文的前提下,确定要点,去除文章中次要的部分,只留文章框架的写作,应涵盖全部要点,并完全使用自己的语言。概要写作必须绝对忠实于原文,既不能遗漏任何要点,也不能随意添加内容。根据篇章结构划分文中的自然段,意义段的数量对应的就是要点的数量。一个自然段不一定是一个要点,有时几个自然段说明一个要点,有时一个自然段包含数个要点。
【写作步骤】
第一步 准确理解原文,明确主旨和结构
在写概要之前,一定要先通读原文,在准确理解原文的前提下把握文章主旨和整体结构,根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍。
第二步 去次留精,提炼各段要点
明确文章主题和篇章结构后,先找出各段主旨句,同时标注与主旨有关的关键词,最后利用这些关键词用自己的话重组段落要点。
第三步 转换词语和句式,合理陈述要点
利用同义词、近义词或反义词转换关键词,并将提炼出的要点利用相似句型转换、语态转换(即主动句转换为被动句或被动句转换为主动句);利用非谓语动词或介词短语对句子进行简化或者利用定语从句、状语从句或主语从句合并句子,将原文要点转换为自己的话。
第四步 恰当衔接过渡,完美连贯成篇
在概要写作中,可以利用词汇和语法衔接手段,使各要点之间过渡合理,衔接连贯:
1.语法衔接
利用代词代替前面的名词(短语)或句子,用助动词代替前面的动词(短语)。
2.在各要点之间利用恰当的过渡衔接词
(1)表并列、顺承意义的过渡衔接词:moreover, besides, in addition, for one thing, for another (thing), firstly, secondly,thirdly等;
(2)表转折意义的过渡衔接词:however, instead, on the contrary, on the other hand, yet等;
(3)表因果关系的过渡衔接词:because, therefore, so, as a result, thus等;
(4)表总结的过渡衔接词:in short, to conclude, in conclusion, all in all, to sum up, in a word等;
(5)表举例的过渡衔接词:for example, for instance,such as等。
【典例精析】
阅读下面的短文,根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概要。
It’s the first day of school and you have to find the perfect clothes to make a good impression. Lucky for me, I don’t have this problem: my private school requires us to wear a uniform. Some may think this is not a good idea, but I think it is very positive.
In school, one of the most important things is your style. The more you have, the more popular you will probably be. With uniforms, there’s no discrimination (歧视) because of what you’re wearing. Everyone is united under the same style. Clothing often reflects who you are. In most schools, there are groups of students who dress alike. You may even avoid a particular person because of what they are wearing. Uniforms require students to get to know each other by finding out who they really are.
There are many styles of clothing; some are appropriate (合适的) for school and others are not. Peers and the media pressure us to dress and look in a certain way. Some clothing contains logos (标志) promoting alcohol or even violence. Since some students want to fit in and be cool, they tend to wear this type of clothing. In most school systems,however,it is not allowed. Uniforms help remove these problems. All students look similar. They all fit in. There are no distractions (使人分心的事物). Uniforms allow students to concentrate on learning instead of what they are wearing.
Money also plays a big part in the clothing we wear. Uniforms are economical and can be worn for years,which makes them cost less than regular clothes. I believe uniforms help unite us in a common goal:to do well in school. They are a symbol of our unity. They make it clear to everyone that we are more than just our clothes:we are all individuals.
【思路点拨】
【写作词汇】
1. 就我个人而言
2. n. 校服;制服
3. n. 好处
4. adj. 消极的
5. 去掉,消除
6. v. 展示
7. adj. 耐穿的;耐用的
【高级句式】
1.be of+名词
As far as I am concerned, wearing school uniforms .
我认为穿校服有很多好处。
2.as引导倒装句
school uniforms, I am strongly for wearing uniforms.
尽管有些人认为校服是负面的,我还是强烈支持穿校服。
3.倒装句式
Not only
getting rid of discrimination, but it can also reveal the true nature of students.
穿校服不但可以消除歧视,还可以展示学生的真实本性。
4.定语从句
Uniforms benefit students by avoiding some inappropriate clothing styles, .
校服有利于学生避免一些不合适的服装风格,并帮助他们专注于学习而不是时尚。
5.现在分词短语作结果状语
School uniforms are durable,
.
校服很耐穿,能为学生节约很多钱。
6.现在分词短语作主语
their common goal in school.
穿校服也提醒学生们在学校的共同目标。
【连贯成文】
As far as I am concerned,wearing school uniforms is of great benefit. Negative as some people consider school uniforms, I am strongly for wearing uniforms.(要点1) Firstly, not only can wearing school uniforms contribute to getting rid of discrimination, but it can also reveal the true nature of students.(要点2)Secondly,uniforms benefit students by avoiding some inappropriate clothing styles, which helps them focus on learning instead of fashion.(要点3)Lastly, school uniforms are durable, thus saving a lot of money for students, and also remind them of their common goal in school.(要点4)
【活学活用】
阅读下面的短文,根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概要。
It is important that you teach your baby to read at an early age. Why Obviously, being able to read is the basis for any successful education, so the earlier they start, the better. All too often parents leave educating their children up to schools, which probably explains why the United States is currently ranked 18th in its rate of reading and writing.
Teaching your baby to read provides brain exercise and it has also been shown to increase the baby’s IQ because there is simply no better time in a person’s life for learning than when they are babies. During this period, their brains are developing rapidly. The sooner they begin to read, the sooner they can begin to learn other subjects. This way, by the time your children begin school, they will already know what’s being taught, and will be put on the fast track. Maybe they will even skip a grade down the road. One of the cases was 17-month-old Elizabeth Barrett who drew public’s attention. She was given a series of words and even sentences that she could read quite well. Her parents had been reading to her since she was born and had provided her with a very early education.
Reading is the most important thing to teach babies at a young age. It doesn’t have to be stressful or difficult for your child. Learning can be fun at such an early age, and it can be accomplished so easily that they won’t have to struggle in order to learn.
If you’re interested in teaching your baby to read, the best way to start is by spending just a few minutes every day. Flash cards are a helpful tool. Simply show your baby matching pictures on the opposite side. There are also videos that help to teach babies to read. There is no better time to teach your baby to read than the present.
Period Four Writing
●Ⅰ 阅读理解
A
The concept of learned helplessness was first coined by psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven Maier in the late 1960s during a series of experiments with dogs.
The researchers placed dogs in a situation where they were subjected to unavoidable electric shocks. After these initial experiences, the dogs were later placed in a different situation where they could easily escape the shocks by moving to another part of the chamber. Surprisingly, many of the dogs did not attempt to escape, even when the means to do so were readily available. They had learned to feel helpless.
As adults, we often encounter a version of learned helplessness in our daily lives. We face challenges not in the form of electric shocks but in situations where we might feel overwhelmed or powerless, such as long-standing stress at work or repeated personal failures. These experiences can make us believe that we cannot change our circumstances, leading to a passive acceptance of our difficulties.
A similar process operates in our approach to problem-solving and goal-setting. In our formative experiences, we may have encountered situations where our efforts to succeed were consistently met with failure, leading to a sense of powerlessness. But the modern world, with its constant demands and high expectations, has greatly changed our environment. We are now constantly faced with new challenges and opportunities.
Our modern lifestyle—with its various sources of stress and anxiety—can do to our mental state what unavoidable shocks did to the dogs in Seligman’s experiments. We are tending to submit to hopelessness because our past experiences may have conditioned us to expect failure. But, as we have reshaped the world around us, increasing opportunities for success and personal growth, we still have the same psychological responses we developed in earlier, more challenging environments.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our mindset towards effort and success, we also need to be more conscious of our belief in personal competence, resisting the temptation to yield to learned helplessness. By fostering resilience and adopting a growth mindset, we can effectively manage our responses to life’s challenges and seize opportunities for improvement and success.
( )1.What do we know about learned helplessness according to the text
A.It is a natural response to unavoidable shocks.
B.It is primarily caused by modern lifestyle.
C.It is a psychological state that can be overcome.
D.It is unavoidable in today’s fast-paced world.
( )2.Which aspect of modern life might lead to powerlessness
A.Advanced technology.
B.High physical demands.
C.Lasting stress at work.
D.Unbalanced career life.
( )3.What is the author’s attitude towards those who give in to learned helplessness
A.Indifferent and neutral.
B.Dismissive and critical.
C.Sympathetic and reserved.
D.Understanding and encouraging.
( )4.What is the underlying logic of the text
A.Cause and effect.
B.Problem and solution.
C.Comparison and contrast.
D.Classification and summary.
B
There’s a useful concept from psychology that helps explain why good people do things that harm the environment: the false consensus effect. That’s where we overvalue how acceptable and prevalent (普遍的) our own behaviour is in society. Put simply, if you’re doing something (even if you secretly know you probably shouldn’t), you’re more likely to think plenty of other people do it too. What’s more, you likely overestimate how much other people think that behaviour is broadly OK.
This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable or illegal behaviours. Researchers have observed the false consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently, conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect contributes to environmental damage.
In Australia, people who admitted to poaching thought it was much more prevalent in society than it really was, and had higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also believed others viewed poaching as socially acceptable; however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite view. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms.
Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some forms of environmental damage, so too can they help address it. For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in areas where there’s already a lot of trash scattered around; so making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish may help.
Factual information on how other people think and behave can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy consumption simply by showing people how their electricity use compares to their neighbours. Encouragingly, stimulating people’s natural desire for status has also been successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to publicly buy eco-friendly products.
As the research evidence shows, social norms can be a powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly behaviours. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this article!
( )5.Which example best illustrates the false consensus effect
A.A student spends long hours surfing the Internet.
B.A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts.
C.A driver frequently parks illegally in public places.
D.A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking.
( )6.How did most Australian fishers view the issue of poaching
A.It is unacceptable.
B.It is widespread.
C.It is controversial.
D.It is complex.
( )7.What do the underlined words “go green to be seen” in Paragraph 5 mean
A.Embrace green habits for better health.
B.Make green choices that others can perceive.
C.Join green movements for personal fulfillment.
D.Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores.
( )8.What is a recommended approach to addressing environmental problems
A.Downplay social norms.
B.Highlight personal responsibilities.
C.Publicize sustainable practices.
D.Encourage technological innovations.
●Ⅱ 写作
第一节 应用文写作
[2024·山东潍坊高二期末]
你校将举办英语演讲比赛,请你以“Failure and growth”为题写一篇演讲稿。内容包括:
1.你生活中的一次失败经历;
2.对你的成长带来的影响。
注意:1.写作词数应为80个左右;
2.可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Good morning, everyone.
Thank you!
第二节 读后续写
[2024·浙江湖州高二期末]
阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成一篇完整的短文。
Resting on my sofa after school, I gazed at my shelf of glistening gold medals and trophies (奖杯). A certain trophy caught my eye and I picked it up. “Sunshine Primary School 2016 Basketball-Champion.” As I admired that trophy, I began to recall those incidents leading to how I received it.
When I was in Primary Five, I was in the basketball school team. Every month, we would have a basketball match against another school’s basketball team. In spite of the amount of training we had, we had never won a single match before. That was due to our lack of teamwork. Our team would argue over little things and then, we would refuse to play after it. Our coach was at his wit’s end. Looking at the number of matches we had lost, I knew we had to do something.
During one of our training sessions, our team split into two to have a match against each other. “Three, two, one, start!” our basketball coach, Coach Leong, yelled. John, who was in my team, managed to grab the ball that Coach Leong threw in the air. From the moment John grabbed the ball, he refused to let anyone take it. “Pass the ball to me, John!” I exclaimed. I was at a good position to shoot the ball into the hoop then. To my dismay, John made an annoying face at me. Out of frustration, I leapt towards John and made an attempt to snatch the ball, which turned out to be a battle between John and I. Coach Leong shook his head and boomed like an active volcano, “Children! Is this the type of behaviour I should be seeing from you The match is in four weeks and if you are going to behave like this during the match, you will bring shame to me, the school and yourselves! Don’t you even know the importance of teamwork ” Coach Leong sighed and gave us a disappointed look. It seemed as if he had some sad news he hadn’t announced to us, but could not bear to do so. I was right.
注意:续写词数应为150个左右。
Paragraph 1:
That day, Coach Leong announced that he would be retiring after our competition.
Paragraph 2:
The day of the basketball match arrived.
(共61张PPT)
Period Four
Writing
单元主题表达
练习册
Writing a summary
写概要
【写作点拨】
概要写作是在准确理解原文的前提下，确定要点，去除文章中
次要的部分，只留文章框架的写作，应涵盖全部要点，并完全使用
自己的语言。概要写作必须绝对忠实于原文，既不能遗漏任何要点，
也不能随意添加内容。根据篇章结构划分文中的自然段，意义段的
数量对应的就是要点的数量。一个自然段不一定是一个要点，有时
几个自然段说明一个要点，有时一个自然段包含数个要点。
【写作步骤】
第一步 准确理解原文，明确主旨和结构
在写概要之前，一定要先通读原文，在准确理解原文的前提下
把握文章主旨和整体结构，根据文章的体裁特点来决定内容的取舍。
第二步 去次留精，提炼各段要点
明确文章主题和篇章结构后，先找出各段主旨句，同时标注与
主旨有关的关键词，最后利用这些关键词用自己的话重组段落要点。
第三步 转换词语和句式，合理陈述要点
利用同义词、近义词或反义词转换关键词，并将提炼出的要点利
用相似句型转换、语态转换(即主动句转换为被动句或被动句转换为主
动句)；利用非谓语动词或介词短语对句子进行简化或者利用定语从句、
状语从句或主语从句合并句子，将原文要点转换为自己的话。
第四步 恰当衔接过渡，完美连贯成篇
在概要写作中，可以利用词汇和语法衔接手段，使各要点之间
过渡合理，衔接连贯：
1.语法衔接
利用代词代替前面的名词(短语)或句子，用助动词代替前面的动词
(短语)。
2.在各要点之间利用恰当的过渡衔接词
(1)表并列、顺承意义的过渡衔接词：moreover， besides， in
addition， for one thing， for another (thing)， firstly，
secondly，thirdly等；
(2)表转折意义的过渡衔接词：however， instead， on the
contrary， on the other hand， yet等；
(3)表因果关系的过渡衔接词：because， therefore， so， as a
result， thus等；
(4)表总结的过渡衔接词：in short， to conclude， in conclusion，
all in all， to sum up， in a word等；
(5)表举例的过渡衔接词：for example， for instance，such as等。
【典例精析】
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概要。
It's the first day of school and you have to find the perfect
clothes to make a good impression. Lucky for me， I don't
have this problem： my private school requires us to wear a
uniform. Some may think this is not a good idea， but I think
it is very positive.
In school， one of the most important things is your style.
The more you have， the more popular you will probably be.
With uniforms， there's no discrimination (歧视) because of
what you're wearing. Everyone is united under the same style.
Clothing often reflects who you are. In most schools， there are
groups of students who dress alike. You may even avoid a
particular person because of what they are wearing. Uniforms
require students to get to know each other by finding out who
they really are.
There are many styles of clothing； some are appropriate
(合适的) for school and others are not. Peers and the media
pressure us to dress and look in a certain way. Some clothing
contains logos (标志) promoting alcohol or even violence. Since
some students want to fit in and be cool， they tend to wear
this type of clothing. In most school systems，however，it is not
allowed. Uniforms help remove these problems. All students look
similar. They all fit in. There are no distractions (使人分心的事物).
Uniforms allow students to concentrate on learning instead of
what they are wearing.
Money also plays a big part in the clothing we wear.
Uniforms are economical and can be worn for years，which
makes them cost less than regular clothes. I believe uniforms
help unite us in a common goal：to do well in school. They
are a symbol of our unity. They make it clear to everyone that
we are more than just our clothes：we are all individuals.
【思路点拨】
【写作词汇】
1._________________________ 就我个人而言
2.________ n. 校服;制服
3.________ n. 好处
4._________ adj. 消极的
5.___________ 去掉，消除
6.____________ v. 展示
7.________ adj. 耐穿的;耐用的
as far as I am concerned
uniform
benefit
negative
get rid of
reveal/show
durable
【高级句式】
1.be of+名词
As far as I am concerned， wearing school uniforms
__________________.
我认为穿校服有很多好处。
is of great benefit
2.as引导倒装句
_________________________________ school uniforms， I am
strongly for wearing uniforms.
尽管有些人认为校服是负面的，我还是强烈支持穿校服。
Negative as some people consider
3.倒装句式
Not only ________________________________________getting rid
of discrimination， but it can also reveal the true nature of
students.
穿校服不但可以消除歧视，还可以展示学生的真实本性。
can wearing school uniforms contribute to
4.定语从句
Uniforms benefit students by avoiding some inappropriate
clothing styles， ___________________________________________
_________.
校服有利于学生避免一些不合适的服装风格，并帮助他们专注于学
习而不是时尚。
which helps them focus on learning instead of fashion
5.现在分词短语作结果状语
School uniforms are durable， ___________________________
________.
校服很耐穿，能为学生节约很多钱。
saving a lot of money for students
6.现在分词短语作主语
_______________________________________________
their common goal in school.
穿校服也提醒学生们在学校的共同目标。
Wearing school uniforms also reminds students of
【连贯成文】
As far as I am concerned，wearing school uniforms is of
great benefit. Negative as some people consider school uniforms，
I am strongly for wearing uniforms.(要点1) Firstly， not only can
wearing school uniforms contribute to getting rid of
discrimination， but it can also reveal the true nature of
students.(要点2)Secondly，uniforms benefit students by avoiding
some inappropriate clothing styles， which helps them focus on
learning instead of fashion.(要点3)Lastly， school uniforms are
durable， thus saving a lot of money for students， and also
remind them of their common goal in school.(要点4)
【活学活用】
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概要。
It is important that you teach your baby to read at an
early age. Why Obviously， being able to read is the basis for
any successful education， so the earlier they start， the better.
All too often parents leave educating their children up to
schools， which probably explains why the United States is
currently ranked 18th in its rate of reading and writing.
Teaching your baby to read provides brain exercise and it
has also been shown to increase the baby's IQ because there is
simply no better time in a person's life for learning than when
they are babies. During this period， their brains are developing
rapidly. The sooner they begin to read， the sooner they can
begin to learn other subjects. This way， by the time your
children begin school， they will already know what's being
taught， and will be put on the fast track. Maybe they will
even skip a grade down the road.
One of the cases was 17-month-old Elizabeth Barrett who drew
public's attention. She was given a series of words and even
sentences that she could read quite well. Her parents had been
reading to her since she was born and had provided her with a
very early education.
Reading is the most important thing to teach babies at a
young age. It doesn't have to be stressful or difficult for your
child. Learning can be fun at such an early age， and it can be
accomplished so easily that they won't have to struggle in order
to learn.
If you're interested in teaching your baby to read， the
best way to start is by spending just a few minutes every day.
Flash cards are a helpful tool. Simply show your baby matching
pictures on the opposite side. There are also videos that help to
teach babies to read. There is no better time to teach your
baby to read than the present.
One possible version:
Teaching your baby to read as young as possible is crucial
owing to the necessity of obtaining successful education. (要点1)
It needs starting as soon as possible because babies' intelligence
will be improved when their brains develop fast. (要点2)
Important as it is, relaxation and easiness could be brought into
the learning process. (要点3) Therefore, for people keen on
teaching babies to read, it is time to begin with sparing some
time regularly with effective teaching materials. (要点4)
练 习 册
Ⅰ 阅读理解
A
The concept of learned helplessness was first coined by
psychologists Martin Seligman and Steven Maier in the late
1960s during a series of experiments with dogs.
The researchers placed dogs in a situation where they were
subjected to unavoidable electric shocks. After these initial
experiences, the dogs were later placed in a different situation
where they could easily escape the shocks by moving to
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another part of the chamber. Surprisingly, many of the dogs did
not attempt to escape, even when the means to do so were
readily available. They had learned to feel helpless.
As adults, we often encounter a version of learned
helplessness in our daily lives. We face challenges not in the
form of electric shocks but in situations where we might feel
overwhelmed or powerless, such as long-standing stress at work
or repeated personal failures. These experiences can make us
believe that we cannot change our circumstances, leading to a
passive acceptance of our difficulties.
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A similar process operates in our approach to problem-
solving and goal-setting. In our formative experiences, we may
have encountered situations where our efforts to succeed were
consistently met with failure, leading to a sense of powerlessness.
But the modern world, with its constant demands and high
expectations, has greatly changed our environment. We are now
constantly faced with new challenges and opportunities.
Our modern lifestyle—with its various sources of stress and
anxiety—can do to our mental state what unavoidable shocks
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did to the dogs in Seligman's experiments. We are tending to
submit to hopelessness because our past experiences may have
conditioned us to expect failure. But, as we have reshaped the
world around us, increasing opportunities for success and
personal growth, we still have the same psychological responses
we developed in earlier, more challenging environments.
Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about
our mindset towards effort and success, we also need to be
more conscious of our belief in personal competence, resisting
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the temptation to yield to learned helplessness. By fostering
resilience and adopting a growth mindset, we can effectively
manage our responses to life's challenges and seize
opportunities for improvement and success.
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【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了习得性无助的概念及
其对人们日常生活和问题解决的影响，指出现代生活带来的挑战和
机会需要我们重塑心理响应，培养韧性和成长型思维，以应对挑战
并抓住成功机会。
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( ) 1.What do we know about learned helplessness
according to the text
A.It is a natural response to unavoidable shocks.
B.It is primarily caused by modern lifestyle.
C.It is a psychological state that can be overcome.
D.It is unavoidable in today's fast-paced world.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段中的“The concept of learned
helplessness was first coined by psychologists Martin Seligman
and Steven Maier in the late 1960s during a series of
experiments with dogs.”和最后一段“Therefore, just as we need to
be more thoughtful about our mindset towards effort and
success, we also need to be more conscious of our belief in
personal competence, resisting the temptation to yield to
learned helplessness. By fostering resilience and adopting a
growth mindset, we can effectively manage our responses to
life's challenges and seize opportunities for improvement and
success.”可知，习得性无助是一种可以克服的心理状态，故选C。
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( ) 2.Which aspect of modern life might lead to
powerlessness
A.Advanced technology. B.High physical demands.
C.Lasting stress at work. D.Unbalanced career life.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据文章第三段中的“As adults, we often
encounter a version of learned helplessness in our daily lives.
We face challenges not in the form of electric shocks but in
situations where we might feel overwhelmed or powerless, such
as long-standing stress at work or repeated personal failures.”可
知，工作中的长期压力会导致无力感。故选C。
√
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( ) 3.What is the author's attitude towards those who give
in to learned helplessness
A.Indifferent and neutral.
B.Dismissive and critical.
C.Sympathetic and reserved.
D.Understanding and encouraging.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“Therefore, just as we
need to be more thoughtful about our mindset towards effort
and success, we also need to be more conscious of our belief
in personal competence, resisting the temptation to yield to
learned helplessness. By fostering resilience and adopting a
growth mindset, we can effectively manage our responses to
life's challenges and seize opportunities for improvement and
success.”可知，作者对那些屈服于习得性无助的人持理解和鼓励的
态度，希望他们能够克服这种心理状态并取得成功。故选D。
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( ) 4.What is the underlying logic of the text
A.Cause and effect. B.Problem and solution.
C.Comparison and contrast. D.Classification and summary.
[解析] 推理判断题。本文首先介绍了习得性无助的概念，并指出我
们在日常生活中经常遇到类似的情况。接着，文章提到了现代生活
方式对我们心理状态的影响，并强调我们需要意识到我们对个人能
力的信心，抵制向习得性无助屈服的诱惑。最后，文章提出了通过
培养韧性和采取成长型思维来有效管理我们对生活挑战的反应并抓
住改进和成功的机会的策略。因此，文章的内在逻辑是问题和解决
方案的关系，即先提出问题，然后提出解决方案。故选B。
√
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B
There's a useful concept from psychology that helps explain
why good people do things that harm the environment: the
false consensus effect. That's where we overvalue how
acceptable and prevalent (普遍的) our own behaviour is in
society. Put simply, if you're doing something (even if you
secretly know you probably shouldn't), you're more likely to
think plenty of other people do it too. What's more, you likely
overestimate how much other people think that behaviour is
broadly OK.
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This bias (偏见) allows people to justify socially unacceptable
or illegal behaviours. Researchers have observed the false
consensus effect in drug use and illegal hunting. More recently,
conservationists are beginning to reveal how this effect
contributes to environmental damage.
In Australia, people who admitted to poaching thought it
was much more prevalent in society than it really was, and had
higher estimates than fishers who obeyed the law. They also
believed others viewed poaching as socially acceptable;
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however, in reality, more than 90% of fishers held the opposite
view. The false consensus effect has also shown up in studies
examining support for nuclear energy and offshore wind farms.
Just as concepts from psychology can help explain some
forms of environmental damage, so too can they help address it.
For example, research shows people are more likely to litter in
areas where there's already a lot of trash scattered around; so
making sure the ground around a bin is not covered in rubbish
may help.
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Factual information on how other people think and behave
can be very powerful. Energy companies have substantially
reduced energy consumption simply by showing people how
their electricity use compares to their neighbours. Encouragingly,
stimulating people's natural desire for status has also been
successful in getting people to “go green to be seen”, or to
publicly buy eco-friendly products.
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As the research evidence shows, social norms can be a
powerful force in encouraging and popularizing environmentally
friendly behaviours. Perhaps you can do your bit by sharing this
article!
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了错误共识效应这种心
理现象，同时探讨了如何利用该效应解决环境问题。
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( ) 5.Which example best illustrates the false consensus
effect
A.A student spends long hours surfing the Internet.
B.A blogger assumes many people dislike his posts.
C.A driver frequently parks illegally in public places.
D.A smoker believes people generally approve of smoking.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“There's a useful concept
from psychology that helps explain why good people do things
that harm the environment: the false consensus effect.”和“Put
simply, if you're doing something (even if you secretly know you
probably shouldn't), you're more likely to think plenty of other
people do it too.”可知，错误共识效应使人们可以为社会不可接受
或非法的行为找到合理化的理由。D选项“A smoker believes people
generally approve of smoking.”最能说明错误共识效应。故选D。
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( ) 6.How did most Australian fishers view the issue of
poaching
A.It is unacceptable. B.It is widespread.
C.It is controversial. D.It is complex.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第三段“They also believed others viewed
poaching as socially acceptable；however, in reality, more than
90% of fishers held the opposite view.”可知，大多数澳大利亚渔民
觉得偷猎是不可接受的。故选A。
√
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( ) 7.What do the underlined words “go green to be seen”
in Paragraph 5 mean
A.Embrace green habits for better health.
B.Make green choices that others can perceive.
C.Join green movements for personal fulfillment.
D.Choose green items that are easy to spot in stores.
√
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[解析] 词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中“…or to publicly buy eco-
friendly products.”可知，or表示“或者”，说明画线短语和buy eco-
friendly products意思相近，也就是买东西时做出环保的选择，并且
让他人看见或知道，和B选项“Make green choices that others can
perceive.”意思相近。故选B。
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( ) 8.What is a recommended approach to addressing
environmental problems
A.Downplay social norms.
B.Highlight personal responsibilities.
C.Publicize sustainable practices.
D.Encourage technological innovations.
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段的“Just as concepts from
psychology can help explain some forms of environmental
damage, so too can they help address it.”，倒数第二段的“Factual
information on how other people think and behave can be very
powerful. Energy companies have substantially reduced energy
consumption simply by showing people how their electricity use
compares to their neighbours.”和最后一段的“As the research
evidence shows, social norms can be a powerful force in
encouraging and popularizing environmentally friendly
behaviours.”可知，改变人们的观念可以解决环境问题，也就是要宣
传可持续发展的做法。故选C。
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Ⅱ 写作
第一节 应用文写作
[2024·山东潍坊高二期末]
你校将举办英语演讲比赛，请你以“Failure and growth”为题写
一篇演讲稿。内容包括：
1.你生活中的一次失败经历；
2.对你的成长带来的影响。
注意：1.写作词数应为80个左右;
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Good morning, everyone._______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Thank you!
One possible version:
Good morning, everyone! Today, I'd like to deliver a speech
on “Failure and growth”. I believe failures are unavoidable in life.
A school music competition witnessed my setback experience.
I had prepared diligently, but on the day of the performance,
my nerves got the better of me. My voice trembled and I
forgot the lyrics. The audiences' whispers and disappointed
expressions were a harsh reminder of my failure, which urges
me to strive forward. Not only does this experience make
me stronger, but it teaches me a valuable lesson.
Failure is not the end but a stepping stone to success,
motivating me to practise harder, stay more focused and get
better prepared for the future.
Thank you!
第二节 读后续写
[2024·浙江湖州高二期末]
阅读下面材料,根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段,使之构成
一篇完整的短文。
Resting on my sofa after school, I gazed at my shelf of
glistening gold medals and trophies (奖杯). A certain trophy
caught my eye and I picked it up. “Sunshine Primary School
2016 Basketball-Champion.” As I admired that trophy, I began
to recall those incidents leading to how I received it.
When I was in Primary Five, I was in the basketball school
team. Every month, we would have a basketball match against
another school's basketball team. In spite of the amount of
training we had, we had never won a single match before. That
was due to our lack of teamwork. Our team would argue over
little things and then, we would refuse to play after it. Our
coach was at his wit's end. Looking at the number of matches
we had lost, I knew we had to do something.
During one of our training sessions, our team split into two
to have a match against each other. “Three, two, one, start!”
our basketball coach, Coach Leong, yelled. John, who was in my
team, managed to grab the ball that Coach Leong threw in the
air. From the moment John grabbed the ball, he refused to let
anyone take it. “Pass the ball to me, John!” I exclaimed. I was
at a good position to shoot the ball into the hoop then. To my
dismay, John made an annoying face at me. Out of frustration, I
leapt towards John and made an attempt to snatch the ball,
which turned out to be a battle between John and I. Coach
Leong shook his head and boomed like an active volcano,
“Children! Is this the type of behaviour I should be seeing from
you The match is in four weeks and if you are going to
behave like this during the match, you will bring shame to me,
the school and yourselves! Don't you even know the importance
of teamwork ” Coach Leong sighed and gave us a disappointed
look. It seemed as if he had some sad news he hadn't
announced to us, but could not bear to do so. I was right.
注意：续写词数应为150个左右。
Paragraph 1:
That day, Coach Leong announced that he would be
retiring after our competition._______________________________________
Paragraph 2:
The day of the basketball match arrived.______________________
【思路点拨】本文以人物为线索，主要讲述了作者在放学后坐在沙
发上，看到奖杯时引发的回忆。作者在小学五年级时就在篮球队了，
并经历了多场失败的比赛，原因是团队缺乏合作。在一次训练中，
作者和队友因争夺球而发生冲突，教练对此表示失望，并强调了团
队合作的重要性。
【详解】
1.段落续写：
①由第一段首句“那天，梁教练宣布他将在我们的比赛结束后退休。”
可知，本段可描写教练宣布赛后退休，队员感动之下奋发图强，以
团结协作为重，刻苦训练，旨在比赛中致敬教练的奉献。
②由第二段首句“篮球比赛的日子到了。”可知，本段可描写比赛日到
来，梁教练深情激励球队，队员全力以赴，展现完美配合，最终获胜。
2.续写线索：教练宣布退休—球队决定回报—球队努力训练—比赛—
球队获得胜利—感悟
One possible version:
That day, Coach Leong announced that he would be
retiring after our competition. His voice trembled with emotion
as he shared the news(as引导时间状语从句), casting a
depressed mood over the team (现在分词作状语).
Understanding dawned on us—the upcoming game wasn't just
about winning；it was our last chance to honour Coach
Leong's dedication and years of hard work(不定式作定语). We
doubled our efforts during practices, focusing on coordination,
trust, and passing (现在分词作状语) rather than individual glory.
Through sweat and perseverance, we gradually learned to
function as a unit.
The day of the basketball match arrived. For one final
inspiring talk, Coach Leong's eyes gleamed with a mixture of
hope and pride, which reminded us that (定语从句) this game
was for him, for our school, and most importantly, for ourselves.
Stepping onto the court (现在分词作状语), we played like
never before—passing precisely, communicating effectively,
and supporting each other at every turn. When the final whistle
blew(when引导的时间状语从句), marking our victory
(现在分词作状语), tears welled up in Coach Leong's eyes. When
holding (省略结构) that championship trophy high, we knew we
had not only won the game but also rediscovered the true
essence of teamwork.
