单元小测(Unit 11)
Ⅰ.1.loosen 2.greedily 3.assigned 4.working 5.firmly
6.appreciation 7.from 8.to 9.in 10.At
Ⅱ.1.apologise for 2.put forward 3.are more likely to
4.dozens of 5.benefit from
Ⅲ.1.Having wandered aimlessly in the street for hours
2.Disabled (person) as he is 3.to spread Chinese culture and communicate with the outside world 4.It was only then that
5.Travelling to different countries and immersing oneself in
Ⅳ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了竞争在人类行为中的根源,指出心理学界对竞争天性与后天性的争议。通过引用不同学者观点,如弗洛伊德、霍布斯、达尔文及人类学家米德的研究,说明竞争并非人类行为不可避免的结果,而是文化塑造的产物,其重要性视具体社会价值观而定。
1.A 推理判断题。根据文章第一段内容可知,作者认为当代生活许多领域中普遍存在的是人类动力的起源,即竞争。故选A。
2.A 词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中的“Thomas Hobbes, one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the ‘natural world’, that is, the world before the introduction of the will of humanity, as being unpleasant and short…Darwin said in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and couldn’t be separated from dependence and cooperation.”可知,文章引用了托马斯·霍布斯和查尔斯·达尔文的理论,指出人们普遍持有的关于“自然世界”和“适者生存”的观念可能存在问题,人类学家的研究暗示了之前对于竞争在人类行为中角色的观点可能是错误的。a fallacy的含义为“一种谬论,一个错误的想法”。a false idea一个错误的想法;a hard nut一个棘手的问题;a losing battle一场失败的战斗;a mixed blessing喜忧参半。故选A。
3.C 推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Darwin said in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and couldn’t be separated from dependence and cooperation.”可知,这表明生存斗争中包含了相互支持的成分。故选C。
4.D 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“After studying dozens of such cultures, Mead’s final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behaviour, and that its popularity in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.”可知,人们对待竞争的态度实际上与文化有关。故选D。
Ⅴ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了红树林因高效吸碳被视为地球最佳碳海绵,但其遭砍伐影响碳吸收并释放土壤碳。Mikoko Pamoja项目在肯尼亚开展,是为了保护红树林,成功转化蓝碳为经济项目,有效减少非法伐木和偷猎,创造就业岗位,提升环保意识,改善生态,获得广泛认可。
1.have been regarded 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语since last century可知,句子应用现在完成时,动词regard与主语they构成被动关系,故用被动语态,they作主语,助动词用have。故填have been regarded。
2.cutting 考查非谓语动词。动名词短语作主语,故填cutting。
3.releases 考查时态和主谓一致。描述事物的一般情况且与prevents并列,句子应用一般现在时,it作主语,谓语应用第三人称单数形式。故填releases。
4.the 考查冠词。序数词前应用定冠词,故填the。
5.stored 考查非谓语动词。空处在句中作后置定语,动词store与被修饰词blue carbon构成逻辑上的被动关系,故用过去分词形式。故填stored。
6.effectively 考查副词。空处应用副词作状语修饰动词reduced。故填effectively。
7.in 考查介词。engage in意为“参与,参加,从事”,为固定搭配。故填in。
8.their 考查代词。空处应填形容词性物主代词,在句中作定语。故填their。
9.who 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词the local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed,先行词为人,并在从句中作主语,故用关系代词who。故填who。
10.benefits 考查名词。该项目的好处不止一个,故应用可数名词benefit的复数形式。故填benefits。
Ⅵ.【文章大意】 这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了四名哥伦比亚儿童在飞机失事后,如何在丛林中生存下来的故事。这些儿童利用他们对雨林的深刻理解,成功地存活了40天,直到被救援人员找到。
1.C 根据后文“The plane they were taking experienced engine problems and disappeared on May 1, 2023.”可知,文章描述了飞机失事和孩子们在丛林中生存的情况,这是他们的现实经历。故选C项。chance机会;evidence证据;reality现实;dream梦想。
2.B 根据前文的“…surviving a plane crash…”可知,他们是乘坐飞机出行。故选B项。 drive驾驶;fly飞行;jog慢跑;rush匆忙。
3.D 根据后文“…the army from finding the crash site for two weeks…”可知,天气阻碍了军队的搜索,discourage sb from doing是固定搭配,意思是“阻碍某人做某事”。故选D项。save拯救;separate分离;protect保护;discourage阻碍。
4.B 根据前文“…finding the crash site…”可知,军队一直在搜寻现场寻找失踪的孩子们,所以是在坠机现场发现了尸体。故选B项。place放置;locate定位;inspect检查;abandon遗弃。
5.C 根据下文“…struggle for most adults ”可知,坠机在雨林中,这对大多数成年人来说是一场可怕的斗争。故选C项。reasonable合理的;unique独特的;horrible可怕的;common普通的。
6.A 根据后文的 “…they have an intimate(深刻的) understanding of the rainforest.”可知,孩子们是在丛林中被抚养长大的,所以才会对雨林很了解。故选A项。raise抚养;ignore忽视;shape塑造;trap困住。
7.C 根据后文“…to eat…”可知,孩子们需要找到可以食用的资源来生存,这些水果应该是无害的。故选C项。delicious美味的;nutritious有营养的;harmless无害的;fresh新鲜的。
8.D 根据前文“…which fruits are harmless to eat…”可知,雨林中有可以安全食用的水果,但也有不能吃的植物,这些应该选择“避免”。故选D项。invent发明;exchange交换;produce生产;avoid避免。
9.A 根据后文“…they survived on juan soco…”可知,孩子们靠着雨林中的水果存活下来,这说明他们是与雨林和谐共存,而不是与之对立。故选A项。against反对;beyond超出;around围绕;through通过。
10.B 根据前文“…they survived on juan soco…”可知,孩子们在雨林里努力存活下来。故选B项。wander徘徊;survive生存;escape逃脱;explore探索。
11.D 根据后文a military hospital可知,孩子们被救援后送到了医院,在医院应该是恢复健康。故选D项。grow成长;adapt适应;operate操作;recover恢复。
12.A 根据文章第一句话“It’s most people’s nightmare: surviving a plane crash…”可知,能在坠机事件中存活下来对大多数人都是一个噩梦,所以这些孩子们的生存是一个奇迹。故选A项。wonder奇迹;success成功;challenge挑战;disaster灾难。
13.B 根据后文的“…handed down through indigenous communities over the generations.”可知,这种知识是代代相传的,所以应该是古老的。故选B项。permanent永久的;ancient古老的;advanced高级的;inborn天生的。
14.C 根据后文“…over the generations.”可知,这种知识是一代一代地被传承下来的。故选C项。pass over忽视;carry off带走;hand down传承;wash away冲走。
15.D 根据前文“It is their close connection to and understanding of the rainforest that…”可知,作者使用了强调句型,强调的是这种联系和理解无疑对孩子们的生存起到了帮助作用,undoubtedly符合语境。故选D项。unexpectedly出乎意料地;deliberately故意地;traditionally传统地;undoubtedly毫无疑问地。单元小测(Unit 11)
●Ⅰ 单句填空
1.The yoga class included multiple stretches and poses to (loose) tight muscles and improve flexibility.
2.Totally ignoring table manners, he (greedy) grabbed the last piece of bread in the plate with his bare hands.
3.After finishing the book (assign) by my English teacher, I felt a growing sense of excitement and curiosity.
4.I can’t tolerate (work) with Kate in the same office for she’s always on the phone loudly while we’re working.
5.With a good command of English and outgoing personality, I (firm) believe that I’m perfectly qualified for the position.
6.She had a deep (appreciate) for literature, in particular, the classics, as they allowed her to immerse herself in timeless stories.
7.Both men were happy to withdraw contemporary life, seeking a harmonious relationship with nature in the quietness of their lives.
8.The Red Cross Society of China distributed food and blankets the earthquake victims.
9.Whenever people make decisions when they are panic , the consequences are rarely pretty.
10. some students’ request , we’re honoured to have invited Professor Green to deliver a lecture on how to enjoy English poems.
●Ⅱ 短语填空
1.We (为……道歉) the delay and regret any inconvenience it may have caused.
2.On the basis of their knowledge and experiment conclusions, they (提出) their new theories.
3.Teenagers (更可能) develop healthy habits if they are encouraged and supported by their parents.
4.During the exhibition, (许多;几十) short videos created by students will be shown, most of which are based on classical movies and plays.
5.Teenagers can greatly (从……中受益) participating in team sports, as it helps them develop teamwork skills.
●Ⅲ 句型训练
1. , she felt a little hungry and wished for something like refreshments to eat. (非谓语)
在街上漫无目的地闲逛了几个小时后,她觉得有点饿,想吃点心之类的东西。
2. , he needs the dignity that we normal people own. (用as倒装句)
尽管他是残疾人,但他需要我们正常人所拥有的尊严。
3.In my opinion, the popularity of learning Chinese is the best opportunity for us .
我认为,“汉语学习热”是我们传播中华文化并与外部世界进行交流的最好机会。
4. he realized the true value of his friendship with her. (强调句)
直到那时他才意识到他与她友谊的真正价值。
5. various cultures can broaden one’s horizon and foster a greater appreciation for the diversity of the world we live in. (动名词短语作主语)
去不同国家旅行并沉浸在各种文化中可以拓宽一个人的视野,并增强对我们生活的世界的多样性的欣赏。
●Ⅳ 阅读理解
Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behaviour. Whatever it is, you cannot but recognize the effect competition has on academics and many other areas of contemporary life.
Psychologically speaking, competition has been seen as an unavoidable consequence of human drives. According to Sigmund Freud, humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfillment in various areas. Initially, we compete for the attention of our parents.
Current work in anthropology (人类学) has suggested, however, that this view of the role of competition in human behaviour may be a fallacy. Thomas Hobbes, one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the “natural world”, that is, the world before the introduction of the will of humanity, as being unpleasant and short. This opinion is still widely held, reinforced by Charles Darwin’s highly influential work, The Origin of Species, which established the doctrine (学说) of natural selection. Darwin’s theory has even been summarized as “survival of the fittest”—a phrase Darwin himself never used—further highlighting competition’s role in success. As it has often been pointed out, however, there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for “survival of the fittest”. Darwin said in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and couldn’t be separated from dependence and cooperation.
Many studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition rather than other values, such as cooperation, and generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural, unavoidable, and desirable. In 1937, the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples, based on her studies of several societies that did not prize competition, and, in fact, seemed at times to place a negative value on it. One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona, and they, Mead found, valued cooperation far more than competition. After studying dozens of such cultures, Mead’s final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behaviour, and that its popularity in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.
( )1.What does the author think is commonly seen in many areas of contemporary life
A.The origin of human drives.
B.The influence of competition.
C.The reasons for human behaviour.
D.The disagreement on competition.
( )2.What do the underlined words “a fallacy” in the third paragraph mean
A.A false idea. B.A hard nut.
C.A losing battle. D.A mixed blessing.
( )3.What can we learn from Darwin’s words in The Origin of Species
A.All species depend on others for survival.
B.The strongest species proves to be the fittest.
C.Struggles for survival include support of each other.
D.Competition is looked on as the best survival strategy.
( )4.What conclusion did Margaret Mead reach
A.It is characteristic of humans to be competitive.
B.Americans are uniquely opposed to cooperation.
C.Competition is relatively more popular in Western societies.
D.People’s attitude towards competition is actually culture-bound.
●Ⅴ 语法填空
As a hectare of mangrove forests (红树林) can absorb as much carbon as four hectares of rainforests, they 1. (regard) as the most efficient “sponges” (海绵) for carbon on the planet since last century. But 2. (cut) down mangrove forests prevents some areas from absorbing carbon, and it also 3. (release) carbon remaining in the soils.
In 2013, the Mikoko Pamoja carbon project began to conserve and protect 117 hectares of mangrove forests around the village Gazi, Kenya. It was 4. first project to turn blue carbon, 5. (store) in mangroves, into an economically workable programme. The project also has 6. (effective) reduced environmental crimes such as illegal logging and poaching (偷猎). “Joblessness is the reason why the youth usually engage 7. poaching and illegal logging in Kenya,” says Samuel Mutisya, a previous poacher. “If carbon projects can create jobs for people in the village, then the society will start seeing forests and wildlife as 8. (they) banks.”
The local fisherman Abdallah Mohamed, 9. is not involved in the project, has also noticed 10. (benefit). “The fish returned after the community stopped taking firewood from the mangroves. Our indigenous trees are also coming to life because there are fewer disturbances,” he says. “This project is really of great significance.”
●Ⅵ 完形填空
It’s most people’s nightmare:surviving a plane crash only to be stranded (滞留) in a jungle with no way of contacting the outside world. But this was a(n) 1 for four Colombian children.
The children were 2 with their mother from their village in the Amazon to visit their father working overseas. The plane they were taking experienced engine problems and disappeared on May 1, 2023. Bad weather 3 the army from finding the crash site for two weeks, where they later 4 the dead bodies of three adults, including the children’s mother.
How did these children survive conditions that would be a 5 struggle for most adults They are members of the Huitoto indigenous group (土著群体) and were 6 in the jungle. As such, they have an intimate (深刻的) understanding of the rainforest. They know which fruits are 7 to eat and which plants should be 8 . Working with, rather than 9 the Amazon, they survived on juan soco (a fruit similar to passion fruit) and seeds.
While the children got on with the business of 10 , the Colombian army worked with indigenous volunteers to find them. After 40 days of searching, the children were found and taken to 11 at a military hospital in Bogota.
Many around the world have taken their survival to be a 12 , but others point out that it is the result of a(n) 13 and intimate knowledge of the rainforest that has been 14 through indigenous communities over the generations. It is their close connection to and understanding of the rainforest that 15 helped the children to survive.
( )1.A.chance B.evidence
C.reality D.dream
( )2.A.driving B.flying
C.jogging D.rushing
( )3.A.saved B.separated
C.protected D.discouraged
( )4.A.placed B.located
C.inspected D.abandoned
( )5.A.reasonable B.unique
C.horrible D.common
( )6.A.raised B.ignored
C.shaped D.trapped
( )7.A.delicious B.nutritious
C.harmless D.fresh
( )8.A.invented B.exchanged
C.produced D.avoided
( )9.A.against B.beyond
C.around D.through
( )10.A.wandering B.surviving
C.escaping D.exploring
( )11.A.grow B.adapt
C.operate D.recover
( )12.A.wonder B.success
C.challenge D.disaster
( )13.A.permanent B.ancient
C.advanced D.inborn
( )14.A.passed over B.carried off
C.handed down D.washed away
( )15.A.unexpectedly B.deliberately
C.traditionally D.undoubtedly
