Period 3 语言知识讲练(Understanding ideas)
1．(教材原句)The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would“profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”．
*distant adj．遥远的；远处的；疏远的；冷淡的；不友好的；恍惚的；远亲的(distance n．距离)
(1)be (＋距离) distant from sth． 离某物(……)远
(2)in the distance 在远处
from a distance 从远处
at a distance (of) 在……远的地方
keep sb．at a distance 对……冷淡；与……疏远
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Paul has to drive a very long __________ (distant) as part of his job．
②Just as the saying goes，a near neighbour is better than a ____________ (distance) cousin．
③(应用文写作之建议信)得知你的同学总是疏远你，我写信给你一些建议。
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________，I am writing to give you some tips．
④(读后续写之环境描写)我们可以看见远处的瀑布，它的声音在两英里远的地方就能听见。
We can see the waterfall __________________________，whose sound can be heard ________________________ two miles．
2．(教材原句)The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice．It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree．
*answer the call响应号召
(1)answer the phone/a call 接听电话
answer the door 开门，应门
answer criticism/charges/accusations 就批评/指控/谴责作出解释
answer a need 满足需求
answer a description 与描述相符
answer for ..． 对……负责；担保
(2)answer to ..． ……的答案
in answer to... 作为对……的回答/答复
单句语法填空/单句写作
①I kept ringing the bell，but no one ____________ (answer) the door．
②A man ____________ (answer) the police's description was seen entering the building．
③(读后续写之行为描写)我保证他会通过考试，因为他最近一直在努力学习。
I will answer ____________ it that he will pass the exam，because he has been studying hard recently．
④年轻人应该响应号召，参军保卫祖国。
The young should ________________________________________ and join the army to defend their country．
3．(教材原句)The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals．
*in question 讨论中的；有疑问
call/bring/come into question 引起怀疑
beyond question 不容怀疑
without question 毫无疑问
out of the question 不可能；不允许
单句语法填空/单句写作
① Parents are ____________ question the first teachers of children，and usually the first teachers have much affection．
②I had planned to go shopping today，but with this heavy rain，it's ____________ of the question．
③The fact that they will answer the call is not ____________ question．
④(应用文写作之活动介绍)按照计划，教授解释了一些有疑问的事情。
As scheduled，the professor ______________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________.
4．(教材原句)After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected．
*be crowded with堆满；挤满；充满 [crowd vt．挤满；塞满；使……拥挤；涌入(脑海)；涌上(心头) n．人群；观众 crowded adj．拥挤的；挤满的；充满的]
(1)crowd in (on sb．) (想法、问题等)涌上(某人)心头；涌入(某人)脑海
crowd into one's mind 涌入某人的脑海
crowd in/into (sth．) 大批地涌入(狭小的空间)
crowd around 聚集在……周围；聚拢
(2)a crowd of/crowds of 一群/成群……
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Before the Spring Festival，all shops are crowded ____________ shoppers．
②____________ (crowd) of people poured into the street．
③(应用文写作之景点介绍)这里也是顶级的旅游景点之一，每逢节假日都挤满了游客。
It is also one of the top-class scenic spots which ________________ visitors every day in holidays．
④(读后续写之情绪描写)随着过去的回忆涌入她的脑海，她突然悲伤地大哭起来。
With past memories __________________，she burst into tears with sadness．
5．(教材原句)Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
adapt to 适应，适合(adapt v．使适应，使适合；改编，改写 adaptable adj．能适应的 adaptation n．改编本；适应)
(1)adapt oneself to... 使自己适应……
(2)be adapted from... 由……改编
be adapted for... 改编成……
单句语法填空/单句写作
①The world will be different，and we will have to be prepared to adapt ____________ the change．
②When you go to a new country，you must adapt ____________ (you) to new manners and customs．
③(应用文写作之求助信)我想知道你是否能帮我修改一出从我们的英语课本上改编的戏。
I was wondering if you could help me revise a play _____________________________
__________________________________________.
④(应用文写作之建议信)了解到你在适应新学校方面有困难，我写信是想给你一些建议。
Knowing that ________________________________________________，I'm writing to offer you some advice．
6．(教材原句)Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor，which had arrived on the islands a long time before．
*suspect v．猜想，怀疑，觉得 n．嫌疑人(suspicious adj．怀疑的；可疑的 suspicion n．怀疑；嫌疑 suspected adj．疑似的)
(1)suspect (that)... 怀疑……
suspect sb．of (doing) sth． 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb．to be 猜想/猜疑某人是……
(2)be suspicious of 对……起疑
单句语法填空/句型转换
①The man was suspected ____________ stealing the car，so he was laid off．
②Honestly speaking，we all suspected the young man ____________ (be) a pickpocket．
③They became ____________ (suspect) of his behavior and contacted the police．
④He suspected that his neighbour stole his money．
→He ________________________________________________ his money．
词汇 1．disgrace n．丢脸，耻辱 2．generate v．产生，创造
微练 1．作弊被发现后，他深感耻辱。 He __________________________________________ after being caught cheating． 2．慈善活动成功地为穷人筹集了许多捐款。 The charity event successfully ________________________ for the poor people．
(教材原句)But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory．
*so...that...
(1)so＋
(2)such＋
单句写作/句式升级
①有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，所以他们把种子带回家，开辟了他们自己的菜园。
Some students ____________________________________ they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens．
②(读后续写之行为描写)他如此勤奋，一直在复习所学内容，直到半夜。
______________________________ he kept revising what he had learned until midnight．
③I was so shocked that I was struck dumb with my eyes wide open．(倒装句)
→________________________ that I was struck dumb with my eyes wide open．
1 / 5Period 4 单元语法讲练(Using language)
过去完成时
美文诵读 语法体悟
I usually get to school early but yesterday was an exception．By the time I got up，my father had gone into the bathroom，so I had to wait．Then，I had a quick breakfast and ran to the bus stop．Unluckily，when I got there，the bus had just left．How upset I was！I had no choice but to walk to school．As a result，hardly had I run into my classroom when the bell rang．What an unforgettable morning！ 短文中的斜体部分都用了过去完成时态，其构成是had＋过去分词，表示该动作发生在过去的过去。
一、过去完成时的构成和用法
1．构成
肯定式 had＋过去分词
否定式 had not/never/hardly＋过去分词
疑问式 had (not)＋主语＋过去分词
被动式 had been＋过去分词
2．用法
(1)表示在过去某个时间或动作之前就已经发生的动作，通常简称为“过去的过去”。句中常有by，by the end of等介词(短语)或by the time，before，when，until等引导的时间状语从句，也可以通过一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。
—Did you have difficulty finding Ann's house
——你们在找到安的家这方面有困难吗？
—Not really．She had given us clear directions and we were able to find it easily．
——算不上难。她已经给了我们她家的清楚的方位，我们能够容易地找到它。
By the end of 2024，he had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps．
到2024年年底，他已经收集了一千多枚外国邮票。
(2)表示发生在过去某个动作或时刻之前的动作，一直延续到过去的另一个时间，常与for，since等词连用。
It had been very windy for a few hours and it had rained for two days．
风已刮了好几个小时，雨已下了两天。
单句语法填空
①When I got to school I found that my classmate ____________ (leave)．
②The man said that he ____________ (write) about 300 pieces of music．
③John and Jane ____________ (know) each other for a long time before they got married．
④Instead of getting down to a new task as I ____________ (expect)，he examined the previous work again．
⑤He ____________ (hope) to catch the 8：00 bus，but found it gone．
⑥The twins，who ____________ (finish) their homework，were allowed to play badminton on the playground．
二、过去完成时在几个重点句型中的应用
1．在“no sooner...than...”“hardly...when...”句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain．
我刚到家就开始下雨了。
Hardly had the storm stopped when the children ran out to play in the yard．
暴风雨刚一停，孩子们就跑到院子里去玩了。
2．在“It was the first/second/...time that...”句型中，that从句用过去完成时。
It was the first time that I had chatted online in English．
那是我第一次用英语在网上聊天。
3．在“It was＋一段时间＋since...”句型中，since从句用过去完成时。
It was at least three months since I had left Beijing．
我离开北京至少有3个月了。
4．by the time ＋表示过去的从句＋主句(过去完成时)。
by the end of ＋表示过去的时间＋主句(过去完成时)。
By the time I got to the station，the train had already gone．
我到车站时，火车已经开走了。
By the end of last term we had learnt about 500 English words．
到上学期期末为止，我们已经学了大约500个英语单词。
5．表示“意愿、打算”的动词如hope，mean，want，think，expect，plan，intend等的过去完成式表示“原本……(但事实上并没有……)”之意。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn't manage it．
我本来计划在彼得结婚时送他一个礼物祝贺他的，可是我没有做到。
6．过去完成时还经常用于主句为过去时的宾语从句中。
Helen said (that) she had moved to another flat．
海伦说她已经搬到另一套公寓去了。
I didn't think about asking her if she had passed her examination．
我不想问她是否通过了考试。
7．用于虚拟语气。
If only we had listened to their advice!
我们要是听了他们的建议就好了！
I'd rather you hadn't been present．
我宁愿你当时不在场。
If I had asked for directions，I wouldn't have gotten lost．
我如果问一下路，就不会迷路了。
单句语法填空/补全句子
①It was the second time that the musician ____________ (tour) Europe．
②The audience had hardly been seated ____________ the saxophone solo started．
③If he ____________ (take) your advice，he would have passed the driving test．
④I would rather you ____________ (be) here yesterday．
⑤The doctor had no sooner told Rocky his mother was fine ________ he dashed into the room．
⑥He ____________ (learn) maths all by himself by the age of fourteen．
⑦We ________________________ (本期望你会来)，but you didn't．
⑧I ____________ (本来打算) to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor．
⑨She said that she ____________________________ (以前看过这部电影)．
⑩We __________________________ (已经建了5座桥) by the end of last year．
三、过去完成时、一般过去时以及现在完成时的区别
1．过去完成时：强调“过去的过去”，即表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，是以过去某一时间为基准的。
2．一般过去时：以现在时间为基准，表示在过去发生的动作或存在的状态，对现在没有影响。
3．现在完成时：强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或者从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作。
He had worked on a farm for 10 years before he became the manager of the company．
在成为公司经理之前，他在农场工作过10年。
He once worked on a farm for 10 years，and now he is the manager of the company．
他在农场工作过10年，现在是这家公司的经理。
I haven't seen her since she went abroad five years ago．
自从5年前她出国后我就没有见过她。
I met her at the airport yesterday．I hadn't seen her for five years since she went abroad．
我昨天在机场遇到她了。自从她出国以来我已经五年没见过她了。
[名师点津] (1)表示过去某个时间以前所连续发生的两个或两个以上的动作时，一般用and，then，but按照动作的先后顺序连接，此时通常用一般过去时而不用过去完成时。
He entered the room，turned on the light and sat down at the table．
他走进房间，打开灯，坐在桌子旁。
He said he went to the shop and bought some food．
他说他去商店买了一些食品。
(2)当一个由before，after，as soon as等连词引导的从句所表示的动作和主句的动作紧接着发生时，两个动作均可用一般过去时来表示。
We had breakfast after we did morning exercises．
做完早操后，我们吃了早饭。
The train started to move just before he reached the platform．
他到达站台时火车刚开走。
They started ploughing as soon as they got to the fields．
他们一到地里就开始耕地。
单句语法填空
①He kept looking at her，wondering whether he ____________ (see) her somewhere before．
②By nine o'clock last night，we __________ (receive) more than 200 letters from the audience．
③They ____________ (intend) to arrive in Beijing before 10 o'clock，but the train was late．
④We ____________ (do) quite enough work for the morning，now let's take a break．
1．(教材原句)Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control．
*characteristic n．特征，特性 adj．典型的，独特的(character n．性格；特点；人物，角色)
(1)It is characteristic of sb．to do sth． 做某事是某人的特点
(2)a leading character 主角
in character 符合……的性格
out of character 不符合……的性格
单句语法填空/单句写作
①It's ____________ (character) of her to complain when in trouble．
②It is characteristic of students __________ (stay) up studying deep into the night for the final exam．
③(应用文写作之人物介绍)这本书的主角是一个能直面困难、永不言弃的人。
____________________________________ is a person who can face difficulties and never give up．
④(应用文写作之人物介绍)玛丽是我们的英语老师，甜美的嗓音是她最明显的特征。
Mary is our English teacher，and the sweet voice is __________________________．
2．(教材原句)The extinction of the Pinta Island tortoise is blamed on humans．
*blame v．责怪，指责；把……归咎于 n．(坏事或错事的)责任；责备；指责
(1)blame sb．for... 因……而指责某人；把……归咎于某人
blame sth．on sb． 把某事归咎于某人
be to blame for (doing) sth． 对(做)某事负有责任/应承担责任/该受责备
(2)accept/bear/take the blame for... 对……负责；为……承担责任
put/lay the blame for sth．on sb．/sth． 把某事的责任推到某人/某物身上
单句语法填空/单句写作
①It is my fault，so I am ____________ (blame) for Miller's accident．
②Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame ____________ the alarm clock．
③ ____________ (blame) for the breakdown of the school computer network，Alice was in low spirits．
④(应用文写作之环境保护)很明显，湿地的破坏应归咎于人类。
Obviously，it is human beings that should ____________________________________ the destruction of the wetland．
3．(教材原句)After goats in particular had been brought to the island，the Pinta Island tortoise population declined．
*decline v．减少；衰退；谢绝；婉言拒绝 n．减少；下降；衰退
(1)decline by/to... 下降了/到……
decline to do sth． 拒绝做某事
(2)in decline/on the decline 在下降
a sharp decline in... 在……方面急剧下降
单句语法填空/单句写作
①The number of people who run the red light has been __________ the decline since the new traffic regulations came into effect．
②The number of tourists to the resort declined ____________ 10% last year．
③In spite of many invitations，he would always decline ____________ (visit) the university．
④(读后续写之动作描写)当我提出要为他的好心帮忙付钱时，他立刻摇了摇头，礼貌地拒绝了我的提议。
When I offered to pay him for his kind help，he shook his head instantly and ________________________．
4．(教材原句)The Giant Tortoise Reserve on Santa Cruz is native to several species of giant tortoise...
*be native to 源于……的，原产于……[native adj．本地的；当地的；原产于某地的 n．本地人；当地人；本地的动(植)物]
(1)one's native tongue/language 某人的母语
one's native land/country 某人的故乡/祖国
(2)be a native of... ……的人；生长于……的动物或植物
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Many rare animals and plants are native ____________ this small island．
②Judging from his accent，he must be a native ____________ eastern coastal China．
③(应用文写作之建议信)直接向母语使用者学习一门语言，简直太棒了。
There's nothing like learning a language directly from ________________________．
④(应用文写作之介绍信)据说，这种虎产于印度。
It is said that the tiger __________________ India．
(教材原句)Gregor Mendel chose to study pea plants because their characteristics were easy to control．
*be＋adj．＋to do
在“主语＋be＋adj．＋to do”结构中，不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式仍用主动形式表示被动意义。常用于此结构的形容词有difficult，hard，easy，comfortable，pleasant，interesting，exciting等。
单句写作
①(应用文写作之人物介绍)她总是热心帮助有需要的人。
She is always __________________________________________________________________.
②(应用文写作之感谢信)你能帮助我真是太好了。我真的很感激你的慷慨以及你在百忙之中抽出的时间。
____________________________________．I truly appreciate your generosity and the time you're taking out of your busy schedule．
③他发现这个句子很难理解。
He found that the sentence________________________________________________
________________________．
8 / 8Period 3 语言知识讲练(Understanding ideas)
1．(教材原句)The captain of the ship，the Beagle，wanted someone who would“profit by the opportunity of visiting distant countries yet little known”．
*distant adj．遥远的；远处的；疏远的；冷淡的；不友好的；恍惚的；远亲的(distance n．距离)
(1)be (＋距离) distant from sth． 离某物(……)远
(2)in the distance 在远处
from a distance 从远处
at a distance (of) 在……远的地方
keep sb．at a distance 对……冷淡；与……疏远
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Paul has to drive a very long distance (distant) as part of his job．
②Just as the saying goes，a near neighbour is better than a distant (distance) cousin．
③(应用文写作之建议信)得知你的同学总是疏远你，我写信给你一些建议。
Learning that your classmates always keep you at a distance，I am writing to give you some tips．
④(读后续写之环境描写)我们可以看见远处的瀑布，它的声音在两英里远的地方就能听见。
We can see the waterfall in the distance，whose sound can be heard at a distance of two miles．
2．(教材原句)The person who answered the call was not the captain's first choice．It was a young man who had left medical school without completing his degree．
*answer the call响应号召
(1)answer the phone/a call 接听电话
answer the door 开门，应门
answer criticism/charges/accusations 就批评/指控/谴责作出解释
answer a need 满足需求
answer a description 与描述相符
answer for ... 对……负责；担保
(2)answer to ... ……的答案
in answer to... 作为对……的回答/答复
单句语法填空/单句写作
①I kept ringing the bell，but no one answered (answer) the door．
②A man answering (answer) the police's description was seen entering the building．
③(读后续写之行为描写)我保证他会通过考试，因为他最近一直在努力学习。
I will answer for it that he will pass the exam，because he has been studying hard recently．
④年轻人应该响应号召，参军保卫祖国。
The young should answer the call and join the army to defend their country．
3．(教材原句)The young man in question，Charles Darwin，was a geologist and naturalist，fascinated by rocks，plants and animals．
*in question 讨论中的；有疑问
call/bring/come into question 引起怀疑
beyond question 不容怀疑
without question 毫无疑问
out of the question 不可能；不允许
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Parents are beyond/without question the first teachers of children，and usually the first teachers have much affection．
②I had planned to go shopping today，but with this heavy rain，it's out of the question．
③The fact that they will answer the call is not in question．
④(应用文写作之活动介绍)按照计划，教授解释了一些有疑问的事情。
As scheduled，the professor explained something in question．
4．(教材原句)After Darwin had spent some time in South America，his room on the ship was crowded with samples of the plants and animals he had collected．
*be crowded with堆满；挤满；充满 [crowd vt．挤满；塞满；使……拥挤；涌入(脑海)；涌上(心头) n．人群；观众 crowded adj．拥挤的；挤满的；充满的]
(1)crowd in (on sb．)
(想法、问题等)涌上(某人)心头；涌入(某
人)脑海
crowd into one's mind 涌入某人的脑海
crowd in/into (sth．) 大批地涌入(狭小的空间)
crowd around 聚集在……周围；聚拢
(2)a crowd of/crowds of 群/成群……
单句语法填空/单句写作
①Before the Spring Festival，all shops are crowded with shoppers．
②Crowds (crowd) of people poured into the street．
③(应用文写作之景点介绍)这里也是顶级的旅游景点之一，每逢节假日都挤满了游客。
It is also one of the top-class scenic spots which is crowded with visitors every day in holidays．
④(读后续写之情绪描写)随着过去的回忆涌入她的脑海，她突然悲伤地大哭起来。
With past memories crowding into her mind/crowding in on her，she burst into tears with sadness．
5．(教材原句)Maybe animals evolved as they adapted to their changing environments
adapt to 适应，适合(adapt v．使适应，使适合；改编，改写 adaptable adj．能适应的 adaptation n．改编本；适应)
(1)adapt oneself to... 使自己适应……
(2)be adapted from... 由……改编
be adapted for... 改编成……
单句语法填空/单句写作
①The world will be different，and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change．
②When you go to a new country，you must adapt yourself (you) to new manners and customs．
③(应用文写作之求助信)我想知道你是否能帮我修改一出从我们的英语课本上改编的戏。
I was wondering if you could help me revise a play adapted from our English textbook．
④(应用文写作之建议信)了解到你在适应新学校方面有困难，我写信是想给你一些建议。
Knowing that you have difficulty in adapting to the new school，I'm writing to offer you some advice．
6．(教材原句)Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor，which had arrived on the islands a long time before．
*suspect v．猜想，怀疑，觉得 n．嫌疑人(suspicious adj．怀疑的；可疑的 suspicion n．怀疑；嫌疑 suspected adj．疑似的)
(1)suspect (that)... 怀疑……
suspect sb．of (doing) sth． 怀疑某人(做)某事
suspect sb．to be 猜想/猜疑某人是……
(2)be suspicious of 对……起疑
单句语法填空/句型转换
①The man was suspected of stealing the car，so he was laid off．
②Honestly speaking，we all suspected the young man to be (be) a pickpocket．
③They became suspicious (suspect) of his behavior and contacted the police．
④He suspected that his neighbour stole his money．
→He suspected his neighbour of stealing his money．
词汇 1．disgrace n．丢脸，耻辱 2．generate v．产生，创造
微练 1．作弊被发现后，他深感耻辱。 He felt a deep sense of disgrace after being caught cheating． 2．慈善活动成功地为穷人筹集了许多捐款。 The charity event successfully generated a lot of donations for the poor people．
(教材原句)But Darwin's scientific studies were so convincing that more and more people started to believe his theory．
*so...that...
(1)so＋
(2)such＋
单句写作/句式升级
①有些学生对园艺非常感兴趣，所以他们把种子带回家，开辟了他们自己的菜园。
Some students get so interested in gardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens．
②(读后续写之行为描写)他如此勤奋，一直在复习所学内容，直到半夜。
So hard-working was he that/He was so hard-working that he kept revising what he had learned until midnight．
③I was so shocked that I was struck dumb with my eyes wide open．(倒装句)
→So shocked was I that I was struck dumb with my eyes wide open．
课时提升作业(十三) (Unit 5 Understanding ideas)
(建议用时：45分钟 总分：91.5分)
Ⅰ．品句填词(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．Some animals carry seeds (种子) from one place to another，so plants can spread to new places．
2．The current study has a larger sample (样本) size than earlier studies．
3．Now，I suspect (怀疑) that someone may have broken into this room and taken away something important．
4．The dam will generate (产生) electricity equal to about 40 million tons of coal without causing so much air pollution．
5．If we look back at our ancestors (祖先)，we'll see that they had a lot more hair on their bodies than we do now．
Ⅱ．单句语法填空(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
1．The fact is that most people didn't believe his theory of evolution (evolve)．
2．A large amount of electricity in that country is generated (generate) by nuclear reactors．
3．To many people，technology means computers，hand-held devices，or vehicles that travel to distant (distance) planets．
4．Although I'm not a geologist (geology)，I have been collecting minerals for years．
5．There is a note on the door reading (read)“No smoking！”
Ⅲ．短语填空(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)
answer the call，be a disgrace，adapt to，be crowded with，in the distance
1．He practiced hard so as not to be a disgrace to his country in the competition．
2．A group of earth-friendly enterprises have answered the call by actively supporting green activities．
3．Your desk is crowded with too many unnecessary things，including pieces of used papers and books．
4．In my opinion，it is much easier for a child to adapt to a new environment than an adult．
5．As we walked along the beach，we saw a lighthouse in the distance．
Ⅳ．完成句子(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)
1．俗话说：“入乡随俗。”(as引导定语从句)
As the saying goes，“When in Rome，do as the Romans do．”
2．他如此有学问，所以我们非常赞赏他。(so...that...)
He is so learned a person that we admire him very much．
3．当我沿街行走时，我偶遇了一个我的老朋友。(as 引导时间状语从句)
As I was walking down the street，I came across an old friend of mine．
4．男孩花了大约三个月的时间来适应新的校园环境。(adapt to)
It took the boy about three months to adapt to the new school environment．
5．这个耳熟能详的民间故事起源于唐朝。
This familiar folk tale dates back to the Tang Dynasty．
Ⅴ．补全短文(共7小题；每小题2分，满分14分)
Today we live in a time when the number of endangered species is the largest 1．of all time (有史以来) because 2．a variety of human activities lead to (各种各样的人类活动导致) their habitats and climate being destroyed，which makes them hard to 3．adapt to the environment (适应环境)．The biodiversity is 4．out of the question (不可能的)without humans'joint efforts and changes of our lifestyle．People should be told to 5．regard animals as a significant part of nature (把动物视为自然的重要组成部分)．Not until people are aware of the importance of protecting animals can we meet the biodiversity goal．Please don't 6．suspect my opinion (怀疑我的观点)．I call on everyone to 7．answer the call (响应号召) of nature and make contributions．
Ⅰ．阅读理解(共7小题；每小题2.5分，满分17.5分)
A
Chocolate could soon be a thing of the past，after scientists warned that the cacao plant，from which chocolate is made，could be extinct within 25 years．
Over half of the world's chocolate comes from just two countries in West Africa—C te d'Ivoire and Ghana—where the temperature，rain，and humidity provide the perfect conditions for cacao to grow．But the threat of rising temperatures over the next three decades caused by climate change，is expected to result in a loss of water from the ground，which scientists say could upset this balance．
According to the related data，a temperature rise of just 2.1℃ could spell an end for the chocolate industry worldwide by 2050．Farmers in the region are already considering moving cacao production areas thousands of feet uphill into mountainous areas—many of which are currently preserved for wildlife．But a move of this scale could destroy ecosystems that are already under threat from illegal farming and deforestation．
Part of the problem，according to Doug Hawkins，is that cacao farming methods have not changed for hundreds of years．“Unlike other tree crops that have benefited from the development of modern，high yielding strains and crop management techniques to realize their genetic potential，more than 90% of the global cacao crops are produced by small farms with unimproved planting materials，”he said．“It means that we could be facing a chocolate decrease of 100，000 tons a year in the next few years．”
Now scientists at the University of California at Berkeley have teamed up with American candy company Mars to keep chocolate on the menu．Using the controversial (有争议的) gene-editing technology known as CRISPR，they are trying to develop a type of the cacao plant，capable of surviving in dryer，warmer climates．If the team's work on the cacao plant is successful，it could remove the need for farmers in West Africa to relocate to higher ground，and perhaps even allow cacao to be grown elsewhere in the world．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了可可树因为气候变化而面临灭绝的危险，现在科学家们正在努力研究新的可可树品种来适应变化的气候。
1．What do we know about chocolate from the text
A．Chocolate will disappear from the menu 25 years later．
B．Chocolate is mainly produced by African countries．
C．Chocolate will not be produced by 2050 because of climate change．
D．A new type of chocolate will be produced with the help of CRISPR．
B [细节理解题。根据第二段的第一句可知，世界上一半以上的巧克力来自西非的科特迪瓦和加纳这两个国家，因此巧克力主要由非洲国家生产。故选B。]
2．What is the reason for the extinction of the cacao plant
A．The damaged ecosystem．
B．Water shortage caused by climate change．
C．The threat from illegal farming．
D．The changeable farming method．
B [推理判断题。根据第二段的最后一句可知，未来30年，气候变化造成的气温上升将导致地面失水，这将破坏平衡。再根据第三段第一句可知，可可树灭绝的原因是气候变化引起的缺水。故选B。]
3．What is the writer's attitude to the application of CRISPR to planting cacao trees
A．Objective． B．Unconcerned．
C．Supportive． D．Negative．
C [观点态度题。根据文章最后一段的最后一句可知，如果可可树的研究工作取得成功，就可以排除西非农民搬迁到高地的需要，甚至可能允许可可树在世界其他地方种植。由此推知，作者的态度非常乐观，且对该项目抱有很大希望。故选C。]
B
Two thirds of the ice in the glaciers (冰川) of the Alps is doomed！These glaciers will melt by the end of the century as global temperatures rise，according to a recent study．
Scientists claim that half the ice held in some 4，000 Alpine glaciers will disappear by 2050 due to global warming through the effect of past emissions．After that，even if carbon emissions drop to zero，two thirds of the ice will still have melted by 2100．If emissions continue to rise at the current rate，the ice tongues will have all but disappeared from Alpine valleys by the end of the century．The most pessimistic prediction tells us that the Alps will be mostly ice-free by 2100．Only isolated ice patches would remain at high altitudes，representing five per cent，at most，of the ice volume seen today．
The researchers warn that the loss of these glaciers will mean much less water is available for farming and hydroelectricity，especially during droughts．It would also affect nature and tourism．
In February，a study found that a third of the huge ice fields in Asia's towering mountain chains were also under threat for the same reasons．This will lead to serious consequences for almost two billion people who live downstream．Glaciers along the Hindu Kush and Himalayan range are at higher，colder altitudes．If global carbon emissions are not cut，however，two thirds of their ice could be gone by 2100．
The latest research combined computer models with real-world data to forecast the fate of the glaciers．It used 2017 as its starting point．Unlike previous work，these models included how the glaciers move down the mountains．Applying this approach to other glaciated mountain chains could improve ice loss forecasts there．
Cutting the emissions from fossil-fuel burning，deforestation and other polluting activities is the biggest factor in minimizing the melting of the ice．The future of these glaciers is indeed at risk，but there is still a possibility of limiting their disappearance．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了阿尔卑斯山和亚洲的冰川面临严重威胁，可能会在21世纪末融化，并分析了其原因，同时也提出了解决问题的思路。
4．What does the underlined word“doomed”mean in paragraph 1
A．Polluted． B．Discovered．
C．Endangered． D．Abandoned．
C [词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“These glaciers will melt by the end of the century as global temperatures rise，according to a recent study．”可知，冰川将在21世纪末融化，由此推知，画线词所在句中的“阿尔卑斯山的冰川”也面临同样的威胁。结合选项可知，画线词doomed与endangered同义，意为“有危险的”。故选C。]
5．What can we infer from paragraph 2
A．Emissions have much to do with the ice melting．
B．The Alps is expected to lose all its ice by 2100．
C．Ice loss will be avoided with emissions prevented．
D．Large ice pieces will just exist at the mountain top．
A [细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Scientists claim that half the ice held in some 4，000 Alpine glaciers will disappear by 2050 due to global warming through the effect of past emissions...the ice tongues will have all but disappeared from Alpine valleys by the end of the century．”可推知，碳排放与冰川融化有很大关系。故选A。]
6．Why are the Asia's ice fields mentioned in paragraph 4
A．To explain how glacier melting came about．
B．To imply pollution is a worldwide problem．
C．To show what consequences ice melting will cause．
D．To indicate the Alps is not alone to face ice melting．
D [推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In February，a study found that a third of the huge ice fields in Asia's towering mountain chains were also under threat for the same reasons．”可推知，第四段提到亚洲的冰原是为了表明阿尔卑斯山并不是唯一面临冰川融化问题的地方。故选D。]
7．What is the writer's attitude towards the future of glaciers
A．Objective． B．Optimistic．
C．Critical． D．Doubtful．
A [观点态度题。通读全文，并结合文章最后一段可知，文中作者表达了对碳排放造成冰川融化的担忧，但同时也提到了为了改变这一情况人类可以采取的一些措施。由此推知，作者认为冰川的未来取决于人类自身，对冰川的未来持客观的态度。故选A。]
Ⅱ．阅读七选五(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
How to Prepare Houseplants for Fall
It would be easy to think that since houseplants live inside，they don't really experience seasons as their outdoor plants do． 1 However，it doesn't mean they don't know what's going on．They do．With that in mind，here is how to keep your plants happy when autumn comes．
2 Check to be sure that they are not bringing any insects along with them．Examine both sides of leaves for insects，as well as the soil．Also，clear the top of the soil of dead leaves before taking them in．
Remove any dead or dying leaves．Find any yellowing or brown leaves． 3 For brown or yellowing leaves，you can just cut off the unhealthy part．To make a plant healthier，you can also trim (修剪) healthy leaves．Also，don't forget to save larger pieces to plant!
Be mindful of extreme temperatures．Extreme hot or cold can stress (使……紧张) plants out． 4 Make sure they are not heated by heaters．Similarly，make sure they are far from windows or doors that open to the outside．
Repot (移植) if needed．Spring is the best time to repot houseplants because that's when they begin to grow rapidly．But if any of your babies have had an active summer and are too small for their pots，now is a good time as well．Lift the plant out of the pot and check how the roots look． 5
Be careful with watering．Over-watering is one of the most common houseplant mistakes．Unless you have especially thirsty species or a very dry home，wait at least a few days in between watering．
A．The plants under stress will die soon．
B．If they seem crowded，it is time to repot．
C．So be careful about where your plants are living．
D．Bring them in if they've been vacationing outside．
E．Pay attention to whether there are harmful insects．
F．It's true that they are provided more protection inside．
G．Cut off the leaves of these colours at the base or at the soil．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何准备让室内的植物应对秋天的来临。
1．F [根据空前“很容易想到，由于室内植物生活在室内，它们并不像室外植物那样真正经历季节。”以及空后“然而，这并不意味着它们不知道发生了什么。”可知，此处是在说室内植物在室内的情况。F项承接上文，并和下文的“However”相呼应。故选F。]
2．D [根据空后“检查确保他们没有携带任何昆虫。”以及末句“此外，在搬进来之前，清除土壤顶部的枯叶。”可知，此处是建议人们把室外的植物搬到室内。故选D。]
3．G [根据空后“对于棕色或黄色的叶子，你可以只剪掉不健康的部分。为了使植物更健康，你也可以修剪健康的叶子。”可知，此处是建议人们剪掉棕色或变黄的叶子。故选G。]
4．C [根据空后“确保它们没有被加热器加热。同样，确保它们远离打开的窗户或门。”可知，此空是在说植物生长的地方。故选C。]
5．B [本段是建议为植物移盆、移栽，根据空前“把植物从花盆里拿出来，看看它们的根是什么样子。”可知，B项可以承接上文。故选B。]
Ⅲ．语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
An orangutan (红毛猩猩) 1．____________ (observe) to use a tropical plant to treat a wound，2．____________ (mark) another example of animals relieving their illnesses with natural treatments，scientists reported on Thursday．
Researchers witnessed Rakus，an adult male orangutan，pulled leaves from a medicinal plant 3．____________ (common) used by humans in Southeast Asia for pain and inflammation (发炎)．He chewed the leaves and then applied the plant's juices to an 4．____________ (injure) on his right cheek using his fingers．Afterward，he pressed the chewed leaves onto the wound as a make shift bandage，according to a study 5．____________ (publish) in Scientific Reports．
While previous research has shown orangutans'searching 6．____________ medicinal plants，this is the first time an animal has been seen directly using a medicinal plant on a wound．Co-author Isabelle Laumer，a biologist at the Max Planck Institute，remarked that this behavior is quite 7．____________ (power) and unprecedented (史无前例的)．
The behavior was recorded in 2022 by field researcher Ulil Azhari at the Suaq Project in Indonesia．Photos show that 8．____________ wound healed within a month．
Although scientists have observed orangutans since 1994 in Gunung Leuser National Park，this behavior had not been seen before．It is possible 9．____________ Rakus learned the technique outside the study area，said co-author Caroline Schuppli．
Similar self-medication behaviors have been observed in other primates，such as chimpanzees and gorillas．They use plants to relieve stomach 10．____________ (issue) or get rid of parasites．
【语篇解读】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一只红毛猩猩用一种热带植物治疗伤口，这是动物用自然疗法缓解疾病的又一个例子。
1．was observed [考查动词时态、语态。根据下文“scientists reported on Thursday”可知，陈述过去发生的动作，用一般过去时，主语An orangutan与谓语observe之间为被动关系。故填was observed。]
2．marking [考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，mark与上文之间为主动关系，用动词-ing形式作状语。故填marking。]
3．commonly [考查词性转换。副词commonly作状语，修饰动词used。故填commonly。]
4．injury [考查词性转换。an后接单数名词injury作宾语。故填injury。]
5．published [考查非谓语动词。空处为非谓语动词，study与publish之间为被动关系，用过去分词形式作定语。故填published。]
6．for [考查介词。search for寻找，为固定短语。故填for。]
7．powerful [考查词性转换。形容词powerful作表语。故填powerful。]
8．the [考查冠词。特指这个伤口，用定冠词the。故填the。]
9．that [考查固定句式。It is possible that...“可能……”为固定句型。故填that。]
10．issues [考查名词复数。issue为可数名词，前无限定词修饰，用复数表示泛指，作宾语。故填issues。]
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