Unit 1　Wish you were here 知识清单（讲义）高二英语译林版选择性必修第三册

Unit 1　Wish you were here
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(52组)
1. territory n. (加拿大)地区；领土，领地；领域(2)
2. valley n. 山谷，溪谷(2)
3. carve vt. 侵蚀，冲刷；雕，刻(2)
4. glacier n. 冰川(2)
5. splendid adj. 壮丽的，雄伟的；极佳的，非常好的(2)
6. urban adj. 城市的，城镇的(2)
7. ancestor n. 祖宗，祖先；原种 (2)
8. indigenous adj. 本地的，土生土长的(2)
9. strait n. 海峡，水道(2)
10. cuisine n. 烹饪，风味；饭菜，菜肴(3)
11. dynamic adj. (事物)有活力的；动态的，发展变化的；充满活力的(3)
12. sample vt. 尝，品尝，体验；抽样检验
n. 样本，样品；取样(3)
13. fiddle n. 小提琴(3)
14. Celtic adj. 凯尔特人的，凯尔特语的(3)
15. suburb n. 郊区，城外(5)
16. Clovis adj. 克洛维斯的(5)
17. blanket n. 厚层；毛毯(5)
18. hockey n. 冰球运动，冰上曲棍球；曲棍球(5)
19. niece n. 侄女，外甥女(5)
20. welfare n. 幸福，福祉；福利 (6)
21. manner n. 方式，方法；举止；(manners)礼貌(7)
22. church n. 教堂；礼拜(7)
23. code n. 行为规范，道德准则；法规，法典；密码(7)
24. item n. 一件商品(或物品)；项目(7)
25. statue n. 雕像，雕塑(9)
26. souvenir n. 纪念物，纪念品(9)
27. antique n. 文物，古董
adj. 古老的，古董的(9)
28. vase n. 花瓶，装饰瓶(9)
29. furniture n. 家具(9)
30. dune n. 沙丘(11)
31. goat n. 山羊(11)
32. grain n. 细粒，颗粒；谷物(11)
33. contrast vi. 形成对比
vt. 对比，对照
n. 差异，差别；对照物(11)
34. ray n. 光线，射线(11)
35. camel n. 骆驼(11)
36. chew vi. & vt. 咀嚼，嚼碎；咬住(11)
37. barbecue n. 烤架；户外烧烤 (11)
38. border n. 国界，边界
vi. & vt. (与……)接壤 (12)
39. hut n. (简陋的)小屋，棚屋(12)
40. brick n. 砖块；积木(12)
41. dot vt. 遍布；使布满，点缀；加点
n. 点(12)
42. flap vi. & vt. 拍打，摆动；振(翅) (12)
43. ham n. 火腿，火腿肉(12)
44. sausage n. 香肠，腊肠(12)
45. bunch n. 串，束；大量(12)
46. fetch vt. (去)拿来，(去)请来(12)
47. hike n. 远足，徒步旅行
vi. & vt. 去……远足，做徒步旅行(13)
48. awesome adj. 令人惊叹的，使人惊惧的；很好的(13)
49. liquid adj. 液体的，液态的
n. 液体(13)
50. Arctic adj. 北极的
n. (the Arctic) 北极，北极地区 (13)
51. fox n. 狐狸；狡猾的人(13)
52. lamb n. 羊羔肉；羔羊(13)
(二) 拓展倍记(23组)
1. blooming adj. 盛开的，开花的(2)→bloomn. (常指供观赏的)花；健康有精神的面貌 vi. 开花；变得健康(或快活、自信)
2. unfold vi. & vt. 开花；展开，打开；展示，展现(2)→fold vi. & vt. 折叠；折小；包；裹；停演；结束 n. 褶；羊栏
3. ethnically adv. 种族地(2)→ethnic adj. 民族的；种族的；具有民族特色的 n. 少数民族的人
4. distinct adj. 截然不同的，有区别的，不同种类的；清楚的，清晰的(2)→distinction n. 差别；区别；卓越；特质；辨别；荣誉
5. mighty adj. 巨大的，非凡的；强而有力的(2)→might n. 强大力量；威力 modal verb 可能，可以(may的过去式)；(对某人未做某事表示不满)应该
6. minority n. 少数民族，少数群体；少数，少数人(3)→minor adj. 较小的；次要的；轻微的；小音阶的n. 未成年人；辅修课程 vi. 辅修
7. depth n. 最深处；深(度)；深刻；深厚(3)→deep adj. 深的；纵深的；深(呼吸)的；极度的；严重的；酣睡的 adv. 深深地；在深处；至深处→deepen vt.& vi. (使)变深；加深；变低沉；深(呼吸)
8. botanical adj. 植物学的(5)→botany n. 植物学
9. accommodation n. 住处 (6)→accommodate vt. & vi. 容纳；为(某人)提供住宿；顾及；考虑到；给……提供方便；适应(新情况)
10. surrounding adj. 周围的，附近的(6)→surround vt. 围绕；(使)包围；与……紧密相关；喜欢结交 (某类人) n. 边，饰边；周围
11. harmony n. 融洽，和睦；和谐(6)→harmonious adj. 友好和睦的；协调的，和谐的(30)
12. sustain vt. 使保持，使稳定持续；维持(6)→sustainable adj. 可持续的；合理利用的
13. consumption n. 消耗，消耗量；消费(7)→consume vt. 消耗；使充满(强烈的感情)；吃；喝；烧毁
14. elegant adj. 漂亮雅致的，精美的；优美的，文雅的(9)→elegance n. 高雅；优雅
15. resolution n. 决心，决定；决议；解决(11)→resolve vt. & vi. 解决；决定；决心；表决 n. 决心；坚定的信念
16. starve vi. & vt.(使)饿死，(使)挨饿(11)→starvation n. 饥饿；挨饿；饿死
17. departure n. 离开，起程(12)→depart vt. & vi. 离开，起程(31)
18. mud n. 泥，淤泥(12)→muddy adj. 泥泞的；浑浊的；暗淡的 vt. 使变得泥泞；使浑浊
19. parking n. 停车；停车位(12)→park n. 公园；园区；庄园 vt. & vi. 泊(车)；停(车)；坐下(或站着)；把……搁置，推迟
20. possession n. 私人物品，个人财产；具有，拥有(12)→possess vt. 拥有；具有；控制；使言行失常
21. intently adv. 热切地，专注地(12)→intent adj. 热切的；决心做(尤指伤害他人的事)；专心 n. 意图；目的
22. polar adj. 极地的；完全相反的(13)→pole n. 柱子；杆子；极；电极；极端 vt. 用篙撑船；摆船
23. delicacy n. 佳肴；谨慎；敏感(13)→delicate adj. 脆弱的；虚弱的；纤细的；精致的；熟练的；清香的
(三) 短语强记(7组)
1. apart from 除了……外(还)，此外；除了……外(都)，要不是(2)
2. off the beaten track 不落俗套，打破常规；远离闹市，偏远(3)
3. come as no surprise 不足为奇，毫不奇怪(3)
4. come down to 可归结为，可归纳为(7)
5. dress code 着装规定(7)
6. make one's way to 去，前往(9)
7. beat down (阳光)强烈照射，曝晒 (11)
(四) 重点例释(16组)
1.distinct adj. 截然不同的，有区别的，不同种类的；清楚的，清晰的
distinction n. 差别；区别；卓越；特质；辨别；荣誉
①Each party represents a distinct current of thought.
每个党派都代表一种不同的思潮。
②Try to set aside half an hour each day for keeping a diary, and you'll achieve distinction in writing.试着每天留出半小时来写日记，这样你就能在写作上取得优异的成绩。
2. mighty adj. 巨大的，非凡的；强而有力的
(1) high and mighty 趾高气扬；自高自大
(2) might n. 强大力量；威力
①I think you're a bit too high and mighty yourself.我认为你自己就有些过于盛气凌人了。
②That young king led a mighty army.
那位年轻的国王领导着一支强大的军队。
③The pen is mightier than the sword.
笔诛胜于剑伐。
④I pushed the rock with all my might.
我用尽全力推这块石头。
3. apart from 除了……外(还)，此外；除了……外(都)，要不是
(1) apart adv. 分开；分离；相距，相隔；除外
(2) tell apart区分，分辨
①He stood far apart from me.
他站得离我很远。
②I'm afraid our ideas are too far apart.
恐怕我们的意见相差甚远。
③The two sisters look so much alike that it is difficult to tell them apart.
这两姐妹长得太像了，以至于很难把她们区分开。
4. urban adj. 城市的，城镇的
(1) urbanization n. 都市化，城市化
(2) suburb n. 郊区；城外
①You can find out many advantages in urban life.你会发现都市生活中有许多便利之处。
②Urbanization can lead to social and economic progress, but also pressure on cities to provide housing and services.
城市化可以带来社会和经济的进步，但是也给城市带来了提供住房和服务的压力。
③Factories are grouped in the southern suburb of the city.
工厂都集中在城市的南郊。
5. minority n. 少数民族，少数群体；少数，少数人
(1) in the minority属少数派，占少数的 (2) minor adj. 较小的；次要的；轻微的；小音阶的 n. 未成年人；辅修课程 vi. 辅修
①The minority is subordinate to the majority.
少数服从多数。
②Less than ten per cent of the employees in their company are women. That is to say, women are in the minority.
他们公司只有不到百分之十的员工是女性，也就是说，女性占少数。
③There may be some minor changes to the schedule.
时间安排也许会有些小小的变动。
④I'm minoring in computer science.
我辅修计算机科学。
6. off the beaten track不落俗套，打破常规；远离闹市，偏远
(1) back on track重新步入正确轨道；恢复正常
(2) be on track稳步前进；做法对头
(3) keep/lose track of sb/sth了解/不了解……的动态；与……保持/失去联系
(4) make tracks离去(尤指回家)
(5) on the right/wrong track思路对头/不对头；做法对路/不对路
(6) track sb/sth down 搜寻到；跟踪找到；追查到
①They live miles off the beaten track.
他们住在偏远地带。
②This is a design which gets off the beaten track.这是一个打破常规的设计。
7. come as no surprise不足为奇，毫不奇怪
(1) come as a surprise 使……感到吃惊
(2) in surprise 吃惊地，惊奇地
(3) to one's surprise使……十分惊讶，出乎……意料之外
(4) it is surprise that (令人)惊讶的是……
(5) by surprise 出其不意
(6) with surprise 惊讶地
①The findings would come as no surprise to some social scientists and, indeed, working mothers.
对于一些社会科学家和职场母亲们来说，这一研究发现一点也不令人惊讶。
②It didn't come as a great surprise to me, I might say.
可以这么说，这并没有令我大吃一惊。
③The coldness and distance in her voice took me by surprise.
她话语中透出的冷淡和疏远使我感到意外。
8. depth n. 最深处；深(度)；深刻；深厚
(1) in depth 深入；详细；全面
(2) be out of one's depth在水深没顶(或够不着底)的地方；非某人所能理解；为某人力所不及
(3) deep adj. 深的；纵深的；深(呼吸)的，极度的；严重的；酣睡的adv. 深深地；在深处；至深处
(4) deepen vt. & vi. (使)变深；加深；变低沉；深(呼吸)
①Water was found at a depth of 30 metres.
在30米深处找到了水。
②We will discuss these three areas in depth.
我们将深入探讨这三个领域。
③There were deep cuts in his face.
他脸上有很深的伤口。
④Their friendship soon deepened into love.
他们的友谊很快发展成为爱情。
9. accommodation n. 住处
accommodate vt. & vi. 容纳；为(某人)提供住宿；顾及；考虑到；给……提供方便；适应(新情况)
①This hospital has accommodation(s) for 500 patients.
这家医院有500个床位。
②This hotel can accommodate up to 500 guests.
这家旅馆最多可供500位来宾住宿。
③We must accommodate ourselves to circumstances.
我们必须适应环境。
10. harmony n. 融洽，和睦；和谐
(1) in harmony with 与……和谐相处；与……协调一致
(2) harmonious adj. 友好和睦的；协调的，和谐的
All the nations, powerful or not, should be in harmony with each other.
所有国家，无论强大与否，都应和睦相处。
We are living in a harmonious community.
我们生活在一个和谐的社会。
11. sustain vt. 使保持，使稳定持续；维持
①The love and support of his family sustained him during his time in prison.
家人的关爱和支持帮助他度过了狱中的岁月。
②The solution to this problem being discussed now is sustainable development.
正在讨论的这个问题的解决方法就是可持续发展。
12．consumption n. 消耗，消耗量；消费
(1) consume vt. 消耗；使充满(强烈的感情)；吃；喝；烧毁
(2) consumer n. 消费者；用户；顾客
①There has been a slight increase in the consumption of meat.
肉类消耗量略有增长。
②The more petrol and electricity we consume, the more carbon we will let off.
我们消耗的汽油和电力越多，我们排放的碳就越多。
③We should adopt the consumers' suggestion.
我们应该采纳消费者的建议。
13. resolution n. 决心，决定；决议；解决
resolve vt. & vi. 解决；决定；决心；表决
n. 决心；坚定的信念
①The resolution was carried by a huge majority.
这项决议以非常大的多数票赞成而获得通过。
②It was resolved that the matter be referred to a higher authority.
经过表决决定把这件事提交给上级主管部门。
14. beat down (阳光)强烈照射，曝晒
(1) beat out敲打出节奏；扑打灭(火)；敲掉；锤平
(2) beat sb out of sth (从某人处)骗取，骗得
(3) beat sb/sth off击退；驱走
(4) beat sb to sth/it抢先；捷足先登
(5) beat up on sb狠打，虐待(弱小者)
①Already they were sweating as the sun beat down upon them.
在阳光的强烈照射下，他们已经汗流浃背。
②She beat off a challenge to her leadership.
她战胜了对她的领导地位的挑战。
15. contrast vi. 形成对比 vt. 对比，对照
n. 差异，差别；对照物
(1) by contrast/in contrast相比之下；相反
(2) in contrast to与……截然不同；与……对比鲜明；与……相反；相比之下
①Her actions contrasted sharply with her promises.
她的行动与她的诺言相差甚远。
②The private sector, by contrast, has plenty of money to spend.
相比之下，私营部门就有很多钱可供开销。
③The company lost $7 million this quarter in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier.
这家公司本季度亏损了700万美元，与去年同期的620万美元的盈利形成了对照。
16. possession n. 私人物品，个人财产；具有，拥有
(1) in/have/take possession of (某人)拥有
(2) in the possession of sb(＝in sb's possession) 为某人所有
(3) come into possession of sth (某人)获得某物
(4) come into the possession of sb(＝come into sb's possession) 为某人所有
(5) possess vt. 拥有；具有；控制；使言行失常
①Does the possession of wealth bring happiness？拥有财富就可以带来幸福吗？
②China has been in possession of the island from time immemorial.
中国自古以来就拥有该岛屿。
③He had come into possession of a large fortune.他得到了一大笔财产。
④They lost everything they possessed in the fire.他们在火灾中失去了所有财产。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(115组)
1. consist in(P1) 在于
2. a travel journal 一篇旅游日志
3. a travel brochure on a foreign country 一本关于外国的旅游手册
4. tourist destinations旅游目的地
5. Empire State Building 帝国大厦
6. outstanding natural beauty(P2) 卓越的自然之美
7. national symbols国家标志，国家象征
8. tourist attractions旅游景点，观光胜地
9. a land of diversity一片多元化的土地
10. a blooming flower一朵盛开的花朵
11. breathtaking beauty惊人的美
12. win the heart of … 赢得……的心
13. one of the most ethnically diverse nations种族最多样化的国家之一
14. with distinct cultures具有明显的文化特征
15. great diversity in geography地理多样性
16. to the east of … 在……的东方
17. Rocky Mountains落基山脉
18. be home to … 是……的家园
19. ancient, slow moving glaciers古老的、缓慢移动的冰川
20. a huge variety of wildlife大量的野生动物
21. the mighty Niagara Falls 宏伟的尼亚加拉大瀑布
22. in a splendid display of sights and sounds在一个精彩的景象和声音的展示中
23. rural areas农村地区
24. urban centers城市中心
25. be thought to be 被认为是
26. by means of用，依靠，借助于
27. a land bridge(P3) 陆桥
28. (be) known as被称为，公认为
29. reflect a vast combination of ethnic backgrounds反映了种族背景的广泛结合
30. one out of five people五分之一的人
31. in turn反过来；转而；依次；轮流
32. bring about导致；引起
33. define one's encounter说明某人的遭遇
34. a dynamic city一个充满活力的城市
35. the highest percentage of … ……的最高百分比
36. participate in参加；参与
37. French speaking cities讲法语的城市
38. sample the food with a typical French flavor
品尝具有典型法国风味的食物
39. the French style of architecture法式建筑风格
40. dance to fiddle tunes随着小提琴的曲调翩翩起舞
41. be exposed to暴露于，接触
42. feel transported through time and space感觉穿越了时空
43. given these cultural differences考虑到这些文化上的差异
44. the towering mountain peaks高耸的山峰
pare … to …(P4) 把……比作……
46. an exchange student(P5) 一个交换生
47. show sb around 领某人参观
48. raise cattle养牛
49. this once unknown area这个曾经不为人知的地方
50. the high rise buildings高层建筑
51. a thick blanket of snow厚厚的一层雪
52. over much of the winter在冬天的大部分时间里
53. winter sports lovers冬季运动爱好者
54. have a go at … 试一试……
55. be recognized as被认为是，被认可为
56. one of the world's most liveable cities世界上最宜居的城市之一
57. in addition (to) 另外，除了
58. service industries(P6) 服务行业
59. tourist essentials旅游必需品
60. booming business新兴产业
61. a bed of roses称心如意的境遇
62. live in harmony和睦相处
63. at risk处境危险
64. be put in harm's way受到伤害
65. over time 随着时间的流逝，久而久之
66. result in导致；造成
67. an expert in Chinese history(P7) 一位中国历史专家
68. at its best处在最好状态
69. a guidebook to Rome一本罗马旅游指南
70. sustainable tourism可持续旅游
71. in an environmentally friendly manner以环保的方式
72. cut back on 削减，缩减
73. respect the right to privacy尊重隐私权
74. ask for permission请求许可
75. take pictures拍照
76. in summary总之
77. on display展出
78. become increasingly popular变得越来越流行
79. make a living 谋生，维持生活
80. sell handmade items 出售手工制品
81. wildlife products 野生动物产品
82. be made from animal skins 由动物皮制成
83. in total(P8) 总计，合计
84. have an impressive view of …(P9) 对……有令人印象深刻的看法
85. one of the world's highest viewing platforms世界上排名最高的观景平台之一
86. get a bird's eye view of … 鸟瞰……
87. walk along leafy streets 沿着绿树成荫的街道走
88. admire the 8.8 metre high statue of the Buddha欣赏8.8米高的佛像
89. do some souvenir shopping买些纪念品
90. try the local snacks试试当地的小吃
91. watch an elegant Yue Opera performance观看优雅的越剧表演
92. appreciate amazing antiques欣赏迷人的古董
93. arrange a two day visit to one's hometown(P10)安排一次为期两天的家乡之旅
94. move on to the next topic 继续下一个主题
95. slow down (使)慢下来，减速；(使)生产缓慢， (使)变得迟钝
96. greet the guests迎接客人
97. state the purpose说明目的
98. in time order按时间顺序
99. stick to the suggested structure 坚持建议使用的结构
100. sharp bends(P11) 急转弯
101. make a resolution 下决心，做出决定
102. set off 出发；动身；启程
103. at the same time 同时
104. in the darkening sky 在逐渐变黑的天空中
105. watch sth with interest 饶有兴趣地观看某物
106. head towards 向……方向进发；驶向
107. be stuck in the mud(P12) 陷入泥泞
108. against one's advice 违背某人的意见
109. a parking space 一个停车位
110. the land of fire and ice(P13) 冰火之国
111. have a population of … 有……人口
112. take an adventure tour进行冒险之旅
113. smoked lamb熏羊肉
114. travel documentaries(P14) 旅游纪录片
115. at the click of a button点击按钮
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● from(24)
1. benefit from 得益于；得利于
2. date from 起源于；追溯到
3. die from 因……而死(外因)
4. escape from 从……逃离
5. free from 没有；免于
6. hear from 收到……的来信
7. keep sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事
8. range from … to … 范围从……到……
9. result from 由于
10. separate A from B 将A和B分开
11. suffer from 遭受
12. tear oneself away from 依依不舍地离开；勉强离去
13. be absent from 缺席，不在
14. be different from 与……不同
15. be far from 距……很远；远不是
16. be safe from 不会遭到……的危险
17. be tired from 因……而疲倦
18. from a great distance 远距离
19. from cover to cover 从头到尾
20. from door to door 挨家挨户
21. from side to side 左右摇摆
22. from that time on 从那时起
23. from the beginning 从一开始
24. from time to time 不时地；间或
● down(15)
1. bring down 使……下降
2. burn down 烧毁
3. calm down 镇定下来
4. cut down 砍倒；缩减
5. die down 平息；变弱；逐渐消失
6. get down to (doing) sth 开始去(做)某事
7. knock down 绊倒；打倒；推倒
8. let sb down 让某人失望
9. look down upon 鄙视；看不起
10. pass down 继承；传下去
11. put down 写下；镇压
12. settle down 定居；安居
13. track down 侦察；追查
14. turn down 调低；关小；拒绝
15. upside down 颠倒；倒转；翻转
三、 精选句型
1. The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes, but in having new eyes. (P1)
2. It is also one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world with distinct cultures. (P2)
3. One truly unique scenic spot in Canada is the mighty Niagara Falls with water rushing over its edge in a splendid display of sights and sounds.(P2)
4. Apart from its geographical diversity, Canada's many rural areas and urban centers reflect the diversity of its residents. (P2)
5. About one out of five people in Canada's population is foreign born. (P3)
6. Should you find yourself in one of these subcultures, languages, cuisine, architecture, art and music will define your encounter. (P3)
7. Finally, if you are looking for something off the beaten track, you may visit Cape Breton Island in the province of Nova Scotia, where you can dance to fiddle tunes and enjoy the cultures and traditions of Celtic settlers. (P3)
8. From the towering mountain peaks to the depths of the forests to the urban centers, Canada's geographical wonders, ethnic groups and their cultures make it a unique place to live and visit. (P3)
9. More nature centred tourist attractions, where man and nature live in harmony, can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists. (P6)
10. While avoiding flying is not always practical, we can help improve the environment by travelling on local public transport or even on foot wherever possible. (P7)
11. Before us stretched the unending sand dunes that marked the beginning of the Sahara. (P11)
12. It wasn't long before we were surrounded by enormous sand dunes towering above us on all sides. (P11)
13. They must have realized that we were totally helpless, for after a few moments, they wandered over and pushed us free. (P12)
14. The walls, painted brilliant white, reflected the afternoon sun. (P12)
15. Tall grasses and trees dotted the plains, which were alive with the African wildlife we had come to see. (P12)
16. One thing is for sure: many of Iceland's natural and cultural attractions are not to be missed！(P13)
四、 语法指南
非限制性定语从句(Non restrictive relative clauses)
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它，主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号隔开，若非限制性定语从句位于句子中间，其前后都需要用逗号隔开。
(一) 非限制性定语从句的用法
1. who引导
关系代词who指人，在从句中做主语。
①Our guide, who was a French Canadian, was an excellent cook.
②My gardener, who is very pessimistic, says that there will be no apples this year.
2. whom引导
关系代词whom用于指人，在句中做动词宾语或介词宾语；做介词宾语时，介词可位于句首。
①Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.
②Mr Smith, from whom I have learnt a lot, is a famous scientist.
3. whose引导
whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，在从句中做定语。whose通常指人，也可指动物或无生命的事物。
①The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard.
②Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
4. which引导
关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句，在从句中做主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。
(1) which指代主句中的名词，被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。
①These apple trees, which I planted three years ago, have not born any fruit.
②She is an artist, which I am not.
(2) which指代主句中的形容词。
①She is very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom is.
②She is always careless, which we should not be.
(3) which指代主句中的某个从句。
He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true.
(4) which指代整个主句。
①In the presence of so many people he was a little tense, which was understandable.
②He may have acute appendicitis, in which case he will have to be operated on.
5. when引导
关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中做时间状语，指代主句中表示时间的词语。
He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free.
6. where引导
关系副词where在非限制性定语从句中做地点状语，指代主句中表示地点的词语。
They went to London, where they lived for six months.
7. as引导
as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明，通常用于像as we all know、as it is known、as is known to all、as it is、as is said above、as mentioned above、as is usual、as is often the case、as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。as在非限制性定语从句中做主语、宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可置于句首或句末，也可置于主句中间，通常均由逗号将其与主句隔开。as有“正如……，就像……”之意。
①He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. (as在从句中做主语)
②He is absorbed in work, as he often was. (as在从句中做表语)
③As we all know, the Earth is round. (as在从句中做宾语)
④The two brothers were satisfied with this decision, as was agreed beforehand. (as在从句中做主语)
⑤Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China. (as在从句中做宾语)
[比较]as it is known to all (that …) (as做状语从句连词，引导状语从句，可以加that)
as is known to all (as做主语，是定语从句)
it is known to all that …(that引导主语从句，it是形式主语)
①As is widely known, the moon is closer to us than the sun. (定从)
②That the moon is closer to us than the sun is widely known. (主从)
③It is widely known that the moon is closer to us than the sun. (主从)
④As it is known to everyone, I thought you knew about it too. (状从)
[注意]which和as的区别
①as引导的定语从句可置于句首、句中和句尾，which引导的定语从句可置于句中或句尾。
②关系代词as在限制性定语从句中后跟“be动词＋过去分词”的被动语态时，be动词可省略。
③as有时也可用作关系代词。若as在从句中做主语，其引导的句子可置于句首或句中，但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于句中。
④as有“正如……一样，按照，正像，因为”的意思，所以常用于肯定句，而which用于肯定、否定都可以。
⑤在固定结构中使用as，如the same … as、as … as。
8. “介词＋关系代词”引导
①It now has 20，000 hectares of land, more than two thirds of which are under cultivation.
②Light is the fastest thing in the world, the speed of which is 300，000 kilometres per second.
③There are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are new.
④The textile mill has over 2，000 workers and staff, eighty per cent of whom are women.
(二) 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 限制性定语从句：从句不能省略，如果省略，整个句子意思不完整；非限制性定语从句：从句可以省略，如果省略，整个句子意思仍然完整。
2. 限制性定语从句：可以用that引导；非限制性定语从句：不可以用that引导。
3. 限制性定语从句：引导词有时可以省略；非限制性定语从句：引导词不可以省略。
4. 限制性定语从句：主句与从句不可以用逗号隔开；非限制性定语从句：主句与从句可以用逗号隔开。
5. 限制性定语从句：从句只修饰先行词；非限制性定语从句：从句既可以修饰先行词，也可以修饰整个句子或句子中的一部分。
6. 限制性定语从句：不能修饰一个事件；非限制性定语从句：可以修饰一个事件。
7. 限制性定语从句与主句的关系很紧密，对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用，如果将其去掉，会影响句子意思的完整性；非限制性定语从句与主句的关系很松散，它与主句之间有一个逗号隔开，对其先行词没有限定、修饰的作用，只起补充、说明的作用，有时也用它来对全句或句中某个成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉，也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因，非限制性定语从句在表达意思方面也有别于限制性定语从句。另外，非限制性定语从句在中文译文里，我们往往将其作为一个分句处理，而不把它翻译成定语。
①Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.
②They explained the reason to us why they had hated us before.
③Earlier, the Babylonians had attempted to map the world, but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere, which was the form adopted by Ptolemy.(非限制性定语从句是对先行词a sphere进行补充、说明。)
④The combination of satellites, which transmit information, computers, which store information, and television, which displays information, will change every home into an education and entertainment centre.(三个非限制性定语从句分别对三个先行词：satellites, computers和television进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限制性定语从句，那么句子可简化为：The combination of satellites, computers and television will change every home into an education and entertainment centre.)
⑤The sun heats the earth, which makes it possible for plants to grow.(非限制性定语从句是对主句进行补充、说明，将主句表达的意思看成“一件事情”。)
[注意]
①引导限制性定语从句时，关系代词which可以与that互换；但引导非限制性定语从句时，只能用which。
②先行词为reason时，限制性定语可以用why或for which来引导；非限制性定语从句则只能用for which来引导。
③引导限制性定语从句的关系代词在从句中做宾语时可以省略；但引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词即使做宾语也不能省略。
④引导限制性定语从句时，做从句宾语的关系代词whom可以用who来代替；但在非限制性定语从句中，whom不能用who替换。
⑤当非限制性定语从句修饰整个主句时，其关系代词可以用as 和which，但位于句首不能用which，只能用as。此时非限制性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。
⑥由“介词＋关系代词”引导非限制性定语从句，关系代词指代整个主句时，不能用as，只能用which。
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. Canada is like a blooming flower, unfolding with breathtaking beauty and richness to win the heart of those who enjoy what it has to offer. (比喻；非谓语动词做后置定语；定语从句)
2. To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky Mountains, which are home to high peaks and deep valleys carved by ice and water. (完全倒装；非限制性定语从句)
3. Ancient, slow moving glaciers hug the land and a huge variety of wildlife wanders the remote forests. (拟人)
4. Given these cultural differences, it comes as no surprise that Canada has been celebrating Multiculturalism Day since 2002. (过去分词短语做状语；it做形式主语)
5. While the physical characteristics of the land may be at risk from tourism, the cultural aspects of the destination are also put in harm's way. (时间状语从句)
6. Reducing the negative impact, wherever we travel, will help make it possible for many future generations to enjoy the same sites. (动名词短语做主语；让步状语从句；it做形式宾语)
7. When at the hotel, we can reduce our impact by cutting back on water consumption and not having our bedding and towels washed every day. (when引导的状语从句的省略；介词＋动名词短语用法；have sth done复合宾语用法)
8. In summary, being a sustainable tourist comes down to respect—for nature, culture and people.(动名词短语做主语)
9. The wind was blowing grains of sand from the tops of the dunes, the sun was beating down hard and bright, and the sky was a deep shade of blue that I had never seen before. (写景佳句，分别描写风、日、天空，用词精妙)
10. Eventually, as the last rays of sunlight were falling on the sand, we arrived at our desert camp. (写景佳句，写景与动作融合在一起)
11. Stars were already shining brightly in the darkening sky and it was getting cold with the approach of the night. (写景佳句，夜幕降临，寒气逼人，夜空深沉，星星闪烁)
12. It was then that I noticed a small grey monkey sitting on a tree a few metres away and eating a banana. (写景佳句，强调句型)
(二) 佳作欣赏
假定你是晨光中学高二( 1 )班的班长李华，得知下学期美国学生 Chris将作为交换生到你班学习。请你根据以下提示，给他写封邮件：
1. 表示欢迎；
2. 介绍与本地生活相关的信息(如天气、饮食)；
3. 介绍本班情况。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 请按如下格式作答。
Dear Chris，
I'm Li Hua, the monitor of____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I'm looking forward to your coming.
Yours，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Dear_Chris，
I'm_Li_Hua,_the_monitor_of Class One, Grade Eleven. I'm very excited about your coming to our school next term as an exchange student.
Firstly, it is often windy and cold in winter in my city. So you should bring your warm clothes. Secondly, people here mainly live on wheat flour. However, don't worry about it. You will have no difficulty in finding Western food. Thirdly, I want to introduce our class to you. The teachers are not only experienced and knowledgeable, but also patient and understanding. Everyone in my class is active. I hope you will soon become a member of our class.
I'm_looking_forward_to_your_coming.
Yours，
Li_Hua