Unit 3　Back to the past 知识清单（讲义）高二英语译林版选择性必修第三册

Unit 3　Back to the past
一、 单词学记
(一) 英汉对记(45组)
1. voyage n. 航海，航行，航天
vi. 航行，远行(30)
2. fleet n. 舰队；捕鱼船队；车队(30)
3. compass n. 罗盘，指南针；圆规(30)
4. log n. 航海日志，正式记录；原木
vi. & vt. 伐木(30)
5. dismiss vt. 不予考虑，对……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散(30)
6. acknowledge vt. 承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢(30)
7. insist vi. & vt. 坚决要求，坚持；坚持说(31)
8. route n. 路线，路途；途径，渠道(31)
9. leak vi. 漏，渗漏；渗入
vt. 漏，渗漏；泄露
n. 漏洞(31)
10. panic n. 惊恐，恐慌
vi. & vt. (panicked, panicked) (使)惊慌，
　(使)惊慌失措(31)
11. shore n. 岸，滨(31)
12. subsequent adj. 随后的，后来的(31)
13. captain n. 船长，机长；上校；队长 (31)
14. royal adj. 盛大的，庄严的；皇家的，王室的(33)
15. tomb n. 坟墓(33)
16. facilitate vt. 使便利，促进(34)
17. available adj. 可获得的，可找到的；有空的(34)
18. prison n. 监狱(34)
19. minister n. 大臣，部长(35)
20. phrase n. 成语，习语；短语，词组(35)
21. format n. 总体安排，设计；版式(35)
22. shelf n. (pl. shelves) (书架等的)架子，搁板(37)
23. pack vt. & vi. 塞进，挤进；装(箱)，收拾；打包；
　 包装
n. 包，包裹；小盒，小包(37)
24. contrary adj. 相反的，相对立的；截然不同的(37)
25. hell n. 地狱；苦难的经历，悲惨的境况(39)
26. rub vt. & vi. 擦，磨，搓；(使)相互摩擦(39)
27. uniform n. 制服；队服
adj. 一致的，统一的 (39)
28. eagle n. 雕(39)
29. dive vi. 俯冲；跳水；潜水
n. 冲，扑，俯冲；潜水；跳水 (39)
30. thunder vi. 轰隆隆地响；打雷
n. 雷，雷声(39)
31. freeze vi. & vt. (froze, frozen) 突然停止，呆住；结冰；冻僵(39)
32. deck n. 甲板，舱面(39)
33. drag vt. 拖，拉；缓慢而费力地移动(39)
34. chaos n. 混乱，杂乱(39)
35. navy n. 海军，海军部队 (39)
36. bleed vi. (bled, bled) 失血，流血 (40)
37. hatch vt. 密谋，策划；使孵出
vi. 孵化；孵出(40)
38. plot n. 阴谋；故事情节
vi. & vt. 密谋(40)
39. sink vi. & vt. (sank, sunk) 下沉，沉没；坐下；降低(40)
40. pray vi. & vt. 企盼，祈求；祈祷，祷告 (40)
41. episode n. 一段经历，片段；一集(40)
42. textile n. 纺织品；(textiles) 纺织业(41)
43. cloth n. 织物，布料(41)
44. shift n. 改变，转移；轮班
vi. & vt. (使)移动，(使)转移；改变 (41)
45. cottage n. 小屋，村舍(41)
(二) 拓展倍记(24组)
1. breadth n. 宽度；广泛(29)→broad adj. 宽阔的；广泛的；概括的；明显的
2. convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说(29)→convincing adj. 令人信服的；有说服力的
3. navigate vt. 航行；导航 vi. 导航(30)→navigation n. 航行；导航；领航
4. load vt. & vi. 装上，装入 n. 负载；承载量；大量(30)→unload vt. & vi. (从车、船上)卸，取下；拆掉；推卸；脱手
5. strengthen vt. & vi. 加强，增强(30)→strong adj. 强的；坚固的；强烈的；强壮的→strength n．力量；强度；毅力；实力；优势
6. harmonious adj. 友好和睦的；协调的，和谐的(30)→harmony n. 融洽，和睦；和谐(6)
7. proof n. 证据，证明(30)→prove vt. 证实；证明；展现　linking verb 后来被发现是
8. influential adj. 有很大影响力的，有支配力的(30)→influence n. 影响；影响力；有影响的人(或事物) vt. 影响；支配
9. financial adj. 财政的，金融的，财务的(31)→finance n. 资金；财政 vt. 提供资金
10. depart vi. & vt. 离开，起程(31)→departure n. 离开，起程(12)
11. shortage n. 不足，短缺(31)→short adj. 短的；短暂的；个子矮的；短缺；短期的 adv. 缺少；未达到；过早地(终止) n. 少量烈酒；电影短片；(shorts)短裤
12. regardless adv. 不顾，不加理会(31)→regard vt. 将……认为；看待；注视 n. 尊敬；关注；(regards) 问候，致意
13. kingdom n. 王国；管辖范围(33)→king n. 国王；(纸牌中的)老K；(国际象棋中的)王；……之王；大王
14. astonish vt. 使十分惊讶，使吃惊(33)→astonishing adj. 令人十分惊讶的；难以置信的→astonished adj. 感到十分惊讶；吃惊→astonishment n. 惊讶
15. literary adj. 文学的，文学上的；爱好文学的(34)→literature n. 文学；著作
16. extensively adv. 广阔地；广泛地(34)→extensive adj. 广阔的；广泛的；大量的
17. exceptional adj. 杰出的，优秀的；异常的，罕见的(35)→except prep. 除……之外 conj. 除了 vt. 不包括
18. adopt vt. 采用，采取；表决采纳；领养，收养 vi. 领养，收养(37)→adoption n. 收养；领养；采用
parison n. 对比；比较(37)→compare vt. & vi. 比较；将……比作；与……类似
20. aboard prep. & adv. 在(车、船、飞机等)上，上(车、船、飞机等)(39)→board n. 板；董事会；伙食 vt. & vi. 上船(或火车、飞机、公共汽车等)
21. violently adv. 猛烈地，厉害地；强烈地，激烈地；凶狠地(39)→violent adj. 暴力的；强烈的；剧烈的；鲜艳夺目的→violence n. 暴力，暴行；狂热，激情(45)
22. infamy n. 臭名昭著，声名狼藉；恶行，罪恶(40)→fame n. 名声；声誉；名气→famous adj. 著名的；出名的
23. memorial n. 纪念碑(或像等)；纪念物(40)→memory n. 记忆力；回忆；存储器→memorize vt. 记住；记忆
24. reform vt. 改进，改良，改革 n. 改革，改良(41)→form n. 类型；外表；表格；形式 vt. & vi. (使)出现；(使)形成；(使)组成；(使)排成
(三) 合成并记(3组)
1. washroom n. 洗手间，厕所(39)
2. meanwhile adv. 同时；其间；对比之下(39)
3. output n. 产量，输出量(41)
(四) 短语强记(6组)
1. on behalf of 代表(或代替)；为帮助；为了(30)
2. regardless of 不管，不顾(31)
3. allow for 使成为可能；考虑到，把……计算在内(31)
4. sort out 理顺，整理；把……安排好 (34)
5. contrary to 与……相反(37)
6. cottage industry 家庭手工业(41)
(五) 重点例释(16组)
1. breadth n. 宽度；广泛
(1) broad adj. 宽阔的；广泛的；概括的；明显的
(2) broaden vt. & vi. 变宽；(使)扩大影响；增长(经验、知识等)
①She estimated the breadth of the lake to be 500 metres.
她估计湖面大约有500米宽。
②That professor has a broad knowledge of history.那位教授有广博的历史知识。
③Travelling is a good way to explore different cultures and broaden the mind.
旅行是探索不同文化、开阔眼界的好方法。
2. convince vt. 使确信，使相信；说服，劝说
①Being convinced of your ability is one of the most important factors of success.
相信自己的能力是成功的最重要因素之一。
②Scientists say there is no convincing evidence that power lines have anything to do with cancer.
科学家们说，并没有确凿的证据表明输电线和癌症之间有什么联系。
3. on behalf of代表(或代替)；为帮助；为了
①John accepted the championship award on behalf of the team.
约翰代表球队接受了冠军奖励。
4. load vt. & vi. 装上，装入 n. 负载；承载量；大量
(1) be loaded with装着……
(2) unload vt. & vi. (从车、船上)卸，取下；拆掉；推卸；脱手
(3) download vt. 下载 n. 已下载的数据资料
(4) upload vt.上载；上传 n. 上载(或上传)的数据
①A tanker carries a load of oil.
油轮装载着一船油。
②We loaded the furniture into the truck.
＝We loaded the truck (up) with furniture.
我们把家具装进货车。
③Everyone helped to unload the luggage from the truck.
大家都帮着从卡车上卸行李。
④You can also use the interface to download, copy, or delete objects.
您还可以使用界面来下载、复制或删除对象。
⑤The information is uploaded to a computer system later.
不久，信息就可以上传到电脑系统。
5. strengthen vt. & vi. 加强，增强
(1) strength n．力量；强度；毅力；实力；优势
(2) in strength大量，大批
①Their opposition only strengthened her resolve.他们的反对反而坚定了她的决心。
②His strength ran out after he covered that long distance.
他跑完那么远的距离后，体力耗尽了。
6. dismiss vt. 不予考虑，对……不屑一提；去除，摒除；解雇；解散
miss vt. & vi. 错过；未听到；不理解；怀念；发觉丢失 n. 小姐，女士
miss做动词时，后接动词要用动名词，不用不定式。表示“发现……不在或遗失”，是及物动词，但由此转化来的形容词是 missing(不见的，下落不明的，丢失的，缺少的)，而不是 missed。
①The employee might have been dismissed by the employer last month.
该雇员上个月也许已经被雇主解雇了。
②The teacher dismissed the class ahead of time.
老师提前让学生下课。
③I didn't miss the key until I got home and found it wasn't in my bag.
直到我回到家发现钥匙不在包里，我这才知道钥匙丢了。
④I miss living in the country.
我怀念住在乡下的日子。
⑤Her purse was missing.
她的钱包不见了。
⑥The Miss Browns are sisters.
这两位布朗小姐是姐妹。
7. acknowledge vt. 承认(权威、地位)；承认(属实)；(公开)感谢
(1) acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢
(2) in acknowledgement of 以示感谢
①He is widely acknowledged to be the best player in the world.
普遍认为他是世界最佳球员。
②The US government made no formal acknowledgement.
美国政府没有正式承认。
③We are sending you some presents in acknowledgement of your valuable help.
我们送些礼品来，对您的大力协助聊表谢意。
8. influential adj. 有很大影响力的，有支配力的
(1) influence n. 影响；影响力；有影响的人(或事物) vt. 影响；支配
(2) have an influence on 对……有影响
①He is one of the most influential performers of modern jazz.
他是现代爵士乐最具影响力的表演者之一。
②The world's attention is being fixed on China's Belt and Road Initiative, as it has a great influence on the world's economy.
全世界的注意力都集中在中国的“一带一路”倡议上，因为它对世界经济有很大的影响。
③The mobile phone has influenced people's life a lot since it was invented.
自从手机被发明后，它在很大程度上影响了人们的生活。
9. insist vi. & vt. 坚决要求，坚持；坚持说
(1) insist后既不接不定式，也不接动名词，要用 insist on/upon doing sth；
(2) insist可及物也可不及物，但及物时通常只接that从句做宾语，而不接一般的名词或代词作宾语；
(3) 不可将“坚持要某人做某事”直译为insist sb to do sth，遇此情况可改用从句的形式；
(4) 后接that从句时，有时用陈述语气，有时用虚拟语气，其区别是：若表示“坚持要，一定要”，从句所指内容为尚未成为事实的想法，此时从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气 (即用should＋动词原形)；若表示“坚持说，坚持认为”，从句所指内容为既成事实或完全能成为事实的决心等，此时从句谓语要用陈述语气。
①He insisted on my staying there.
＝He insisted that I (should) stay there.
他坚持要我留在那儿。
②We all insisted that Mick (should) have a rest, but he insisted that he was all right.
我们都坚持要求米克休息一下，但是他坚持认为自己没问题。
10. shortage n. 不足，短缺
(1) short adj. 短的；短暂的；个子矮的；短缺；短期的 adv. 缺少；未达到；过早地(终止)n. 少量烈酒；电影短片；(shorts) 短裤
(2) in short简而言之，总之
(3) for short为了简短，简称
(4) shorten vt. & vi. (使)变短，缩短
(5) shortly adv. 立刻；马上；不多时；不久；没好气地；不耐烦地
①A shortage of funds is preventing the UN from monitoring relief.
资金短缺使联合国无法督导救援工作。
②He had a short stay here.
他曾在这里短期停留过。
③In short, I didn't like the film at all.
简而言之，我一点儿也不喜欢这部电影。
④Jonathan is called Jon for short.
乔纳森被简称为乔恩。
⑤Injury problems could shorten his career.
受伤的问题有可能缩短他的职业生涯。
⑥He will be back shortly.
他不久就回来。
11. regardless of不管，不顾
(1) regardless adv. 不顾，不加理会
(2) regard vt. 将……认为；看待；注视
n. 尊敬；关注；(regards) 问候，致意
做动词表示“把……看作”时，不要按汉语意思后接双宾语，要表示类似意思，需借助介词as(as 后不仅可接名词或代词，也可接形容词、介词短语、分词等)
(3) with/in regard to关于
(4) in this regard在这方面
(5) regarding prep.关于；至于
①The job is open to all applicants regardless of age, race, or gender.
这份工作面向所有申请者，年龄、种族和性别不限。
②We'll go regardless.
我们无论如何都要去。
③I regard him as my best friend.
我把他当作我最好的朋友。
④I have no complaints with regard to his work.
关于他的工作，我没有什么好抱怨的。
⑤The central government attached great importance to scientific innovations, made a series of major policies and adopted a number of plans in this regard.
中央政府非常重视科学创新，制定了一系列重大政策，并在这方面采取了很多方案。
⑥I shall appreciate it if you give me full information regarding this brand.
如果你告知我有关这个品牌的全部信息，我会非常感激的。
12. allow for 使成为可能；考虑到，把……计算在内
(1) allow vt. 允许；准许；给予；允许进入
(2) allow doing sth允许做某事
(3) allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事
(4) allowable adj. 容许的；可免税的
(5) allowance n. 津贴；补助；限额；免税额
(6) make allowance(s) for体谅，谅解；考虑到
①You have to allow for a certain amount of error.你必须将一定量的误差考虑在内。
②He didn't allow her any freedom.
他不允许她有任何自由。
③We don't allow smoking here.
我们不许在此吸烟(此地禁止吸烟)。
④We do not allow people to smoke here.
我们不许(人们)在此吸烟。
⑤Two mistakes are allowable in this game.
这种游戏允许犯规两次。
⑥She receives a monthly allowance of $500.
她每月收到500美元的津贴。
⑦We must make allowance for his youth and inexperience.
我们应当体谅他的年轻和经验不足。
13. adopt vt. 采用，采取；表决采纳；领养，收养
vi. 领养，收养
(1) adoption n. 收养；领养；采用
(2) adapt vt. & vi. 使适应，使适合；适应(新情况)；改编；改写
(3) adapt (oneself) to意为“适应”，其中的to是介词
(4) adaptable adj. 能适应的；有适应能力的
(5) adaptation n. 改编本；适应
①She was left an orphan and a poor peasant woman adopted her.
她成了孤儿，一位贫穷的农妇收养了她。
②The adoption of this policy would relieve the unions of a tremendous burden.
采纳这一政策将会减轻工会的沉重负担。
③His life story was adapted into the movie A Beautiful Mind in 2001.
他的人生故事在2001年被改编成电影《美丽心灵》。
④Soon they adapted to living in the country.
他们很快就适应了在乡下住。
⑤Older workers can be as adaptable and quick to learn as anyone else.
较年长的工人的适应能力和学习速度有时并不亚于其他任何人。
⑥I bought my son an adaptation for children of a play by Shakespeare.
我给我儿子买了一本改编自莎士比亚戏剧的儿童读物。
parison n. 对比；比较
(1) compare vt. & vi. 比较；将……比作；与……类似
(2) compare … with … 把……和……比较(常表示同类相比，比较)
(3) compare … to … 把……比作……(常表示异类相比，比喻)
(4) be compared to/with … 与……相比较
①Its recommendations are based on detailed comparisons between the public and private sectors.
建议是建立在对国营部门与私营部门进行详细比较的基础上的。
②Before you make any decision, you'd better compare all the information you can get.
在你做任何决定之前，你最好比较你能得到的所有信息。
③Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.
莎士比亚将世界比作舞台。
④Nothing can compare with wool for warmth.
没有比羊毛更暖和的东西了。
⑤Compared to/with many women, she was very fortunate.
和许多女人相比她是很幸运的。
15. contrary to与……相反
(1) contrary n．(与the连用)相反的事实(或事情、情况) adj. 相对立的；相反的；截然不同的
(2) on the contrary相反
(3) to the contrary相反的(地)
①Contrary to popular belief, the ants, hardworking as they are, have their time for play.
与人们普遍认为的相反，尽管蚂蚁很勤劳，但它们也有玩耍的时间。
②Hot is the contrary of cold.
热是冷的反义词。
③She doesn't subscribe to his pessimistic view of the state of economy. On the contrary, she thinks it is just on the rise.
她不赞同他对经济状况的悲观看法。相反，她认为经济状况蓬勃高涨。
④Unless you hear from me to the contrary, expect me on Friday at about 6 p．m.
除非你接到相反的通知，否则星期五下午6点左右见。
16. freeze vi. & vt. (froze, frozen) 突然停止，呆住；结冰；冻僵
(1) freezing adj. 冰冻的；极冷的
(2) freezing cold极寒的；滴水成冰的
(3) be frozen to death冻死
(4) freeze with fear吓呆了
①Salt water freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water.
盐水结冰的温度比淡水低。
②We were forced to work outside in freezing conditions.
我们被迫在户外天寒地冻的环境下工作。
③Two men were frozen to death on the mountain.两个男子在山上冻死了。
④I froze with fear as the door slowly opened.
门慢慢开启时我吓呆了。
二、 短语扩充
(一) 英汉对记(116组)
1. historical articles(P29) 历史类文章
2. the attack on Pearl Harbor对珍珠港的袭击
3. against reason违背理性
4. conduct an experiment进行实验
5. sail the oceans(P30) 航海
6. set sail启航；扬帆
7. on board在船(火车、飞机)上
8. be loaded with装载着
9. pay friendly visits to友好访问
10. take compass readings记录罗盘参数
11. keep logs of the voyages写航海日志
12. chart the coast绘制海岸图
13. a navigation map导航图
14. have a far reaching impact on … 对……有深远的影响
15. set foot (in/on …) 涉足；踏上……
16. pass on (用后)递给，传给
17. develop and strengthen harmonious relations with … 发展和加强与……的和谐关系
18. expose … to … 把……暴露于……
19. an enormous shipyard一个巨大的造船厂
20. a port city(P31) 一个港口城市
21. show great interest in … 对……表现出极大的兴趣
22. insist on强烈要求，坚持
23. a shortage of food食物短缺
24. put … in grave danger置……于极度危险中
25. in panic 惊慌地
26. keep … out of danger使……远离危险
27. spot land in the distance发现远处的陆地
28. open a new chapter打开一个新篇章
29. an international exchange of ideas and cultures思想和文化的国际交流
30. a glorious era(P33) 一个辉煌的时代
31. take charge of接管，负责
32. in the subsequent year在随后的一年
33. in line with … 跟……一致，符合
34. bear witness to … 替……作证；见证……
35. take an interest in …(P34) 对……感兴趣
36. learn Chinese classics from great literary masters从伟大文学大师那里学习中国经典
37. get a wide range of information获取广泛的信息
38. write a great masterpiece写一部巨著
39. succeed sb as … 接替某人担任……
40. facilitate one's access to … 促进某人对……的接触/了解
41. require painstaking efforts需要艰苦的努力
42. carry on with … 继续……
43. be put in prison被关进监狱；入狱
44. in good times or bad times无论顺境还是逆境
45. break out(P35) 突然开始；爆发；逃离；摆脱
46. disagree with each other彼此意见不一
47. historical events and figures 历史事件和人物
48. consist of … 由……组成
49. cover advances in astronomy涵盖天文学的进展
50. dry facts朴素的事实，未加渲染的事实
51. be in constant use不断使用
52. join sb in doing sth 加入某人一起做某事
53. not have much knowledge of … 不太了解……
54. the general reader(P37) 普通读者
55. make … a thing of the past让……成为过去
56. build a better future建立一个更好的未来
57. with a touch of humour带有一点幽默感
58. a wider audience更广泛的受众
59. adopt a natural, chatty style采用自然的、闲谈式的风格
60. open up the subject matter打开主题内容
61. engage the reader's interest吸引读者的兴趣
62. (be) packed with … 打包……
63. true to life逼真，栩栩如生
64. adopt a more analytical and serious approach to doing sth采取更具分析性和严肃性的方法做某事
65. the attitude towards … 对……的态度
66. the current situation(P38) 当前形势
67. feel the same way有同样的感觉
68. see eye to eye with … 与……看法一致
69. an opening paragraph开头段落
70. a well written introduction一篇写得很好的介绍
71. a rhetorical question 反问句
72. a well known saying一句名言
73. grab one's attention吸引某人的注意力
74. as usual(P39) 像往常一样；照旧；如故
75. the wake up call 叫醒电话
76. rub one's eyes揉眼睛
77. the shared room共享房间
78. a huge crashing sound巨大的碰撞声
79. look at each other in horror惊恐地互相看着对方
80. clouds of black smoke 滚滚黑烟
81. rise into the sky升入天空
82. come to oneself 恢复知觉；情绪正常
83. moments later片刻之后
84. suffer serious burns遭受严重烧伤
85. in the chaos and confusion在混乱中
86. get in touch with和……取得联系；接触
87. hatch a plot(P40) 策划，图谋
88. launch a surprise attack on … 对……发动突然袭击
89. declare war on … 对……宣战
90. in total总计，合计
91. survive the attack在袭击中幸存下来
92. a great shock to the whole nation全国人民大为震惊
93. deliver a speech发表演讲
94. in response to对……做出反应；响应
95. be marked with 被标上
96. (be) shaped like 形状像
97. the ship's sunken remains沉船的残骸
98. at the bottom of … 在……的底部
99. show respect for … 对……表示尊敬
100. pray for world peace 祈求世界和平
101. the chronological order 时间顺序
102. the Industrial Revolution(P41) 工业革命
103. the factory system工厂系统
104. increase considerably大幅增加
105. thanks to由于；幸亏
106. have a specialized role有专门的角色
107. steam power蒸汽动力
108. practical steam engine实用蒸汽机
109. (be) combined with … 与……合并/结合
110. promote economic growth 促进经济增长
111. expand world trade 扩大世界贸易
112. working class 工人阶级
113. gain a broader perspective on …(P42) 获得更广阔的视角
114. take a journey through time and space 进行一次穿越时空之旅
115. explore the causes and consequences of the past events探究过去事件的前因后果
116. a great palace of history and art一座历史和艺术的顶级圣殿
(二) 同词类记(2组)
● out(45)
1. be out of fashion 过时的；不流行的
2. be out of order 出故障；不整洁；行为不当；违反规程的
3. be out of reach 够不着；无能为力
4. be out of work 失业
5. be tired out 筋疲力尽
6. black out 昏迷；使(某处)变黑暗
7. burst out doing 突然开始(做)某事
8. carry out 实施；落实
9. clear out 迅速离开；清理
e out 出现；被获知；出版
11. cross out 删去；注销
12. cut out 裁剪；删除；停止运转
13. die out 灭绝；消失
14. dig out 挖出；发现
15. feel out 试探出
16. figure out 计算；弄懂
17. find out 查明；查出
18. fire out 迅速发射；开除，解雇
19. give out 发出；耗尽；停止运转
20. go out 出去；熄灭；过时
21. grow out of 产生于；因长大而改掉某习惯
22. hand out 分发；给予
23. help sb out 帮助某人
24. hold out 伸出(手)；坚持
25. keep out 使不进入
26. knock sb out使昏睡；使筋疲力尽
27. make out 辨认出；看透
28. name out 说出
29. out of breath 上气不接下气
30. persuade sb out of doing 说服某人不去做
31. pick out 精心挑选
32. point out 指出
33. put out the fire 扑灭火
34. run out 用尽
35. see out 把……送出去；完成
36. set out for sp 出发去某地
37. set out to do 开始去做
38. slip out 悄悄地溜出去；无意中说出
39. spit out 吐出；说出
40. out of the question 不可能的；不予考虑的
41. take out 带……出去；取出；去掉
42. turn out 结果是；出席；向外；生产
43. wash out 冲洗干净
44. watch out 小心
45. wipe out 彻底消灭；跌倒；使疲惫不堪
● for(65)
1. blame sb for doing sth 指责某人做某事
2. criticize sb for doing sth 批评某人做某事
3. forgive sb for doing sth 原谅某人做某事
4. punish sb for doing sth 因做某事而惩罚某人
5. scold sb for doing sth 指责/责备某人做某事
6. thank sb for doing sth 感谢某人做某事
7. be anxious for 渴望
8. be bound for 前往
9. be convenient for 对……方便
10. be fit for 适合
11. be hungry for 渴望得到
12. be necessary for 对……有必要
13. be suitable for 适合……
14. be thankful for 对……心存感激
15. be well known for以……出名
16. be dying for 渴望
17. be honoured for sth 因为某事/物受尊敬
18. be longing for 盼望
19. be prepared for 为……作准备(接抽象事物)
20. be responsible for 为……负责任
21. in exchange for 作为对……的交换
22. in preparation for 为……作准备
23. in return for 作为……的报答
24. in reward for 作为……的报酬
25. answer for 为……负责任；担保；代表……讲话
26. ask for a leave 请假
27. call for (去)接；需要；(公开)要求
28. enter for 报名参加
29. except for 除了……以外
30. fight for 为了……而斗争
31. for (political) reasons 由于(政治)原因
32. for a while 一段时间
33. for ages 很久
34. for fear that 担心
35. for good 永久；永远
36. for instance 例如
37. for one thing 首先，一方面
38. for oneself 为了某人自己
39. for sale 准备出售
40. for the first time 第一次
41. go in for 参加；爱好
42. go to sp for a holiday 到某地度假
43. hunt for 寻找
44. in one's search for 某人寻找……
45. intend for 打算；想要
46. leave for sp 前往某地
47. make for 向……移动；促成
48. make room for sb 给某人腾出地方
49. make sp the base for sth 把某地作为某事/物的基地
50. offer (sb) money for (sth) 出价；买某物
51. pay money for sth 为某物付钱
52. prepare oneself for 为……作准备(接抽象事物)
53. search sp for sb/sth 在某地寻找某人/某物
54. seek for 寻找
55. sing high praise for 高度评价
56. stand for 代表，表示
57. be used for 被用作……
58. struggle for 为了……而斗争
59. take … for granted 认为……是理所当然的
60. take sth/sb for 把某物/某人当作；误认为某人/某物是
61. the reason for … ……的原因
62. trade … for … 用……换……
63. turn for the worse 恶化
64. wait for sb (to do) 等待某人(做)……
65. wish for 希望得到……
三、 精选句型
1. According to some records, the largest ships were over 140 metres in length, demonstrating the advanced technology and special skills used in constructing ships. (P30)
2. As they sailed, the navigators took compass readings, kept logs of their voyages and charted the coast. (P30)
3. Zheng He's accomplishments are now widely acknowledged, and he is remembered as one of China's most influential explorers. (P30)
4. As a teenager, he loved sailing, and he showed great interest in geography, which inspired him to begin his career as a seaman. (P31)
5. Columbus called the natives living on the islands Indians because he was convinced that he was in the East Indies. (P31)
6. The major contribution of this great explorer is that he “discovered” the New World. (P31)
7. After his father died, Sima Qian succeeded his father as Grand Historian, which facilitated his access to official books and files. (P34)
8. I believe understanding the past that has shaped the present day helps us continue to build a better future. (P37)
9. Packed with vivid descriptions and fun facts, this type of history book is highly readable and true to life. (P37)
10. As bombs thundered all around, clouds of black smoke rose into the sky and hung over the sea.(P39)
11. After receiving the order to abandon ship, Louis saved more men from the water, dragging them into the lifeboat. (P39)
12. In the chaos and confusion after the attack, the US Navy sent a message to his family that Louis had been killed in the attack. (P39)
13. For many years, Russell refused to talk about what happened that morning, describing it simply as “hell”. (P40)
14. Out of 37 sets of brothers, Russell and his brother were the only full pair to survive the attack. (P40)
15. They come to see the shadow of the ship at the bottom of Pearl Harbor, to learn about the attack, to show respect for those who had lost their lives in the attack and to pray for world peace. (P40)
16. The shift from the cottage industry to the factory system, combined with the introduction of new machines, new energy sources and new forms of transport, promoted economic growth and expanded world trade. (P41)
17. These developments, in turn, had an impact on society as a whole, bringing about the rapid growth of industrial cities and the appearance of an urban working class. (P41)
四、 语法指南
表语从句(Predicative clauses)
在句子中充当表语的从句称为表语从句。表语从句位于系动词之后。
(一) 表语用法
表语和它前面的系动词一起构成复合谓语， 用于说明主语的特征、状态、身份、类属等。常见的系动词有：be、appear、become、fall、feel、get、go、grow、keep、look、prove、remain、rest、run、seem、smell、sound、stay、taste、turn等。
1. 名词做表语
①It is a long wait in the dark.
②That will be a good beginning, I hope.
③That remains a puzzle to me.
2. 代词做表语
①It's him.
②Is that book hers
③I'll be myself again in no time.
3. 数词做表语
①She is sixteen.
②She is always the first to get up.
③He was the second to climb the mountain.
4. 形容词做表语
①She's old but she is healthy.
②The dish smells good.
③She has gone mad.
形容词充当表语时，除了单独使用之外，还可以和一些结构进行搭配。
(1) 表语形容词后可以加介词短语
①Many fruits are rich in vitamin.
②Peter is afraid of Susan.
(2) 表语形容词后可以加不定式
①He was anxious to see her.
②They are really hard to deal with.
(3) 表语形容词后还可以加宾语从句
I'm very happy that your health is showing signs of improvement.
[注意]英语中的大多数形容词既可以做定语，也可以做表语。比如单词 hard，你可以说 The work is hard，也可以说 It is hard work。但有少数形容词只能做表语而不能做定语，这些形容词多是以 a 开头的，如 alive、afraid、alone 等，此外还有一些表示身体状况的词如 well、poorly 等。也有一些词只能做定语，而不能用做表语，如 left、main、entire 等。
但是，上面所讲的不能做定语的表语形容词，这里的定语其实是指前置定语。也就是说，这些词虽然不能做前置定语，但还是可以置于名词后做后置定语的。如：He is the only man alive in that war.
5. 现在分词或过去分词做表语
①What he said was very encouraging.
②The flowers look charming after the rain.
③It was amazing that the boy was able to solve the problem so quickly.
④It is frightening for her to think of that ghost story.
⑤Please remain seated.
⑥He seemed embarrassed.
⑦The question still remains unsettled.
⑧We were delighted to see them.
[注意] 现在分词与过去分词做表语时，其动作意味很弱，在功能上更接近形容词。不少词(如charming、unsettled等)已经演化为正式的形容词。
6. 动名词(短语)做表语
①One of the best exercises is swimming.
②Her hobby is growing roses.
③Our job is playing all kinds of music.
7. 不定式短语做表语
①His wish was to become a scientist.
②Our next step was to get all things ready.
8. 副词做表语
①The power was still off.
②Time is up.
③What's up
9. 介词短语做表语
①He's still in danger.
②The train station is just across the road.
③She has been out of work for three months.
④They are of great help to learners of English.
10. 从句做表语(详细用法如下)
(二) 表语从句的用法
1. 由 that 引导的表语从句(表语从句中的that一般不省略)。
①The truth is that he is very shy.
②The trouble is that I have lost his address.
③The trouble is that we are short of money.
2. 由连接代词引导的表语从句。
①That's not what I said.
②What I want to know is which road we should take.
③The problem was who could do the work.
3. 由连接副词引导的表语从句。
①Next Sunday is when we shall meet.
②Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.
③That is why she failed to pass the exam.
④The problem is how we can get the things we need.
4. 由 because 引导的表语从句。
①That's because you can't appreciate music.
②That's because we never thought of it.
5. 由 whether 引导的表语从句(表语从句中表示“是否”不能用if，只能用whether)。
①The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
②What we want to know is whether he will come to speak to us tomorrow.
6. 由 like 引导的表语从句。
①She acts like she owns the place.
②She felt like she was addicted to the Internet.
7. 由 as if/as though 引导的表语从句。
①At that time, it seemed as if I couldn't think of the right word anyhow.
②Now it was as though she had known Millie for years.
③It looked as if it was going to snow.
8. 由as/just as 引导的表语从句。
①Things are not always as they seem to be.
②It may be just as you say.
五、 话题写作
(一) 佳句积累
1. Looking into a mirror, we can see true images of our own; with our knowledge of the past, the present can be better known. (名人名言，现在分词短语做状语)
2. A fleet of over 200 ships navigated the blue seas, with almost 28，000 people on board, which was a splendid scene. (with的复合结构；非限制性定语从句)
3. Zheng He's efforts helped develop and strengthen harmonious relations with these countries and regions, exposing foreign people to Chinese culture, and allowing the Chinese to better understand overseas lands. (两个现在分词短语做结果状语)
4. Those who make great discoveries must often overcome many challenges along the way—as was the case with the explorer Christopher Columbus. (两个定语从句，who指代those, as指代前面一句话)
5. The journey was full of challenges: it took longer than expected, they faced a shortage of food, and one of the ships was leaking badly, which put everyone on this ship in grave danger. (三组动作＋which引导的非限制性定语从句，凸显旅途艰辛)
6. Regardless of all the challenges, Columbus managed to keep everyone out of danger with his knowledge and bravery across the ocean. (regardless of意为“不管，不顾”，引导让步状语从句；manage突出Columbus的非凡勇气和出色能力)
7. His voyages opened a new chapter of the Age of Exploration, a period which witnessed many important geographical findings. (同位语＋定语从句；open、witness动词使用精巧)
8. Influenced by his father, who was also a historian, Sima Qian took an interest in history when he was a child. (过去分词短语做状语；非限制性定语从句；时间状语从句)
9. His chief concern was whether he could do his job more effectively and efficiently. (表语从句)
10. Russell felt his blood freeze, but he quickly came to himself and rushed up to the deck. (freeze、quickly、rush等描述精准，表现了Russell在危急关头，从惊恐万分到沉着坚定、快速行动的果敢)
(二) 佳作欣赏
请用英文介绍一本你最喜欢的书籍，并说明你喜欢它的理由。
注意：
1. 写作词数应为80左右；
2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Five Thousand Years of Chinese History, which is all history about China, is my favourite book.
My mother bought it as my 5 year old gift. It opened a history gate to me. After I read this book, I feel more confident about our country. I am proud that I am a Chinese and I will make more efforts to build a more powerful country.
As for me, this is the most important book in my life and now I still read it. I advocate everyone should read it and explore more about it.