Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
简单句、并列句和主从复合句
英语句子按其结构分为简单句、并列句和主从复合句三种。
[观察例句]
判断下列句子是简单句，并列句还是主从复合句。
1．Does every dinner with your parents seem to turn into a battle？ ________
2．Do you feel that you just cannot see eye to eye with them on anything？ ________
3．When it all gets too much，your parents are often the first targets of your anger． ________
4．It can be a big headache to balance your developing mental needs too． ________
5．Unfortunately，your parents do not always agree and that makes you feel unhappy． ________
[归纳用法]
1．简单句
只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子称为简单句。按使用目的，简单句可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
①She is fond of collecting stamps．(陈述句)
她喜欢集邮。
②Can you finish the work in time (疑问句)
你能及时完成工作吗？
③Let me drive you home．(祈使句)
让我开车送你回家吧。
④What good news it is! (感叹句)
多好的消息啊！
2．并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词连接，便构成了并列句。由并列连词连接的简单句又称为分句。并列连词有and，but，or，so等。
①The watch is cheap，but it goes quite well．
这块表虽然便宜，但走得很准。
②It was late，so we went home．
天晚了，所以我们就回家了。
③Hurry up，or you'll miss it all．
快点，不然你什么都赶不上了。
④Stand over there and you'll be able to see it more clearly．
站在那边，你就能看得更清楚了。
[名师点津]
在正式书面语中，还可以使用分号把分句隔开。
The sun was already low in the sky; it would soon be dark．
天空中的太阳已经低垂，天很快就要黑了。
3．主从复合句
主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是句子的主体；从句充当某种句子成分，如作主语、宾语、状语、表语、定语和同位语等，因而被称为主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、表语从句、定语从句和同位语从句等。
①They think that the bridge was built 100 years ago．(宾语从句)
他们认为这座桥建于100年前。
②When you finish the work，you may go out to play with Sam．(状语从句)
你完成工作就可以和Sam一起出去玩了。
③The present trouble is that we are short of money．(表语从句)
目前的问题是我们资金短缺。
④The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle．(定语从句)
手上拿了一把雨伞的那个人是我的叔叔。
⑤What he said is true．(主语从句)
他说的是真的。
[名师点津]
还有一种复合句叫并列复合句，其特征是它的一个或多个分句本身是复合句。
The campus was still quiet when I arrived，so I decided to explore a bit．
我来到学校时，四周还是一片寂静，所以我决定去探索一番。
The newspaper reported that the car company had already apologised for the accident，but the families of the deceased said it was not enough．
该报报道称汽车公司已经就事故道歉，但死者家属表示这还不够。
[即时训练]——分析下列句子类型(简单句、并列句或主从复合句)，同时指出句子主干或主句的基本结构。
①Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them．_______________
②If you plan on working out in a gym，that person must belong to the same gym．_______________
③However，that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus．________
___________
④But they had to live with who they were after everything was different．__________
____________
⑤It rained and therefore the football match was postponed．_______________
短文语境填空
补全句子，并指出加黑句子的类型。
My parents love me very much．1．However，they like____________________ (为我做几乎所有决定) ．2．They choose schools and subjects for me，and sometimes even the daily timetables have to________________(由他们来决定)．In my opinion，deciding everything for children does not help them but harm them in many ways．3．Firstly，it will make children less confident，which___________
__________________________(对他们的发展没有用)．Secondly，in many cases parents don't care about their children's personal ideas and interests，which will influence their growth greatly．As a result，a lot of children are complaining！4．I do believe to grow/growing to be independent_________________________________
____________________ (对每个人来说是一种自然的方式)．Parents should give us chances to make our decisions．They can help us make choices instead of replacing us to do it．5．After all，there are a lot of things for us________________________ (由我们自己探索)．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①account n．账户；描述；解释 vt．认为是，视为
②count out (放置东西时)逐一地数
③rent n．[U，C]租金 vi．& vt．租用；出租
④piece n．[C] (某价值的)硬币
a five-cent piece一枚五分的硬币
⑤grocery n．食品杂货；食品杂货店
⑥with anxious
interest急切地；兴致勃勃地
⑦nod vi．& vt．点头；点头示意
⑧secure adj．安心的；可靠的；牢固的
⑨graduate vi．& vt． 毕业 n．毕业生
⑩gather vi．聚集，集合 vt．收拢；搜集；收集，聚集
lay vt．(laid，laid)放置，安放
emergency n．[C，U] 突发事件，紧急情况
volunteer vt．& vi．主动建议(或告诉)；自愿做，义务做 n．志愿者
pipe n．[C]烟斗；管子；管乐器
reach across the table伸长手臂去够桌子另一端的东西
figure n．数字；人物；体形，身材
downtown adv．在市中心，往市中心
draw sth．out of sth．提取，支取
operation n．[C]手术；[U]运转，操作
depend upon/on 依赖，依靠
lap n．大腿部
for the first time 首次；第一次
teller n．[C]出纳员；叙述者
be adapted from．．．改编自……
adapt vt．改编vi．& vt．(使)适应
be adapted for．．．改编为……
adapt oneself to．．．使某人自己适应……
[文化采风] 《妈妈的银行账户》是美国作家凯瑟琳·福布斯的自传体短篇小说集。作者根据家族经历，从孩子的视角叙述了17个温馨感人的小故事。这些小故事共同构成了20世纪初从挪威移民至美国旧金山的一家人的生活全景。移民生活远非家人想象的那般甜蜜美好，但一家人在妈妈的影响下，始终以智慧和坚毅面对着每天的挫折和挑战。只要有妈妈在，家人就充满了战胜困难、共渡难关的勇气。
Mama and Her Bank①Account
Every Saturday night Mama would sit down by the kitchen table and ②count out the money Papa had brought home．
“For the ③rent．”Mama would count out the big silver ④pieces．
“For the ⑤groceries．” Another group of coins．
“I'll need a notebook．” That would be my sister Christine，my brother Nels or me．
Mama would put one or two coins to the side．We would watch ⑥with anxious interest．At last，Papa would ask，“Is that all？” And when Mama ⑦nodded，we could relax a little．Mama would look up and smile，“Good．We do not have to go to the Bank．” We were all so proud of Mama's Bank Account．It gave us such a warm，⑧secure feeling．
When Nels ⑨graduated from grammar school，he wanted to go on to high school．“It will cost a little money，” he said．
Eagerly we ⑩gathered around the table．I took down a box and laid it carefully in front of Mama．This was the “Little Bank”．It was used for sudden emergencies，such as the time when Christine broke her arm and had to be taken to a doctor．[1]
[1]本句为主从复合句。when在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词the time，when 在定语从句中作时间状语。
Nels listed the costs of the things he would need．Mama counted out the money in the Little Bank．There was not enough．“We do not want to go to the Bank，” she reminded．We all shook our heads．
“I will work in Dillon's grocery after school，” Nels volunteered．
Mama gave him a bright smile and wrote down a number．“That's not enough，” Papa said．Then he took his pipe out of his mouth and looked at it for a long time．“I will give up smoking，” he said suddenly．
Mama reached across the table and touched Papa's arm．Then she wrote down another figure．
“I will look after the Elvington children every Friday night，” I said．“Christine can help me．”
Now there was enough money．We all felt very good because we did not have to go downtown and draw money out of Mama's Bank Account．[2]
[2]本句为主从复合句。because 在此引导原因状语从句。
So many things came out of the Little Bank that year：Christine's dress for the school play，my little sister Dagmar's operation．．． Whatever happened，we always knew we still had the Bank to depend upon．[3]
[3]本句为主从复合句。whatever 在此引导让步状语从句；主句中的 we still had the Bank to depend upon 是省略了引导词 that 的宾语从句，作 knew的宾语。
That was twenty years ago．
Last year I sold my first story．When the check came，I hurried over to Mama's and put it in her lap．“For you，” I said，“to put in your Bank Account．”
I noticed for the first time how old Mama and Papa looked．Papa seemed shorter，and Mama's hair was silver now．
“Tomorrow，” I told Mama，“you must take it to the Bank．”
“You will go with me，Katrin？”
“That won't be necessary．Just hand it to the teller．He'll pay it into your account．”
Mama looked at me．“There is no account，” she said．“In all my life，I've never been inside a bank．”
And when I didn't—couldn't—answer，Mama said seriously，“It is not good for little ones to be afraid—to not feel secure．” [4]
[4]本句中的it为形式主语，后面的动词不定式短语为真正的主语，动词不定式的逻辑主语是 little ones。
( Adapted from Kathryn Forbes's Mama's Bank Account，which has 17 short stories and describes the struggles and dreams of a family in San Francisco in the early 1900s [5])
[5]此处为 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 Mama's Bank Account。
妈妈和她的银行账户
每个星期六的晚上，妈妈都会坐在餐桌旁，清点爸爸带回家的钱。
“这些付房租。”妈妈会先把大面额的银币点出来。
“这些买生活用品。”又是一摞硬币。
“我需要一个笔记本。”说这话的，通常是我的妹妹克里斯蒂娜，或是我的哥哥内尔斯，要不就是我。
妈妈听完会拿出一两个硬币到一旁。我们几个都兴致勃勃地看着。最后，爸爸会问：“就这些了？”妈妈点点头，我们几个都稍稍松了口气。妈妈会抬起头，微笑着说：“太好了，我们不用去银行啦。”我们所有人都为妈妈的银行账户感到十分自豪。它让我们感到如此温暖、踏实。
当内尔斯从文法学校毕业后，他想继续读中学。“上学要花点儿钱。”他说。
于是一家人又急切地围到了餐桌旁。我取下一个盒子，小心翼翼地把它放在妈妈面前。这个小盒子是我们的“小金库”。它是用来应对家中不时之需的，比如有一回，克里斯蒂娜胳膊骨折，必须就医。
内尔斯列出了他所需物品的开支清单。妈妈清点了“小金库”里所有的钱——还是不够。“大家都不想动银行里的存款吧！”妈妈提醒。我们几个都摇了摇头。
“我放学后可以去狄龙的杂货店打工。”内尔斯自告奋勇。
妈妈给了哥哥一个灿烂的微笑，然后写下了一个数字。“还是不够。”爸爸说。然后他取下了嘴里的烟斗，对着它端详了半晌。“我会把烟戒了。”他冷不丁地说。
妈妈将手伸到餐桌对面，碰了下爸爸的胳膊。然后她记下了另一个数字。
“我每周五晚上可以去照看埃尔温顿家的孩子。”我说，“克里斯蒂娜可以帮我。”
现在钱终于凑足了。大家都很开心，因为我们不用去城里从妈妈的银行账户里取钱了。
那一年，“小金库”应付了很多事：克里斯蒂娜参加学校演出的连衣裙、我小妹妹达格玛的手术……无论发生什么事，我们总是知道我们还有“银行”可以依靠。
一转眼二十年过去了。
去年，我卖出了我的第一部小说。拿到支票后，我迫不及待地冲到妈妈家里，把支票放到她的大腿上。“给您的。”我说，“存到您的银行账户里吧！”
我第一次发现，爸爸妈妈看起来苍老了许多。爸爸似乎变矮了，而妈妈如今已是满头白发。
“明天，”我跟妈妈说，“您一定要把这笔钱存到银行里。”
“你会跟我一块儿去的吧，凯瑟琳？”
“没必要啦，您把支票交给出纳员就好，他会帮您把钱存进您的账户的。”
妈妈看着我。“根本就没有银行账户。”她说，“我这辈子压根都没踏进过银行一步。”
那一刻，我没有说什么，也什么都说不出来，妈妈认真地说：“让小孩子感到害怕，没有安全感，不是一件好事。”
(改编自凯瑟琳·福布斯的《妈妈的银行账户》。这本书由17个小故事组成，描绘了20世纪初旧金山一家人的奋斗和梦想)
1 / 8Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
简单句、并列句和主从复合句
英语句子按其结构分为简单句、并列句和主从复合句三种。
[观察例句]
判断下列句子是简单句，并列句还是主从复合句。
1．Does every dinner with your parents seem to turn into a battle？ 简单句
2．Do you feel that you just cannot see eye to eye with them on anything？ 主从复合句
3．When it all gets too much，your parents are often the first targets of your anger． 主从复合句
4．It can be a big headache to balance your developing mental needs too． 简单句
5．Unfortunately，your parents do not always agree and that makes you feel unhappy． 并列句
[归纳用法]
1．简单句
只包含一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)的句子称为简单句。按使用目的，简单句可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。
①She is fond of collecting stamps．(陈述句)
她喜欢集邮。
②Can you finish the work in time (疑问句)
你能及时完成工作吗？
③Let me drive you home．(祈使句)
让我开车送你回家吧。
④What good news it is! (感叹句)
多好的消息啊！
2．并列句
两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词连接，便构成了并列句。由并列连词连接的简单句又称为分句。并列连词有and，but，or，so等。
①The watch is cheap，but it goes quite well．
这块表虽然便宜，但走得很准。
②It was late，so we went home．
天晚了，所以我们就回家了。
③Hurry up，or you'll miss it all．
快点，不然你什么都赶不上了。
④Stand over there and you'll be able to see it more clearly．
站在那边，你就能看得更清楚了。
[名师点津]
在正式书面语中，还可以使用分号把分句隔开。
The sun was already low in the sky; it would soon be dark．
天空中的太阳已经低垂，天很快就要黑了。
3．主从复合句
主从复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是句子的主体；从句充当某种句子成分，如作主语、宾语、状语、表语、定语和同位语等，因而被称为主语从句、宾语从句、状语从句、表语从句、定语从句和同位语从句等。
①They think that the bridge was built 100 years ago．(宾语从句)
他们认为这座桥建于100年前。
②When you finish the work，you may go out to play with Sam．(状语从句)
你完成工作就可以和Sam一起出去玩了。
③The present trouble is that we are short of money．(表语从句)
目前的问题是我们资金短缺。
④The man who has an umbrella in his hand is my uncle．(定语从句)
手上拿了一把雨伞的那个人是我的叔叔。
⑤What he said is true．(主语从句)
他说的是真的。
[名师点津]
还有一种复合句叫并列复合句，其特征是它的一个或多个分句本身是复合句。
The campus was still quiet when I arrived，so I decided to explore a bit．
我来到学校时，四周还是一片寂静，所以我决定去探索一番。
The newspaper reported that the car company had already apologised for the accident，but the families of the deceased said it was not enough．
该报报道称汽车公司已经就事故道歉，但死者家属表示这还不够。
[即时训练]——分析下列句子类型(简单句、并列句或主从复合句)，同时指出句子主干或主句的基本结构。
①Neither of them chose the moment that had transformed them． 主从复合句 主谓宾结构
②If you plan on working out in a gym，that person must belong to the same gym． 主从复合句 主谓宾结构
③However，that was small fry compared with the city's Circus Maximus． 简单句 主系表结构
④But they had to live with who they were after everything was different． 主从复合句 主谓宾结构
⑤It rained and therefore the football match was postponed． 并列句 主谓结构
短文语境填空
补全句子，并指出加黑句子的类型。
My parents love me very much．1．However，they like making almost all decisions for me 简单句(为我做几乎所有决定)．2．They choose schools and subjects for me，and sometimes even the daily timetables have to be decided by them 并列句(由他们来决定)．In my opinion，deciding everything for children does not help them but harm them in many ways．3．Firstly，it will make children less confident，which is useless to their development 主从复合句(对他们的发展没有用)．Secondly，in many cases parents don't care about their children's personal ideas and interests，which will influence their growth greatly．As a result，a lot of children are complaining！4．I do believe to grow/growing to be independent is a natural way for everybody 主从复合句(对每个人来说是一种自然的方式)．
Parents should give us chances to make our decisions．They can help us make choices instead of replacing us to do it．5．After all，there are a lot of things for us to explore by ourselves 简单句(由我们自己探索)．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①account n．账户；描述；解释 vt．认为是，视为
②count out (放置东西时)逐一地数
③rent n．[U，C]租金 vi．& vt．租用；出租
④piece n．[C] (某价值的)硬币
a five-cent piece一枚五分的硬币
⑤grocery n．食品杂货；食品杂货店
⑥with anxious
interest急切地；兴致勃勃地
⑦nod vi．& vt．点头；点头示意
⑧secure adj．安心的；可靠的；牢固的
⑨graduate vi．& vt． 毕业 n．毕业生
⑩gather vi．聚集，集合 vt．收拢；搜集；收集，聚集
lay vt．(laid，laid)放置，安放
emergency n．[C，U] 突发事件，紧急情况
volunteer vt．& vi．主动建议(或告诉)；自愿做，义务做 n．志愿者
pipe n．[C]烟斗；管子；管乐器
reach across the table伸长手臂去够桌子另一端的东西
figure n．数字；人物；体形，身材
downtown adv．在市中心，往市中心
draw sth．out of sth．提取，支取
operation n．[C]手术；[U]运转，操作
depend upon/on 依赖，依靠
lap n．大腿部
for the first time 首次；第一次
teller n．[C]出纳员；叙述者
be adapted from．．．改编自……
adapt vt．改编vi．& vt．(使)适应
be adapted for．．．改编为……
adapt oneself to．．．使某人自己适应……
[文化采风] 《妈妈的银行账户》是美国作家凯瑟琳·福布斯的自传体短篇小说集。作者根据家族经历，从孩子的视角叙述了17个温馨感人的小故事。这些小故事共同构成了20世纪初从挪威移民至美国旧金山的一家人的生活全景。移民生活远非家人想象的那般甜蜜美好，但一家人在妈妈的影响下，始终以智慧和坚毅面对着每天的挫折和挑战。只要有妈妈在，家人就充满了战胜困难、共渡难关的勇气。
Mama and Her Bank①Account
Every Saturday night Mama would sit down by the kitchen table and ②count out the money Papa had brought home．
“For the ③rent．”Mama would count out the big silver ④pieces．
“For the ⑤groceries．” Another group of coins．
“I'll need a notebook．” That would be my sister Christine，my brother Nels or me．
Mama would put one or two coins to the side．We would watch ⑥with anxious interest．At last，Papa would ask，“Is that all？” And when Mama ⑦nodded，we could relax a little．Mama would look up and smile，“Good．We do not have to go to the Bank．” We were all so proud of Mama's Bank Account．It gave us such a warm，⑧secure feeling．
When Nels ⑨graduated from grammar school，he wanted to go on to high school．“It will cost a little money，” he said．
Eagerly we ⑩gathered around the table．I took down a box and laid it carefully in front of Mama．This was the “Little Bank”．It was used for sudden emergencies，such as the time when Christine broke her arm and had to be taken to a doctor．[1]
[1]本句为主从复合句。when在此引导定语从句，修饰先行词the time，when 在定语从句中作时间状语。
Nels listed the costs of the things he would need．Mama counted out the money in the Little Bank．There was not enough．“We do not want to go to the Bank，” she reminded．We all shook our heads．
“I will work in Dillon's grocery after school，” Nels volunteered．
Mama gave him a bright smile and wrote down a number．“That's not enough，” Papa said．Then he took his pipe out of his mouth and looked at it for a long time．“I will give up smoking，” he said suddenly．
Mama reached across the table and touched Papa's arm．Then she wrote down another figure．
“I will look after the Elvington children every Friday night，” I said．“Christine can help me．”
Now there was enough money．We all felt very good because we did not have to go downtown and draw money out of Mama's Bank Account．[2]
[2]本句为主从复合句。because 在此引导原因状语从句。
So many things came out of the Little Bank that year：Christine's dress for the school play，my little sister Dagmar's operation．．． Whatever happened，we always knew we still had the Bank to depend upon．[3]
[3]本句为主从复合句。whatever 在此引导让步状语从句；主句中的 we still had the Bank to depend upon 是省略了引导词 that 的宾语从句，作 knew的宾语。
That was twenty years ago．
Last year I sold my first story．When the check came，I hurried over to Mama's and put it in her lap．“For you，” I said，“to put in your Bank Account．”
I noticed for the first time how old Mama and Papa looked．Papa seemed shorter，and Mama's hair was silver now．
“Tomorrow，” I told Mama，“you must take it to the Bank．”
“You will go with me，Katrin？”
“That won't be necessary．Just hand it to the teller．He'll pay it into your account．”
Mama looked at me．“There is no account，” she said．“In all my life，I've never been inside a bank．”
And when I didn't—couldn't—answer，Mama said seriously，“It is not good for little ones to be afraid—to not feel secure．”[4]
[4]本句中的it为形式主语，后面的动词不定式短语为真正的主语，动词不定式的逻辑主语是 little ones。
( Adapted from Kathryn Forbes's Mama's Bank Account，which has 17 short stories and describes the struggles and dreams of a family in San Francisco in the early 1900s [5])
[5]此处为 which 引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 Mama's Bank Account。
妈妈和她的银行账户
每个星期六的晚上，妈妈都会坐在餐桌旁，清点爸爸带回家的钱。
“这些付房租。”妈妈会先把大面额的银币点出来。
“这些买生活用品。”又是一摞硬币。
“我需要一个笔记本。”说这话的，通常是我的妹妹克里斯蒂娜，或是我的哥哥内尔斯，要不就是我。
妈妈听完会拿出一两个硬币到一旁。我们几个都兴致勃勃地看着。最后，爸爸会问：“就这些了？”妈妈点点头，我们几个都稍稍松了口气。妈妈会抬起头，微笑着说：“太好了，我们不用去银行啦。”我们所有人都为妈妈的银行账户感到十分自豪。它让我们感到如此温暖、踏实。
当内尔斯从文法学校毕业后，他想继续读中学。“上学要花点儿钱。”他说。
于是一家人又急切地围到了餐桌旁。我取下一个盒子，小心翼翼地把它放在妈妈面前。这个小盒子是我们的“小金库”。它是用来应对家中不时之需的，比如有一回，克里斯蒂娜胳膊骨折，必须就医。
内尔斯列出了他所需物品的开支清单。妈妈清点了“小金库”里所有的钱——还是不够。“大家都不想动银行里的存款吧！”妈妈提醒。我们几个都摇了摇头。
“我放学后可以去狄龙的杂货店打工。”内尔斯自告奋勇。
妈妈给了哥哥一个灿烂的微笑，然后写下了一个数字。“还是不够。”爸爸说。然后他取下了嘴里的烟斗，对着它端详了半晌。“我会把烟戒了。”他冷不丁地说。
妈妈将手伸到餐桌对面，碰了下爸爸的胳膊。然后她记下了另一个数字。
“我每周五晚上可以去照看埃尔温顿家的孩子。”我说，“克里斯蒂娜可以帮我。”
现在钱终于凑足了。大家都很开心，因为我们不用去城里从妈妈的银行账户里取钱了。
那一年，“小金库”应付了很多事：克里斯蒂娜参加学校演出的连衣裙、我小妹妹达格玛的手术……无论发生什么事，我们总是知道我们还有“银行”可以依靠。
一转眼二十年过去了。
去年，我卖出了我的第一部小说。拿到支票后，我迫不及待地冲到妈妈家里，把支票放到她的大腿上。“给您的。”我说，“存到您的银行账户里吧！”
我第一次发现，爸爸妈妈看起来苍老了许多。爸爸似乎变矮了，而妈妈如今已是满头白发。
“明天，”我跟妈妈说，“您一定要把这笔钱存到银行里。”
“你会跟我一块儿去的吧，凯瑟琳？”
“没必要啦，您把支票交给出纳员就好，他会帮您把钱存进您的账户的。”
妈妈看着我。“根本就没有银行账户。”她说，“我这辈子压根都没踏进过银行一步。”
那一刻，我没有说什么，也什么都说不出来，妈妈认真地说：“让小孩子感到害怕，没有安全感，不是一件好事。”
(改编自凯瑟琳·福布斯的《妈妈的银行账户》。这本书由17个小故事组成，描绘了20世纪初旧金山一家人的奋斗和梦想)
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