Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
当修饰名词或代词的定语用句子表达的时候，就构成了定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词称作先行词，指代先行词且引导定语从句的词称为关系词(分为关系代词和关系副词)。定语从句和先行词之间无逗号，该从句通常就是限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose等。
[观察例句]
1．Do you know the man that/who is waiting outside
2．He showed me the photos (that/which) he took on his trip to Xi'an．
3．Simon is the poor man whose car has been stolen．
4．The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead．
5．The trees that/which are behind the office building have lost their leaves．
6．One writer in whom I had taken an interest was Immanuel Velikovsky．
[归纳用法]
一、关系代词的指代作用及充当的成分
关系代词 指代的先行词 充当的成分
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、状语
which 物 主语、宾语
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
[即时训练Ⅰ]——写出下列关系代词的指代作用及充当的成分
①He is the man whom I saw yesterday． ____________
②A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan． ____________
③Do you remember the girl who taught us English？ ____________
④A clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time． ____________
⑤This is the book that he lost yesterday． ____________
二、关系代词的用法
1．that的用法
that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中通常作主语、宾语或表语，而且作宾语或表语时常可省略。
This is the book (that) I want to read．
这就是我想读的那本书。(that指代the book，在定语从句中充当宾语)
My hometown is no longer the place (that ) it used to be．
我的家乡已经不再是过去那个面貌了。(that指代the place，在定语从句中充当表语)
[名师点津] that作状语常见于way，reason等词后的定语从句中，相当于in which，for which等，可省略。
I don't like the way (that/in which) you speak to your teacher．
我不喜欢你跟老师讲话的方式。
2．which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，常与that互换使用，作宾语时常可省略。
Do you still remember the factory (which/that ) we visited ten years ago
你还记得十年前我们参观的那家工厂吗？(which/that指代the factory，在定语从句中充当宾语)
3．who的用法
who指人，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语时相当于whom，可省略。
The tall man who is playing basketball is my brother．
正在打篮球的那个很高的人是我哥。(who指代The tall man，在定语从句中充当主语)
4．whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
This is the girl (whom) I met in the street．
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。(whom指代the girl，在定语从句中充当宾语)
[名师点津] 如果which，whom位于介词后面作宾语，就不可以省略，whom也不能用who代替。
It was a crisis for which she was totally unprepared．
这是一场她完全没有防备的危机。
He is a scientist for whom we have the greatest respect．
他是我们非常尊敬的一位科学家。
5．whose的用法
whose既指人又指物，在定语从句中作定语。
I have read the book whose characters I like very much．
我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。(whose指代先行词the book，在定语从句中充当定语，修饰characters )
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country．
这就是那位全国知名的科学家。(whose指代先行词 the scientist， 在定语从句中充当定语，修饰name )
[名师点津] “whose＋名词”指具体事物或抽象概念时，可与“the ＋名词＋of which” 互换。
I saw some trees whose leaves(＝the leaves of which) were black with disease．
我看到有几棵树因为病害叶子是黑的。
[即时训练Ⅱ]——用适当的关系代词填空
①The building_________ doors are white is an office building．
②He is the boy of_________ we are proud in our school．
③The film_________ you are looking forward to seeing will be on next week．
④He is the man_________ has offered some useful advice．
⑤Those_________ want to go to the party must be at the school gate by 5 p．m．
三、关系代词that与which的区别
情况 用that还是which
先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰 that
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰 that
先行词由the very，the only等修饰 that
先行词既指人也指物 that
先行词前有疑问代词which时 that
there be句型中，句子的主语是先行词并且又是指物的名词 that/which
先行词为that which
先行词为主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语 that
关系代词前面有介词 which
关系代词后面带有插入语 which
[即时演练Ⅲ]——用that或which填空
①I really admire people_________ speak two languages．
②She has a small office_____________ is used for private discussions．
③There is a kind of pleasure_____________ comes from giving away．
④Is there anything else__________ you'd like to share with us
短文语境填空
I'd skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists 1．____________ seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 2．____________ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings．Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo．For those 3．________ fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better known city．
Yangshuo is really beautiful．A study of travellers 4．____________ was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 5．____________ are famous in the world．And the town is fast becoming popular for people and their families 6．____________ are in Asia．Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says 7．________ regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 8．____________ live in Shanghai and Hong Kong．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①reflection n．沉思
②seek (sought，sought) vi．试图
③escape into 逃进，逃避
escape vi．躲避
④more often than not 通常，往往
⑤smooth out消除(问题)，克服(困难)
⑥the rocky road多岩石的道路
rocky adj．多岩石的
⑦be meant to do sth．注定要做某事，应做某事
⑧benefit n．优势，益处
⑨generally speaking一般来说
⑩comfort the heart 抚慰心灵
comfort vt．抚慰
joy n．高兴，愉快
failure n．失败
take on 呈现，具有
a trouble shared becomes a trouble halved烦恼在分担后减半
halved adj．减半的
openness n．开放性
result from 由……引起
feel free to do sth．自由地做某事
in full measure最大程度地
moments of closeness 亲密时光
moment n．时光
indeed adv．实际上
well-meaning adj．善意的
recognize vt．意识到；承认
one-sided adj．片面的
thorough adj．彻底的，全面的
death n．死亡
point out 指出
company n．陪伴
crowd n．一帮人
Of Friendship
As we walk the “path of life”，we may sometimes wish to be alone with our own thoughts，for quiet periods of ①reflection can lead to personal improvement．However，when we ② seek to be alone，we must be careful that we do not always ③escape into our own world．Social life is also important to us． ④More often than not，close friendships will help ⑤smooth out ⑥the sometimes rocky road that we ⑦are all meant to travel．
As we live in social groups，there are many ⑧benefits of friendship that we can enjoy．[1] ⑨Generally speaking，close friendships have three “fruits”： they may ⑩ comfort the heart，advise the head and help us achieve the goals we set for ourselves．Through friendship，we can become happier，wiser and more satisfied humans．
[1]本句为主从复合句。句中 As引导原因状语从句；that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词many benefits of friendship，在从句中作 enjoy的宾语。
The first fruit of friendship is the peace that comes from sharing with friends our joy，sadness，success and failure．Here，friendship has a double advantage—happiness takes on a greater meaning and a trouble shared becomes a trouble halved! Naturally，this kind of openness results from a close friendship．With true friends，we feel free to share our joy and sadness in full measure．We know that our friends will both respect our feelings and treasure these moments of closeness． Indeed，the human heart depends on such opportunities for comfort and protection．
The second fruit of friendship is the better understanding and judgement that may be achieved through conversations with well-meaning and wise friends．We often find it easier to recognize other people's weaknesses than our own．[2]As a result，if we are guided only by our own feelings，our judgements might be one-sided．On the other hand，our friends are better able to offer advice on important decisions that we all have to make．Also，when we want to talk our problems over with a friend，we have to put our thoughts into words first．This alone helps make our thoughts clearer and brings us a more thorough understanding of our problems[3]．
[2]本句中包含“find＋it＋adj．＋ to do sth．”结构，句中 it作形式宾语，easier 作宾语补足语，不定式短语作真正的宾语。
[3]此处为“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，clearer作宾语补足语。
The third fruit of friendship is the help that a friend may offer in many different ways．Sometimes a friend is even known as our “second self”．There are so many things in life that can only be achieved with the help of friends．Friends may have many different ideas and skills．They can help us achieve what we want during life and，perhaps，even after death[4]．
[4]此处为 what 引导的宾语从句，作 achieve的宾语。
Finally，it should be pointed out that enjoying the company of a crowd is not the same as being with friends．[5]Friends should be carefully chosen and relationships carefully developed．[6]In this way，we can better walk the “path of life” with the comfort，advice and help from our trusted friends．
[5]本句为主从复合句。句中 it作形式主语，真正的主语为 that 引导的从句。
[6]本句为and连接的并列句。第二个分句中省略了 should be。
(Adapted from “Of Friendship”，an essay written by Francis Bacon，a great English writer，scientist and philosopher[7])
[7]“an essay written by Francis Bacon”是“Of Friendship”的同位语；“a great English writer，scientist and philosopher ”是Francis Bacon的同位语，说明其身份。
论友谊
当我们走上“人生之路”时，有时候我们可能希望独自思考，因为安静思考期间会带来个人进步。然而，当我们试图独处时，我们必须小心，不要总是逃避到自己的世界里去。社交生活对我们也很重要。通常，亲密的友谊将有助于铺平我们注定都要走的时而崎岖的道路。
因为我们生活在社会群体中，我们可以享受许多友谊带来的好处。一般来说，亲密的友谊有三个“成果”：它们可以抚慰心灵，启迪思维，帮助我们实现我们为自己设定的目标。通过友谊，我们可以成为更快乐、更明智、更满足的人。
友谊的第一个成果是和平，它来自与朋友分享我们的快乐、悲伤、成功和失败。在这里，友谊有双重优势——幸福有更大的意义，分担后的烦恼会减半！当然，这种开放性来自亲密的友谊。有了真正的朋友，我们可以尽情地分享我们的快乐和悲伤。我们知道，我们的朋友不仅会尊重我们的感情，而且会珍惜这些亲密时光。实际上，人的内心依赖这样的安慰和保护机会。
友谊的第二个成果是通过与善意的、聪慧的朋友交谈，可能会获得的更好的理解和判断。我们常常发现承认别人的不足比承认自己的不足容易得多。因此，如果我们纯粹被自己的感情所支配，我们的判断就可能是片面的。另一方面，我们的朋友能更好地为我们必须做出的重要决定提供建议。此外，当我们想和朋友详谈我们的问题时，我们必须先把自己的想法用语言表达出来。只有这样才能使我们的想法更加清晰，使我们对自己的问题了解得更加透彻。
友谊的第三个成果是朋友可能会用许多不同的方式提供的帮助。有时朋友甚至被称为我们的“第二个自己”。生活中有很多事情只有在朋友的帮助下才能实现。朋友可能有许多不同的想法和技能。他们可以帮助我们获得我们在生前，可能甚至死后想要的东西。
最后，应该指出，与一群人在一起和与朋友在一起，不是一回事。选择朋友需谨慎，经营友情需用心。这样，我们就能在信任的朋友的安慰、建议和帮助下更好地走上“人生之路”。
(改编自英国伟大的作家、科学家和哲学家弗朗西斯·培根的散文《论友谊》)
1 / 8Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
当修饰名词或代词的定语用句子表达的时候，就构成了定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词称作先行词，指代先行词且引导定语从句的词称为关系词(分为关系代词和关系副词)。定语从句和先行词之间无逗号，该从句通常就是限制性定语从句。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有which，that，who，whom，whose等。
[观察例句]
1．Do you know the man that/who is waiting outside
2．He showed me the photos (that/which) he took on his trip to Xi'an．
3．Simon is the poor man whose car has been stolen．
4．The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead．
5．The trees that/which are behind the office building have lost their leaves．
6．One writer in whom I had taken an interest was Immanuel Velikovsky．
[归纳用法]
一、关系代词的指代作用及充当的成分
关系代词 指代的先行词 充当的成分
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语、状语
which 物 主语、宾语
who 人 主语、宾语
whom 宾语
whose 人或物 定语
[即时训练Ⅰ]——写出下列关系代词的指代作用及充当的成分
He is the man whom I saw yesterday． whom 指代the man 宾语
②A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan． whose指代A child 定语
③Do you remember the girl who taught us English？ who指代the girl 主语
④A clock is a kind of instrument which can tell people time． which指代a kind of instrument 主语
⑤This is the book that he lost yesterday． that指代the book 宾语
二、关系代词的用法
1．that的用法
that既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中通常作主语、宾语或表语，而且作宾语或表语时常可省略。
This is the book (that) I want to read．
这就是我想读的那本书。(that指代the book，在定语从句中充当宾语)
My hometown is no longer the place (that ) it used to be．
我的家乡已经不再是过去那个面貌了。(that指代the place，在定语从句中充当表语)
[名师点津] that作状语常见于way，reason等词后的定语从句中，相当于in which，for which等，可省略。
I don't like the way (that/in which) you speak to your teacher．
我不喜欢你跟老师讲话的方式。
2．which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，常与that互换使用，作宾语时常可省略。
Do you still remember the factory (which/that ) we visited ten years ago
你还记得十年前我们参观的那家工厂吗？(which/that指代the factory，在定语从句中充当宾语)
3．who的用法
who指人，在定语从句中通常作主语或宾语，作宾语时相当于whom，可省略。
The tall man who is playing basketball is my brother．
正在打篮球的那个很高的人是我哥。(who指代The tall man，在定语从句中充当主语)
4．whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略。
This is the girl (whom) I met in the street．
这是我在街上遇到的那个女孩。(whom指代the girl，在定语从句中充当宾语)
[名师点津] 如果which，whom位于介词后面作宾语，就不可以省略，whom也不能用who代替。
It was a crisis for which she was totally unprepared．
这是一场她完全没有防备的危机。
He is a scientist for whom we have the greatest respect．
他是我们非常尊敬的一位科学家。
5．whose的用法
whose既指人又指物，在定语从句中作定语。
I have read the book whose characters I like very much．
我已经读了这本书，我很喜欢它里面的人物。(whose指代先行词the book，在定语从句中充当定语，修饰characters )
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country．
这就是那位全国知名的科学家。(whose指代先行词 the scientist，在定语从句中充当定语，修饰name )
[名师点津] “whose＋名词”指具体事物或抽象概念时，可与“the ＋名词＋of which” 互换。
I saw some trees whose leaves(＝the leaves of which) were black with disease．
我看到有几棵树因为病害叶子是黑的。
[即时训练Ⅱ]——用适当的关系代词填空
①The building whose doors are white is an office building．
②He is the boy of whom we are proud in our school．
③The film that/which you are looking forward to seeing will be on next week．
④He is the man who/that has offered some useful advice．
⑤Those who want to go to the party must be at the school gate by 5 p．m．
三、关系代词that与which的区别
情况 用that还是which
先行词是不定代词或被不定代词修饰 that
先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词、形容词最高级修饰 that
先行词由the very，the only等修饰 that
先行词既指人也指物 that
先行词前有疑问代词which时 that
there be句型中，句子的主语是先行词并且又是指物的名词 that/which
先行词为that which
先行词为主句的表语或关系代词在从句中作表语 that
关系代词前面有介词 which
关系代词后面带有插入语 which
[即时演练Ⅲ]——用that或which填空
①I really admire people that speak two languages．
②She has a small office which/that is used for private discussions．
③There is a kind of pleasure which/that comes from giving away．
④Is there anything else that you'd like to share with us
短文语境填空
I'd skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists 1．who/that seek the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 2．that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings．Instead，I'd headed straight for Yangshuo．For those 3．who fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away by car and offers all the scenery of the better known city．
Yangshuo is really beautiful．A study of travellers 4．that/which was conducted by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations 5．that/which are famous in the world．And the town is fast becoming popular for people and their families 6．that/who are in Asia．Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong，says 7．it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people 8．who/that live in Shanghai and Hong Kong．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①reflection n．沉思
②seek (sought，sought) vi．试图
③escape into 逃进，逃避
escape vi．躲避
④more often than not 通常，往往
⑤smooth out消除(问题)，克服(困难)
⑥the rocky road多岩石的道路
rocky adj．多岩石的
⑦be meant to do sth．注定要做某事，应做某事
⑧benefit n．优势，益处
⑨generally speaking一般来说
⑩comfort the heart 抚慰心灵
comfort vt．抚慰
joy n．高兴，愉快
failure n．失败
take on 呈现，具有
a trouble shared becomes a trouble halved烦恼在分担后减半
halved adj．减半的
openness n．开放性
result from 由……引起
feel free to do sth．自由地做某事
in full measure最大程度地
moments of closeness 亲密时光
moment n．时光
indeed adv．实际上
well-meaning adj．善意的
recognize vt．意识到；承认
one-sided adj．片面的
thorough adj．彻底的，全面的
death n．死亡
point out 指出
company n．陪伴
crowd n．一帮人
Of Friendship
As we walk the “path of life”，we may sometimes wish to be alone with our own thoughts，for quiet periods of ①reflection can lead to personal improvement．However，when we ② seek to be alone，we must be careful that we do not always ③escape into our own world．Social life is also important to us． ④More often than not，close friendships will help ⑤smooth out ⑥the sometimes rocky road that we ⑦are all meant to travel．
As we live in social groups，there are many ⑧benefits of friendship that we can enjoy．[1] ⑨Generally speaking，close friendships have three “fruits”： they may ⑩ comfort the heart，advise the head and help us achieve the goals we set for ourselves．Through friendship，we can become happier，wiser and more satisfied humans．
[1]本句为主从复合句。句中 As引导原因状语从句；that 引导定语从句，修饰先行词many benefits of friendship，在从句中作 enjoy的宾语。
The first fruit of friendship is the peace that comes from sharing with friends our joy，sadness，success and failure．Here，friendship has a double advantage—happiness takes on a greater meaning and a trouble shared becomes a trouble halved! Naturally，this kind of openness results from a close friendship．With true friends，we feel free to share our joy and sadness in full measure．We know that our friends will both respect our feelings and treasure these moments of closeness． Indeed，the human heart depends on such opportunities for comfort and protection．
The second fruit of friendship is the better understanding and judgement that may be achieved through conversations with well-meaning and wise friends．We often find it easier to recognize other people's weaknesses than our own．[2]As a result，if we are guided only by our own feelings，our judgements might be one-sided．On the other hand，our friends are better able to offer advice on important decisions that we all have to make．Also，when we want to talk our problems over with a friend，we have to put our thoughts into words first．This alone helps make our thoughts clearer and brings us a more thorough understanding of our problems[3]．
[2]本句中包含“find＋it＋adj．＋ to do sth．”结构，句中 it作形式宾语，easier 作宾语补足语，不定式短语作真正的宾语。
[3]此处为“make＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，clearer作宾语补足语。
The third fruit of friendship is the help that a friend may offer in many different ways．Sometimes a friend is even known as our “second self”．There are so many things in life that can only be achieved with the help of friends．Friends may have many different ideas and skills．They can help us achieve what we want during life and，perhaps，even after death[4]．
[4]此处为 what 引导的宾语从句，作 achieve的宾语。
Finally，it should be pointed out that enjoying the company of a crowd is not the same as being with friends．[5]Friends should be carefully chosen and relationships carefully developed．[6]In this way，we can better walk the “path of life” with the comfort，advice and help from our trusted friends．
[5]本句为主从复合句。句中 it作形式主语，真正的主语为 that 引导的从句。
[6]本句为and连接的并列句。第二个分句中省略了 should be。
(Adapted from “Of Friendship”，an essay written by Francis Bacon，a great English writer，scientist and philosopher[7])
[7]“an essay written by Francis Bacon”是“Of Friendship”的同位语；“a great English writer，scientist and philosopher ”是Francis Bacon的同位语，说明其身份。
论友谊
当我们走上“人生之路”时，有时候我们可能希望独自思考，因为安静思考期间会带来个人进步。然而，当我们试图独处时，我们必须小心，不要总是逃避到自己的世界里去。社交生活对我们也很重要。通常，亲密的友谊将有助于铺平我们注定都要走的时而崎岖的道路。
因为我们生活在社会群体中，我们可以享受许多友谊带来的好处。一般来说，亲密的友谊有三个“成果”：它们可以抚慰心灵，启迪思维，帮助我们实现我们为自己设定的目标。通过友谊，我们可以成为更快乐、更明智、更满足的人。
友谊的第一个成果是和平，它来自与朋友分享我们的快乐、悲伤、成功和失败。在这里，友谊有双重优势——幸福有更大的意义，分担后的烦恼会减半！当然，这种开放性来自亲密的友谊。有了真正的朋友，我们可以尽情地分享我们的快乐和悲伤。我们知道，我们的朋友不仅会尊重我们的感情，而且会珍惜这些亲密时光。实际上，人的内心依赖这样的安慰和保护机会。
友谊的第二个成果是通过与善意的、聪慧的朋友交谈，可能会获得的更好的理解和判断。我们常常发现承认别人的不足比承认自己的不足容易得多。因此，如果我们纯粹被自己的感情所支配，我们的判断就可能是片面的。另一方面，我们的朋友能更好地为我们必须做出的重要决定提供建议。此外，当我们想和朋友详谈我们的问题时，我们必须先把自己的想法用语言表达出来。只有这样才能使我们的想法更加清晰，使我们对自己的问题了解得更加透彻。
友谊的第三个成果是朋友可能会用许多不同的方式提供的帮助。有时朋友甚至被称为我们的“第二个自己”。生活中有很多事情只有在朋友的帮助下才能实现。朋友可能有许多不同的想法和技能。他们可以帮助我们获得我们在生前，可能甚至死后想要的东西。
最后，应该指出，与一群人在一起和与朋友在一起，不是一回事。选择朋友需谨慎，经营友情需用心。这样，我们就能在信任的朋友的安慰、建议和帮助下更好地走上“人生之路”。
(改编自英国伟大的作家、科学家和哲学家弗朗西斯·培根的散文《论友谊》)
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