Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
由关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
引导限制性定语从句的关系副词有when，where和why。
[观察例句]
1．One of the reasons why people fail to get a good night's sleep is pressure from school or work．
2．Do you remember a time when you had no worries stopping you from getting a good night's rest
3．Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where body development slows down，and their health suffers．
[归纳用法]
1．关系副词的指代作用及充当的成分
关系副词 指代的先行词 充当的成分
when 表时间的名词 时间状语
where 表地点的名词 地点状语
why 表原因的名词reason 原因状语
2．关系副词where的特殊用法
where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place，home，school，village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词或者以事物名词为地点(如job，trousers，chair，life，situation，point，case，stage，activity等)。
He has got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong．
他已经陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other．
请记住，最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。
[即时训练Ⅰ]——用关系副词填空
①I will never forget the days when I worked on the farm．
②Please explain to me the reason why you were late this time．
③New lawyers often come across various cases where they really don't know how to deal with the situations．
3．关系副词可用 “介词＋which”代替
在较为正式的英语中，一般可以用“介词＋which”代替关系副词when，where和why。
He was born on the day when(＝on which) the PRC was founded．
他出生在中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
This is the house where(＝in which)I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住过的房子。
I don't know the reason why(＝for which) he was absent today．
我不知道他今天没来的原因。
[名师点津] 做定语从句的题目，一般分两步走。
(1)如果从句中作主语或宾语，则选用关系代词that，which，who或whom，然后根据先行词确定正确答案。
(2)如果从句不缺少主语或宾语，则选用关系副词where，when或why，然后根据先行词确定正确答案。
[即时训练Ⅱ]——单句语法填空
①We went through a period in which communications were very difficult．
②The reason for which he did not come is not quite clear．
③Sales director is a position where communication ability is important．
短文语境填空
There was a time 1．when I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English．And this was the reason 2．for which my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school．Because on the first day in the club 3．where I stayed I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much．So I packed up my things and wanted to go home．Fortunately，the guide 4．whose teacher was very famous communicated with me face-to-face．He also showed me a good partner，and we got along well 5．with each other．Gradually I adapted to the life there．Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6．that/which we did．I should be grateful to my father and the guide 7．who helped me a lot．Now I feel it interesting to learn English．All in all，as long as you form the habit of 8．learning(learn) English every day，you will have a good command of it sooner or later．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①Don't judge a book by its cover不要以貌取人
②the old saying goes 俗话说
saying n．格言，谚语，警句
go vi．[熟词生义](诗或歌中词、调)唱，说
③dark thoughts 负面/悲观的想法(＝negative thoughts)
dark adj．[熟词生义]悲观的
④hang over使忧心忡忡，担心可能发生
⑤jeans n．牛仔裤
⑥short adj．个子矮的
⑦laugh at嘲笑
⑧hairstyle n．发型
⑨behind one's back背地里
⑩have a negative effect on．．．
对……有负面影响
both male and female 男女
male n．男性
female n．女性
guard against防范，防止，提防
beauty n．美，美丽；美人，美好的东西
media n．媒体
fight a losing battle 打一场无望取胜的仗
live up to 达到，符合，不辜负
end up最终成为，最终处于(后常接动词-ing 形式或介词短语)
view vt．看待
good-looking adj．漂亮的，好看的
have a great fashion sense很有时尚品味
fashion n．时尚
shadow n．阴影
the digital age数字时代
digital adj．数码的，数字的
never-ending adj．永无止境的，没完没了的
series n．(pl．series)一系列，连续
show off显示，展示；炫耀，卖弄
compare．．．to．．．比较……和……
external adj．外来的，外在的；外面的，外部的
present adj．存在的
first of all首先
be careful not to do sth．注意不要做某事
follow．．．blindly盲目跟从……
out of reach 达不到
keep in mind that 记住
way n．[熟词生义]样子
strength n．优势；力气，力量；实力
build one's confidence 建立某人的信心
talent n．天资，天赋；人才，天才
be good at擅长
play the piano 弹钢琴
[注意] 在西洋乐器名词前要加定冠词 the(如 play the violin)。
take pride in 为……自豪，为……骄傲(同义短语 be proud of)
direct one's attention away from．．．把某人的注意力从……上转移开
take one's mind off不去想
feel good 感觉良好
the outside 表面；外表
the inside 内心
content n．内容；目录
individuality n．个性，个人特征
individual n．个体，个人 adj．个别的，独特的
achievement n．成就，成绩
①Don't judge a book by its cover
“Don't judge a book by its cover，” ②the old saying goes．Unfortunately，as a teenager，that is often exactly what you do to yourself[1]．③Dark thoughts about your physical appearance can ④hang over you all the time like a rain cloud．Do I look fat in these ⑤jeans Do others think I am too ⑥short Is everyone ⑦laughing at my new ⑧hairstyle ⑨behind my back These thoughts can ⑩have a negative effect on people of any shape or size， both male and female，and it is important to guard against the causes behind them[2]．
[1]此处 that 指代前面的“judge a book by its cover”，句中的“what you do to yourself”为 what 引导的表语从句。
[2]此处 it为形式主语，动词不定式短语“to guard．．．behind them”为真正的主语。
Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance[3]． Teens who try to copy the looks of their favourite stars are fighting a losing battle—these standards are simply impossible for most of the population to live up to．[4]They will only end up feeling worse about themselves．
[3]此处为 what 引导的宾语从句，作介词on的宾语。
[4]本句中who 引导定语从句，修饰先行词teens；“these standards are simply．．．live up to”属于“主语＋be＋形容词(＋for sb．)＋不定式”结构。
Your friends also influence the way you view your physical appearance[5]．If you have friends who are good-looking or have a great fashion sense，it can feel like you are living in their shadow．For children of the digital age，social media makes this problem even worse．Your friends may post a never-ending series of photos online to show off their beautiful dresses or strong bodies，and it becomes easier for you to compare yourself to them．This has proved to have a negative effect on what you think of your physical appearance．
[5]此处为定语从句，先行词为 the way，从句省略了引导词。
These external influences are always present，but there are certainly ways to deal with them． First of all， be careful not to follow popular beauty standards blindly．They are out of reach for 99% of us，so it is better to just forget about them．
Another tip is to remind yourself that you are unique． Keep in mind that your family and friends love you just the way you are．Talk about your feelings with someone you trust．Hearing how much they value you can help you feel comfortable in your own skin．Focusing on your strengths also helps you build your confidence．Everyone has their own talents—you may be good at painting or playing the piano，so take pride in things you do well instead of worrying about things you cannot change．
Finally，it is a good idea to try to direct your attention away from negative thoughts．To achieve this，you should do something you enjoy．Read a book you like，or take part in a social activity，like playing a ball game with your friends．These things can help you take your mind off matters that worry you and make you feel good about yourself．
You may often judge yourself by what is on the outside，not on the inside[6]．However，like a book，your contents are much more important than your cover．If you can learn to see the good things about yourself—your individuality，your value to others，your achievements—you will soon begin to love yourself just the way you are．[7]
[6]此处为 what 引导的宾语从句，作介词by的宾语。
[7]本句中if引导条件状语从句，“you will soon begin to．．．you are”为主句。
不要以貌取人
俗话说：“不要以貌取人。”可惜的是，作为青少年，你们恰恰经常以貌取己。关于你外表的负面想法可能会像雨云一样一直笼罩着你。我穿这条牛仔裤是不是显胖？别人会不会觉得我太矮？大家背地里是不是都在嘲笑我的新发型？无论男女，不管什么样的体形或身高，人们都会受到这些想法的负面影响，所以，防备这些思绪背后的成因就成了一件重要的事情。
媒体的审美标准会对你如何看待自己的外表产生很大影响。那些试图模仿他们最喜爱的明星形象的青少年们正在打一场无望取胜的仗，因为这些标准对于大多数人来说是根本不可能达到的。他们到头来只会觉得自己更糟。
你的朋友也会影响你对自己外表的看法。如果你有朋友长得好看，或者很有时尚品位，你会觉得自己活在他们的阴影下。对于数字时代的孩子们来说，社交媒体会让这个问题变得更加棘手。你的朋友可能会无休止地在网上发一系列照片来炫耀他们漂亮的衣服或强壮的体格，你也更容易陷入和他们的比较之中。这证明了这种行为会对你如何评价自己的外表产生负面影响。
这些外部影响始终存在，不过我们当然也有办法应对它们。首先要注意不要盲从流行的审美标准。它们对我们99%的人来说都是达不到的，所以最好还是忘掉它们。
还有一个办法是你要提醒自己你是独一无二的。你要记住，你的家人和朋友爱的就是你本来的样子。可以和你信任的人谈谈自己的感受。听听他们有多么在乎你，将有助于你更好地接受自己的形象。专注于你的强项也能帮你建立自信。每个人都有自己的天赋——你可能擅长画画或弹钢琴，所以要为自己擅长的事情感到自豪，而不要为你不能改变的事情而烦恼。
最后，尽力转移你在这些消极想法上的注意力也是一个不错的办法。为了做到这一点，你应该做一些你喜欢的事。读一本你喜欢的书，或者参加一项社交活动，比如和朋友们一起打球。这些事能帮你忘却那些让你烦心的事，让你对自己的感觉好一些。
自我评价时，你可能常常注重外在，而不是内在。然而，就像一本书，内容要远比封面重要。如果你能学会看到自己的优点——你的个性、你对他人的价值、你的成就——你很快就会爱上自己本来的样子。
1 / 7Period 4 单元语法讲练(Grammar and usage)
由关系副词引导的限制性定语从句
引导限制性定语从句的关系副词有when，where和why。
[观察例句]
1．One of the reasons why people fail to get a good night's sleep is pressure from school or work．
2．Do you remember a time when you had no worries stopping you from getting a good night's rest
3．Teenagers who do not sleep well may experience situations where body development slows down，and their health suffers．
[归纳用法]
1．关系副词的指代作用及充当的成分
关系副词 指代的先行词 充当的成分
when 表时间的名词 时间状语
where 表地点的名词 地点状语
why 表原因的名词reason 原因状语
2．关系副词where的特殊用法
where引导定语从句时，先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place，home，school，village等)外，还可以是表示抽象地点的名词或者以事物名词为地点(如job，trousers，chair，life，situation，point，case，stage，activity等)。
He has got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong．
他已经陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other．
请记住，最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。
[即时训练Ⅰ]——用关系副词填空
①I will never forget the days_________ I worked on the farm．
②Please explain to me the reason_________ you were late this time．
③New lawyers often come across various cases_________ they really don't know how to deal with the situations．
3．关系副词可用 “介词＋which”代替
在较为正式的英语中，一般可以用“介词＋which”代替关系副词when，where和why。
He was born on the day when(＝on which) the PRC was founded．
他出生在中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
This is the house where(＝in which)I lived two years ago．
这是我两年前住过的房子。
I don't know the reason why(＝for which) he was absent today．
我不知道他今天没来的原因。
[名师点津] 做定语从句的题目，一般分两步走。
(1)如果从句中作主语或宾语，则选用关系代词that，which，who或whom，然后根据先行词确定正确答案。
(2)如果从句不缺少主语或宾语，则选用关系副词where，when或why，然后根据先行词确定正确答案。
[即时训练Ⅱ]——单句语法填空
①We went through a period_________ which communications were very difficult．
②The reason_________ which he did not come is not quite clear．
③Sales director is a position_________ communication ability is important．
短文语境填空
There was a time 1．________ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English．And this was the reason 2．________ which my father forced me to join in a 30-day training in an English club before I went to senior high school．Because on the first day in the club 3．________I stayed I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much．So I packed up my things and wanted to go home．Fortunately，the guide 4．________ teacher was very famous communicated with me face-to-face．He also showed me a good partner，and we got along well 5．________each other．Gradually I adapted to the life there．Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities 6．____________ we did．I should be grateful to my father and the guide 7．________ helped me a lot．Now I feel it interesting to learn English．All in all，as long as you form the habit of 8．________(learn) English every day，you will have a good command of it sooner or later．
第二篇课文(Extended reading)
①Don't judge a book by its cover不要以貌取人
②the old saying goes 俗话说
saying n．格言，谚语，警句
go vi．[熟词生义](诗或歌中词、调)唱，说
③dark thoughts 负面/悲观的想法(＝negative thoughts)
dark adj．[熟词生义]悲观的
④hang over使忧心忡忡，担心可能发生
⑤jeans n．牛仔裤
⑥short adj．个子矮的
⑦laugh at嘲笑
⑧hairstyle n．发型
⑨behind one's back背地里
⑩have a negative effect on．．．对……有负面影响
both male and female 男女
male n．男性
female n．女性
guard against防范，防止，提防
beauty n．美，美丽；美人，美好的东西
media n．媒体
fight a losing battle 打一场无望取胜的仗
live up to 达到，符合，不辜负
end up最终成为，最终处于(后常接动词-ing 形式或介词短语)
view vt．看待
good-looking adj．漂亮的，好看的
have a great fashion sense很有时尚品味
fashion n．时尚
shadow n．阴影
the digital age数字时代
digital adj．数码的，数字的
never-ending adj．永无止境的，没完没了的
series n．(pl．series)一系列，连续
show off显示，展示；炫耀，卖弄
compare．．．to．．．比较……和……
external adj．外来的，外在的；外面的，外部的
present adj．存在的
first of all首先
be careful not to do sth．注意不要做某事
follow．．．blindly盲目跟从……
out of reach 达不到
keep in mind that 记住
way n．[熟词生义]样子
strength n．优势；力气，力量；实力
build one's confidence 建立某人的信心
talent n．天资，天赋；人才，天才
be good at擅长
play the piano 弹钢琴
[注意] 在西洋乐器名词前要加定冠词 the(如 play the violin)。
take pride in 为……自豪，为……骄傲(同义短语 be proud of)
direct one's attention away from．．．把某人的注意力从……上转移开
take one's mind off不去想
feel good 感觉良好
the outside 表面；外表
the inside 内心
content n．内容；目录
individuality n．个性，个人特征
individual n．个体，个人 adj．个别的，独特的
achievement n．成就，成绩
①Don't judge a book by its cover
“Don't judge a book by its cover，” ②the old saying goes．Unfortunately，as a teenager，that is often exactly what you do to yourself[1]．③Dark thoughts about your physical appearance can ④hang over you all the time like a rain cloud．Do I look fat in these ⑤jeans Do others think I am too ⑥short Is everyone ⑦laughing at my new ⑧hairstyle ⑨behind my back These thoughts can ⑩have a negative effect on people of any shape or size， both male and female，and it is important to guard against the causes behind them[2]．
[1]此处 that 指代前面的“judge a book by its cover”，句中的“what you do to yourself”为 what 引导的表语从句。
[2]此处 it为形式主语，动词不定式短语“to guard．．．behind them”为真正的主语。
Standards of beauty in the media can have a big influence on what you think of your physical appearance[3]． Teens who try to copy the looks of their favourite stars are fighting a losing battle—these standards are simply impossible for most of the population to live up to．[4]They will only end up feeling worse about themselves．
[3]此处为 what 引导的宾语从句，作介词on的宾语。
[4]本句中who 引导定语从句，修饰先行词teens；“these standards are simply．．．live up to”属于“主语＋be＋形容词(＋for sb．)＋不定式”结构。
Your friends also influence the way you view your physical appearance[5]．If you have friends who are good-looking or have a great fashion sense，it can feel like you are living in their shadow．For children of the digital age，social media makes this problem even worse．Your friends may post a never-ending series of photos online to show off their beautiful dresses or strong bodies，and it becomes easier for you to compare yourself to them．This has proved to have a negative effect on what you think of your physical appearance．
[5]此处为定语从句，先行词为 the way，从句省略了引导词。
These external influences are always present，but there are certainly ways to deal with them． First of all， be careful not to follow popular beauty standards blindly．They are out of reach for 99% of us，so it is better to just forget about them．
Another tip is to remind yourself that you are unique． Keep in mind that your family and friends love you just the way you are．Talk about your feelings with someone you trust．Hearing how much they value you can help you feel comfortable in your own skin．Focusing on your strengths also helps you build your confidence．Everyone has their own talents—you may be good at painting or playing the piano，so take pride in things you do well instead of worrying about things you cannot change．
Finally，it is a good idea to try to direct your attention away from negative thoughts．To achieve this，you should do something you enjoy．Read a book you like，or take part in a social activity，like playing a ball game with your friends．These things can help you take your mind off matters that worry you and make you feel good about yourself．
You may often judge yourself by what is on the outside，not on the inside[6]．However，like a book，your contents are much more important than your cover．If you can learn to see the good things about yourself—your individuality，your value to others，your achievements—you will soon begin to love yourself just the way you are．[7]
[6]此处为 what 引导的宾语从句，作介词by的宾语。
[7]本句中if引导条件状语从句，“you will soon begin to．．．you are”为主句。
不要以貌取人
俗话说：“不要以貌取人。”可惜的是，作为青少年，你们恰恰经常以貌取己。关于你外表的负面想法可能会像雨云一样一直笼罩着你。我穿这条牛仔裤是不是显胖？别人会不会觉得我太矮？大家背地里是不是都在嘲笑我的新发型？无论男女，不管什么样的体形或身高，人们都会受到这些想法的负面影响，所以，防备这些思绪背后的成因就成了一件重要的事情。
媒体的审美标准会对你如何看待自己的外表产生很大影响。那些试图模仿他们最喜爱的明星形象的青少年们正在打一场无望取胜的仗，因为这些标准对于大多数人来说是根本不可能达到的。他们到头来只会觉得自己更糟。
你的朋友也会影响你对自己外表的看法。如果你有朋友长得好看，或者很有时尚品位，你会觉得自己活在他们的阴影下。对于数字时代的孩子们来说，社交媒体会让这个问题变得更加棘手。你的朋友可能会无休止地在网上发一系列照片来炫耀他们漂亮的衣服或强壮的体格，你也更容易陷入和他们的比较之中。这证明了这种行为会对你如何评价自己的外表产生负面影响。
这些外部影响始终存在，不过我们当然也有办法应对它们。首先要注意不要盲从流行的审美标准。它们对我们99%的人来说都是达不到的，所以最好还是忘掉它们。
还有一个办法是你要提醒自己你是独一无二的。你要记住，你的家人和朋友爱的就是你本来的样子。可以和你信任的人谈谈自己的感受。听听他们有多么在乎你，将有助于你更好地接受自己的形象。专注
于你的强项也能帮你建立自信。每个人都有自己的天赋——你可能擅长画画或弹钢琴，所以要为自己擅长的事情感到自豪，而不要为你不能改变的事情而烦恼。
最后，尽力转移你在这些消极想法上的注意力也是一个不错的办法。为了做到这一点，你应该做一些你喜欢的事。读一本你喜欢的书，或者参加一项社交活动，比如和朋友们一起打球。这些事能帮你忘却那些让你烦心的事，让你对自己的感觉好一些。
自我评价时，你可能常常注重外在，而不是内在。然而，就像一本书，内容要远比封面重要。如果你能学会看到自己的优点——你的个性、你对他人的价值、你的成就——你很快就会爱上自己本来的样子。
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