(共48张PPT)
UNIT 4
写作专项指导
概要写作
1.文体类型：概要写作，属于说明文或议论文范畴。
2.要点内容：常用于概括归纳原文中的主要事实，略去不必要
的细节。
1.概要写作中常见的逻辑词。
(1)并列关系：and、and also、or、“neither...nor...”、
“either...or...”、“not only...but also...”、likewise、similarly、
equally、in the same way、that is to say、as well as、“the
same...as...”。
(2)递进关系：also、then、besides、in addition/additionally、
furthermore/moreover、what is more。
(3)因果关系：because、for、since、as、due to、thanks to、
on account of、because of、considering that、seeing that、
thus、hence、therefore、so、consequently、as a result、for
this reason。
(4)转折关系：but、however、yet、though、on the contrary、
by contrast、unfortunately、instead。
(5)顺序关系：first/second/last of all、in the first place/in the
second place/finally、to begin with/ to continue、
“first...then...”、“on the one hand...on the other hand...”、
“for one thing...for another...”、“one...another...”、
“some...others...”。
(6)条件关系：if、only if、unless、as long as、suppose
that/supposing that。
(7)举例关系：such as、for example、for instance、of
(these、those、them)、among (these、those、them)、to
illustrate、as an illustration、to take an example、namely。
(8)归纳总结：on the whole、in short、in a word、in
conclusion、in summary、to sum up。#1.8
2.概要写作中常见的写作句式。
The topic...(主题)is becoming increasingly popular recently.
There are two sides of opinions about it.
In recent days,we have to face this problem...,which is
becoming increasingly serious.
As a matter of fact,there are some other reasons to
explain...
Human activities,such as...can partly lead to...
In their views，there are two factors contributing to this
attitude:in the first place...(原因一)Furthermore
(In the second place)...(原因二).
Faced with...,we should take a series of effective measures
to cope with the situation.#2.6
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概
要。
Plan for Domino Effects on
Sustainability Goals
Climate change is causing ever-more-extreme
events,from storms and droughts to floods and violent
windstorms,and these risks interact across many
environmental and social systems. A heatwave can spark
forest fires,which lead to air pollution. Drought-wrecked
harvests can result in food-price unpredictability.
Yet these domino effects are barely considered in most
countries’ strategies for achieving the United Nations
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.Many
countries that are working hard to reach these goals
insufficiently consider the impact of extreme weather. Take
Germany as an example. Its 2018 strategy on sustainable
development runs to 60 pages yet the word “disaster”
appears only once. There is no analysis of the consequences
of an increase in such events.
Although many people are now aware that climate
change is making fires,floods,heatwaves and storms more
frequent,more severe or both,this knowledge isn’t changing
policy or research enough. Part of the problem is
perception. Future disasters feel unreal to decision-makers,as
we’ve experienced with so many governments’ lack of
pandemic preparedness,despite years of warning that some
viruses may spread fast. Other obstacles are inadequate
national and international governance,and communication
challenges. The research community has not yet provided
effective guidance. As a consequence,many efforts to achieve
the SDGs will,like a house of cards,fall at the first shaking.
Our global efforts need to be much more vigorous to the
changing and interconnected nature of risk in a warming
world.
What now Researchers must create models that are
more understandable and useful to policymakers. When
possible,SD targets and indicators should be redesigned to
capture weakness to
heatwaves,fires,droughts,floods,hurricanes,mudslides and more.
And politicians need to be convinced to invest in
precautionary measures and adaptation.#1.5
1.确定文体及文章主旨大意。
文体：说明文。
主旨大意：本文介绍了气候变化导致更加极端的天气，但是很
多国家没有意识到气候变化的严重性。各国应采取更多更加强
有力的措施来应对，诸如创造更好理解的模式、重设可持续发
展目标等。
2.明确各段主旨。
3.概述各段要点。
One possible version:
Despite the negative domino effects resulting from
climate change,strategies for achieving sustainability goals
seldom consider these disasters’ impacts.(要点1) Actually,this
is due to false perception,lack of effective governance and
communication failures.(要点2) Therefore,more effective and
efficient measures are required.(要点3) In short,they should
include the creation of useful models understandable to
policymakers,the redesign of sustainability goals and
indicators and politicians’ devotion to investing in
precautions.(要点4)#1.1
阅读下面的短文，根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的概要。
As most people know,in the past few years,sandstorms
have swept across many countries,polluting the air and
disturbing daily lives of human beings. Saharan sandstorms
have increased about 10 times during the half-century since
the 1950s,causing topsoil loss in nearby countries.
In Mauritania,there were just two sandstorms a year in the
early 1960s,but there are 80 a year today.
In desert areas,sandstorms are most commonly caused
either by thunderstorm outflows,or by strong pressure
gradients which cause an increase in wind speed over a
wide area. In some cases,dust and sand may set a limit to
a shallow depth by a low-lying temperature change.
In other cases,dust may be blown as high as 6,100 metres.
Drought is another cause of sandstorms. Poor farming
practices make dust and sand free of protection from the
wind. Dryland farming is one of the most serious practices.
A sandstorm can transport and carry large amounts of
sand. Desert is the key source of sandstorms.
Sandstorms have also been shown to increase the
spread of disease across the globe. Virus in the dust is
blown into the atmosphere by the sandstorms. Some
diseases may not be urgent at the very beginning,but they
can develop into deadly ones if left untreated. For
example,a breathing problem can lead to lung cancer,while
dry eyes lead to blindness.
Sandstorms cause soil loss from the dry lands,doing
harm to agriculture. Sandstorms also reduce
visibility,affecting aeroplanes and road transportation. In
addition,sandstorms also discourage visitors from visiting
these places,thus striking tourism.
So what should we do with the frightening sandstorms
Some experts put forward practical suggestions as follows.
For one thing,more funds ought to be put into tree
planting and forest protection so as to keep more water
resources within the surface of the Earth. For
another,governments of all countries should make laws on
environmental protection. For example,banning the use of
throwaway chopsticks and punishing illegal tree cutting.
Scientists should also study and find ways to cut down the
degree of its destruction and to improve the whole
environment.
__#1.6
1.确定文体及文章主旨大意。
文体：说明文。
主旨大意：文章介绍了沙尘暴的成因和危害以及如何应对沙尘暴。
2.明确各段主旨。
3.概述各段要点。
4.提炼语言，完善概要。
One possible version:
Worries arise with globally increasing sandstorms.(要点1)
There are many causes of sandstorms,such as thunderstorm
outflows,strong pressure gradients,drought,poor farming
practices and deserts.(要点2) Besides affecting
aeroplanes,transportation and tourism,sandstorms do harm
to human beings by spreading diseases,and agriculture by
causing soil loss.(要点3) Scientists should play an important
role in fighting against sandstorms. Reforestation is
necessary and laws on environmental protection should be
made.(要点4)#4.1.1
Ⅰ.重点讲义回顾
1.affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动
n.作用；影响；结果；效果 ______
effect
①感染……疾病 be affected _____
②对……有影响 __________________________________
with
have an effect/influence/impact on...
③在这些无私的医生的影响下，我喜欢上了这个职业。
_______________________________________________________
___________________
Affected by these selfless doctors,I have developed a deep
love for the career.
2.shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克
vt.(使)震惊
adj.震惊的；惊讶的 _________
adj.令人震惊的 _________
shocked
shocking
①对……吃惊 be shocked __________
②使……吃惊 _________________
③震惊；吃惊 ___ shock
at/by sth
be a shock to sb
in
④一个寒冷的早晨，我打开门，吃惊地发现它受了重伤。
_______________________________________________________
_____________________
On a cold morning,I opened the door and was shocked to find it badly injured.
3.bury vt.埋葬；安葬
①埋头于/专心于(做)某事 __________________________=
________________________
bury oneself in (doing) sth
be buried in (doing) sth
②当她听到那个坏消息时，她掩面而泣。
_______________________________________________________
_____________________
She buried her face in her hands and cried when she
heard the bad news.
4.effort n.努力；艰难的尝试；尽力
①努力/尽力做某事 _______________________________
②把某人的精力投入到做某事中put one’s effort ____________
___
③费力地/毫不费力地 __________________
make an effort/efforts to do sth
into doing
sth
with/without effort
④让我们从现在开始，不遗余力地保护好我们的环境。
_______________________________________________________
_____________
Let’s start now and spare no effort to protect our
environment.
5.survive vi. 生存；存活
vt.幸存；艰难度过
n.幸存；残存物 _________
n.幸存者；生还者 _________
survival
survivor
①依靠……生存下来survive ____
②从……存活下来survive ______
on
from
③生活的意义不在于挺过暴风雨，而在于在风雨中寻求快乐。
_______________________________________________________
__________
Life isn’t about how to survive storms,but how to dance in the rain.
6.power n.电力供应；能量；力量；控制力
vt.驱动；推动
adj.强有力的；有权势的；有影响力的 _________
powerful
①开始掌权/执政 _______________
②力所不能及的 ____________________
come to power
beyond one’s power
③如果你有什么困难，尽管来找我。我会尽全力帮助你。
_______________________________________________________
____________________________________
If you are in difficulty,don’t hesitate to turn to me. I’ll do everything in my power to help you.
Ⅱ.重点句型练习
1.在英语演讲比赛中获得一等奖后，他兴奋得睡不着觉。
_______________________________________________________
______________________________
Having won first prize in the English Speaking Contest,he was too excited to go to sleep.
2.童年的一切一下子涌入我的脑海中，仿佛刚刚发生似的。
_______________________________________________________
_____________________
Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if it had just happened.
3.我们去到的每一个地方，都有美丽的风景。
__________________________________________
Everywhere we go,there are beautiful sights.
4.早晨起来，森林里的空气闻起来好极了。
_______________________________________________
The morning air in the forest is good to breathe.
5.我们正在爬山，这时突然刮起了大风。
_______________________________________________________
____________
We were climbing the mountain when the wind began to
blow hard.
Ⅲ.重点语法回顾
1.定语从句的关系词分为 __________和 __________。
关系代词
关系副词
2.关系代词 _____、 _______、 _____的先行词是表示人的名词
或代词，在从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时，一般可省略
(在介词后和非限制性定语从句中不可省略)，但作主语时，一
般 __________。
who
whom
that
不可省略
3.关系代词 _______、 _____的先行词通常是表示事、物的名词
或代词，在从句中作 ______或 ______。关系代词whose用来指
人或物均可，在从句中作 ______成分。
which
that
主语
宾语
定语
4.关系代词只能用which，不能用that的情况：①在 ______后；
②引导 __________________时。
介词
非限制性定语从句
5.关系代词只能用that，不能用which的情况：
①当先行词为anything、nothing、something、all、much、few、
any、little等 __________，或先行词被all、much、few等词修
饰时；②先行词被the only、 _________等词修饰时；③先行词
含有 ________、数词、形容词最高级时；④先行词既有人又有
____时。
不定代词
the very
序数词
物(共34张PPT)
UNIT 4
语法专项指导
定语从句(一)
一、定语从句的概念和位置
1.概念：定语从句起形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代
词。被修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词常有三个作用:
①连接作用，连接主句和定语从句。
②指代先行词。
③在定语从句中充当成分。
2.位置：通常放在被修饰词(即先行词)之后。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系 代词 先行 词 从句成 分 可否省略 例句
who 人 主语、 宾语 作主语时不可省 略，作宾语时可省 略 I know the boy who
is sitting under the
tree.
who m 人 宾语 一般可省略，但在 介词后不可省略 I met the man with
whom you talked
yesterday.
关系 代词 先行 词 从句成 分 可否省略 例句
whos e 人、 物 定语 不可省略 The man whose wife
is a teacher is my
uncle.
that 人、 物 主语、 宾语、 表语 作主语时不可省 略，作宾语和表语 时可省略 I like the gift (that)
my father gave to
me.
续表
关系 代词 先行 词 从句成 分 可否省略 例句
whic h 物 主语、 宾语 作主语时不可省 略，作宾语时可省 略，但在介词后不 可省略 The party which was
held last night was a
great success.
续表
关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，并
在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中
作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.关系代词who、whom、that。
这些关系代词的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中作主
语或者宾语。#1.2.1
I’d really like to find a friend who/that has the same
interest as me.
我真的想找一个和我有同样兴趣爱好的朋友。(who/that在从句
中作主语)
He is the man (who/whom/that) I helped last Sunday.
他就是我上周日帮助过的那个男人。(who/whom/that在从句中
作宾语)#1.2.1.4
句子语法填空
①Do you know the girl _________ is talking with our
maths teacher
②The woman _____________________ I read about in the
newspaper has just won a gold medal.
who/that
who/that/whom或不填
2.关系代词whose。
用来指人或物(用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换)。
I want to read the book whose cover is blue,and please
pass it to me.
=I want to read the book of which the cover is blue,and
please pass it to me.#2.1.2
=I want to read the book the cover of which is blue,and
please pass it to me.
我想看那本封面是蓝色的书，劳驾您递给我。
This is the person whose story surprises everybody.
就是这个人的故事让所有人感到吃惊。#2.1.6
翻译句子
①很多学生参加了那个主题为“秋日校园”的摄影比赛。
_______________________________________________________
__________________________________
Many students took part in the photography competition
whose theme is “Autumn Campus”.
②那个女孩非常有礼貌，她的妈妈是一名医生。
_______________________________________________
The girl whose mother is a doctor is very polite.
3.关系代词which和that。
这两个关系代词所代替的先行词是表示事、物的名词或代词，
在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
Yesterday,I read an article which/that was about natural
disasters.(which/that在从句中作主语)
昨天，我读了一篇关于自然灾害的文章。
The pen (which/that) he bought yesterday is the same as
mine.
他昨天买的那支笔和我的一样。(which/that在从句中作宾语)
句子语法填空
①The school ___________ is surrounded by green trees is
very famous.
②The report _________________ Mr Black handed in was
about the motor race.
which/that
that/which或不填
(1)关系代词只能用which，不能用that的情况。
①引导非限制性定语从句时。
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played in many
countries.
足球是一项很有趣的运动，很多国家的人都踢足球。
②介词后只能用which，不能用that。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land which/that we get our food from.
我们依靠土地获得食物。
句子语法填空
①The house in _______ I used to live became ruins in the
big fire.
②The traveller saw many buildings along the way, _______
were quite different from those in his hometown.
which
which
(2)关系代词只能用that，不能用which的情况。
①当先行词为anything、nothing、something、all、much、few、
any、little等不定代词或先行词被all、much、few等词修饰时，
只能用that，不能用which。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是油的供给。
②先行词被the only、the very等修饰时，只能用that。
This is the very scarf that my mother has been looking for.
这就是我妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。
③先行词含有序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that。
This is the most beautiful park that I have ever visited.
这是我参观过的最美丽的公园。
④先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that。
Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in
Britain
你能告诉我你在英国见到的人和事吗？
句子语法填空
①The flood destroyed all the books _____ were put on the
first floor.
②She described in her composition the people and places
_____ impressed her most.
that
that
1.(2023·浙江1月卷)All camp sessions are created with age-
appropriate activities ___________ are tailored to the
multiple ways that kids learn.
that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是
activities,关系词在从句中作主语，指物，故填that/which。
2.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)In artists’ representations of books
and reading,we see moments of shared humanity
___________ go beyond culture and time.
that/which
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性
定语从句，先行词是moments,指物，关系词在从句中作主语，
故填that/which。
3.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Paul Revere was a silversmith (银匠)
in Boston _________ rode a horse at night on 18 April
1775 to Lexington to warn people that British soldiers were
coming.
that/who
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导限制性
定语从句，先行词是silversmith,指人，关系词在从句中作主语，
故填that/who。
4.(2023·全国乙卷)Even though Britain has a reputation for
less-than-impressive cuisine,it is producing more top class
chefs who appear frequently on our television screens and
_______ recipe books frequently top the best seller lists.
whose
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从
句，先行词是chefs,关系词在从句中作定语，故填whose。
5.(2023·全国乙卷)Those _____ are on the losing side often
have only their things to tell their stories.
who
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从
句，先行词是Those,指人，关系词在从句中作主语，故填who。
Ⅰ.翻译句子
1.桂林市是一个有2 000多年历史的城市。
_______________________________________________________
_______
Guilin is a city which/that has a history of over 2,000
years.
2.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。
_______________________________________________________
_________
3.这是我吃过的最美味的食物。
___________________________________________________
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the
country.
This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
4.她把她感兴趣的物和人都拍摄了下来。
_______________________________________________________
__________________
She took photographs of the things and people that she
was interested in.
5.那些有礼貌的人会备受尊重。
_____________________________________________________
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
Ⅱ.语篇填空
A Girl Who Is Good at Drawing
Mary，1. _______ drawings were shown at the
exhibition last month，is a model student 2. _________ is
often praised for her good works at school. As soon as we
got into the exhibition hall，our attention was attracted by
a very large picture 3. ___________ was hung on the wall
in front of us.#1.1
whose
that/who
that/which
The horse 4. ___________ is in the drawing is exactly
like a real one. The man 5. _________ is riding on it looks
lifelike.
It is the best drawing 6. _____ I have ever seen，and I
should say Mary is the best young painter 7. _____________
__ I have ever heard of. However，you will be quite
mistaken if you think that Mary was born a good painter.
that/which
that/who
that
that/who/whom
One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary
thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before
she became the best young painter 8. _________ is well-
known in her hometown. But if you say that she is so
good at drawing by working hard，I will certainly agree
with you.#1.1.2
that/who(共46张PPT)
UNIT 4
Part 2
核心考点突破
自主预习·课前清障
阅读单词
1.tap vi.& vt. __________________
n. ________________________
轻叩；轻敲；轻拍
水龙头；轻叩；轻敲
2.tube n. ________________________
管子
3.whistle vi. _______________________
vt. _______________________
n. ________________________
吹口哨；发出笛声
吹口哨
哨子(声)；呼啸声
4.procedure n. ________________________
程序，步骤，手续
核心单词
1. ______ adj.镇静的；沉着的
vt.使平静；使镇静
calm
2. _________ n.子夜，午夜
midnight
3. ____ n.援助;帮助;救援物资
vi.& vt.(formal)帮助；援助
aid
4. ______ n.黎明，破晓；开端
dawn
5. _________ n.所有物，资产，财产
property
6. _______ vi.& vt.(struck,struck/stricken)侵袭；突击；击打
n.罢工；罢课；袭击
strike
运用词汇
1.power n.电力供应；能量；力量；控制力→ _________ adj.强
有力的；有权势的；有影响力的→ __________ adj.无力的；无
能为力的
powerful
powerless
2.threaten v.威胁到，危及→ _______ n.威胁，可能会带来危险
的人(事)
3.deliver vt.& vi.递送；传达 vt.发表→ _________ n.投递；交
付；递送；分娩
threat
delivery
4.locate vt.找出……的准确位置→ ________ n.地方；地点
5.length n.长；长度→ _________ vt.使延长；加长 vi.延长；变
长→ _____ adj.长的
6.donate vt.捐赠，赠送→ _________ n.捐赠物；捐赠
location
lengthen
long
donation
重点词块
1. ________________ 远离
2. ___________ 用完；耗尽
3. _________ 现有(尤指帮助)
4. ________________ (在困境中)保持冷静
5. ____________ 消灭；彻底消除
stay away from
run out of
on hand
keep one’s head
sweep away
重点句型
1.我正在做晚饭时，门铃突然响了。(be doing...when...)
___________________________ the doorbell rang.
I was cooking dinner when
2.这个项目预计月底前完成。(be expected to do sth)
The project ___________________________ by the end of
the month.
is expected to be completed
3.他们把按时完成项目定为目标。(it作形式宾语)
They ___________________________ the project on time.
make it their goal to finish
学习理解·语篇解构
［教师备用］
多维解读·深度剖析
powerful
coastlines
swept away
were affected
in Thailand
精研细读·深层理解
1.Where the number of people who were killed in the
tsunami was the largest ( )
B
A.In Indonesia. B.In Sri Lanka.
C.In India. D.In Thailand.
2.Why would it be difficult to deliver food and supplies to
the tsunami-hit countries ( )
D
A.There were no enough trucks.
B.It was still raining heavily.
C.The people in these areas were not willing to accept
these food and supplies.
D.The roads to these areas were damaged.
3.Where can this passage most probably be seen ( )
B
A.A monthly magazine. B.A daily newspaper.
C.A travel brochure. D.An entertainment website.
核心知识·深入探究
1. power n.电力供应；能量；力量；控制力
vt.驱动；推动
powerful adj.强有力的；有权势的；有影响力的
He promised to me that he would do everything in his
power to help me.
他向我保证他会尽全力帮助我。#1.1.1
In some way,people should pay respect to the power of
nature.
从某种角度讲，人类应该敬畏大自然的力量。
Because of the power failure,they had to feel their way in
the darkness.
由于停电，他们不得不在黑暗中摸索着走。#2.2.1
归纳 拓展 have the power to do sth具有做某事的能力
do everything in one’s power to do sth某人尽全力做
某事
come to power开始掌权/执政
beyond one’s power力所不能及的
(1)句子语法填空
①Greatly struck by the beauty of the language,I thought
how even today Shakespeare’s writing remains _________
(power) and true.
powerful
②Cars _________ (power) by electricity are thought to be
more environmentally friendly by many people.
③Human societies have the power _________ (solve) the
problems confronting them.
powered
to solve
(2)完成句子
④To begin with,make sure you keep awake. Besides,
____________________________ (尽全力) to save yourself
actively when waiting for rescue.
do everything in your power
⑤I’m afraid it’s __________________ (力所不能及的) to get
the work done in such a short time.
beyond my power
2. calm adj.镇静的；沉着的
vt. 使平静；使镇静
calmness n.冷静；平静
Calm down！There is nothing to worry about.
冷静下来！没有什么可担心的。#3.1
(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)George,the husband,was trying to be
calm,but I could tell this was hard for him...
丈夫乔治试着冷静下来，但我看得出来，这对他来说很难……#4.1
归纳 拓展 ·calm down平静下来
calm sb down使某人平静下来
·stay/remain/keep calm 保持镇静
①calm意为“镇静的；沉着的”。指无风浪或人的心情不激动。
②quiet意为“宁静的；安静的”。指没有声音、不吵闹或心里没
有烦恼、忧虑。
③silent意为“寂静的；沉默的；不出声的”。指没有声音或不讲
话。
④still意为“静止的；不动的”。指没有运动或动作的状态。
(1)语境选词填空(calm/quiet/silent/still)
①When facing danger,one should keep ______;when taken
photos,one should keep _____;when someone else is
asleep,one should keep ______;when in class,one shouldn’t
keep ______ about the teacher’s questions.
calm
still
quiet
silent
(2)完成句子
②If you are lost in the mountains,
_____________________(保持镇静) in the face of darkness
and loneliness.
stay/remain/keep calm
③When he gets upset,he will take a few deep breaths to
___________________ (使自己平静下来).
calm himself down
3. aid n.援助；帮助；救援物资
vi.& vt.帮助；援助
With the aid of our teachers，we learnt how to perform
first aid.
在老师们的帮助下，我们学会了如何进行急救。
I’d be very grateful if you can aid me with my English.
如果你能帮助我学习英语，我将不胜感激。#1.2.1
归 纳 拓 展 ·give first aid to sb对某人进行急救
with the aid of sb(=with sb’s aid)在某人的帮助下
come to one’s aid过来帮助某人
·aid sb with sth用某物帮助某人；帮助某人某事
aid sb in (doing) sth帮助某人(做)某事
aid sb to do sth帮助某人做某事
(1)句子语法填空
① ______ the aid of a good map,we can easily find the
direction.
②He is very kind and often aids classmates ___ cleaning
the classroom.
③They had the power to aid him ________ his design.
With
in
with/in
(2)翻译句子
④不要担心，我会来帮助你的。
______________________________________
Don’t worry and I’ll come to your aid.
4. strike vi.& vt.侵袭；突击；击打；打动，迷住
n.罢工；罢课；袭击
It strikes me that I can work out with other athletes in
the stadium.
我突然想起，我可以在体育馆和其他运动员一起锻炼。
The failure of their team struck sadness into the captain’s
heart.
他们队的失利让队长很伤心。#1.2.1
归 纳 拓 展 ·be struck by...被……所侵袭；被……打动
sth strikes sb某人想到/意识到某事
It strikes/hits/occurs to sb that...某人突然想起……
strike+钟点 (钟)敲响报时
strike sb+介词+the+身体部位 击打某人某处
·be/go on strike罢工
写出下列句中strike的含义
①A big earthquake struck the city last year,destroying
many buildings.
________________
突然袭击；侵袭
②The children should not run into the road because they
may be struck by a car.
______
③It struck me that I forgot to take my keys when I
arrived at my office.
_____________
撞击
(使)突然想起
④He struck a match and lighted a candle. _________
⑤I got up early this morning before the clock struck five.
___________
⑥The visitors were struck by the beauty of the city.
____________
⑦He fell,striking his head on the edge of the table. _________
擦(火柴)
(时钟)报时
打动，迷住
碰撞
5. deliver vt.& vi.递送；传达
vt.发表
delivery n.投递；交付；递送；分娩
Did you deliver my message to my mother
你把我的信息传达给我母亲了吗？#1.1.1.1
Good evening,everybody. Professor King will be delivering
his lecture in a moment,but let me introduce him first.
大家晚上好。金教授马上就要发表演讲了，请允许我先介绍一
下他。#1.2.1
归纳 拓展 deliver sth to sb把某物递送/运送给某人
deliver a speech发表演讲
deliver a baby接生
(1)句子语法填空
①The woman usually had her water __________ (deliver)
to her house.
②The lecture the professor __________ (deliver) just now is
impressive and inspiring.
③Customers are expected to pay for goods on _________
(deliver).
delivered
delivered
delivery
(2)完成句子
④这位女医生因为接生了很多孩子而出名。
The woman doctor is known for _______________________.
delivering many babies
be doing...when...正在做……，这时……
We were having dinner when someone knocked at the door.
我们正在吃晚饭，突然有人敲门。
We were about to set out when it began to rain.
=We were on the point of setting out when it began to
rain.
我们正要动身，这时开始下雨了。
I had just gone to bed when the telephone rang.
我刚刚上床睡觉，这时电话铃响了。
归 纳 拓 展 ·此句式中when为并列连词，表示“这时；正在那个时
候”，相当于and then和at that moment。
·when用作并列连词的常见句式：
be about to do sth when...正要做某事，这时……
be on the point of doing sth when...正要做某事，这
时……
had just done sth when...刚刚做完某事，这时……
完成句子
①他刚要放弃时被救援人员发现了。
He ___________________________ he was found by rescue
workers.
was about to give up when
②我正在做作业，这时电话铃响了。
I ______________________________ the phone rang.
was doing my homework when
③妈妈刚睡醒，就闻到一阵诱人的食物的味道。
Mother _________________________ she smelt an inviting
smell of food.
had just woken up when(共92张PPT)
UNIT 4
头脑风暴·思维发散
A natural disaster is an event with a natural,as
opposed to human,cause that results in large-scale loss of
life or damage to property. It could be related to
weather,geology,biology or even factors outside the Earth.#1
Part 1
核心考点突破
自主预习·课前清障
阅读单词
1.landslide n.(also landfall) _________________________
2.tornado n.(pl.-oes or-os) __________________________
3.lightning n. ______________________________________
4.tsunami n. ______________________________________
5.magnitude n. ______________________________________
6.lava n. _______________________________________
(山地或悬崖的)崩塌；滑坡
龙卷风；旋风
闪电
海啸
震级；重大
熔岩;岩浆
7.crack n. ____________________
vi.& vt. _______________
裂纹；裂缝
(使)破裂
8.unearth vt. ___________________
9.brick n. ____________________
10.metal n. ____________________
11.orderly adj. __________________
12.volcano n.(pl.-oes or-os) ________
使出土,挖掘,发掘
砖；砖块
金属
有秩序的,有条理的
火山
13.typhoon n. ____________________
14.thunderstorm n. _____________________
15.hurricane n. _____________________
台风
雷暴
(尤指西大西洋的)飓风
核心单词
1. _________ n.旱灾;久旱
2. ________ n.灾难;灾害
drought
disaster
3. ______ n.轨道；足迹
v.跟踪；追踪
track
4. ______ n.洪水;大量
vi.淹没;大量涌入
vt.使灌满水;淹没
flood
5. _______ adj.灵敏的；锋利的；急剧的
6. _______ n.& vt.营救;救援
sharp
rescue
7. ________ vt.损害;破坏
n.损坏;损失
damage
8. ________ v.& n.预测；预报
9. ______ vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动
forecast
affect
10. _______ vi.& vt.发信号，示意
n.信号；标志
signal
11. ________ n.避难处;居所;庇护
vt.保护;掩蔽
vi.躲避(风雨或危险)
shelter
12. _____ n.& vt.破坏;毁坏
13. ______ n.宽慰，轻松
ruin
relief
14. _____ vt.使落入险境;使陷入圈套
n.险境;陷阱
trap
15. _______ n.供应(量);补给;［pl.］补给品
vt.供应;供给
supply
16. __________ adv.否则，不然；除此以外
otherwise
运用词汇
1.inform vt.通知；了解→ ____________ n.信息→ __________
adj.有学问的；有见识的→ ____________ adj.有教育意义的
2.shock n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊→ _________
adj.令人震惊的→ _________ adj.震惊的;惊讶的
3.destructive adj.引起破坏(或毁灭)的→ ________ v.破坏→
___________ n.破坏
information
informed
informative
shocking
shocked
destroy
destruction
4.wisdom n.智慧；才智→ _____ adj.明智的→ _______ adv.聪
明地；明智地→ ________ adj.不明智的
5.revive vt.& vi.复活;(使)苏醒→ ________ n.振兴;复苏
6.announcement n.通告，公告→ __________ vt.通告，公告
7.suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→
_________ n.折磨；苦难
8.survive vi.生存；存活 vt.幸存；艰难度过→ _________ n.幸
存；残存物→ _________ n.幸存者；生还者
wise
wisely
unwise
revival
announce
suffering
survival
survivor
9.distance n.遥远；久远；距离→ ________ adj.遥远的→
_________ adv.远离地
10.bury vt.埋葬；安葬→ _______ adj.专心致志的
distant
distantly
buried
重点词块
1. _______________ 安然无恙的
2. _______ 建立
3. ______ 似乎；好像；仿佛
4. _________ 被……想到；浮现在……脑中
5. _________ 严重受损；破败不堪
6. ______________ 让某人宽慰的是
safe and sound
set up
as if
occur to
in ruins
to one’s relief
7. _________ 震惊；吃惊
8. ____________ 遭受
9. _____________ 弥补，补偿
in shock
suffer from
make up for
重点句型
1.她太紧张了，不敢在公众面前讲话。(too...to...)
She was ______________________________.
too nervous to speak in public
2.她每到一处旅行，都会交到很多朋友。(everywhere引导地点
状语从句)
_______________________，she makes a lot of friends.
Everywhere she travels
3.他好像对这个计划不感兴趣。(It seemed as if...)
________________________ not interested in the plan.
It seemed as if he were
4.这项任务不可能在一天内完成。(主语+be+adj.+to do)
The task ______________________ in one day.
is impossible to finish
5.那本封面很漂亮的书很受欢迎。(whose引导定语从句)
The book ____________________________ is very popular.
whose cover is very beautiful
学习理解·语篇解构
多维解读·深度剖析
too nervous to eat
to hide
were heard
cut across
in ruins
provide medical care
精研细读·深层理解
1.In what order did the writer write the text ( )
B
A.In order of place. B.In order of time.
C.In order of importance. D.In order of position.
2.What are the second and third paragraphs mainly
about ( )
A
A.The great loss the earthquake caused to Tangshan.
B.The number of people killed or injured.
C.When and where the earthquake happened.
D.The cause of the big earthquake in Tangshan.
3.What does the last sentence “Slowly,the city began to
breathe again.” in the last but one paragraph
mean ( )
D
A.People who were trapped came to life.
B.The trees turned green.
C.The animals began to breathe.
D.The city returned to normal gradually.
核心知识·深入探究
1. rescue n.& vt.营救；救援
An official from the rescue centre said the rescue operation
was a race against time.
救援中心的一名官员表示，救援行动就是与时间赛跑。
With the help of a ladder,neighbours were able to rescue
the trapped woman from the big fire.
邻居们借助一把梯子把受困的女士从大火中救了出来。
归纳 拓展 ·rescue sb/sth from ...从……中营救某人/某物
·come to one’s rescue=rescue sb援救某人
句子语法填空
①At noon we finally ________ (rescue) the tourists who
were trapped in the valley.
rescued
②He and his classmates were crying on the playground,not
knowing what was going on,when the rescue workers came
___ their rescue.
to
③The firemen rescued six children ______ the burning
house yesterday.
from
A fire broke out in that building yesterday and the Smiths
were caught in the fire.The rescue team immediately came
to their rescue and rescued all the family from the big fire.
昨天那栋楼里发生了火灾,史密斯一家被困在了火中。救援队立
即赶来援救,把这一家人全都从大火中救出来了。
2. damage vt.损害；破坏
n.损坏；损失
(2023·浙江1月卷)Habitat loss,pesticide use,and climate change
have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over
the past couple of decades,which has damaged the US
agricultural economy.
在过去的几十年里，栖息地的丧失、灭虫剂的使用以及气候变
化已经导致了传粉昆虫数量的急剧下降，这破坏了美国的农业
经济。
Once,when trying a certain trick on the beam(横杆)，I fell
onto the stones,damaging a nerve in my hand...
一次，我在尝试横杆滑板技巧的时候，摔倒在石头上，伤到了
手上的神经……#1.2.1
归纳 拓展 ·cause/do damage to对……造成损害
pay for the damage赔偿损失
·damage one’s health损害某人的健康
(1)句子语法填空
①The old lady did everything in her power to protect the
old temple from _______________ (damage).
②The storm did some damage ___ the crops.
being damaged
to
(2)一句多译
众所周知，白色垃圾会对环境造成很大的危害。
③ ____________________________________________________
____________ (damage vt.)
④ ____________________________________________________
____________ (damage n.)
It’s well known that white trash greatly damages the
environment.
As we all know,white trash does great damage to the
environment.
3. affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动
effect n.作用；影响；结果；效果
As far as I’m concerned,following others’ advice without
thinking will affect our own decision.
在我看来，不假思索地接受他人的意见将影响我们自己的决
定。
Affected by the professor’s inspiring speech,she determined
to be a scientist in her future.
被教授鼓舞人心的演讲深深打动，她决定将来要成为一名科学
家。#1.2.1
归 纳 拓 展 ·be affected by 受……的影响；被……深深打动
be affected with 感染……疾病
·have an effect/influence/impact on
对……有影响
(1)句子语法填空
①Last week,the big storm ________ (affect) the village
greatly,destroying houses and causing a few deaths.
②Affected _____ a bad cold,Tom still continued to do his
work.
affected
with
(2)完成句子
③ ____________ (被……深深地打动) the story in the
book,the little boy couldn’t hold back his tears.
Affected by
④Scientists are convinced that laughter __________________
_______________________ (对……有积极的影响) people’s
physical and mental health.
has a positive
effect/influence/impact on
4. ruin n.& vt.破坏；毁坏
The whole city lay in ruins after the earthquake，which
made us awake all night.
地震之后整个城市成了一片废墟，这让我们彻夜未眠。
The sudden coming of the shower ruined our picnic in the
park last Sunday.
上周日突如其来的阵雨毁了我们在公园的野餐。#2.1
归 纳 拓 展 ·lie/be in ruins成为废墟；严重受损；破败不堪
fall into ruin灭亡；毁坏；败落
·ruin one’s future/health/fame毁掉某人的前程/健康/名誉
damage 表示“损害；破坏”，主要指对价值和功能的破坏，多
用于无生命的事物，一般可以修复
destroy 表示“摧毁；毁灭”，主要指通过某种有力的或粗暴的
手段使之毁灭或变得无用，一般不能或很难恢复
ruin 表示“破坏；毁坏”，表示严重破坏，以致不能修复，
但这种破坏不像destroy那样毁灭得彻底，而是强调
致使某物的使用价值产生了问题
(1)句子语法填空
①With time going on,the castle which was once a beautiful
sight is now totally ___ ruins.
②Shortly after suffering from a big earthquake and being
reduced to ______ (ruin),the city took on a new look.
③He made a mistake, ________ (ruin) his chance to be
promoted as the manager of the company.
in
ruins
ruining
(2)完成句子
④He is a man of vision and thought,and will not let these
little things _________________________ (毁掉他的大好前程).
ruin his promising future
5. shock n.震惊；令人震惊的事；休克
vt.(使)震惊
shocked adj.震惊的；惊讶的
shocking adj.令人震惊的
Rescue workers were shocked by what they saw.
救援人员被眼前的景象惊呆了。
I looked at him in shock,waiting for him to tell me that I
had misunderstood everything.
我震惊地望着他，等着他告诉我，这一切都是我的误解。#5.1
归 纳 拓 展 ·be a shock to sb使……吃惊
in shock 震惊；吃惊
to one’s shock 令某人震惊的是
·be shocked at/by sth 对……吃惊
be shocked to do sth 做某事很吃惊
be shocked that 对……感到吃惊
句子语法填空
①The boy lay on the beach,exhausted and _________
(shock).
shocked
②Of course，there are some people who find the decision
_________ (shock) and unreasonable，but there are more
people who think it’s fine.
shocking
③Everybody was ___ shock when hearing they would take
a test on Sunday instead of having a picnic.
④His situation was ___ great shock to all of us.
in
a
6. trap vt.使落入险境；使陷入圈套
n.险境；陷阱
When travelling they were trapped in the mountain,waiting
to be rescued.
旅行时，他们被困在山上，等待救援。
It was too late for the rat to realise that it was a trap
waiting for the rat.
老鼠意识到这是一个等待它的陷阱，但为时已晚。
Rescuers were still working their way towards the trapped
men.
营救人员仍在艰难地向被困者的方向前进。#1.6
归 纳 拓 展 ·be trapped in...被困在……；陷入……中
trap sb into (doing) sth 诱使某人(做)某事/陷入某事
·set a trap for给……设置陷阱；布下圈套
fall into a trap落入圈套/陷阱
句子语法填空
①He tried to save two tourists who __________________
(trap) in the mountains for two days.
②If you choose this way,you will probably fall into ___
trap.
③The little rabbit was smart and swift,avoiding falling
_____ the trap set by the fox.
had been trapped
a
into
7. bury vt.埋葬；安葬
She held her mother closely,burying her head against her
mother’s shoulder.
她紧紧地抱住她的妈妈，把头靠在她妈妈的肩上。
He buries himself in the medicine research,which he
believes will save many people’s lives.
他潜心于医学研究，他相信这将挽救许多人的生命。
He is buried in writing his novel;in other words,he can’t
spare any time to take a trip with us.
他埋头写小说；换句话说，他抽不出一点时间和我们一起去旅
行。#3.1
归纳 拓展 bury one’s face/head in one’s hands双手掩面/捂头
bury oneself in (doing) sth=be buried in (doing) sth
埋头于/专心于(做)某事
(1)完成句子
①Upon hearing the news,he ____________________________
(双手掩面).
buried his face in his hands
(2)一句多译
由于埋头读书，他不知道外面下雪了。
② ____________________________________________________
_______________ (使用burying作状语)
③ ____________________________________________________
_______(使用buried作状语)
Burying himself in reading,he didn’t know it was
snowing outside.
Buried in reading,he didn’t know it was snowing
outside.
8. effort n.努力；艰难的尝试；尽力
(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)You can view these practices as a
toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist
lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
你可以将这些做法视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合
自己个人情况的极简主义生活方式。
(2022·全国乙卷)...but long-distance friendships—even close
ones—may require more conscious effort to sustain.
但是异地友谊——即使是关系亲密的友谊——可能需要更加自
觉地去努力维系。#2.1
归 纳 拓 展 put one’s effort into doing sth把某人的精力投入到做某事
中
make an effort/efforts to do sth努力/尽力做某事
spare no effort to do sth不遗余力地做某事
with/without effort费力地/毫不费力地
(1)句子语法填空
①Parents often arrange everything for their children and
spare no effort ________ (help) their children achieve
success.
to help
②I don’t like to make friends with people who don’t make
____ effort.
an
(2)一句多译
我们将竭尽全力帮你走出困境。
③
___________________________________________________
(make every effort)
We will make every effort to help you out of trouble.
④ _________________________________________________
(spare no effort)
We will spare no effort to help you out of trouble.
9. suffer vt.遭受；蒙受
vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦
suffering n.苦难；痛苦；疼痛；折磨
sufferer n.受难者；患病者
If I choose not to learn from people of great virtue,I will
suffer a great loss.
如果我不肯向品德优秀的人学习，我的损失是很大的。
There are always some ups and downs in our lives,but it is
the suffering that make us stronger.
生活中总有一些起起伏伏，但是正是苦难让我们更加坚强。
归纳 拓展 suffer from 患……病；因……而受苦；遭受
suffer losses/pain遭受损失/痛苦
完成句子
①已经筹集了很多钱来帮助遭受洪灾的人们。
Much money has been raised to help those ______________
__________.
suffering from
the floods
②尽管遭受如此严重的自然灾害，但只要不灰心，我们终会克
服困难。
Although ________________ such a serious natural
disaster,we’ll eventually overcome the difficulty as long as
we don’t lose heart.
we are suffering
10. supply n.供应(量)；补给；[pl.]补给品
vt.供应；供给
Low-priced goods of good quality are always in short
supply.
物美价廉的商品总是供不应求。
The government has supplied plenty of food and clothes to
the local people since the earthquake occurred.
→The government has supplied the local people with plenty
of food and clothes since the earthquake occurred.
政府在地震发生后已经向当地人民提供了大量的食物和衣服。#1.2.1.1
归纳 拓展 ·in short supply 供应不足
·supply sth to sb向某人提供某物
supply sb with sth给某人供应某物
表示“给某人提供某物”的其他表达：
provide sb with sth=provide sth for sb
offer sb sth=offer sth to sb
(1)一句多译
这个图书馆非常大，可以提供你需要的各种书籍。
①This library is very large and can ____________________
______________ that you need.
②This library is very large and can _____________________
_____ that you need ___ you.
supply you with all
kinds of books
supply all kinds of
books
to
(2)句子语法填空
③I want to know the reason why the fresh fruit is ___
short supply in this area.
④Food _________ (supply) in the flood-hit area are
running out.
in
supplies
11. survive vi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艰难度过
survivor n.幸存者；生还者
survival n.幸存；残存物
(2023·浙江1月卷)Had she managed to find her way back
home,or was she still out there somewhere struggling to
survive
她是已经找到了回家的路还是仍然在某个地方努力地生存呢？#3.1
She survived her husband by ten years,which can be owing
to her healthy lifestyle.
她比她丈夫多活了十年，这可能得益于她健康的生活方式。#4.1
归 纳 拓 展 survive sth幸免于/从……中挺过来/活过来
survive from...从……存活下来
survive on...依靠……生存下来
A survive B by...A比B活得长……
(1)写出下列句中survive的含义
①The traveller trapped in the lonely island survived on the
fish caught in the sea.
____________
生存；存活
②He was very lucky that he didn’t starve to death,and
survived the cold winter.
__________
③The old lady has survived her elder brother by ten years.
______________
艰难度过
比……活得长
(2)完成句子
④据我所知，他在沙漠里靠一瓶水活了下来。
As far as I know,he ____________ a bottle of water in the
desert.
survived on
as if/though 引导的从句
Look at the dark clouds in the sky！It looks as if it is
going to rain. Let’s hurry up.
看看天上的乌云！看起来像是要下雨，咱们快一点。
The country,covered with cherry blossoms,looks as if it
were covered with pink snow.(与现在事实相反)
开满樱花的乡村，看起来犹如铺满了粉红色的雪。
He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
(与过去事实相反)
他说起罗马来就好像他以前去过那里似的。
He opened his mouth as if he would say something.
(与将来事实相反)
他张开嘴好像要说点什么。#4.1
完成句子
①当把一支铅笔的一部分放进水中，它看上去就像断了一样。
When a pencil is partly put into water,it looks as if
_______________.
it were broken
②他非常沮丧，似乎被扔进了一片悲伤的海洋。
He was quite upset and it seemed as if __________________
______________________________.
he had been
thrown into an ocean of sadness
③看起来会议好像永不会结束。
It seems as if ________________________________________.
the meeting would never come to an end
进阶提升·写作微练
场景描写
1.be in a mess乱七八糟
2.be in complete disorder凌乱不堪
3.be trapped in the dark 被困在黑暗中
4.be reduced to ruins成为废墟
5.be in chaos一片混乱
6.be swallowed by...被……吞没#6
7.be blanketed in被……笼罩
8.be scattered across the ground 散落在地面上
9.be consumed by the big fire被大火吞噬#9
1.After a flash of lightning and a burst of thunder,rain
started to pour down,beating heavily against the windows.
电闪雷鸣过后，大雨倾盆而下，重重地敲打着窗户。
2.Through the heavy rain,people can vaguely see the
collapsed houses and bridges.
透过大雨，人们隐约能看到那些倒塌的房屋和桥梁。
3.Waves about ten metres high came rushing in,drowning
everything.
约10米的巨浪喷涌而入，淹没了一切。
4.After the earthquake,the area was in chaos:no
electricity,roads blocked,injured people everywhere.
地震过后，那个地区一片混乱：没有电，道路堵塞，到处是受
伤的人。
1.我们的露营地位于森林深处，随着所有物资被大火吞噬，我
们几乎彻底与外界断了联系。
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Our campsite was deep in the forest,so with all of our
supplies consumed by the big fire,we were almost
completely cut off from the outside world.
2.一会儿，整个房子便被大火吞噬，这让人们感到非常惊恐。
_______________________________________________________
______________________________________
In a minute,the entire house was consumed by the big
fire,which deeply frightened the people.
课文二次开发利用
［教师备用］
课文语法填空
Many strange things had happened before Tangshan
earthquake happened. The well walls had deep cracks.
Some 1. _______ (smell) gas came out of wells. Chickens
and even pigs were too nervous to eat. At 3:42 a.m. 2. ____
smelly
on
28 July 1976,everything began to shake. It seemed as if the
world 3. _____________ (come) to an end. Hard hills of
rock became rivers of dirt. In less than one minute,the
whole city lay in 4. ______ (ruin).Two thirds of the people
died or were injured. Everything in the city was destroyed.
People 5. ______________ (shock) at this and wondered how
long the disaster would last.
were coming
ruins
were shocked
The army organised teams to dig out those 6. _____
were trapped and to bury the dead. Workers built shelters
for survivors. Fresh water and food 7. ____________ (take)
to the city. Slowly,the city began 8. ___________ (breathe)
again. With strong support from the government and the
tireless efforts of the city’s people,9. ___ new Tangshan was
built upon the earthquake ruins. It has proved that in
times of disaster,people must unify and show the 10.
who
were taken
to breathe
a
________ (wise) to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter
future.#2
wisdom
