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新人教版必修第一册 Unit4知识清单
重 点 单 词 1.supply n. 供应(量);补给;(pl.)补给品 vt. 供应;供给 2.ruin n.&vt. 破坏;毁坏 3.bury vt. 埋葬;安葬 4.trap vt. 使落入险境;使陷入圈套 n. 险境;陷阱→trapped/trapped/trapping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 5.sweep vt.&vi. 打扫;清扫→swept/swept/sweeping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6.strike vi.&vt. 侵袭;突击;击打 n. 罢工;罢课;袭击→struck/struck/striking (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 7.slide vi.&vt. (使)滑行;滑动→slid/slid/sliding (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 8.tap vi.&vt. 轻叩;轻敲;轻拍 n. 水龙头;轻叩;轻敲 9.damage vt. 损害;破坏 n. 损坏;损失 10.destroy vt. 摧毁;毁灭→destroyed/destroyed (过去式/过去分词) 11.shelter n. 避难处;居所;庇护 vt. 保护;掩蔽 vi. 躲避(风雨或危险) 12.crash vt.&vi. 碰撞;撞击 n. 撞车;碰撞 13.wave n. 海浪;波浪 vi.&vt. 挥手;招手 14.aid n. 援助;帮助;救援物资 vi.&vt. 帮助;援助 15.emergency n. 突发事件;紧急情况 16.crack n. 裂纹;裂缝 vi.&vt. (使)破裂 17.whistle v. 吹口哨;发出笛声 n. 哨子(声);呼啸声 18.summary n. 总结;概括;概要 19.unify vi.&vt. 统一;(使)成 一体 20.context n. 上下文;语境;背景 21.disaster n. 灾难;灾害 22.percent n. 百分之…… adj.&adv. 每一百中 23.brick n. 砖;砖块 24.metal n. 金属 25.electricity n. 电;电能 26.helicopter n. 直升机 27.kit n. 成套工具;成套设备 28.pipe n. 管子;管道
词 汇 拓 展 1.power n. 电力供应;能量;力量;控制力→powerful adj. 强大的;强有力的→(反) powerless adj. 无力的;没有能力的;无权力的 2.shock n. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt. (使)震惊→shocked adj. 震惊的→shocking adj. 令人震惊的 3.affect vt. 影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动→affection n.感情 4.effort n. 努力;艰难的尝试;尽力→effortless adj. 不需费力的 5.calm adj. 镇静的;沉着的 vt. 使平静;使镇静→calmly adv. 镇静地;沉着地 6.deliver vt.&vi. 递送;传达 vt. 发表→delivery n. 递送;传达 7.effect n. 影响;结果;效果→effective adj. 有效的 8.survive vi. 生存;存活 vt. 幸存;艰难度过→survivor n. 幸存者;生还者→survival n. 幸存;生还 9.flood n. 洪水;大量 vi. 淹没;大量涌入 vt. 使灌满水;淹没→flooded adj. 洪水泛滥的 10.breathe vi.&vt. 呼吸→breath n.呼吸 11.revive vt.&vi. 复活;(使)苏醒→revival n. 振兴;复苏 12.suffer vt. 遭受;蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→suffering n. 痛苦;苦难→sufferer n. 受苦者 13.wisdom n. 智慧;才智→wise adj. 明智的;有智慧的→wisely adv. 明智地;有智慧地 14.rescue n.&vt. 营救;救援→rescuer n. 营救人员;救援人员 15.death n. 死;死亡→die vi. 死;死亡→dead adj. 死的;无生命的→dying adj. 垂死的;临终的 16.erupt vi.&vt. (火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出→eruption n. 爆发 17.length n. 长;长度→long adj. 长的→lengthen vt. 加长
重 点 短 语 1．volcanic eruption火山喷发 2．as if似乎；好像；仿佛 3．in ruins严重受损；破败不堪 4．in shock震惊；吃惊 5．in the open air露天；在户外 6．first aid kit急救箱 7．on hand现有(尤指帮助) 8．sweep away消灭；彻底消除
重 点 句 型 1．Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat，and dogs refused to go inside buildings. 鸡甚至连猪都太紧张而不能吃东西，狗也不愿意进屋里去。 2．Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 地震刚刚过去，部队派出了15万名战士奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。 3．The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday，killing more than 6,500 people in Indonesia，India，Thailand，Malaysia，and at least four other countries. 过去40年来最强的一次地震引起的海啸昨天登陆了亚洲海岸，造成印度尼西亚、印度、泰国、马来西亚以及其他至少四个国家的6,500多人死亡。 4．I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. 我正和我的三个孩子一起吃早饭，突然海水开始灌到我家。 5．However，dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies. 然而，危险的状况以及受损的道路将会使得运送食物和物资变得困难。
阅读课文内容， 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
At about 3：00 a. m. on 28 July 1976, people in the city of Tangshan were asleep as usual without thinking 1 of the strange signs of the earthquake.
At 3：42 a. m., everything began 2 (shake). One of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century began eleven kilometers 3 (direct) below the city. It even caused damage more than 150 kilometers away in Beijing. In less than one minute, a large city lay 4 ruins. Two 5 (three) of the people died or were injured during the earthquake.
Nearly everything 6 (destroy) in the city. Most of the buildings were gone and many farm animals died. Then, later that afternoon, 7 big quake shook Tangshan. Even more 8 (build) fell down. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.
But hope was not lost. The army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan. Hundreds of thousands of people 9 (help). Slowly, the city began to breathe again. In times of disaster, people must unify and 10 (show) the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
【答案】
1．much 2．to shake 3．directly 4．in 5．thirds 6．was destroyed 7．another 48．building 9．were helped 10．show
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了唐山大地震这一灾难。
1．考查副词。句意：1976年7月28日凌晨3点左右，唐山市的人们像往常一样睡着了，没有重视地震的奇怪迹象。think much of 重视。故填much。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：凌晨3点42分，一切都开始摇晃起来。短语begin to do sth.意为“开始做某事”，不定式作宾语。故填to shake。
3．考查副词。句意：20世纪最致命的地震之一正始于城市正下方11公里处。修饰介词短语below the city用副词形式。故填directly。
4．考查介词。句意：不到一分钟的时间，一座城市就成为了废墟。短语in ruins意为“沦为废墟”。故填in。
5．考查数词。句意：三分之二的人在地震中死亡或受伤。 分数的表达为分子用基数词，分母用序数词。 分子是1时，分母序数词用单数形式；分子大于1时，分母用复数形式, 序数词加-s。故填thirds。
6．考查时态语态。句意：这个城市里的一切都被摧毁了。主语everything和destroy之间为被动关系，且发生在过去，所以使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was destroyed。
7．考查形容词。句意：那天下午唐山又发生了另外一次强震。结合上文凌晨发生的地震，下午是发生了另外一次强震，another另一的；又一个的。故填another。
8．考查名词。句意：甚至有更多建筑倒塌了。分析句子结构可知，谓语动词前需要名词作主语，前有修饰词more，要使用名词复数。故填buildings。
9．考查时态语态。句意：成千上万的人得到了帮助。主语people和help之间为被动关系，且发生在过去，使用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were helped。
10．考查情态动词+动词原形。句意：在灾难时期，人们必须团结起来，展示智慧，保持积极，重建更光明的未来。前有情态动词must后加动词原形，and并列连接两个谓语动词，形式一致。故填show。
知识点
1.affect vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动
[教材原句] 82 killed,500,000 affected (P49) 82人丧生,50万人受影响
【词块必记】
(1)be affected by 受……的影响；被……感动
be affected/infected by 感染……疾病
(2)affection n. 喜爱
show/have/feel much/an affection for... (非常)喜欢……，(非常)喜爱……
(3)effect n. 作用；影响
have an effect on /upon sth 对……产生影响
in effect事实上;实际上;有效的
come into effect/take effect(法律、规划或制度)生效;实施
of no effect 没有效果的;没有影响的
side effect副作用
put/bring sth into effect实施;实行;使生效
cause and effect因果
(4)effective adj.有效的
effectively adv.有效地;实际上
【即时练】
[写出下列句中affect的含义]
(1)The places where we live can affect our thoughts and behaviours. __________
(2)Deeply affected by the film,the audience couldn’t hold back tears._____________
(3)A lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.___________
[单句语法填空]
(4)As I _________by the show the White Snake Legend,I began to develop a deep ________ for Peking Opera. (affect)
(5)Sandstorms also reduce visibility,________ (affect) airplanes and road transportation.
(6)鲁迅一生创作了大量的小说，对中国文学产生了深远的影响。
During his lifetime, Lu Xun wrote a great number of excellent novels，_______________________________________．
(7)I was deeply affected by the film Hi Mom and couldn't hold back tears.
→______________________，I couldn't hold back tears.(分词短语作状语)
(8)交通问题不仅影响着我们的日常生活,而且也可能威胁到人们的生命。
The traffic issue not only ____________________,but may also threaten people’s lives.
答案: (1)影响 (2)(感情上)深深打动 (3)(疾病)侵袭,使感染 (4)was affected affection (5)affecting (6)all of which have a profound effect on Chinese literature (7)Deeply affected by the film Hi Mom (8)affects our everyday life
解析：
(1) 影响 解析：此处指居住环境对思想和行为产生的作用
(2) 深深打动 解析：表示观众被电影情感打动
(3) 侵袭 解析：指身体容易被疾病感染侵袭
(4) was affected; affection 解析：第一空为被动语态；第二空需用名词形式
(5) affecting 解析：现在分词作结果状语
(6) which had a profound effect on Chinese literature 解析：考查 have an effect on 短语
(7) Deeply affected by the film Hi Mom 解析：过去分词短语作状语
(8) affects our daily life 解析：考查 not only...but also... 结构中的动词形式
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国甲卷] Regular exercise is more ________ (effect) in improving sleep quality than any other method.
答案： effective 解析：形容词作表语。
[2024 北京卷] We need to take ________ (effect) measures to protect endangered species.
答案：effective 解析：形容词作定语修饰 measures。
2.bury vt.埋葬；安葬
[教材原句]Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
地震发生后不久，部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中抢救出来，并掩埋了死者。
【词块必记】
(1) bury... in... 把……埋到……里；使……沉浸于……
bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面
(2)be buried in... = Bury oneself in (doing.)... 埋头于；专心于；沉浸于
表示“专心于；致力于”的短语还有：
①be absorbed/engaged in
②be devoted to=devote oneself to
③be lost in =lose oneself in
④focus/concentrate on
⑤ be immersed in 沉浸在
⑥fix/concentrate one's attention on
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①The girl was sitting on the bench in the park, ________ (bury) herself in the book.
②Though _________(bury) in the ruins for about 70 hours after the earthquake, the man managed to survive.
[写美句]——句式升级
Because he buried himself in playing the flute, he didn't know it was raining .
→③______________ playing the flute , he was not aware it was raining . (现在分词短语作状语)
→④__________ playing the flute, he was not aware it was raining . (过去分词短语作状语)
[佳句]⑤He _______________________________ when his team lost the game.
当他的球队输掉比赛时，他掩面而泣。
答案:①burying ②buried ③Burying himself in ④Buried in
⑤buried his face in his hands and wept
解析：①burying 解析：现在分词作伴随状语
②buried 解析：过去分词作让步状语
③Burying himself in 解析：现在分词短语作原因状语
④Buried in 解析：过去分词短语作原因状语
⑤buried his face in his hands and cried 解析：考查 bury one's face in one's hands 短语
【高考真题链接】
[2024 浙江卷]________ (bury) in his research, Professor Wang often forgets to have meals.
答案：Buried 解析：过去分词作原因状语。
3.effort n. 努力;艰难的尝试;尽力
[教材原句] With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people,a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.(P50) 在政府的大力支持和全市人民的不懈努力下,一个崭新的唐山在地震废墟上崛起。
【词块必记】
with great effort努力
without effort毫不费力地
in an effort to do sth为了做某事
put effort into (doing) sth努力做某事
spare no effort to do sth不遗余力地做某事
it takes effort to do sth做某事需要努力
make every effort to do sth尽全力做某事
make an effort/efforts to do sth努力做某事
【即时练】
【单句语法填空】
①A good environment depends on the ______(effort) made by everyone.
②No one can achieve anything _______effort.
(3)父母为孩子安排好一切,不遗余力地为他们的成功铺路。
Parents arrange everything for their children and ______________ pave the way for their success.
(4)我厌恶那些不努力的人。
I dislike people who don’t ______________.
(5)公司为节省资金解雇了150名工人。
The company has laid off 150 workers ____________________save money.
答案:(1)efforts 解析：可数名词复数形式
(2)without 解析：固定搭配 without effort
(3)spare no effort to解析：考查固定短语
(4)make an effort 解析：需补充宾语使句意完整
(5)in an effort to 解析：表示目的的短语
【高考真题链接】
[2023 新高考 Ⅰ 卷] Scientists have made great ________ (effort) to develop effective vaccines against COVID-19.
答案：efforts 解析：固定搭配 make great efforts
[2024 全国乙卷] We should spare no effort _______ (protect) our natural environment.
答案：to protect 解析：spare no effort to do sth 结构
4.supply n. [pl.] 补给品;供应(量);补给vt. 供应;供给
[教材原句] The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.(P52) 向灾区提供的物资是从全国各地收集来的。
【词块必记】
(1)water supply供水
be in short supply供不应求
a supply/supplies of...……的供应
supply and demand供求关系
medical supplies 医疗用品
(2)supply sb/sth with sth=supply sth to sb/sth给……提供某物
[联想] 表示“为某人提供某物”的短语还有：
provide sb. with sth.＝provide sth. for sb.
offer sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb.
give away sth. to sb.
[名师点津]
supply作名词,表示“补给品”时,要用复数形式,即supplies。
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
(1) They used the money to ________ the school with new textbooks.
(2) Food ________ (supply) in the flood-stricken area are running out.
(3) During the outbreak of the epidemic, medical masks were ____ short supply in every area.
一句多译
政府在地震后已经向当地人民提供了大量的食物和衣物。(supply)
(4)The government ____________________________ the local people since the earthquake occurred.
(5)The government ________________________________________ since the earthquake occurred.
答案:
(1) supply 解析：动词原形，不定式符号 to 后接动词原形
(2) supplies 解析：表示 "补给品" 时用复数形式
(3) in 解析：固定搭配 in short supply
(4) has supplied plenty of food and clothes to 解析：supply sth. to sb. 结构
(5) has supplied the local people with plenty of food and clothes 解析：supply sb. with sth. 结构
【高考真题链接】
[2023 浙江卷] Local farmers ________ (supply) fresh vegetables to the city every morning.
答案：supply 解析：一般现在时
[2024 新高考 Ⅱ 卷] The organization provides food and medical ________ (supply) to the refugees.
答案：supplies 解析：medical supplies 为固定搭配
5.shock n. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt. (使)震惊
[教材原句] People were in shock—and then,later that afternoon,another big quake shook Tangshan again.(P50) 人们惊呆了——接着,在那天下午晚些时候,另一场大地震再次震撼了唐山。
【词块必记】
(1)be a shock to ... 使……吃惊
in shock 震惊；吃惊
(2)shocked adj. 震惊的；惊讶的
be shocked at/by 对……吃惊
be shocked to do sth. 做某事很吃惊
(3)shocking adj. 令人震惊的
(4) cultural shock 文化冲突
[名师点津]
shock表示“吃惊;震惊;令人震惊的事情”时是可数名词,表示“(身心受到的)打击;震惊”和“休克”时是不可数名词。
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
(1)Everyone in the street ________ (shock) when they heard the news.
(2)________ (shock) by the explosion,people ran about in the street.
(3)His not passing the final exam was a great shock________ his parents.
(4)We are _________ (shock) that so many people were injured or died in the Wenchuan earthquake.
(5)The news of his sudden death is so _______ that everyone is very much shocked at it.(shock)
答案:
(1) was shocked 解析：一般过去时的被动语态
(2) Shocked 解析：过去分词作原因状语
(3) to 解析：固定搭配 a shock to sb.
(4) shocked 解析：过去分词作表语
(5) shocking 解析：现在分词作表语表示事物特征
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国乙卷] People were ________ (shock) to hear about the sudden death of the famous actor.
答案：shocked 解析：过去分词作表语。
[2024 北京卷] The ________ (shock) news spread quickly across the whole country.
答案：shocking 解析：形容词作定语。
6.suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦
[教材原句]Some were found alive,though they were suffering from terrible injuries,but others had already stopped breathing when they were discovered.(P51) 有些人被发现时还活着,虽然他们受了重伤,但其他人被发现时已经停止了呼吸。
【词块必记】
(1)suffer pain/defeat/hardship/damage 遭受痛苦/失败/艰难/破坏
suffer from 受……折磨；患……病
(2)suffering n. 痛苦；苦恼；让人痛苦的事
sufferer n. 受难者；患病者
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
(1)Among obese children,about 30 percent also suffer ________high levels of blood sugar and fat.
(2)The old man is said to have gone through varieties of ________ (suffer) during the war.
(3)尽管遭受如此严重的自然灾害,但只要不灰心,我们终会克服困难。
______________________________________________________________________________.
答案:
(1) from 解析：固定搭配 suffer from
(2) sufferings 解析：名词复数形式
(3) Though suffering from such a serious natural disaster, we will eventually overcome the difficulties as long as we don't lose heart. 解析：考查 suffer from 短语及让步状语
【高考真题链接】
[2023 新高考 Ⅱ 卷] Many people ________ (suffer) from sleep problems due to heavy work pressure.
答案：suffer 解析：一般现在时
[2024 全国甲卷] The ________ (suffer) from the flood have received timely relief from the government.
答案：sufferers 解析：名词形式表示 "受难者"
7.come to an end 结束；终结
【词块必记】
(1)at the end of 在……尽头；在……末端
by the end of 到……结束时；到……时候为止(常与完成时态连用)
in the end 最后；终于
be at an end 结束
(2)put/bring ... to an end
put an end to ... 使……结束
come to an end 完成；结束
(3) make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵；量入为出
(4) end up with 以……结束
end up doing 最终在做某事
【即时练】
1.At first she refused to admit her mistake , but she ended up ___________ (apologize) to the public．There was no doubt that her acting career ___________________( 即将结束）.
2.When our day’s work was ________________, everybody felt tired and hungry.
当一天工作结束时，大家觉得又累又饿。
3.He tried many times to pass the exam and _____________ he succeeded.他尝试了许多次，最后终于成功通过了。
答案：
1.apologizing; was coming to an end 解析：end up doing 结构；过去将来时
2.at an end 解析：固定短语表示状态
3.in the end 解析：表示最终结果
【高考真题链接】
[2024 浙江卷] By the end of last year, the project _______________ (come) to an end successfully.
答案：had come 解析：by the end of last year 需用过去完成时
8.in ruins严重受损；破败不堪；成为废墟；毁灭
[教材原句] In less than one minute,a large city lay in ruins.(P50) 不到一分钟,一座大城市化为了废墟。
【词块必记】
(1)ruin oneself自我毁灭
ruin one’s hope/chance/fame/future毁坏某人的希望/机会/名誉/未来
(2)in ruins严重受损;破败不堪
be/lie in ruins成为废墟;毁灭
fall into ruins成为废墟
bring...to ruin使……毁灭;使……没落
【即时练】
1.Shortly after suffering from an earthquake and being reduced to ______ (ruin), the city took on a new look.
2.The whole town ________ (ruin) by the terrible hurricane last night.
3.我们的假期被台风给毁了。Our vacation ________ by the typhoon.
4.宫殿被彻底摧毁了,而不是轻微受损,无法修复,留下的只是废墟。
The palace was destroyed completely rather than was slightly damaged,which can’t be repaired,____________.
答案：
1.ruins 解析：固定搭配 reduced to ruins
2.was ruined 解析：一般过去时的被动语态
3.was ruined 解析：被动语态表示被毁坏
4.leaving only ruins 解析：现在分词作结果状语
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国甲卷] The ancient temple fell into ________ (ruin) after years of neglect.
答案：ruins 解析：固定搭配 fall into ruins
9. as if似乎;好像;仿佛
It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
仿佛世界末日即将来临！
【考点必记】
(1)as if表示“仿佛,好像”,在句中引导表语从句,其意义和用法与as though相同。常跟在特定动词后面,如seem、look、taste、sound、feel等。
(2)as if引导方式状语从句时,常置于行为动词之后。
(3)as if/as though引导从句的语气:
①当从句所表达的情况有明显的依据或实现的可能性比较大时,as if引导的从句要用陈述语气。
①Hurry up! It looks as if the train is going to move.
快点！看起来好像火车要开了。
②当从句所陈述的是不真实的或不可能发生(存在)的情况时，从句谓语常用虚拟语气，结构如下：
与现在事实相反 从句谓语动词用过去时(be动词用were)
与过去事实相反 从句谓语动词用过去完成时(had done)
与将来事实相反 从句谓语动词用would/could/might do
②It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had done it
打破窗户的是约翰。为什么你对我说好像是我打破的似的？
[名师点津]
如果as if引导的从句中的主语和主句的主语相同,且含有be动词,可省略从句主语和be动词,这样as if 后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语或分词。
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①He described the characters in the novel as if he _______(meet) them face to face.
②Eliza remembers everything exactly as if _________________________(好像发生在昨天).
③The child talks to us as if he ______(be) a grown up.
④He talks big _______________________________.他夸夸其谈，好像什么都知道似的。
答案：
①had met 解析：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
②it had happened yesterday 解析：虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反
③were 解析：与现在事实相反的虚拟语气
④as if he knew everything 解析：虚拟语气表示与现在事实相反
【高考真题链接】
[2023 北京卷] She talked about the accident as if she ________ (be) there when it happened.
答案：had been 解析：虚拟语气
[2024 新高考 Ⅰ 卷] It looks as if it ________ (rain) soon, so we should hurry up.
答案：is going to rain 解析：陈述语气表示可能发生的事情
10.句型：be doing sth. when... 正在做某事，这时(突然)……
(教材原句)I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭，突然水开始涌入家中。
be about to do...when... 正要做……这时(突然)……
be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时(突然)……
had just done...when... 刚做完……这时(突然)……
【即时练】
1.She had just finished her homework ________ her mother asked her to play the piano.
2.I was about to give up ________ my best friend encouraged me to go on.
3.我正要放弃,这时我最好的朋友鼓励我继续下去。
I ____________________________ my best friend encouraged me to go on.
4.上周一，我正在街上散步，这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
Last Monday, I____________________________ I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
答案：
1.when 解析：had just done...when... 结构
2.when 解析：be about to do...when... 结构
3.was about to give up when 解析：考查 be about to do...when... 结构
4.was walking in the street when 解析：考查 was doing...when... 结构
【高考真题链接】
[2023 浙江卷] I ________ (walk) in the park when I met an old friend of mine.
答案：was walking 解析：过去进行时
[2024 全国乙卷] We ________ (have) dinner when the doorbell rang suddenly.
答案：were having 解析：过去进行时
语法点
Grammar 关系代词引导的定语从句
(1)who指人,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
The man who is talking with my father is a teacher.正和我父亲说话的那个人是教师。(作主语)
The girl (who) I met yesterday was his sister.我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。(作宾语)
(2)whom指人,在从句中作宾语,常可省略,不能作主语。
The man (whom) you met just now is my father.你刚刚遇到的人是我父亲。(作宾语)
The teacher (whom) you are waiting for is coming.你等的那位老师来了。(作宾语)
(3)whose既可指人,也可指物。其后接名词,与先行词构成从属关系,在从句中作定语。
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。(作定语)
Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。(作定语)
(4)which只指物,不指人,可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of 2,000 years.桂林是一个有2 000年历史的城市。(作主语)
The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring(which) he had lost on the train. (作宾语)
那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指,非常高兴。
(5)that既可指人,也可指物,在从句中作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
There is a film (that) I’d like to see.有一部电影我想去看。(作宾语)
She is the only one among us that knows French.她是我们当中唯一懂法语的人。(作主语)
只用that不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是all,everything,nothing,much,any,little等不定代词,或被no,little,all等修饰时。
He did everything that he could for me.他为我做了他所能做的所有的事。
No news that he tells us is good.他告诉我们的消息没有一个是好的。
(2)当先行词被最高级、序数词以及the very,the only修饰时。
This is the best film that I have seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。
The only thing that matters is the baby’s health.唯一重要的是这个婴儿的健康。
This is the very book that I’ve been looking for.这正是我一直在找的那本书。
(3)当先行词既含有表示人的名词又含有表示物的名词时。
They talked about the men and the things that they saw in the country.
他们谈到了在那个国家见到的人和事。
(4)当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night 他昨晚住的是哪家旅馆
温馨提示:
①关系代词在从句中作主语时,根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。
He is the only one of the students that has passed the exam.(the only one为先行词)
他是唯一通过考试的学生。
He is one of the students who have passed the exam .(the students为先行词)
他是通过考试的学生之一。
②关系代词的省略:在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作动词宾语或介词宾语 时(这时介词不能在关系代词前)常可省略。
The boy (that/who/whom)we saw last night was Li Ming.我们昨天晚上见到的那个男孩是李明。
③定语从句中常见错误:
缺先行词:Is this school that you visited last year (该句缺先行词,应在“school”后面加上“the one”)
缺关系词:Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.(应在“Children”后面加上“who”,关系代词作主语时不能省略)
成分重复:This is the house where I lived there years ago.(“where”和“there”句子成分重复,应去掉“there”)
【即时练】
单句语法填空。（关系代词）
1. If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible (符合条件) for this program, __________ provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
2. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid __________ would enjoy public speaking.
3. They were well trained by their masters __________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
4. The students benefitting most from college are those __________ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life.
5. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of __________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
6. Those __________ want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 pm.
7. The first museum __________ he visited in China was the History Museum.
8. I know the person __________ house was destroyed in the earthquake.
9. It is the tallest building __________ Daming has seen ever since he came here.
答案及解析：
which 解析：非限制性定语从句指物
who 解析：指人且作主语
who 解析：指人且作主语
who 解析：指人且作主语
whose 解析：作定语表示所属关系
who 解析：指人且作主语
who 解析：指人且作主语
whose 解析：作定语表示所属关系
that 解析：先行词被最高级修饰
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国甲卷] The teacher __________ we respect most will retire next year.
[2024 新高考 Ⅰ 卷] This is the museum __________ we visited during our trip to Beijing.
[2023 浙江卷] We visited the village __________ name I couldn't remember clearly.
[2024 北京卷] The book __________ cover is blue is mine.
[2023 全国乙卷] This is the first article __________ I've written in English.
[2024 新高考 Ⅱ 卷] The girl with __________ I worked graduated from a famous university.
答案及解析
whom 解析：指人且作宾语
that/which 解析：指物且作宾语
whose 解析：作定语表示所属关系
whose 解析：作定语
that 解析：先行词有序数词修饰
whom 解析：介词后指人用 whom
21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)/ 让教学更有效 高效备考 | 英语学科
新人教版必修第一册 Unit4知识清单
重 点 单 词 1.supply n. 供应(量);补给;(pl.)补给品 vt. 供应;供给 2.ruin n.&vt. 破坏;毁坏 3.bury vt. 埋葬;安葬 4.trap vt. 使落入险境;使陷入圈套 n. 险境;陷阱→trapped/trapped/trapping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 5.sweep vt.&vi. 打扫;清扫→swept/swept/sweeping (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 6.strike vi.&vt. 侵袭;突击;击打 n. 罢工;罢课;袭击→struck/struck/striking (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 7.slide vi.&vt. (使)滑行;滑动→slid/slid/sliding (过去式/过去分词/现在分词) 8.tap vi.&vt. 轻叩;轻敲;轻拍 n. 水龙头;轻叩;轻敲 9.damage vt. 损害;破坏 n. 损坏;损失 10.destroy vt. 摧毁;毁灭→destroyed/destroyed (过去式/过去分词) 11.shelter n. 避难处;居所;庇护 vt. 保护;掩蔽 vi. 躲避(风雨或危险) 12.crash vt.&vi. 碰撞;撞击 n. 撞车;碰撞 13.wave n. 海浪;波浪 vi.&vt. 挥手;招手 14.aid n. 援助;帮助;救援物资 vi.&vt. 帮助;援助 15.emergency n. 突发事件;紧急情况 16.crack n. 裂纹;裂缝 vi.&vt. (使)破裂 17.whistle v. 吹口哨;发出笛声 n. 哨子(声);呼啸声 18.summary n. 总结;概括;概要 19.unify vi.&vt. 统一;(使)成 一体 20.context n. 上下文;语境;背景 21.disaster n. 灾难;灾害 22.percent n. 百分之…… adj.&adv. 每一百中 23.brick n. 砖;砖块 24.metal n. 金属 25.electricity n. 电;电能 26.helicopter n. 直升机 27.kit n. 成套工具;成套设备 28.pipe n. 管子;管道
词 汇 拓 展 1.power n. 电力供应;能量;力量;控制力→powerful adj. 强大的;强有力的→(反) powerless adj. 无力的;没有能力的;无权力的 2.shock n. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt. (使)震惊→shocked adj. 震惊的→shocking adj. 令人震惊的 3.affect vt. 影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动→affection n.感情 4.effort n. 努力;艰难的尝试;尽力→effortless adj. 不需费力的 5.calm adj. 镇静的;沉着的 vt. 使平静;使镇静→calmly adv. 镇静地;沉着地 6.deliver vt.&vi. 递送;传达 vt. 发表→delivery n. 递送;传达 7.effect n. 影响;结果;效果→effective adj. 有效的 8.survive vi. 生存;存活 vt. 幸存;艰难度过→survivor n. 幸存者;生还者→survival n. 幸存;生还 9.flood n. 洪水;大量 vi. 淹没;大量涌入 vt. 使灌满水;淹没→flooded adj. 洪水泛滥的 10.breathe vi.&vt. 呼吸→breath n.呼吸 11.revive vt.&vi. 复活;(使)苏醒→revival n. 振兴;复苏 12.suffer vt. 遭受;蒙受 vi. (因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→suffering n. 痛苦;苦难→sufferer n. 受苦者 13.wisdom n. 智慧;才智→wise adj. 明智的;有智慧的→wisely adv. 明智地;有智慧地 14.rescue n.&vt. 营救;救援→rescuer n. 营救人员;救援人员 15.death n. 死;死亡→die vi. 死;死亡→dead adj. 死的;无生命的→dying adj. 垂死的;临终的 16.erupt vi.&vt. (火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出→eruption n. 爆发 17.length n. 长;长度→long adj. 长的→lengthen vt. 加长
重 点 短 语 1．volcanic eruption火山喷发 2．as if似乎；好像；仿佛 3．in ruins严重受损；破败不堪 4．in shock震惊；吃惊 5．in the open air露天；在户外 6．first aid kit急救箱 7．on hand现有(尤指帮助) 8．sweep away消灭；彻底消除
重 点 句 型 1．Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat，and dogs refused to go inside buildings. 鸡甚至连猪都太紧张而不能吃东西，狗也不愿意进屋里去。 2．Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead. 地震刚刚过去，部队派出了15万名战士奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。 3．The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday，killing more than 6,500 people in Indonesia，India，Thailand，Malaysia，and at least four other countries. 过去40年来最强的一次地震引起的海啸昨天登陆了亚洲海岸，造成印度尼西亚、印度、泰国、马来西亚以及其他至少四个国家的6,500多人死亡。 4．I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home. 我正和我的三个孩子一起吃早饭，突然海水开始灌到我家。 5．However，dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies. 然而，危险的状况以及受损的道路将会使得运送食物和物资变得困难。
阅读课文内容， 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
At about 3：00 a. m. on 28 July 1976, people in the city of Tangshan were asleep as usual without thinking 1 of the strange signs of the earthquake.
At 3：42 a. m., everything began 2 (shake). One of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century began eleven kilometers 3 (direct) below the city. It even caused damage more than 150 kilometers away in Beijing. In less than one minute, a large city lay 4 ruins. Two 5 (three) of the people died or were injured during the earthquake.
Nearly everything 6 (destroy) in the city. Most of the buildings were gone and many farm animals died. Then, later that afternoon, 7 big quake shook Tangshan. Even more 8 (build) fell down. People began to wonder how long the disaster would last.
But hope was not lost. The army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan. Hundreds of thousands of people 9 (help). Slowly, the city began to breathe again. In times of disaster, people must unify and 10 (show) the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
知识点
1.affect vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动
[教材原句] 82 killed,500,000 affected (P49) 82人丧生,50万人受影响
【词块必记】
(1)be affected by 受……的影响；被……感动
be affected/infected by 感染……疾病
(2)affection n. 喜爱
show/have/feel much/an affection for... (非常)喜欢……，(非常)喜爱……
(3)effect n. 作用；影响
have an effect on /upon sth 对……产生影响
in effect事实上;实际上;有效的
come into effect/take effect(法律、规划或制度)生效;实施
of no effect 没有效果的;没有影响的
side effect副作用
put/bring sth into effect实施;实行;使生效
cause and effect因果
(4)effective adj.有效的
effectively adv.有效地;实际上
【即时练】
[写出下列句中affect的含义]
(1)The places where we live can affect our thoughts and behaviours. __________
(2)Deeply affected by the film,the audience couldn’t hold back tears._____________
(3)A lack of exercise leaves your body weak and easily affected by disease.___________
[单句语法填空]
(4)As I _________by the show the White Snake Legend,I began to develop a deep ________ for Peking Opera. (affect)
(5)Sandstorms also reduce visibility,________ (affect) airplanes and road transportation.
(6)鲁迅一生创作了大量的小说，对中国文学产生了深远的影响。
During his lifetime, Lu Xun wrote a great number of excellent novels，_______________________________________．
(7)I was deeply affected by the film Hi Mom and couldn't hold back tears.
→______________________，I couldn't hold back tears.(分词短语作状语)
(8)交通问题不仅影响着我们的日常生活,而且也可能威胁到人们的生命。
The traffic issue not only ____________________,but may also threaten people’s lives.
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国甲卷] Regular exercise is more ________ (effect) in improving sleep quality than any other method.
[2024 北京卷] We need to take ________ (effect) measures to protect endangered species.
2.bury vt.埋葬；安葬
[教材原句]Soon after the quakes, the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
地震发生后不久，部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中抢救出来，并掩埋了死者。
【词块必记】
(1) bury... in... 把……埋到……里；使……沉浸于……
bury one's face in one's hands 双手掩面
(2)be buried in... = Bury oneself in (doing.)... 埋头于；专心于；沉浸于
表示“专心于；致力于”的短语还有：
①be absorbed/engaged in
②be devoted to=devote oneself to
③be lost in =lose oneself in
④focus/concentrate on
⑤ be immersed in 沉浸在
⑥fix/concentrate one's attention on
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①The girl was sitting on the bench in the park, ________ (bury) herself in the book.
②Though _________(bury) in the ruins for about 70 hours after the earthquake, the man managed to survive.
[写美句]——句式升级
Because he buried himself in playing the flute, he didn't know it was raining .
→③______________ playing the flute , he was not aware it was raining . (现在分词短语作状语)
→④__________ playing the flute, he was not aware it was raining . (过去分词短语作状语)
[佳句]⑤He _______________________________ when his team lost the game.
当他的球队输掉比赛时，他掩面而泣。
【高考真题链接】
[2024 浙江卷]________ (bury) in his research, Professor Wang often forgets to have meals.
3.effort n. 努力;艰难的尝试;尽力
[教材原句] With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people,a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.(P50) 在政府的大力支持和全市人民的不懈努力下,一个崭新的唐山在地震废墟上崛起。
【词块必记】
with great effort努力
without effort毫不费力地
in an effort to do sth为了做某事
put effort into (doing) sth努力做某事
spare no effort to do sth不遗余力地做某事
it takes effort to do sth做某事需要努力
make every effort to do sth尽全力做某事
make an effort/efforts to do sth努力做某事
【即时练】
【单句语法填空】
①A good environment depends on the ______(effort) made by everyone.
②No one can achieve anything _______effort.
(3)父母为孩子安排好一切,不遗余力地为他们的成功铺路。
Parents arrange everything for their children and ______________ pave the way for their success.
(4)我厌恶那些不努力的人。
I dislike people who don’t ______________.
(5)公司为节省资金解雇了150名工人。
The company has laid off 150 workers ____________________save money.
【高考真题链接】
[2023 新高考 Ⅰ 卷] Scientists have made great ________ (effort) to develop effective vaccines against COVID-19.
[2024 全国乙卷] We should spare no effort _______ (protect) our natural environment.
4.supply n. [pl.] 补给品;供应(量);补给vt. 供应;供给
[教材原句] The supplies which were provided to the disaster area were collected from around the country.(P52) 向灾区提供的物资是从全国各地收集来的。
【词块必记】
(1)water supply供水
be in short supply供不应求
a supply/supplies of...……的供应
supply and demand供求关系
medical supplies 医疗用品
(2)supply sb/sth with sth=supply sth to sb/sth给……提供某物
[联想] 表示“为某人提供某物”的短语还有：
provide sb. with sth.＝provide sth. for sb.
offer sb. sth.＝offer sth. to sb.
give away sth. to sb.
[名师点津]
supply作名词,表示“补给品”时,要用复数形式,即supplies。
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
(1) They used the money to ________ the school with new textbooks.
(2) Food ________ (supply) in the flood-stricken area are running out.
(3) During the outbreak of the epidemic, medical masks were ____ short supply in every area.
一句多译
政府在地震后已经向当地人民提供了大量的食物和衣物。(supply)
(4)The government ____________________________ the local people since the earthquake occurred.
(5)The government ________________________________________ since the earthquake occurred.
【高考真题链接】
[2023 浙江卷] Local farmers ________ (supply) fresh vegetables to the city every morning.
[2024 新高考 Ⅱ 卷] The organization provides food and medical ________ (supply) to the refugees.
5.shock n. 震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt. (使)震惊
[教材原句] People were in shock—and then,later that afternoon,another big quake shook Tangshan again.(P50) 人们惊呆了——接着,在那天下午晚些时候,另一场大地震再次震撼了唐山。
【词块必记】
(1)be a shock to ... 使……吃惊
in shock 震惊；吃惊
(2)shocked adj. 震惊的；惊讶的
be shocked at/by 对……吃惊
be shocked to do sth. 做某事很吃惊
(3)shocking adj. 令人震惊的
(4) cultural shock 文化冲突
[名师点津]
shock表示“吃惊;震惊;令人震惊的事情”时是可数名词,表示“(身心受到的)打击;震惊”和“休克”时是不可数名词。
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
(1)Everyone in the street ________ (shock) when they heard the news.
(2)________ (shock) by the explosion,people ran about in the street.
(3)His not passing the final exam was a great shock________ his parents.
(4)We are _________ (shock) that so many people were injured or died in the Wenchuan earthquake.
(5)The news of his sudden death is so _______ that everyone is very much shocked at it.(shock)
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国乙卷] People were ________ (shock) to hear about the sudden death of the famous actor.
[2024 北京卷] The ________ (shock) news spread quickly across the whole country.
6.suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦
[教材原句]Some were found alive,though they were suffering from terrible injuries,but others had already stopped breathing when they were discovered.(P51) 有些人被发现时还活着,虽然他们受了重伤,但其他人被发现时已经停止了呼吸。
【词块必记】
(1)suffer pain/defeat/hardship/damage 遭受痛苦/失败/艰难/破坏
suffer from 受……折磨；患……病
(2)suffering n. 痛苦；苦恼；让人痛苦的事
sufferer n. 受难者；患病者
【即时练】
[单句语法填空]
(1)Among obese children,about 30 percent also suffer ________high levels of blood sugar and fat.
(2)The old man is said to have gone through varieties of ________ (suffer) during the war.
(3)尽管遭受如此严重的自然灾害,但只要不灰心,我们终会克服困难。
______________________________________________________________________________.
【高考真题链接】
[2023 新高考 Ⅱ 卷] Many people ________ (suffer) from sleep problems due to heavy work pressure.
[2024 全国甲卷] The ________ (suffer) from the flood have received timely relief from the government.
7.come to an end 结束；终结
【词块必记】
(1)at the end of 在……尽头；在……末端
by the end of 到……结束时；到……时候为止(常与完成时态连用)
in the end 最后；终于
be at an end 结束
(2)put/bring ... to an end
put an end to ... 使……结束
come to an end 完成；结束
(3) make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵；量入为出
(4) end up with 以……结束
end up doing 最终在做某事
【即时练】
1.At first she refused to admit her mistake , but she ended up ___________ (apologize) to the public．There was no doubt that her acting career ___________________( 即将结束）.
2.When our day’s work was ________________, everybody felt tired and hungry.
当一天工作结束时，大家觉得又累又饿。
3.He tried many times to pass the exam and _____________ he succeeded.他尝试了许多次，最后终于成功通过了。
【高考真题链接】
[2024 浙江卷] By the end of last year, the project _______________ (come) to an end successfully.
8.in ruins严重受损；破败不堪；成为废墟；毁灭
[教材原句] In less than one minute,a large city lay in ruins.(P50) 不到一分钟,一座大城市化为了废墟。
【词块必记】
(1)ruin oneself自我毁灭
ruin one’s hope/chance/fame/future毁坏某人的希望/机会/名誉/未来
(2)in ruins严重受损;破败不堪
be/lie in ruins成为废墟;毁灭
fall into ruins成为废墟
bring...to ruin使……毁灭;使……没落
【即时练】
1.Shortly after suffering from an earthquake and being reduced to ______ (ruin), the city took on a new look.
2.The whole town ________ (ruin) by the terrible hurricane last night.
3.我们的假期被台风给毁了。Our vacation ________ by the typhoon.
4.宫殿被彻底摧毁了,而不是轻微受损,无法修复,留下的只是废墟。
The palace was destroyed completely rather than was slightly damaged,which can’t be repaired,____________.
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国甲卷] The ancient temple fell into ________ (ruin) after years of neglect.
9. as if似乎;好像;仿佛
It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
仿佛世界末日即将来临！
【考点必记】
(1)as if表示“仿佛,好像”,在句中引导表语从句,其意义和用法与as though相同。常跟在特定动词后面,如seem、look、taste、sound、feel等。
(2)as if引导方式状语从句时,常置于行为动词之后。
(3)as if/as though引导从句的语气:
①当从句所表达的情况有明显的依据或实现的可能性比较大时,as if引导的从句要用陈述语气。
①Hurry up! It looks as if the train is going to move.
快点！看起来好像火车要开了。
②当从句所陈述的是不真实的或不可能发生(存在)的情况时，从句谓语常用虚拟语气，结构如下：
与现在事实相反 从句谓语动词用过去时(be动词用were)
与过去事实相反 从句谓语动词用过去完成时(had done)
与将来事实相反 从句谓语动词用would/could/might do
②It was John who broke the window. Why are you talking to me as if I had done it
打破窗户的是约翰。为什么你对我说好像是我打破的似的？
[名师点津]
如果as if引导的从句中的主语和主句的主语相同,且含有be动词,可省略从句主语和be动词,这样as if 后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词(短语)、介词短语或分词。
【即时练】
单句语法填空
①He described the characters in the novel as if he _______(meet) them face to face.
②Eliza remembers everything exactly as if _________________________(好像发生在昨天).
③The child talks to us as if he ______(be) a grown up.
④He talks big _______________________________.他夸夸其谈，好像什么都知道似的。
【高考真题链接】
[2023 北京卷] She talked about the accident as if she ________ (be) there when it happened.
[2024 新高考 Ⅰ 卷] It looks as if it ________ (rain) soon, so we should hurry up.
10.句型：be doing sth. when... 正在做某事，这时(突然)……
(教材原句)I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.我和我的三个孩子正在吃早饭，突然水开始涌入家中。
be about to do...when... 正要做……这时(突然)……
be on the point of doing...when... 正要做……这时(突然)……
had just done...when... 刚做完……这时(突然)……
【即时练】
1.She had just finished her homework ________ her mother asked her to play the piano.
2.I was about to give up ________ my best friend encouraged me to go on.
3.我正要放弃,这时我最好的朋友鼓励我继续下去。
I ____________________________ my best friend encouraged me to go on.
4.上周一，我正在街上散步，这时突然看到一位老人从自行车上摔了下来。
Last Monday, I____________________________ I suddenly saw an old man fall off his bicycle.
【高考真题链接】
[2023 浙江卷] I ________ (walk) in the park when I met an old friend of mine.
[2024 全国乙卷] We ________ (have) dinner when the doorbell rang suddenly.
语法点
Grammar 关系代词引导的定语从句
(1)who指人,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
The man who is talking with my father is a teacher.正和我父亲说话的那个人是教师。(作主语)
The girl (who) I met yesterday was his sister.我昨天见到的那个女孩是他的妹妹。(作宾语)
(2)whom指人,在从句中作宾语,常可省略,不能作主语。
The man (whom) you met just now is my father.你刚刚遇到的人是我父亲。(作宾语)
The teacher (whom) you are waiting for is coming.你等的那位老师来了。(作宾语)
(3)whose既可指人,也可指物。其后接名词,与先行词构成从属关系,在从句中作定语。
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the country.这就是那位闻名全国的科学家。(作定语)
Nobody wants the house whose roof has fallen in.没有人想要这个屋顶已坍塌的房子。(作定语)
(4)which只指物,不指人,可作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。
Guilin is a city which has a history of 2,000 years.桂林是一个有2 000年历史的城市。(作主语)
The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring(which) he had lost on the train. (作宾语)
那个年轻人找回了在火车上丢失的金戒指,非常高兴。
(5)that既可指人,也可指物,在从句中作主语、宾语,作宾语时可以省略。
There is a film (that) I’d like to see.有一部电影我想去看。(作宾语)
She is the only one among us that knows French.她是我们当中唯一懂法语的人。(作主语)
只用that不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是all,everything,nothing,much,any,little等不定代词,或被no,little,all等修饰时。
He did everything that he could for me.他为我做了他所能做的所有的事。
No news that he tells us is good.他告诉我们的消息没有一个是好的。
(2)当先行词被最高级、序数词以及the very,the only修饰时。
This is the best film that I have seen.这是我所看过的最好的电影。
The only thing that matters is the baby’s health.唯一重要的是这个婴儿的健康。
This is the very book that I’ve been looking for.这正是我一直在找的那本书。
(3)当先行词既含有表示人的名词又含有表示物的名词时。
They talked about the men and the things that they saw in the country.
他们谈到了在那个国家见到的人和事。
(4)当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时。
Which is the hotel that he stayed at last night 他昨晚住的是哪家旅馆
温馨提示:
①关系代词在从句中作主语时,根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。
He is the only one of the students that has passed the exam.(the only one为先行词)
他是唯一通过考试的学生。
He is one of the students who have passed the exam .(the students为先行词)
他是通过考试的学生之一。
②关系代词的省略:在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作动词宾语或介词宾语 时(这时介词不能在关系代词前)常可省略。
The boy (that/who/whom)we saw last night was Li Ming.我们昨天晚上见到的那个男孩是李明。
③定语从句中常见错误:
缺先行词:Is this school that you visited last year (该句缺先行词,应在“school”后面加上“the one”)
缺关系词:Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth.(应在“Children”后面加上“who”,关系代词作主语时不能省略)
成分重复:This is the house where I lived there years ago.(“where”和“there”句子成分重复,应去掉“there”)
【即时练】
单句语法填空。（关系代词）
1. If you are a teenager living in certain parts of the province, you could be eligible (符合条件) for this program, __________ provides eight weeks of paid employment along with training.
2. With shining dark eyes, he seems like the kind of kid __________ would enjoy public speaking.
3. They were well trained by their masters __________ had great experience with caring for these animals.
4. The students benefitting most from college are those __________ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life.
5. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of __________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.
6. Those __________ want to go to the English party must be at the school gate by 7:30 pm.
7. The first museum __________ he visited in China was the History Museum.
8. I know the person __________ house was destroyed in the earthquake.
9. It is the tallest building __________ Daming has seen ever since he came here.
【高考真题链接】
[2023 全国甲卷] The teacher __________ we respect most will retire next year.
[2024 新高考 Ⅰ 卷] This is the museum __________ we visited during our trip to Beijing.
[2023 浙江卷] We visited the village __________ name I couldn't remember clearly.
[2024 北京卷] The book __________ cover is blue is mine.
[2023 全国乙卷] This is the first article __________ I've written in English.
[2024 新高考 Ⅱ 卷] The girl with __________ I worked graduated from a famous university.
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