Unit4 I used to be afraid of the dark知识点讲解人教版九年级英语全册

2025-2026学年人教版九年级英语全一册
Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.第4单元知识点讲解_______________________________________________________________________________
◆新词归纳
humorous adj. 有幽默感的；滑稽有趣的 silent adj. 不说话的；沉默的
helpful adj. 有用的；有帮助的 from time to time 时常；有时
score n. & v. 得分；进球 background n. 背景
interview v. & n.采访；面试 Asian adj. 亚洲（人的）n. 亚洲人
deal v. 对付；对待 deal with 应对；处理
shyness n. 害羞；腼腆 dare v. 敢于；胆敢
crowd n. 人群；观众 ton n. 吨 （pl.）大量；许多
private adj. 私人的；私密的 guard n. 警卫；看守v. 守卫；保卫
require v. 需要；要求 European adj. 欧洲人的n. 欧洲人
African adj. 非洲人的 n. 非洲人 British adj. 英国（人）的
speech n. 讲话；发言 public n. 民众 adj. 公开的；
in public公开地；别人（尤指生人）面前 ant n. 蚂蚁
insect n. 昆虫 seldom adv. 不常；很少
influence n. & v. 影响 absent adj. 缺席；不在
fail v. 不及格；失败 examination n. 考试；审查
boarding school 寄宿学校 in person 亲身；亲自
exactly adv. 确切地；精确地 pride n. 自豪；骄傲
take pride in为…….感到自豪 proud adj. 自豪的；骄傲的
be proud of为……. 骄傲，自豪 general adj. 总的；普遍的n. 将军
introduction n. 介绍
◆短语归纳
be afraid of害怕 used to do过去常常...
used to be like过去的长相 talk about谈论
straight hair直发 used to wear...过去穿
not enough to do sth 不足以做... get good grades in在...方面取得好成绩
get more interested in ...对...更感兴趣 from time to time时常/有时
my primary school classmates我小学同 change a lot/ change so much变化很大
get red变红 talk to/ talk with和...谈话
see sb doing sth看见某人在做... get good scores on the exams在考试中取得好成绩
a 19-year-old一个十九岁的... take up doing拿起做/开始做
deal with/ do with对付/处理 dear to do sth/ dear not to do sth敢做...
in front of the class在班级面前 the whole school全学校
in front of crowds在众人面前 not…anymore不再...
all the time一直/总是 get tons of attention成为大众焦点
too much attention太多的注意力 worry about担心…
appear to others出现在别人面前 be very careful about非常注意...
private time私人时间 hang out with friends和朋友闲逛
be prepared to do sth准备好做... give up …(doing) 放弃
the road to success通向成功的路 think about想/考虑...
fight on doing继续战斗 require a lot of talent需要有足够的天赋
make it to the top能成功到达顶峰 a very small number of一小部分
eat a lot of vegetables吃大量的蔬菜 listen to pop music听流行音乐
watch scary monies看恐怖片 read lots of books看大量的书籍
at least至少 in public公众
paint pictures画画 music class音乐课
used to be on the soccer team过去在足球队 the topic of的标题
work hard学习努力 do well in 在...方面做得好
It is hard to believe…难相信 look for寻找...
take care of/ look after照顾 move to sp搬到...
feel lonely感到孤独 be absent from classes旷课
fail the exams/examinations考试不及格 make a decision做决定
send sb. to sp派...到.../送...到... a boarding school寄宿学校
make friends 交朋友 make friends with sb 和…交朋友
in person亲自/亲身 advise sb to do sth建议某人做...
even though 即使 think of想到...
have conversations with会话 after that从那以后
become active变得积极 take pride in/ be proud of以...为自豪
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▲1. used to do sth / be/get/become used to dong sth. / be used to do sth. / be used for doing sth.
A.- used to do sth. 过去经常做某事，现在不这样了。（只用于被动） 【9AP25】
①、People used to burn candles to get lights.
②、When I was a child, I used to like chocolate.
③、----Is your father a teacher ---- Well, he used to be, but now he is a businessman.
注明1：used to 的否定结构为 didn’t use to 或 used not to.
⑥、They didn’t use to / used not to go to school on foot.
⑦、My father didn’t use/ used not to be a worker.
注明2：used to 的疑问形式可借助助动词did 或直接将used 置于主语前；
⑧、They used to have a walk in front of the building.
→Did they use to have a walk in front of the building
→Used they to have a walk in front of the building
B.- be/get/become used to sth./ doing sth. 习惯于做某事
↓
介词
①、He will be used to getting up early .
②、Are you used to the life in the North China
③、He is quite used to hard work/ working hard.
C.- be used to do sth. 被用来干某事
①、Wood is used to make paper. ②、Stamp is used to send a letter.
D.- be used for doing sth. 被用来干某事
①、Wood is used for making paper. ②、Stamp is used for sending a letter.
注：used adj. = old/ second hand
①、What’s the price of that used car ②、That’s a used stamp.
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▲2.humorous adj. 有幽默感的；滑稽有趣的【9AP26】
A.- humorous adj. 有幽默感的；滑稽有趣的
①、Don’t you think that’s a humorous story
②、I love reading his novel because it is humorous.
B.- humour / humor[n.]幽默，风趣；心情，心境，情绪
①、Sally is a friendly person with a great sense of humor.
②、There is a new TV show full of humor.
③、They laughed at things she didn’t see the humor in.
(not see the humor in sth不觉得某事好笑)
④、He laughed again, obviously ['ɑbv sli] in a good humor.
(in a good humor心情好 )
【短语】in a bad humor心情坏 out of humor心情不佳，情绪不好
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▲3.silent adj. 不说话的；沉默的【9AP26】
A.- silent adj. 不说话的；沉默的
①、The crowd fell silent when the President appeared.
②、 Jack is a silent and self-contained 独立的boy.
③、Everyone was asked to keep silent about the new project.
on the matter.
④、In the early morning the village was completely silent.
B.- silence[n.] 1. 寂静；无声 A scream broke the silence of the night.一声尖叫划破了寂静的夜晚。
2.沉默；缄默；默不作声 I got used to his long silences.我已习惯了他半天不说话的样子。
They finished their meal in total silence .他们默不作声地吃完饭。
in silence 沉默地、无声地 = silently keep silent 保持沉默
They stood in silence.他们默不作声地站着。
3.互相不通音信的情形；无书信（或电话）联系
The phone call came after months of silence.几个月没有音信之后，打来了一个电话。
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▲4.on the swim team __________________ 【9AP26】
on=a member of
①、My brother is on the school volleyball team. ②、I’m afraid he’s on the club.
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▲5.from time to time 时常；有时 【9AP26】
①、I still see her from time to time.
②、Jim telephoned his parents at 6pm from time to time.
【time的短语】：
all the time一直，经常 time after time / time and time again反复多次；一而再，再而三
at times偶尔，有时 at a time一次 at one time曾经，一度，过去
at all times随时，总是 at this time现在，此时 at the time当时
by the time到…的时候 on time准时，按时 in time及时
at the same time同时 take time花费时间 make / find time抽出/找出时间
take your time不用急，慢慢来 in on time (at all)立刻，马上
It’s time for sth. / It’s time to do sth. have time for sth. / have time to do sth.
have a good/ great/nice/fantastic time玩得特别高兴
kill time打发、消磨时间 There is (no)time (for sb.) to do sth.有（无）足够的时间做某事
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▲6.It’s been three years since we last saw our primary school classmates. 【9AP26】
＝We haven’t seen our primary school classmates since three years ago.
＝Three years has passed since we last saw our primary school classmates.
①、They haven’t had dinner together since five months ago.
＝It is five months since they last had dinner together.他们自从上次聚餐以来有五个月了。
句式：主语﹢haven’t ﹢v.(过去分词)﹢since﹢时间﹢ago
It ﹢be(动词)﹢时间﹢since 从句
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▲7.score n. & v. 得分；进球【9AP26】
A.- .[n.]分数，比分，得分，进球；二十;刻痕
①、The score(分数) for this test was 75.
②、The final score (比分，)e was 4-3 to United(对联队). 对联队的最后比分为4:3。
③、He bought three score(二十;) and ten eggs in the market. 他在市场上买了70个鸡蛋。
④、There are three score(二十;) students in our class.
⑤、There's a bad score(刻痕) on that table. 桌子上有一道深深的划痕.
B.- scores of大量的，许多的(后接可数名词的复数形式,表示数量之多,而不表示具体的数目。)
①、After class, scores of students went out to play. javascript:void(0);下课后，有数十个学生出去玩了。
②、He has trained scores of younger doctors. javascript:void(0);他帮助过许多更年轻的医生。
C.- [v.]得分，进球；给…评分；计分
①、She hopes to score(得分，) full marks in the math test.
②、Which player has scored(进球；) the most goals this season
③、The teacher scored(给…评分；) her 98 points.（The teacher scored 98 points to/ for her.）
④、Will you score(计分) for us while playing basketball
⑤、Hughes scored (进球；)two goals before half-time.休斯在上半场进了两个球.
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8.background n.[c] 背景 【9AP27】
①、There are many students from very different backgrounds.(出身背景;社会背景;文化背景)
②、We are looking for writers with a background in law.我们正在寻找有专业法律背景知识的撰稿人。
③、They need to know the background to the case.
④、He stayed in the background (在不显眼的位置，幕后)to escape from the public attention.
⑤、His musical background helps him a lot in his job. 他所受过的音乐训练对他的工作帮助很大。
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▲9.interview v. & n.采访；面试【9AP27】
A.- n. 接见；采访；面试；会谈
give an interview to sb 接见某人
have an interview with sb 会见某人
①、As he had nothing to tell, he refuse d to give an interview on the journalist.
②、Allan gave an interview to the Chicago Tribune newspaper last month.
③、When I went for my first interview(面试；) for this job I arrived extremely early.
④、He mentioned that problem at our interview.(会谈)
B.- vt.& vi.面试vt.采访；访问；会见；（私下）提问，面谈
①、I’m interviewing all this afternoon.
②、All the applicants(申请者) were interviewed one by one.
③、He had to interview people of all classes.
④、I'd interviewed him often in the past.
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▲10.take up【9AP27】
1.占用（时间）；占据（空间）
The table takes up too much room.这张桌子太占地方。
I won't take up any more of your time.我不再占用你的时间了。
2.take sth up 将（衣服等）改短This skirt needs taking up.这条裙子需要改短。
3.（尤指为消遣）学着做，开始做They've taken up golf.他们学起打高尔夫球来了。
4. 开始从事He takes up his duties next week. 他下周就要开始履行职责。
5. 继续（他人未完成的事）；接着讲（以前提过的事）
She took up the story where Tim had left off.她接着讲蒂姆未讲完的故事。
The teacher took up the lesson where she stopped. 老师从昨天留下的部分开始讲。
6. 进入，占据（位置I took up my position[p z n] by the door.我把住了门口。
7. 接受（建议或能得到的东西） take up a challenge接受挑战
She took up his offer of a drink.他请她喝一杯，她接受了。
Sam said he would help me, and I took him up on his offer. 山姆说，他愿帮助我。我接受了他的提议。
8. 拿起 She took up her Boston bag and left. 她拿起她的手提包走了。
9. 让乘客上车；接纳
The bus stopped to take up the students. 公共汽车停下来，让这些学生上车。
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▲11. deal –dealt-dealt deal with 多余how 连用； do with 多余what 连用【9AP27】
how …deal with =what …. do with
1.deal with sb 对付；应付；对待　I don’t know how to deal with him. 我不知怎样与他相处。
She is used to dealing with all kinds of people in her job.她已习惯于和工作中遇到的各种各样的人打交道。
2.deal with sb/sth 与…做生意 He often deals with that shop. 他经常在那家商店买东西。
3.deal with sth解决；处理；应付Have you dealt with these letters yet 这些信件你处理了吗？
How shall we deal with this matter 这事我们怎么处理
He's good at dealing with pressure.他善于应付压力。
4. 涉及；论及；关于Her poems often deal with the subject of death.她的诗经常涉及死亡这一主题。　　　
名词deal. n. 协议；交易
① make a deal达成协议;做成交易 It’s a deal. 就这么办（一言为定）
② big deal 固定搭配， “重要的事情或状况”，多用于非正式的交流。
It's not a big deal . 没什么大不了；不是什么大事（常用于口语中）
Although she's wrong, it's not a big deal .虽然她做得不对，但也没什么了不起的。
I got a good deal on the car 我这辆小汽车买得很便宜。
Listen. This is the deal. 听着，下面是我们达成的协议。
③ a great [good] deal of “许多”，其后通常接不可数名词(包括动名词)。
He spent a great deal of money on it. 他为此花了很多钱。
He’s done a great deal of travelling. 他旅游了很多地方。
④what's the deal 出了什么事；怎么啦
What's the deal Do you want to go out or not 怎么啦？你想不想出去？
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▲12.dare v. 敢于；胆敢【9AP27】
A.- .行为动词[v.]
1.( 通常不用于进行时) to be brave enough to do sth 敢于；胆敢
She said it as loudly as she dared.她壮着胆子大声说了出来。
He didn't dare (to) say what he thought.他不敢说出他的想法。
2. 激（某人做某事）；问（某人）有没有胆量（做某事）；谅（某人）没胆量（做某事）
[动词 + 名词短语]Go on! Take it! I dare you.来呀！接受吧！我谅你也不敢。
I dared him, but he didn't. 我向他挑战,可是他不敢应战。
[动词 + 名词短语 + 带to的不定式]
Some of the older boys had dared him to do it.几个大男孩激他，问他敢不敢干这事。
I dare you to jump over the stream. 我谅你不敢跳过这条小河。
B.- 情态动词[aux.] 胆敢
①、I don't know whether he dare try.
②、I daren’t ask the boss for a rise.
③、Dare you tell him the news 你敢告诉他这个消息吗？
④、I dare say you are right.我认为你是对的。
don't you dare!(informal) （让人绝不要做某事）你敢，谅你不敢
‘I'll tell her about it. ’ ‘Don't you dare! ’“我要把这事告诉她。”“你敢！”
Don't you dare say anything to anybody.谅你不敢对任何人提起这事儿。
how dare you, （表示气愤）你竟然，你竟敢
How dare you talk to me like that 你竟敢这样对我说话？
How dare she imply that I was lying 她竟敢暗示我在撒谎？
I dare say 我想；很可能；大概
I dare say you know about it already.你大概已经知道了。
C.- [n.] 胆量；挑战；激将
①、I didn't suppose you'd take a dare like that. 我没有想到你居然会接受那样的挑战。
②、Don't worry! I am just trying my dare.不用担心！我只不过在试试自己的胆量而已。
③、He climbed onto the roof for a dare. 他受激将才爬上房屋。③、
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▲13. no more / no longer / not..any more / not… any longer
一、 no longer与no more的意义区别
1. no longer中的longer是副词long的比较级，long有after a certain point of time(在某一时刻以后)之意，着重表示时间的不再延续，意为“如今不再”。no longer等于not... any longer。
例：I can't wait any longer.我不能再等了。He no longer lives here.他不再住这儿了。
I'm no longer a student.我不再是个学生了。
no more中的more是many / much的比较级，more有again之意，着重表示数量或程
度的减少，意为“再也没有更多(大)的数量(程度)”。no more等于not... any more。
例：You can drink no more. = You can't drink any more.
你不能再喝了。(喝酒的量到了一定程度，不能再继续下去了。)
例：I didn’t receive her letters any more.
二、位置区别
当修饰动词时，no longer通常置于be或行为动词前；no more一般置于行为动词后。not... any longer与not... any more常置于句末。如：
例：She could no longer find a way to get into the valley. 她再也找不到进山谷的路了。
例：Time or opportunity lost will return no more. 机不可失，时不再来。
三、修饰动词区别
1. no longer / not... any longer 习惯用来修饰表示状态的持续动词(如wait, live, work等)。
例：Don't wait any longer. 别再等了。
例：She could not keep up with him any longer.她不能再赶上他了。
例：He no longer lives here. = He doesn't live here any longer.
他不在这儿居住了。(一个时间以前他住在这儿，过了这个时间，他就离开了。)
2. no more / not... any more通常用来修饰表示具体动作的瞬间动词(如go, stand, visit等)。
例：We couldn't stand it any more. 我们不能再忍受了。
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▲14.crowd v 挤满；装满 n. 人群 crowded adj. 拥挤的；挤满的【9AP27】
A.- crowd v
1. 挤满；装满 Swimmers crowded the beaches. We all crowded round the table.
They crowded into the hall to have a meeting.
2.涌上（心头）；涌入（脑海）Memories crowded his mind.往事涌上他的心头
Many questions crowded my mind after hearing his story.
The old staffs are being crowded out by rich young ones.把…挤出；排挤
B crowd(n.)群众；人群；人民大众；同伴；
①、He got through the crowd
②、C Crowds of people began making their way to the station.一群群人开始朝车站涌去。
a crowd of一堆，众多的…
【短语】：follow the crowd / go with the crowd随大流 stand out in a crowd出类拔萃，与众不同
C.- crowded adj. 拥挤的；挤满的 be crowded with. =be full of = be filled with
①、The street was crowded and noisy javascript:void(0); 这条街拥挤嘈杂。
②、The old town square was crowded with people. javascript:void(0);古老的小镇广场上挤满了人。
③、Never before has a summit had such a crowded agenda. javascript:void(0);以前从来没有一次峰会的日程排得这么满。
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▲15.ton n. 吨 （pl.）大量；许多【9AP27】
A.- n. 吨 （pl.）
①、The horse can pull up to 500 tons.
②、How many tons does this elephant weigh ③、
B.- tons of大量的
①、We’ve bought tons of beer for the party tonight.
②、I have asked him about it tons of times.
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▲16.private adj.
1.[常用于名词前] belonging to or for the use of a particular person or group; not for public use私有的；私用的；自用的
The sign said, ‘Private property. Keep out. ’标牌上写着：“私人领地，禁止进入。”
Those are my father's private papers.那些都是我父亲的私人文件。
2.intended for or involving a particular person or group of people, not for people in general or for others to know about 为一部分人的；私人的；秘密的
a private conversation私人交谈
They were sharing a private joke.他们讲着外人听不懂的笑话。
He never discussed his private life in the show.
3.内心的；隐秘的；私下的 her private thoughts and feelings她私下的想法和感情
4.私立的；私营的；民营的 private banks/companies/schools私营银行 / 公司；私立学校
5.僻静的；不受打扰的Let's go somewhere a bit more private.咱们另找个僻静些的地方吧。
6.不愿吐露心思的；内向的；不爱交流思想感情的She is a very private woman and talks little.
7. 私人教授的；个别传授的She gives private English lessons at weekends.她周末给私人教授英语。
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▲17.guard n. 警卫；看守v. 守卫；保卫【9AP27】
A.- [n.]警卫，看守，门卫；警戒
①、The guards stopped us at the gate.
②、All the prisoners are under close guard. 所有的犯人都在严密的看守之下。
③、Who was on guard when the fire broke out 站岗，执勤
④、Kate kept guard over the things while we looked for water.
[keep / stand / guard (over)看守…]
⑤、Be on your guard—they always try to cheat strangers.警惕，提防
其他意思1 篮球 后卫 2美式足球 ﹙中锋两侧的﹚哨锋
B.- [v.]看守；守卫；保卫；提防
①、Three men guarded him whenever he went out.每当他外出时都有三个人保护他。
②、It's our duty to guard this bridge and not let the enemy pass.
③Guard the secret with your life, tell it to no one!你要以生命来保守秘密,不要告诉任何人。
④、You'd better guard your tongue.你最好说话谨慎些。
⑤、He keeps a dog to guard the house.他养一条狗看家。
⑥、You must guard against catching a cold.你必须小心以防感冒。
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▲18.fight on继续战斗；在（某方面）反对（某人）【9AP27】
①、We must fight on until the end. javascript:;我们必须战斗到底.
②、We'll fight on until final victory is won. 我们一定要战胜到赢得最后的胜利。
③、I'll fight you on that question.在那个问题上我不同意你的看法。
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▲19.require v. 需要；要求【9AP27】
①、We shall require some more stamps tomorrow.
②、He required to see my passport.他要看我的护照。
③、He requires to be warned against drinking. 要警告他不要饮酒。
④、The house requires painting. 这房子需要刷漆。(sth require doing 某物需要怎样)
⑤、You’re required by law to wear seat belts.法律规定你要系安全带。
⑥、His health requires that he should go to bed early. 他的健康状况要求他早睡。
⑦、They required me to keep silent.他们吩咐我别出声。
⑧、The teacher requires us that we must read English every morning. 老师要求我们每天早晨读英语。
Request意为“恳求，请求”，指通过正式手续提出的要求，口气和缓，态度礼貌。Require表示按照法规、权利提出的要求或命令，指客观需要，含缺此不可之意
注：need在口语和笔试中的使用频率高于require; require比need正式，因而它在笔试中使用较多。
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▲20. a number of… 和the number of 的区别 【B8P62】【9AP27】
A.- the number of…意思是“……的数字/数目”，介词of同其后名词构成介词短语，修饰the number.当它作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
①、The number of the students in our class is 55
②、The number of the cars in our city is 1000. 我们城市中的汽车数量是1000辆.
③、The number of wild animal has become less and less in recent years.
B.- a number of…意思是“一些，若干”（= some），后接可数名词复数或代词，谓语动词用复数形式。
a number of…词组中还可以加入形容词表示数量大或小等（例如：a large/small number of…许多/少数……）。类似表达法：quite a number of / a good number of / a great number of / a large number of许多的
①、A number of kids are playing in the park.许多孩子正在公园里边玩耍.
②、A number of my friends think I should take a holiday. 我的一些朋友认为我应该休假。
③、A number of students of our school have read that magazine.
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▲21. make it 【9AP27】
A.- 及时到达，赶上，能够出席（或到场）
①、If we run, we should make it.
②、I just made it to the bathroom before throwing up.
我忍住呕吐，及时冲进了卫生间。
③、The train goes at 10:15, and it’s now 10 o’clock. I think we shall make it.
④、I’m sorry I missed the meeting, but I was out of town and could’t make it.
B.- 取得成功； make it big = be very successful
①、They’ve made it big in show business.
②、I never thought Mary would make it as an actress.
C.- 约定（在某时间）； make it + 时间
①、--When shall we meet -- Let’s make it 6:30 in the afternoon.
②、As for our next meeting, let’s make it the day after tomorrow.
D- （在生病或事故后）活下来，（在一次困难的经历中）挺过来
Frank was very ill, and the doctors didn’t think he’d make it.
▲22.. alone与lonely的区别 【9AP28】
一、alone既可用作形容词，又可用作副词，意为“独自的（地）、单独的（地）”，侧重于说明独自一人，没有同伴或助手，指的是客观情况。
A.- alone用作形容词时，一般与be动词连用，在句中作表语。例如：
①、She is alone at home. （她独自一人在家。）
②、He is not alone in this idea. （有这种想法的不只是他一个人。）
B.- alone用作副词修饰动词时，应该放在动词后面作状语。例如
①、I like to work alone. （我喜欢独自一人工作。）
②、Han Mei was reading alone when the teacher came into the classroom.
（老师走进教室时，韩梅正独自一人在看书。）
C.- alone用作副词时，也可作定语，意为“只有，仅仅”，但必须置于它所修饰的名词或代词之后。
①、He alone was in the secret. （只有他一人知道内情。）
②、This year alone, we”ve already planted ten thousand trees. （仅是今年，我们已经栽了一万棵树。）
D.- alone在句中的位置不同，句子的意思也不同。例如：
①、She alone went to college last year.
（去年只有她一人考上大学了。）（别人没有考上大学）
②、She went to college alone last year.
（去年她独自一人上大学去了。）（没有别人送她去，她自己一个人去的）
习语：leave/let sb alone 不打扰；不惊动She's asked to be left alone.她要求别打扰她。
leave/let sth alone不碰；不变动；不移动
I've told you before─leave my things alone!我告诉过你——别碰我的东西！
二、lonely只用作形容词，它在句中既可作定语，也可作表语，表示“孤独的，寂寞的”意思。该词带有浓厚的感彩，具有“渴望得到同伴”的含义，其比较级形式为lonelier。
A.- lonely用作定语时，意为“孤单的，无伴侣的，无人烟的，荒凉的，偏僻的”等。例如：
①、At heart, I’m a lonely man. （内心深处我很孤独。）
②、That’s a lonely island. （那是一个荒凉的岛屿。）
B.- lonely 用作表语时，可以表示“孤寂的，寂寞的”意思。例如：
①、We never feel lonely in Shanghai. （在上海我们从不感到孤独。）
②、I was alone but I didn”t feel lonely. （我独自一人，但我并不感到孤独。）
③、He stayed at home alone but he was not lonely. 他一个在家待着，但是他不孤独。
【注】alone:形体上的单独。 lonely:精神上的孤单。
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▲23.public
A 形容词 1. 平民的；大众的；公众的；百姓的
Levels of waste from the factory may be a danger to public health.工厂排出废弃物的量可能危及大众的健康。
2.公共的；公立的a public library公共图书馆They're going to a public school.
3. 政府的；有关政府所提供服务的 public money/spending/funding公款；公共开支；政府拨款
He spent much of his career in public office (= working in the government) .
他的事业生涯中大部分时间从事政府工作。
4.人人皆知的；公开的；公之于众的；
a public apology公开的道歉
The painting will be put on public display next week.这幅画将于下周公开展出。
5.公开场合的；大庭广众的
Let's go somewhere a little less public.咱们找一个僻静些的地方吧。
You’d better not smoke in a public place / in public.
go public 公之于世；公开（秘密等）；上市；公开出售股份
in the public eye（通过报纸、电视）让公众熟知的，广为人知的
She doesn't want her children growing up in the public eye.她不想让子女在众人瞩目中成长。
名词1. the public 平民；百姓；民众 The gardens are open to the public.
2.志趣相同（或从事同一类活动）的群体
the theatre-going public爱看戏的民众
She knows how to keep her public她知道如何迎合受众的兴趣。
in public公开地；别人（尤指生人）面前
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▲24.worry . vt. / vi. 【9AP29】
A.- vt. 使发愁；着急；打搅
①、What worried you so much ②、I don’t want to worry you.
③、His dangerous driving always worries me.
B.- vi worry about / be worried bout 担心；担忧。
①、He worried about his mother because she is ill.
→ He was worried about his mother because she is ill.
②、Don’t worry about John.
③、、I’m worried about her driving the car tonight on the wet way.
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▲25.nervous adj.焦虑的；担忧的 Be nervous of /about sth./doing sth. 【8BP27】【9AP29】
①、What's she so nervous about 什么事情使她这样紧张
②、She was nervous at first but soon composed herself. 她起初很紧张，但很快就镇静下来。
③、I'm always nervous when I make a speech. 在发言时我总是感到紧张。
④、Now, tell me why they should be more nervous 告诉我们他们为什么会更紧张呢？
⑤、I’m nervous of be in large crowds
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▲26.seldom adv. 不常；很少【9AP30】
①、He seldom eats breakfast.
②、Lazy people seldom succeed.
③、The apple tree is seldom fruitful.这棵苹果树很少结果。
④、It was seldom that she missed the school bus.她错过学校的班车的情况不多见。
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▲27. cause v & n【8BP30】【9AP30】
动词：1.v. 造成，使发生，导致
Dr. Alice Green says all these activities can cause a lot of stress for children.
爱丽丝. 格林医生说所有的这些活动可能给孩子们带来很多压力。
cause sb. to do sth 使某人做某事
The cold weather caused the plants to die. 天气寒冷冻死了植物(不定式复合结构)。
2. 给…带来cause sth. for /to sb. = cause sb. sth.给某人添麻烦(后接间接宾语+直接宾语)为固定用法。
He caused his parents much trouble.(=He caused much trouble to/for his parents.)他给父母带来很多烦恼。
My Sister caused my parents much unhappiness. 我妹妹弄的我父母很不开心。
名词 ①原因；起因
Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents.酒后驾车是导致交通事故最常见的原因之一。
②理由；动机；缘故he food was excellent─I had no cause for complaint . 饭菜好极了，我没理由抱怨。
③事业;追求;目标;理想
Refusing to have one leader has not helped the cause. 拒绝推举一名领导者对此项事业毫无帮助。
4. cause, reason, excuse辨析
⑴ cause n. 原因，表示造成某一事实或现象的直接原因或起因，后接介词of.
The cause of the accident was the fact that he was driving too fast. 事故的原因是他开车开的太快。
Carelessness is often the cause of fires. 疏忽大意往往酿成火灾。
⑵ reason n.理由，原因，一指决定做某事或采取某项行动的理由、借口。
We aren’t going, for the simple reason that we can’t afford it. 我们不去,原因很简单:我们负担不起
The reason he was driving so fast was that he didn’t want to miss an important meeting.
他开车如此快的原因是他不想错过一个重要的会议。
二侧重于解释某些已经发生的事情:i这种理由可能是真正的理由,也可能不是(它侧重于逻辑推理方面的理由。
His illness is the result of eating unhealthy food.
→Eating unhealthy food is the reason of his illness.
⑶ excuse n.辩解，借口，指对某种行为所做的解释，可以是真的，也可以是托词。
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▲28. influence n. & v. 影响【9AP30】
A.- v. 影响；左右；感化
①、What influence you to choose a career as a teachers
②、My father influenced me to accept the job.
③、You can best influence them by our own example.
B.- n.
1.影响；作用 have a strong influence on sb对某人产生强大的影响
What exactly is the influence of television on children 电视对儿童究竟有什么影响？
It was through his influence that the girl because interested in music.
通过他的影响，那个女孩才开始对音乐感兴趣。(这里是过去时态，it was +.....+that 的强调句，后面
的从句要与主句的时态一致，become系动词相当于be动词)
2. influence (over sb/sth) (对某人的) 支配力；控制力；影响力
Her parents no longer have any real influence over her.她的父母对她不再有任何真正的影响力了。
The lady used her influence to get her son a good job.
3.influence (on sb/sth) (对某人)有影响的人（或事物）
④、His grandpa was a strongest influence on him.
under the influence
(1)喝酒过多；醉酒She was charged with driving under the influence.她被控酒后驾驶。
(2)在...的影响下At that time she was under the influence of her father.
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▲29.absent adj. 缺席；不在【9AP30】
A.- [adj.] 1.缺席的；不在的；缺乏的
①、After the party he telephoned his absent friends.
②、Teachers don’t like students who are often absent from school.
③、Three members of the class are absent today.
2.心不在焉的；出神的
④、He had an absent look on his face. 他脸上带着茫然若失的神情。
be absent from…表示“缺少”“没有”“无”/“做某事缺席”，
⑤、Some students were absent from class. 有些学生上课缺席。
⑥、They were absent from work that day. 他们那天都没有上班。
⑦、Love was totally absent from his childhood. 他童年时代没受到丝毫的疼爱。
B.- [v.]缺席，置身于…之外
①、The student absented this afternoon without good reason.
②、He absented himself from the picnic.他没去参加野餐。(absent oneself from…缺席；不到)
C.- absence [n.] 不在, 缺席
What was the real reason for your absence
【短语】：in sb’s absence / during sb’s absence当某人不在时,在某人离开时
in the absence of在缺少…时 in absence在缺乏或不存在的情况下
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▲30.fail v.【9AP30】
1.-失败；未能（做到）
①、She failed to get into art college.
②、He tried but failed.
2.-（考试）不及格，评定不及格
①、He was very unhappy because he failed (in)the math test.
②、It was too unlucky for her to fail the driving test.
3.未做；未履行（某事）fail to do
She never fails to email every week.每周她必定发电子邮件。(never fail to do 一定做)
I fail to see (= I don't understand) why you won't even give it a try.
我不懂为什么你连试一试都不愿意。
[单独使用的动词]
He felt he would be failing in his duty if he did not report it. (fail in one’s duty 失职)
他认为他如果不报告就是失职。
4. 出故障；失灵
The brakes on my bike failed half way down the hill.我骑自行车下山到中途刹车失灵了。
5.衰退
①、Her eyesight is failing. ②、My grandfather is failing in health.
6.使失望；有负于；无能为力
When he lost his job, he felt he had failed his family.他失去工作以后，感到辜负了他的家庭。
She tried to be brave, but her courage failed her.她想勇敢，但却鼓不起勇气。
(figurative) Words fail me (= I cannot express how I feel) .我无法表达自己的感受。
7.不足；缺乏
The crops failed again last summer.上个夏季庄稼又歉收了。
The rains had failed and the rivers were dry.雨量不足，河流干涸。
8.[单独使用的动词] 倒闭；破产
Several banks failed during the recession.经济衰退期间有几家银行倒闭了。________________________________________________________________________________
▲31. send-sent-sent 派遣；送；寄 【9AP30】
A.- send可以带双宾语，即：send sb sth=send sth to sb:送某样东西。
①、He often sends me things.=He often sends things to me.
②、Some friends sent him some money=Some friends sent some money to him.
B.- send sb to sp:把某人送到某地
①、My father sent me to a good school last year.
②、He was asked to be sent to the front.
C.- send sb. to do sth.
①、I sent my son to buy some sugar.
②、The U.S. offered to send ships to help in the rescue operation.
美国主动提出派遣船只支援营救行动。
D.- 注意与send有关的短语
send for:派人去请 send away开除 send up发射 send out发送出去
①、----The children are going to fight. ----Please send for the police.
②、His mother is ill. He sent for a doctor.
③、Why did the boy’s teacher sent him away from school
④、Many countries have sent up man-made satellites.
⑤、Send out a distress signal; the ship is sinking.
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▲32.advice 【9AP30】
A.- advice[n.] 忠告、劝告、建议(不可数)→ 近义词 suggestion(可数)
1.- give/follow/ask for advice.
a piece of advice.
give sb. some advice 给某人提些建议
give sb. some advice on sth.给某人提某一方面的建议
①、Can you give me a piece of advice
②、He asked (for) the teacher’s advice. / He asked the teacher for his advice. 他向老师请教。
③、If you take (或follow) my advice and study hard, you’ll pass the examination.
④、When I have difficulty in doing anything. I will ask my father for advice.
⑤、 a piece of / a little / some / much advice
a suggestion / two suggestions
2.- on one’s advice 按照某人建议
①、On doctor’s advice, he gave up smoking.
②、You should act on the teacher’s advice.
B.- vt.
advise sth / doing sth 建议某事/ 做某事
advise sb how to do sth 建议某人如何做某事
advise sb to do sth 建议某人做某事
advise (sb) (that) 主语+ (should)do sth / (should) be done
①、I advise you to read more English books.
②、The doctor advised him not to eat too much junk food.
③、I advise waiting till the right time.
④、He advised us to sell the house. 他建议我们把房子卖了。
⑤、The doctor advised me to stop smoking. 医生建议我戒烟。
⑥、He advised that I (should) write her a letter. 他建议我给她写封信。
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▲33.in person亲身，亲自；本人，本身【9AP30】
①、The winner will be there in person to collect the prize.奖金需获奖者本人领取。
②、I will go to fetch it in person.
③、The actress seemed much friendlier in person.那个女演员本人似乎较为亲切。
___________________________________________________________________________________________▲34.exactly adv. 确切地；精确地【9AP30】
①、The train arrived at exactly 8 o’clock.
②、Tell me exactly where she is.
③、Your answer is exactly right.
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▲35.pride n. 自豪；骄傲take pride in proud adj. 自豪的；骄傲的be proud of 【9AP30】
①、They take pride in their son’s progress.
②、He takes great pride in his work.
③、I’m proud of being a Chinese.
④、Tom is very proud of his new car.
⑤、Pride goes/comes before a fall.
⑥、He is the pride of our school.
⑦、The Great Wall is the pride of the Chinese people.
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▲36.be there for sb.随叫随到，不离…左右 【9AP30】
①、You know I’ll always be there for you.
②、My parents are always there for me.
③、You know I’ll always be there for you. 你知道我随时都可以帮你。
④、Despite what happened in the past I want her to know I am there for her.
无论过去发生过什么，我希望她知道，我是支持她的。
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▲37. miss vt. 【9AP31】
1.未击中；未得到；未达到；错过
How many goals has he missed this season 这个赛季他射丢了多少个球？
She narrowly missed hitting him. miss doing sth.
她差一点没打着他。
2.未见到；未听到；未觉察
The hotel is the only white building on the road─ you can't miss it .
酒店是这条路上唯一的白色建筑——你不会看不见的。
I missed her name. 我没听清她的名字。
Your mother will know who's moved in─she doesn't miss much .
你妈会知道谁搬进来了——很少有她注意不到的。
3. 不理解；不懂
He completely missed the joke. 这个笑话他一点也没听懂。
You're missing the point 你没明白我的意思。
4.不在；不去；错过
She hasn't missed a game all year. 她一年中一场比赛都没错过。
‘Are you coming to the school play ’ ‘ I wouldn't miss it for the world . ’
“你来看学生演戏吗？”“我说什么也不能错过呀。”
I don’t want to miss seeing the singer on TV tonight. miss doing sth.
5.迟到；赶不上；错过
If I don't leave now I'll miss my plane. 现在不走我就赶不上飞机了。
Sorry I'm late─have I missed anything
对不起，我来晚了——我错过什么了吗？
6. 怀念；思念
She will be greatly missed when she leaves. 她走了以后，人们会非常思念她的。
What did you miss most when you were in France
7.发觉丢失；发觉…不在原处
When did you first miss the necklace 你最早发觉项链不见了是什么时候？
We seem to be missing some students this morning.
今天早上我们好像有几位同学没到。
8避开（不愉快的事）
If you go now you should miss the crowds.你如果现在走就可以避开人群。
[动词 + -ing短语]
He fell and just missed knocking the whole display over.他摔了一跤，差一点把全部展品碰翻。
miss the boat 错失良机
If you don't buy now, you may find that you've missed the boat.你如果现在不买，你会错失良机的。
miss sb/sth out不包括…在内；遗漏
I'll just read through the form again to make sure I haven't missed anything out.
我要再仔细看一遍这份表格，免得漏掉什么。
3. n 用于姓名或姓之前，是对未婚女子的称呼，但首字母要大写，“小姐；女生”
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▲38.general adj. 总的；普遍的n. 将军【9AP32】
A.- adj. 总的；普遍的n. 将军
①、I’ve got a general idea of how I want the new room to look.大体的，大致的
②、Rainy weather is general in June.一般性的
③、The teachers have a general meeting every month.全体的
B.- in general＝ generally speaking通常，大体上，一般而言
①、In general, people don’t like to be made fun of.
②、Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.
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▲39.introduction n. 介绍；引进；序言；导论【9AP32】
①、Here is an introduction about Norway in this magazine.
②、With a smile, he makes introductions all round. 他微笑着将在场的人一一作了介绍。
③、He encouraged the introduction of new medical treatments. 他鼓励采用新的医疗方法。
④、The introduction tells you how to use the book. 引言告诉你怎样使用这本书。
⑤、She read foreword and introduction soon.她很快读完了序言和导论。
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▲40. introduce v. 介绍（相识），引荐； 【B8P62】 【9AP32】
A.- introduce sb. to sb. 把...介绍给...
oneself to sb. 向...作自我介绍
introduce into 引进
①、The head teacher introduced the new English teacher to the students.
②、Let me introduce myself (to you), my name is Jack.
B.- v. 提起（话题等）；提出（议案等）；把（新事物）引进；使认识
①、He introduced an interesting topic into our conversation.
②、New Pairs fashions are introduced into Shanghai every year.
每年巴黎的新时尚都会被引入上海。
③、My father introduced me to the game of football.
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▲41.remain [v.] 【9AP32】
A.-停留，留下，逗留 （比stay正式）
①、She remained at home to look after the children.
②、You should remain in the house until the rain stops.
③、She improved, but she remained in the hospital for another week.
④、The children remained out because of the good weather.
B.-to still be present after the other parts have been removed, used, etc.; to continue to exist遗留，剩余，保留 vi
①、Several problems remain to be dealt with.
②、The children ate until no food remained on the table.
③、Few houses remained after the earthquake.
④、I you take away 3 from 8. 5 remains.
C. continue to be sth; to be still in the same state or condition-依然，仍然，保持不变(系动词 +adj./n./ doing./pp.)
①、They remain good friends even though they entered different high schools.
②、The weather still remained cold in April last year.
③、He remained standing though we asked him to sit down many times.
④、Victory remains with us if we try our best.
D.-仍需去做（或说、处理）[动词 + 带to的不定式]
Much remains to be done.还有很多事要去做。
It remains to be seen (= it will only be known later) whether you are right.你说得对不对还有待证实。
[单独使用的动词]Questions remain about the president's honesty.总统是否诚实，还有许多疑问。
【注】：remaining adj. 剩余的；其余的；
①、You may have the remaining ones.
②、The only remaining question is whether we can raise the money.
③、The only key remaining is the one you forgot in Step Three.
剩下的唯一的一个密钥就是你在第三步忘记的那一个。
( )1. It was already past midnight and only three young men ______ in the tea house.
A. left B. remained C. delayed D. deserted
( )2.The lady said she would buy a gift for her daughter with ________.
A. 20 dollars remained B. 20 dollars to remain
C. remained 20 dollars D. remaining 20 dollars
( )3.Though he’s taken a lot of medicine, his health_______ poor.
A. proves B. remains C. continues D. Feels
( )4.Please remain ______ until the plane has come to a complete stop.
A. to seat B. to be seated C. seating D. Seated
( )5.After the terrible earthquake，very few things ______ in this city.
A．put B．kept C．found D．remained
( ) 6. All the adults were killed in the accident, but the two-year-old boy ______ alive.
A. ordered B. expected C. put D. remained
( )7. — The movie is over. Let’s go out.
— Hey, just____________ seated until all the lights are on.
A. remain B. take C. hold D. refuse