高中英语语法精讲精练手册part 1名词 导学案（含答案）-2026届高三英语复习专项

高中英语语法精讲精练手册 part 1 名词
第1周：Monday
Lesson 1 测试导入
Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.
1. Yesterday he lost all his ______.
A. wages and saving
B. wage and savings
C. wages and savings
D. wage and saving
2. Three pounds ______ enough for me to buy that dictionary.
A. aren't
B. isn't
C. don't
D. doesn't
3. He found a lot of ______ were ______.
A. passers-by; grown-ups
B. passer-bys; growns-ups
C. passer-bys; grown-ups
D. passers-by; growns-up
4. A group of ______ are eating ______ and ______ at the foot of the hill.
A. sheep; grass; leaves
B. sheeps; grasses; leaves
C. sheep; grass; leaf
D. sheeps; grass; leafs
5. Mike and John's ______.
A. father is a teacher
B. fathers are a teachers
C. father are a teachers
D. fathers are a teacher
6. Aluminum offers a higher ______ to corrosion than many other metals as a thin film of oxide forms on its surface and protects it.
A. resistance
B. rejection
C. refusal
D. elimination
7. I can make out the ______ at the bottom of this manuscript.
A. sign
B. signature
C. signal
D. significance
8. I like these dishes but ______ is a little too small.
A. the tea cup
B. the cup of tea
C. the tea's cup
D. the cup for tea
9. The storm has caused ______ to this region.
A. many damages
B. much damages
C. much damage
D. few damages
10. People of the older generation tend to complain about the ______ modern life.
A. fast-pace
B. fast pace
C. fast-paced
D. fast paced
KEY
1—5 CBAAA 6—10 ABACC
Lesson 2 名词精讲
一、名词种类
（1）可数名词与不可数名词；
（2）普通名词（包括个体、集体、物质、抽象等名词）与专有名词。
可数名词的类别——个体名词与部分集体名词
不可数名词的类别——物质、抽象名词与部分集体名词
同一名词的类别种类——有时同一名词既可以是可数名词，又可以是不可数名词，但意义不同。例如：
youth 青春（抽象名词、不可数） a youth 青年人（普通名词、可数）
necessity 必要性（抽象名词、不可数） necessities 必需品（普通名词、可数）
二、名词的性
1. 大部分名词没有性的区别，只有一个共同的形式。例如：
professor 教授
reader 读者
person 人
2. 有些词具有性别的不同形式。例如：
man—woman
aunt—uncle
king—queen
husband—wife
widower—widow
cock/rooster—hen
son—daughter
monk—nun
具体分类如下：
（1）词尾加-ess等构成阴性。例如：
actor—actress
emperor—empress
host—hostess
prince—princess
master—mistress
governor—governess
（2）在名词前加he, she, girl, man, woman等可以表示性别。例如：
boy student—girl student
boy/man friend—girl/woman friend
he-wolf—she-wolf
he-goat—she-goat
tradesman—tradeswoman
grandfather—grandmother
male（man/boy） cousin 表（堂）兄弟—female（woman/girl） cousin 表（堂）姐妹
（3）某些名词有外来阴性后缀。例如：
hero—heroine
administrator男执行官—administratrix女执行官（pl. administratrices）
（4）在某些情况下，man可以包括woman在内，通指一切人。例如：
Every man has his weak points. 人无完人。
Man is mortal. 人皆有一死。
3. 惯用于男性和女性的名词。
在英语中，有些名词惯用于男性，代词用he, him, his等对应；有些名词则惯用于女性，其代词用she, her等对应。
（1）惯用于男性的词。例如：general, lawyer, soldier, sailor。
（2）惯用于女性的词。例如：nurse, typist, housekeeper。
（3）国家、都市通常看作阴性。例如：
China is proud of her long history.
Suzhou is famous for her gardens.
（4）拟人化的阳性词（伟大、强大等），代词用he；拟人化的阴性词（温柔，优美），代词用she。例如：
The Moon is shedding her rays upon the plains.
月光洒满了辽阔的平原。
The Sun shed his powerful rays upon the plains.
阳光普照在辽阔的平原上。
三、名词的数
1. 可数名词的复数构成（规则情况）
（1）一般情况下，名词的复数形式是在单数名词后面后加-s。例如：
cat—cats
fan—fans
hand—hands
（2）以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，变y为i，再加-es。例如：
fly—flies
factory—factories
（3）以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，只加-s。例如：
boy—boys
day—days
（4）以-s, -x, -z, -sh, -ch等结尾的名词，加-es 变为复数。例如：
box—boxes
glass—glasses
match—matches
brush—brushes
（5）以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词，一般加-es或-s。例如：
potato—potatoes
hero—heroes
piano—pianos
solo—solos
（6）以“元音字母+o”结尾的名词，加-s。例如：
bamboo—bamboos
radio—radios
（7）以-f或-fe结尾的名词，变f为v再加-s或-es。例如：
leaf—leaves
wife—wives
thief—thieves
2. 不规则名词的复数情况
（1）改变内部元音。例如：
foot—feet
mouse—mice
goose—geese
tooth—teeth
（2）加-en 变为复数。例如：
ox—oxen
child—children
（3）单、复同形。例如：
sheep aircraft fish deer swine
（4）外来词复数改变词尾（通常为-元音加-辅音）。例如：
curriculum—curricula
basis—bases
phenomenon—phenomena
terminus—termini
（5）少数名词有两种复数形式，但两者表示的含义是不一致的。例如：
cloth—cloths（多种布料）—clothes衣服
index—indices指数—indexes索引
（6）直接从汉语音译的名词一般无复数，但要用斜体。例如：
five yuan 5元
ten li 10里
3. 复合名词的复数
复数形式通常加在其所包含的主体词上。
（1）主体名词在第一个词。用连字符连接的复合名词变为复数时，如果复合词中第一个词为主体词，一般把第一个名词变成复数。例如：
son-in-law—sons-in-law
looker-on—lookers-on
passer-by—passers-by
editor-in-chief—editors-in-chief
（2）主体名词在词尾。用连字符连接的复合词变为复数时，如果主体词在词尾，则一般把词尾的名词变为复数。例如：
step-mother—step-mothers
tooth-brush—tooth-brushes
（3）中间没有连字符的复合名词，一般把最后一个词变成复数。例如：
bookshelf—bookshelves
toothpick—toothpicks
（4）由man, woman等构成的复合名词变为复数时，如果是偏正关系，两个词都要变为复数。例如：
man doctor—men doctors
woman writer—women writers
4. 不可数名词的计数
通常在单词前加冠词与单数单位词或加复数单位词。例如：
a piece of 一条、一片、一件、一则
a pair of 一双、一对
a lump of 一堆
flocks of 几群
groups of 几队、几组
5. 只有单数形式的名词
（1）有生命集体名词。例如：class, couple, enemy, association, party, jury等。
（2）无生命集体名词。这类名词中大部分为物质名词，包括气体名词、液体名词、药品名词等。例如：machinery, salt, rice, bread, oxygen, hydrogen等。
（3）抽象名词。例如：education, knowledge, fun, happiness, laughter, luck, love, peace, sunshine, geology, power等。
6. 只有复数形式的名词
（1）表示有两个相同部分组成的东西的名词。例如：
scissors 剪刀
trousers 裤子
glasses 眼镜
pants 裤子
stockings 袜子
spectacles 眼镜
jeans 牛仔裤
shorts 短裤
（2）常以复数形式出现的名词（表示“多量”）。例如：
overalls 工作服
remains 残余物
arms 武器
clothes 衣服
news 新闻
stairs 楼梯
thanks 谢意
crossroads 十字路口
（3）词尾为-ing的名词（表示“多量”）
savings 储蓄
greetings 致敬
earnings 薪水
surroundings 环境
（4）有些名词的复数形式表示特殊含义。例如：
brain 大脑—brains 脑力、智能
sand 沙—sands 沙滩、沙漠
green 绿色—greens蔬菜
custom 风俗—customs 关税
air 空气—airs 架子
iron铁—irons 镣铐
work 工作—works 工厂、工程
good 好处—goods 货物
tin 锡—tins 锡罐
rubber 橡胶—rubbers 胶鞋
sight 景象、视力—sights 景象
rag 破布—rags 破衣
四、名词的语法功能
名词主要充当主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语、宾补与同位语，有时也可充当定语与状语。例如：
主语，表语：Life is struggle . 人生就是斗争。
宾语：I love my son . 我爱我儿子。
宾补：They elected her monitor . 他们选她当班长。
介词宾语：What have you learned in class 你在课堂上学到了什么？
同位语：We children should listen to our parents. 我们孩子应该听父母的话。
定语：our English teacher 我们的英语老师
状语：There are twenty-four hours a day . 一天有24小时。
五、名词属格
名词属格通常是表示“所有”关系。
1. 名词属格中名词的种类：多为生物、时间、地点、度量、天体名称的名词。
（1）大多数名词的所有格是由名词加's构成的。例如：
father's car 父亲的汽车
the factory's gate 工厂的大门
the sun's rays 太阳的光线
a mile's distance 一英里的距离
（2）以-s结尾的复数名词在-s后加'即构成所有格。例如：
two hours' walk 步行两小时的路程
ladies' wear 女装
the students' reading-room 学生阅览室
（3）复合名词或名词短语的所有格仅在最后一个名词后加's。例如：
her son-in-law's piano 她女婿的钢琴
somebody else's book 别人的书
2. 名词属格的意义：可以表示下列语义关系
（1）所有关系。例如：
the donkey's mouth 驴的嘴
her brother's watch 她哥哥的手表
（2）主谓关系。例如：
my mother's arrival 我母亲的到来
Mary's departure 玛丽的离开
（3）动宾关系。例如：
the prisoner's release 犯人的释放
Tom's murder 汤姆的谋杀
（4）同位关系。例如：
the devil of man 坏家伙
a genius of artist 天才艺术家
（5）用途。例如：
children's stories 儿童故事
women's clothes 女装
（6）来源。例如：
my uncle's letter 我叔叔的来信
Newton's law 牛顿定律
（7）类别。例如：
a camera's use 照相机的用途
a table's design 桌子的设计
3. 名词属格的形式
（1）'s或s'所有格。例如：
students' rooms 学生们的房间
a day's work 一天的工作
（2）of所有格。例如：
the end of the road 路的尽头
the life of the poor 穷人的生活
（3）双重所有格（名词+of+'s 所有格）。例如：
a friend of my husband's 我丈夫的一个朋友
a picture of John's 约翰的一张照片
注：一般说来，当被修饰的名词前面有不定冠词、不定代词、疑问代词、指示代词，如a, an, this, that, these, every, some, any, no, which等，其后的定语要用双重所有格的形式表示，of 后面只能接指人的名词。例如：
He is a friend of mine . 他是我的一个朋友。
Which novel of Dicken's are you going to read？你要读狄更斯的哪一部小说？
比较：
①He is a friend of my brother's . （one of my brother's friends ）
②He is a friend of my brother . （friendly to my brother）
③He is my brother's friend . （the only one or the one just talked about）
（4）注意事项
①两个名词分别与另一名词发生所有关系时，它们都必须分别带's所有格。例如：
Peter's and Paul's fathers（各自的父亲）
②两个名词共同与另一名词发生所有关系，第二个名词用's所有格。例如：
Peter and Paul's father（共有的父亲，即Peter和Paul 为兄弟）
Lesson 3 强化训练
一、选择题。
1. Computers can do ______ work in a short time, but a man cannot do much by himself.
A. a great many
B. a great deal
C. a great deal of
D. a great many of
2. At least we are required to write five ______ every year.
A. theses
B. thesis
C. thesisies
D. pieces of thesis
3. There ______ not a means to get in touch with those comrades on the mountains.
A. was
B. were
C. was a
D. were a
4. He has given a series of ______ of his loyalty and sincerity.
A. proof
B. prooves
C. proofs
D. proofes
5. Some ______ from the countryside want to find jobs in the city.
A. youth
B. youths
C. a youth
D. the youth
6. —What can I do for you？
—I want ______.
A. two dollar's worth of candy
B. two dollars' worth of candy
C. dollars worth of candy
D. two dollars-worth candy
7. What a pity that only last month did I call at ______.
A. the Smith
B. the Smith's
C. the Smiths
D. Smith
8. Harry will be able to begin soon. He has all ______ he needs now.
A. the equipment
B. the equipments
C. equipments
D. of equipment
9. The Niagara Falls ______ great fame in the world.
A. enjoy
B. enjoys
C. is
D. are
10. There are more than four ______ in the university so that some students can play the piano.
A. pianos
B. a piano
C. pianoes
D. piano
11. The storm has caused ______ to this region.
A. many damages
B. much damages
C. much damage
D. few damage
12. He invited all his ______ to join in his wedding party.
A. comrades-in-arms
B. comrades-in-arm
C. comrade-in-arms
D. comrades-ins-arms
13. The cattle ______ us with nutritious milk.
A. provides
B. produce
C. produces
D. provide
14. I like these dishes but ______ is a little too small.
A. the tea cup
B. the cup of tea
C. the tea's cup
D. the cup for tea
15. —Why couldn't they meet us at five o'clock？
—Because they were delayed by ______.
A. a heavy traffic
B. heavy traffic
C. some heavy traffics
D. traffic being heavy
16. ______ of Mrs. White's came back home yesterday. She had been in the United States for years.
A. One daughter
B. The daughter
C. Her daughter
D. A daughter
17. Our family ______ not to exchange gifts this year.
A. has agreed
B. have agreed
C. agrees
D. had agreed
18. A dozen eggs ______ $5 nowadays.
A. has cost
B. costs
C. cost
D. are cost
19. The woman over there is ______.
A. Julia and Mary mother
B. Julia and Mary's mother
C. Julia's and Mary's mother
D. mother of Julia and Mary's
20. We are going to have ______ quiz.
A. a few minutes
B. a few minute
C. a few minutes'
D. a few minutes's
二、填入适当的名词形式。
1. The servant was promised good ______（wage）.
2. He is making a study of fresh-water ______（fish）.
3. The students are making ______（preparation） for the party.
4. Please give my best ______（regard） to your parents.
5. We have gathered enough ______（datum） on the subject.
6. Before they moved in the new house, they bought a lot of ______（furniture）.
7. Everyone was in high ______（spirit） that day.
8. Father went to his doctor for ______（advice） about his heart trouble.
9. The ______（government）, who are looking for a quick victory, are calling for a general election soon.
10. He has some ______（ink）.
三、翻译。
1. 两个旁观者
2. 很多药
3. 一把剪刀
4. 房间号码
5. 一个交叉路口
6. 办公室的门
7. 一根三十米长的绳子
8. 一本书的封面
9. 两条鱼
10. 与玛丽交朋友
11. 我们在两天之内完成这件工作是有困难的。
12. 你要几客冰激凌？
13. 我将安排我的秘书陪你参观我们公司。
14. 我买了10张3美元的邮票。
15. 今年的粮食产量是去年的三倍。
16. 我将尽快调查此事，请要有耐心。
17. 他靠教法语谋生。
18. 我们在黑暗中什么也看不见。
19. 在那一点上没有争辩的余地。
20. 对不起，我食言了。
强化训练 答案
一、选择题。
1—5 CAAAB 6—10 BBAAA 11—15 CADAB 16—20 DBCBC
二、填入适当的名词形式。
1. wages
2. fishes
3. preparations
4. regards
5. data
6. furniture
7. spirits
8. advice
9. government
10. ink
三、翻译。
1. two lookers-on
2. a lot of medicine
3. a pair of scissors
4. room number
5. a crossroads
6. the door of the office
7. a thirty-meter-long rope
8. the cover of a book
9. two fish
10. to make friends with Mary
11. We have difficulty in finishing the job in two days.
12. How many ice creams do you want
13. I'll make arrangements for my secretary to show you round our company.
14. I bought ten three-dollar stamps.
15. The grain output this year is three times that of last year.
16. I'll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little patience.
17. He makes a living as a teacher of French.
18. We saw nothing in the dark.
19. There is no room for argument on that point.
20. I'm sorry that I broke my promise.