(共112张PPT)
UNIT 4
NATURAL DISASTERS
[头脑风暴·思维发散]
A terrifying landslide struck the small mountain village.The earth slid down the hillside,destroying houses and burying farmland.As the landslide continued,some people were trapped under the ruins,struggling to breathe.Rescue teams worked tirelessly to evacuate the survivors and search for those who might still be alive.The disaster greatly affected the entire community.Sadly,there were several deaths reported.
一场可怕的山体滑坡袭击了这个小山村。泥土从山坡上滑落,摧毁了房屋,掩埋了农田。随着山体滑坡的持续,一些人被困在废墟之下,挣扎着呼吸。救援队伍不知疲倦地工作,疏散幸存者并搜寻那些可能仍存活的人。这场灾难极大地影响了整个社区。令人悲痛的是,据报道有多人死亡。
Listening and Speaking — Discovering Useful Structures
Part 1
自主预习·课前清障
基础识记
写作词汇
1. n.灾难;灾害
2. n.旱灾;久旱
3. vi.& vt.( , )(使)滑行;滑动
4. n.洪水;大量
vi.淹没;大量涌入
vt.使灌满水;淹没
disaster
drought
slide
slid
slid
flood
5. n.& vt.营救;救援
6. vt.损害;破坏
n.损坏;损失
7. vt.摧毁;毁灭
8. vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动
9. n.避难处;居所;庇护
vt.保护;掩蔽
v i.躲避(风雨或危险)
rescue
damage
destroy
affect
shelter
10. n.& vt.破坏;毁坏
11. n.百分之……
adj.& adv.每一百中
12. vt.使落入险境;使陷入圈套
n.险境;陷阱
13. n.努力;艰难的尝试;尽力
14. n.供应(量);补给;[pl.]补给品
vt.供应;供给
ruin
percent
trap
effort
supply
1.tornado n.(pl.-oes or -os)
2.landslide n.(also landfall)
3.tsunami n.
4.magnitude n.
阅读词汇
龙卷风;旋风
(山地或悬崖的)崩塌;滑坡
海啸
震级;重大
5.evacuate vt.
vi.
6.helicopter n.
7.crack n.
vi.& vt.
8.gas n.
9.brick n.
疏散;撤出
撤离
直升机
裂纹;裂缝
(使)破裂
气体;燃气;汽油
砖;砖块
10.metal n.
11.unify vi.& vt.
12.context n.
13.volcano n.(pl.-oes or -os)
14.typhoon n.
15.hurricane n.
金属
统一;(使)成一体
上下文;语境;背景
火山
台风
(尤指西大西洋的)飓风
1. n.死;死亡→die vi.死;死亡→dying adj.垂死的;临终的→dead adj.无生命的;死亡的→deadly adj.致命的
2. n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊→shocking adj.令人震惊的→shocked adj.震惊的;惊讶的
3. vi.& vt.呼吸→breath n.呼吸→breathless adj.气喘吁吁的
拓展词汇
death
shock
breathe
4. vt.& vi.复活;(使)苏醒→revival n.振兴;复苏
5. n.智慧;才智→wise adj.明智的→wisely adv.聪明地;明智地→
unwise adj.不明智的
6. vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→suffering n.折磨;苦难→sufferer n.受苦者;受难者
revive
wisdom
suffer
7. vi.& vt.(火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出→eruption n.爆发
8. vi.生存;存活 vt.幸存;艰难度过→survival n.幸存;残存物→
survivor n.幸存者;生还者
9. n.电;电能→electric adj.电动的→electrical adj.电的;用电的
erupt
survive
electricity
重点词块及句型
重点词块
1.set up
2.as usual
3.as if
4.come to an end
5.in ruins
6.instead of
建立
像往常一样
似乎;好像;仿佛
结束;走向末日
严重受损;破败不堪
而不是;代替
7.in shock
8.dig out
9.suffer from
10.in the open air
11.in times of
12.get back up on one’s feet
震惊;吃惊
挖掘;找出
遭受
露天;在户外
在……的时候
重新站起来;重新振作
1.Chickens and even pigs ,and dogs refused to go inside buildings.(too...to...太……而不能……)
鸡甚至猪都焦躁不安,不愿进食;狗拒绝进入屋内。
2.It seemed as if ! (It seemed as if... 好像……)
仿佛世界末日即将来临!
重点句型
were too nervous to eat
the world were coming to an end
3. ,there was nothing but ruins.(everywhere 引导地点状语从句)
幸存者目及之处无一不是废墟。
4.Water,food,and electricity .(主语+be+adj.+to do)
没有水和食物,电也停了。
5.Workers built shelters for survivors .
(whose 引导定语从句)
工人们为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。
Everywhere survivors looked
were hard to get
whose homes had been destroyed
学习理解·语篇解构
语篇导读·先行把握
▲
1.主题语境:人与自然——自然灾害。
2.语篇类型:报告文学。
3.课文内容分析:
文章主要介绍了唐山大地震的相关情况,包括地震前的征兆、地震中的破坏、地震造成的损失、震后救援及重建等。通过阅读描述重大灾害的纪实性报告文学语篇,学生能掌握该类语篇的语言特征和叙事要点,能够分析阅读语篇的文本结构;能够树立防灾意识和自我保护意识,具备积极应对灾害的意识和态度。
多维解读·浅析结构
▲
too nervous to eat
to hide
were heard
cut across
in ruins
provide medical care
精研细读·深层理解
▲
( )1.In what order did the writer write the text
[A]In order of place.
[B]In order of time.
[C]In order of importance.
[D]In order of position.
B
( )2.What are the second and third paragraphs mainly about
[A]The great loss the earthquake caused to Tangshan.
[B]The number of people killed or injured.
[C]When and where the earthquake happened.
[D]The cause of the big earthquake in Tangshan.
A
( )3.What does the last sentence “Slowly,the city began to breathe again.” in the last but one paragraph mean
[A]People who were trapped came to life.
[B]The trees turned green.
[C]The animals began to breathe.
[D]The city returned to normal gradually.
D
( )4.What can we learn from this passage
[A]No pain,no gain.
[B]The sooner,the better.
[C]Many hands make light work.
[D]Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
C
二次开发·深研课文
▲
Many strange things had happened before Tangshan earthquake happened.The well walls had deep cracks.Some 1. (smell) gas came out of wells.Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat.At 3:42 a.m. 2. 28 July 1976,everything began to shake.It seemed as if the world 3. (come) to an end.Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt.In less than one minute,the whole city lay in 4. (ruin).Two thirds of the people died or were injured.Nearly everything in the city was destroyed.People 5. (shock) at this and wondered how long the disaster would last.
smelly
on
were coming
ruins
were shocked
But hope was not lost.The army organised teams to dig out those
6. were trapped and to bury the dead.Workers built shelters for survivors.Fresh water and food 7. (take) to the city.Slowly,the city began 8. (breathe) again.With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people,9. new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.It has proved that in times of disaster,people must unify and show the 10. (wise) to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
who
were taken
to breathe
a
wisdom
核心知识·深入探究
重点词汇
1.rescue n.& vt.营救;救援
·rescuer n.救助者;救援人员
[教材原句] What are the rescue workers and soldiers doing in the flood-hit area
救援人员和士兵在遭受洪灾的地区做什么
例 With the help of a ladder,neighbours were able to rescue the trapped woman from the big fire.
邻居们借助一把梯子把受困的女士从大火中救出来了。
rescue sb/sth from ...
从……中营救某人/某物
例 (读后续写之动作描写) When the hiker got lost in the mountains,his friends came to his rescue.
当徒步旅行者在山中迷路时,他的朋友们来救他了。
come/go to one’s rescue=rescue sb援救某人
归纳拓展
·rescue sb/sth from ... 从……中营救某人/某物
·come/go to one’s rescue=rescue sb援救某人
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/一句多译
They rescued the survivors the ruins after the earthquake.
When I lost my wallet,my classmate came to (me) rescue and lent me some money.
老人救了他,并把他送回了家。
→The old man and sent him home.(rescue vt.)
→The old man and sent him home.(rescue n.)
from
my
rescued him
came/went to his rescue
语
境
串
词
A fire broke out in that building yesterday and the Smiths were caught in the fire.The rescue team immediately came to their rescue and rescued all the family from the big fire.
昨天那栋楼里发生了火灾,史密斯一家被困在了火中。救援队立即赶来援救,把这一家人全都从大火中救了出来。
2.damage vt.损害;破坏 n.损坏;损失
[教材原句] Which buildings were damaged in Seoul
首尔哪些建筑物被损坏了
例 (应用文写作之新闻报道)It is reported that the flood caused great damage to the city.
据报道,这次洪水给这座城市造成了重大损失。
cause/do damage to对……造成损害
例 (应用文写作之建议信) Don’t damage your health for a good figure.
不要为了好身材而损害你的健康。
damage one’s health损害某人的健康
例 The flood caused severe damage to the crops,making the farmers very worried.
洪水对庄稼造成了严重损害,让农民们十分担忧。
cause/do damage to对……造成损害
归纳拓展
·cause/do damage to对……造成损害
pay for the damage to... 赔偿……的损失
·damage one’s health损害某人的健康
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/一句多译
After the accident,the driver immediately offered to pay for the damage
the other vehicle.
(应用文写作之建议信) 众所周知,花太多时间看屏幕会伤害我们的眼睛。
→As we all know,spending too much time on the screen
. (do/cause damage to)
→It’s well known that spending too much time on the screen
. (damage sth)
→What is known to us all is that spending too much time on the screen
. (harmful)
to
will do/cause
damage to our eyes
will damage
our eyes
is harmful to our eyes
3.affect vt.影响;(疾病)侵袭;深深打动
·affection n.喜爱;感情;影响
例 (读后续写之情感描写) We were deeply affected by the little boy’s experience,so we decided to help him.
小男孩的经历深深打动了我们,因此我们决定帮助他。
be (deeply) affected by 受……的影响;被……深深打动
例 (应用文写作之新闻报道) Large amounts of donations have been flooding into the affected areas.
大量捐款源源不断地涌入受灾地区。
例 He was unfortunately affected with a bad cold and had to stay in bed for a few days.
他不幸感染了重感冒,不得不卧床休息几天。
be affected with感染……疾病
归纳拓展 ·be (deeply) affected by 受……的影响;被……深深打动
be affected with感染……疾病
·have an affection for sth 对某事有喜爱之情
with affection带着爱意
show affection for sb对某人表达爱意
[语境运用] 写出下列句子中affect的含义/完成句子
The climate change will affect the growth of plants.
The virus affected his lungs.
The movie affected her deeply and she couldn’t help crying.
(读后续写之情感描写) The audience
(被这个感人的故事深深打动) with tears welling up in their eyes.
(应用文写作之慰问信) Learning that you have returned to Ireland
(因你感染了重病),I am terribly sorry about it.
影响
(疾病)侵袭,使感染
使感动,打动
were deeply affected by this moving
story
because you were affected with a serious illness
4.ruin n.& vt.破坏;毁坏
·ruined adj.毁坏的;严重受损的
[教材原句] In less than one minute,a large city lay in ruins.
在不到一分钟的时间里,一座大城市沦为废墟。
例 (读后续写之主旨升华) You can’t change the past,but you can ruin the present by worrying about the future.
你改变不了过去,但如果你忧虑未来,你将会毁了现在。
例 (读后续写之动作描写) With his plan ruined by accident,he let out a cry of anger.
由于他的计划意外地被破坏,他愤怒地叫了一声。
归纳拓展
·lie/be in ruins成为废墟;严重受损;破败不堪
fall into ruin灭亡;毁坏;败落
bring...to ruin 使……毁灭;使……没落
·ruin one’s future/health/fame毁掉某人的前程/健康/名誉
ruin oneself 自取灭亡
[词语辨析]
damage 不一定全部毁坏,常常是局部的或可以修好的。通常接物。
destroy 彻底地破坏,常含不能或很难修复的意思。可接人,也可以接物。
ruin 一般指对物体或生命彻底地破坏,但不是以某种摧毁性的力量进行破坏,而是在一定过程中逐渐毁掉。多用于借喻中,指毁坏价值、用途等。
The palace was destroyed completely rather than slightly damaged,which can’t be repaired,leaving only ruins.
那座宫殿不是轻微受损,而是被完全毁了,以致它无法修复,只剩下废墟。
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/熟词生义/完成句子
If you continue to be so proud and lazy,you will ruin (you).
If we don’t protect the ancient temple,it will soon fall ruin.
Sadly,his bad behavior brought his reputation ruin.
The bad habits have ruined him into a lazy man.
(应用文写作之建议信) I hope you realize that your bad habits are slowly
(毁掉你自己).It’s time to stop and change.
yourself
into
to
使沦为(不好的状态);使堕落
ruining yourself
5.shock n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊
·shocked adj.震惊的;惊讶的
·shocking adj.令人震惊的
[教材原句] People were in shock—and then,later that afternoon,another big quake shook Tangshan again.
人们惊恐万状,然而临近傍晚时分,又一次强烈的地震撼动唐山。
例 (读后续写之神态描写) I looked at him in shock,waiting for him to tell me that I had misunderstood everything.
我震惊地望着他,等着他告诉我,这一切都是我的误解。
in shock 震惊;吃惊
例 To our shock,he had become seriously ill.
令我们震惊的是,他已经病得很严重。
例 On returning to the town,they were shocked to find their house in ruins.
当他们回到镇上时,他们震惊地发现他们的房子成了废墟。
to one’s shock 令某人震惊的是
be shocked to do sth 做某事很吃惊
归纳拓展
·be a shock to sb使……吃惊
in shock 震惊;吃惊
to one’s shock 令某人震惊的是
·be shocked at/by sth 对……吃惊
be shocked to do sth 做某事很吃惊
be shocked that 对……感到吃惊
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
I was shocked (hear) that he had resigned.
our shock,a famous landmark building caught fire last night.
The scene left everyone .(shock)
(应用文写作之祝贺信) You ranked number one in the contest,which
(对于我们所有人来说都不令人惊讶).
(读后续写之情感描写) (精疲力竭又震惊万分),
he stared blankly at the destroyed landscape in front of him.
to hear
To
shocking
shocked
was not a shock to all of us
Exhausted and shocked
6.bury vt.埋葬;安葬
[教材原句] Soon after the quakes,the army sent 150,000 soldier to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
地震发生后不久,部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山,将受困群众从废墟中挖出,并掩埋死者。
例 (读后续写之动作描写) She held her mother closely,burying her head against her mother’s shoulder.
她紧紧地抱住她的妈妈,把头靠在她妈妈的肩上。
例 (应用文写作之人物介绍) He buries himself in the medicine research,
which he believes will save many people’s lives.
他潜心于医学研究,他相信这将挽救许多人的生命。
bury oneself in (doing) sth=be buried in (doing) sth 埋头于/专心于(做)某事
归纳拓展
·bury one’s face/head in one’s hands 双手掩面/捂头
bury oneself in (doing) sth=be buried in (doing) sth 埋头于/专心于(做)某事
·be buried in thought 陷入沉思
表示“专注于某事”的短语还有:be absorbed in,be devoted to,be lost in,
focus on,concentrate on,pay attention to等。
温馨提示
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/一句多译
She buried her face her hands and wept.
After his wife left,he buried (he) in his work.
由于专心读书,他不知道外面下雨了。
→ , he didn’t know it was raining outside.(现在分词短语作状语)
→ ,he didn’t know it was raining outside.(过去分词短语作状语)
→ ,he didn’t know it was raining outside.(状语从句)
in
himself
Burying himself in his books;Buried in his books
Buried in his books
Because he buried himself in his books
7.effort n.努力;艰难的尝试;尽力
[教材原句] With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city’s people,a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.
有了来自政府的大力支持以及唐山人民的不懈努力,一个新的唐山在废墟中被建立起来。
例 (应用文写作之倡议书)We should make an effort to protect the environment and make our planet more beautiful.
我们应该努力保护环境,让我们的星球更美丽。
make an effort/efforts to do sth 努力/尽力做某事
例 She put all her effort into preparing for the exam and finally achieved excellent results.
她把所有精力都投入到备考中,最终取得了优异的成绩。
put one’s effort into doing sth
把某人的精力投入到做某事中
归纳拓展
put one’s effort into doing sth 把某人的精力投入到做某事中
make an effort/efforts to do sth 努力/尽力做某事
spare no effort to do sth 不遗余力地做某事
with/without (an) effort 费力地/毫不费力地
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
effort she managed to stop herself laughing.
Let’s start right now and spare no effort (do) a little bit everyday.
(应用文写作之建议信) As a senior high school student,you must
(努力提高你的沟通) and problem solving skills.
(读后续写之主旨升华)As we all know,
(不努力则一事无成).
With
to do
make efforts to improve your communication
without effort nothing can be
achieved
8.suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦
·suffering n.折磨;苦难
·sufferer n.受苦者;受难者
[教材原句]What kind of help do you think people who have suffered an earthquake need
你认为地震灾民需要什么样的帮助
例 (读后续写之主旨升华) There are always some ups and downs in our lives,but it is the sufferings that make us stronger.
生活中总有一些起起伏伏,但是正是苦难让我们更加坚强。
例 (2024·新高考全国Ⅰ卷) He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain.
20年前,当他遭受严重的背痛折磨时,他开始对替代疗法产生了兴趣。
suffer from 患……病;
因……而受苦;遭受
归纳拓展
suffer from 患……病;因……而受苦;遭受
suffer losses/pain遭受损失/痛苦
①suffer后的名词多指抽象的损害、痛苦等。如pain、loss、defeat、poverty、hunger、punishment、hardship、damage等。
②suffer from常跟具体的不幸或痛苦的名词,表示遭受战争、自然灾害、疾病带来的痛苦。如suffer from hunger/flood/fever/cold/disease(遭受饥饿/洪水/发烧/感冒/疾病)。
温馨提示
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
That war caused widespread human (suffer).
She received many letters of support from fellow (suffer).
(应用文写作之建议信) I am sorry to hear that you are
(遭受失眠) all night,I’m writing to you to give you some suggestions.
(读后续写之情感描写) To our great shock,he got badly injured,
(遭受极大的痛苦和不适).
suffering
sufferers
suffering great pain and discomfort
suffering from
sleeplessness
9.survive vi.生存;存活 vt.幸存;艰难度过
·survivor n.幸存者;生还者
·survival n.幸存;残存物
[教材原句]It’s looking for the people who survived the earthquake.
它正在寻找在地震中幸存下来的人。
survive sth 幸免于;从……中挺过来/活过来
例 (读后续写之主旨升华)Life isn’t about how to survive storms,but how to dance in the rain.
生活不在于如何挺过暴风雨,而在于如何在雨中舞蹈。
survive sth 幸免于;从……中挺过来/活过来
例 (应用文写作之推荐信)The ancient building survived from the Tang Dynasty.
这栋古建筑从唐朝留存至今。
survive from... 从……存活下来
归纳拓展
survive sth 幸免于;从……中挺过来/活过来
survive from... 从……存活下来
survive on... 依靠……生存下来
A survive B by... A比B活得长……
①survive作及物动词时,后面直接接宾语,表示“幸免于难;挺过;艰难度过”,其后不需要加介词in 或from。
②survive from中的survive是不及物动词,from表示来源,survive from表示“从……存活下来;从……留存下来”,通常指事物、习俗、传统等从过去的某个时期留存到现在。
温馨提示
[语境运用] 写出下列句子中survive的含义/完成句子
The traveller trapped in the lonely island survived on the fish caught in the sea.
He was very lucky that he survived the cold winter.
The old lady has survived her elder brother by ten years.
After the flood destroyed their homes and fields,the family
(靠着政府送来的物资生存).
生存;存活
艰难度过
比……活得长
survived on
the supplies sent by the government
语
境
串
词
After the plane crash,only a few survivors managed to survive in the harsh wilderness.Their survival skills and strong willpower were crucial in that difficult situation.
飞机失事后,只有少数幸存者在恶劣的荒野中成功存活下来。他们的生存技能和坚强的意志力在那种艰难的处境中至关重要。
重点句式
as if/though引导的从句
▲
[教材原句] It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
仿佛世界末日即将来临!
例 (读后续写之心理描写) He was so anxious that he felt as if he were on pins and needles.
他如此焦虑,以至于他感觉如坐针毡。(与现在事实相反)
例 Look at the dark clouds in the sky! It looks as if it is going to rain.
看看天上的乌云!看起来要下雨了。(陈述语气)
例 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.
他说起罗马来好像他以前去过那里似的。(与过去事实相反)
归纳拓展
·as if/though意为“似乎;好像;仿佛”,引导表语从句时,常放在be,look,
seem,sound,smell,feel等系动词之后。as if/though还可以引导状语从句。
·如果as if/though引导的从句表示真实的或极有可能发生的情况,从句用陈述语气。当从句表示一种假设的情况时,从句谓语动词通常用虚拟语气,结构如下:
与现在事实相反,从句谓语动词用一般过去时(be 动词用were);与过去事实相反,从句谓语动词用过去完成时(had done);与将来事实相反,从句谓语动词用would/could/might/should do。
·如果as if引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构,可省略主语和系动词,这样as if后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词(短语)或动词-ing形式。
[语境运用] 完成句子/句型转换
(读后续写之神态描写)She looked at me (仿佛我是一个陌生人),her eyes filled with confusion and suspicion.
(读后续写之场景描写)It is dark in the woods.It seems
(似乎有吓人的野兽) behind every cluster of bushes.
(读后续写之动作描写) Tears swirling in his eyes,David raised his head,
looked at me (好像要说什么),but lowered his head once again.
as if I were a stranger
as if there were
frightening wild animals
as if to say something
He stood there motionless,as if he were turned into stone by the shock of what he had just witnessed.
→He stood there motionless,as if by the shock of what he had just witnessed.(省略句)
He walked slowly,as if he were carrying the weight of the world on his shoulders.
→He walked slowly,as if of the world on his shoulders.
(省略句)
turned into stone
carrying the weight
语法微专题4
定语从句(一)
语法原句再现
There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.
The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400,000.
Soon after the quakes,the army sent 150,000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.观察以上句子,加粗部分的共同特点是什么
语法知识点拨
一、定语从句的概念和位置
1.概念:在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句起形容词的作用,在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
关系词常有三个作用:
①连接主句和定语从句。
②指代先行词。
③在定语从句中充当成分。
2.位置:通常放在被修饰词(即先行词)之后。
如:在复合句“Mary is a girl who has long hair.”中,“who has long hair”为定语从句,修饰a girl,a girl即为先行词,who为关系词,起连接作用,同时在从句中充当主语。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1.关系代词who、whom、that。
①who的用法:
who指人,在从句中可作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略。
There is a girl who wants to see you.
有个女孩儿想见你。(who作主语)
That is the man (who) I met in Beijing last year.
他就是我去年在北京碰见的那个人。(who作宾语,可省略)
②whom的用法:
whom指人,在从句中作宾语,可省略,此时也可用who代替。
He was a personal friend (who/whom) I’ve known for many years.
他是一位我认识多年的私人朋友。(who/whom在定语从句中作known的宾语)
The old man (who/whom) you saw yesterday is a thinker.
你昨天见到的那位老人是一位思想家。(who/whom在定语从句中作saw的宾语)
③that的用法:
that代替指人或指物的先行词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时可省略。
This is the house (that) we bought last month.
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。
This is the thief (that) we have been looking for these days.
这就是我们近日来一直在找的小偷。
关系代词只能用who,不能用that的情况。
①先行词是指人的代词时,如one,ones,anyone,those等。
One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.
一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。
②先行词为人称代词时,关系代词应用who。
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。
温馨提示
[语境运用] 句子语法填空
Do you know the girl is talking with our maths teacher
The woman I read about in the newspaper has just won a gold medal.
who/that
who/that/whom或不填
2.关系代词whose。
whose既可指人也可指物,表所属关系。在定语从句中修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。它可以转化为“the+名词+of which/whom”和“of which/whom+the+名词”的形式。
I want to read the book whose cover is blue,and please pass it to me.
=I want to read the book of which the cover is blue,and please pass it to me.
=I want to read the book the cover of which is blue,and please pass it to me.
我想看那本封面是蓝色的书,劳驾您递一下给我。
This is the person whose story surprises everybody.
=This is the person of whom the story/the story of whom surprises everybody.
就是这个人的故事让所有人感到吃惊。
[语境运用]翻译句子
很多学生参加了那个主题为“秋日校园”的摄影比赛。
Many students took part in the photography competition whose theme is “Autumn Campus”.
那个女孩非常有礼貌,她的妈妈是一名医生。
The girl whose mother is a doctor is very polite.
3.关系代词which。
which所代替的先行词是表示事、物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等。
Yesterday,I read an article which was about natural disasters.
昨天,我读了一篇关于自然灾害的文章。(which在从句中作主语)
The pen (which) he bought yesterday is the same as mine.
他昨天买的那支钢笔和我的一样。(which在从句中作宾语)
(1)关系代词只能用which,不能用that的情况。
①引导非限制性定语从句时。
Football,which is a very interesting game,is played in many countries.
足球是一项很有趣的运动,很多国家的人都踢足球。
②介词后只能用which,不能用that。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.(which不可以省略)
我们依靠土地获得食物。
温馨提示
(2)关系代词只能用that,不能用which的情况。
①当先行词为anything、nothing、something、all、much、few、any、little等不定代词或先行词被all、much、few等词修饰时。
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是油的供给。
②先行词被the only、the very等修饰时。
This is the very scarf that my mother has been looking for.
这就是我妈妈一直在找的那条围巾。
温馨提示
③先行词被序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰时。
This is the most beautiful park that I have ever visited.
这是我参观过的最美丽的公园。
④先行词既有人又有物时。
Can you tell me the people and events that you saw in Britain
你能告诉我你在英国见到的人和事吗
温馨提示
⑤当关系代词在从句中作表语时。
China is no longer the country (that) it used to be.(在主句中,the country作表语)
中国已不再是过去的那个中国了。
⑥当关系代词出现在以who或which开头的疑问句中时,为避免重复,关系代词用that。
Who is the boy that is talking to Tina in English
那个用英语和蒂娜说话的男孩是谁
温馨提示
[语境运用] 句子语法填空
The house in I used to live became ruins in the big fire.
The traveller saw many buildings along the way, were quite different from those in his hometown.
The flood destroyed all the books were put on the first floor.
She described in her composition the people and places impressed her most.
which
which
that
that
真题赏析
1.(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres—until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska,
became a national monument in 1978,took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
【解析】 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,在从句中作主语,指物,应用which,故填which。
which
2.(2024·新高考全国Ⅱ卷) Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia”,add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon,William Shakespeare’s hometown.
【解析】 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为“Tang Xianzu”,指人,在从句中担当主语,应用关系代词who。故填who。
who
3.(2024·浙江1月卷) Of course,shops are not charities — they price goods in the way will make them the most money.
【解析】 考查定语从句。在定语从句中缺少主语,且先行词为way,所以应用关系代词which或that。故填which/that。
which/tha
语法专项训练
Ⅰ.句子语法填空
1.The earthquake hit the city in 1906 was one of the biggest earthquakes in the world.
2.Nobody knows the number of people lost their homes in the disaster.
3.Tom used to be a brave boy his teachers always praised.
[变式训练] Tom used to be a brave boy teachers always praised him.
that/which
who/that
that/whom/who
whose
4.He said he would do anything could help his father recover from the disease.
[变式训练] He said he would do could help his father recover from the disease.
5.Jack is the boy father is a famous scientist.
6.All we need is enough rest after long hours’ work.
hat
whatever
whose
that
7.Anyone has helped to save the drowning boy is worth praising.
8.I don’t know the persons and the things you are talking about.
9.His father bought a new bike for him price was more than 1,000 yuan.
10.The boy and the dog are described in the movie are very lovely.
who
that
whose
that
Ⅱ.将下列句子升级为含定语从句的复合句
1.We are going to interview the writer.His new novel has been well received by the public.
→We are going to interview the writer
.
2.The washing machine is out of order.Mrs Green bought the washing machine a month ago.
→The washing machine is out of order.
whose new novel/the new novel of
whom/of whom the new novel has been well received by the public
(that/which) Mrs Green bought a month ago
3.The police are looking for the little girl.The little girl got lost yesterday.
→The police are looking for the little girl .
4.The girl is making a speech under the national flag.The girl is our monitor.
→The girl is our monitor.
5.They visited Peter yesterday.Peter’s leg was injured in a car accident.
→They visited Peter yesterday
.
that/who got lost yesterday
who/that is making a speech under the national flag
whose leg/the leg of whom/of whom the leg
was injured in a car accident
Ⅲ.语篇填空
A Girl Who Is Good at Drawing
Mary,1. drawings were shown at the exhibition last month,is a model student 2. is often praised for her good works at school.
As soon as we got into the exhibition hall,our attention was attracted by a very large picture 3. was hung on the wall in front of us.
The horse 4. is in the drawing is exactly like a real one.
The man 5. is riding on it looks lifelike.
whose
that/who
that/which
that/which
that/who
It is the best drawing 6. I have ever seen,and I should say Mary is the best young painter 7. I have ever heard of.However,you will be quite mistaken if you think that Mary was born a good painter.One of her teachers told me that it had taken Mary thousands of hours to learn and practise drawing before she became the best young painter 8. is well-known in her hometown.But if you say that she is so good at drawing by working hard,I will certainly agree with you.
that
that/who/whom
that/who(共97张PPT)
Part 2
Listening and Talking —
Video Time
自主预习·课前清障
基础识记
1. adj.镇静的;沉着的
vt.使平静;使镇静
2. n.援助;帮助;救援物资
vi.& vt.(formal)帮助;援助
3. vt.& vi.碰撞;撞击
n.撞车;碰撞
写作词汇
calm
aid
crash
4. vt.& vi.( , )打扫;清扫
5. n.海浪;波浪
vi.& vt.挥手;招手
6. vi.& vt.( , )
侵袭;突击;击打
n.罢工;罢课;袭击
sweep
swept
swept
wave
strike
struck
struck/stricken
1.tap vi.& vt.
n.
2.pipe n.
3.whistle vi.
vt.
n.
4.kit n.
阅读词汇
轻叩;轻敲;轻拍
水龙头;轻叩;轻敲
管子;管道
吹口哨;发出笛声
吹口哨
哨子(声);呼啸声
成套工具;成套设备
拓展词汇
1. n.电力供应;能量;力量;控制力→powerful adj.强有力的;有权势的;有影响力的→powerless adj.无力的;无能为力的
2. n.突发事件;紧急情况→emergent adj.突发的;紧急的;新兴的;处于发展初期的
3. vt.& vi.递送;传达 vt.发表→delivery n.投递;交付;递送;分娩
power
emergency
deliver
4. n.影响;结果;效果→effective adj.有效的;有影响的→effectively adv.有效地
5. n.长;长度→lengthen vt.使延长;加长 vi.延长;变长→long adj.长的
6. n.总结;概括;概要→summarise vt.总结;概括
effect
length
summary
重点词块及句型
重点词块
1.stay away from
2.make sure
3.on hand
4.in danger
5.sweep away
6.out of gratitude
7.stand at
远离
确保
现有(尤指帮助)
处于危险中
消灭;彻底消除
出于感谢
达到(特定数量)
重点句型
1. water started filling my home.(be doing...when...正在做……,这时……)
当时我和三个孩子正在吃早饭,海水开始灌入屋内。
2.... even higher over the next few days.(be expected to do sth)
……预计在未来几天,死亡人数还将增加。
I was having breakfast with my three children when
the number of deaths is expected to grow
3.However,dangerous conditions and damaged roads will
.(v.+it+adj.+to do sth)
然而,由于条件险恶和道路受损,食物运送和物资补给将变得(非常)困难。
4.Foreign aid for the tsunami-hit countries.(现在进行时的被动语态)
目前正在为这些受灾国家组织国外援助。
make it difficult
to deliver food and supplies
is being organised
学习理解·语篇解构
语篇导读·先行把握
▲
1.主题语境:人与自然——自然灾害。
2.语篇类型:新闻报道。
3.课文内容分析:
本文是一则海啸袭击亚洲的新闻报道。新闻发布于海啸发生的第二天,体现了时效性。播报中提到了后续伤亡人数可能会增加,以及救援工作的困难,突出了灾难的严重性。文本还交代了海啸发生的时间、地点、范围、原因、受灾情况等,有利于学生了解新闻报道应包含的基本要素和语言特点,能够为重大新闻事件的专题报道编写摘要,能够培养学生提炼关键信息以及概括、归纳要点的高阶思维能力。
多维解读·浅析结构
▲
powerful
coastlines
swept away
were affected
in Thailand
精研细读·深层理解
▲
( )1.Where the number of people who were killed in the tsunami was the largest
[A]In Indonesia.
[B]In Sri Lanka.
[C]In India.
[D]In Thailand.
B
( )2.Why would it be difficult to deliver food and supplies to the tsunami-hit countries
[A]There were no enough trucks.
[B]It was still raining heavily.
[C]The people in these areas were not willing to accept these food and supplies.
[D]The roads to these areas were damaged.
D
( )3.Where can this passage most probably be seen
[A]A monthly magazine.
[B]A daily newspaper.
[C]A travel brochure.
[D]An entertainment website.
B
核心知识·深入探究
重点词汇
1.power n.电力供应;能量;力量;控制力 vt.驱动;推动
·powerful adj.强有力的;有权势的;有影响力的
·powerless adj.无力的;无能为力的
[教材原句] Go to an open space away from buildings,trees,or power lines.
去一个开阔的地方,远离建筑物、树木或电线。
例 (读后续写之场景描写)Because of a power failure,they had to feel their way in the darkness.
由于停电,他们不得不在黑暗中摸索着走。
例 (读后续写之心理描写)She knew she had to do everything in her power to save the injured bird.
她知道她必须尽全力去拯救那只受伤的鸟。
do everything in one’s power to do sth某人尽全力做某事
归纳拓展
have the power to do sth具有做某事的能力
do everything in one’s power to do sth某人尽全力做某事
come to/into power开始掌权/执政
beyond/out of one’s power力所不能及的
[语境运用] 写出下列句子中power的含义/完成句子
He used all his power to lift the heavy box.
The power of the engine determines the speed of the car.
The power of music to soothe the soul is well known.
The machine is powered by electricity.
His words powered her to keep going.
力量;能力;体力
动力;功率
影响力;感染力
给……提供动力
使……有力量;激励
(应用文写作之建议信)To begin with,make sure you keep awake.Besides,
(尽全力) to save yourself actively when waiting for rescue.
(读后续写之主旨升华)It is individuals who
(有能力改变) in the world through small actions.
do everything in your power
have the power to make a
difference
2.calm adj.镇静的;沉着的 vt.使平静;使镇静
·calmness n.冷静;平静
·calmly adv.冷静地
[教材原句] Stay calm.保持镇静。
例 George was trying to be calm,but I could tell this was hard for him.
乔治试着冷静下来,但我看得出来,这对他来说很难。
例 (读后续写之动作描写)Though rather anxious,he breathed deeply to calm himself down.
他虽然相当焦虑,但他却深呼吸以使自己平静下来。
calm sb down使某人平静下来
归纳拓展
·calm down平静下来
calm sb down使某人平静下来
·stay/remain/keep calm保持镇静
[词语辨析]
calm 既可指天气、海洋等的平静状态,又可指人的镇定。
quiet 指没有喧闹、活动或骚乱的安静状态。
silent 指沉默不语。
still 指平静而又安定的状态,一动不动。
[语境运用] 选词填空(calm/quiet/silent/still)/完成句子
When facing danger,one should keep ;when taken photos,one should keep ;when someone else is asleep,one should keep ;
when in class,one shouldn’t keep about the teacher’s questions.
(应用文写作之建议信)If you are lost in the mountains,
(保持镇静) in the face of darkness and loneliness.
When he gets upset,he will take a few deep breaths to
(使自己平静下来).
calm
still
silent
quiet
stay/remain/keep
calm
calm himself down
3.aid n.援助;帮助;救援物资 vi.& vt.(formal)帮助;援助
例 (应用文写作之新闻报道)People from other parts of the country aided them with plenty of supplies.
来自全国其他地区的人们用充足的物资救助他们。
aid sb with sth用某物帮助某人;帮助某人某事
例 (应用文写作之感谢信)With the aid of my English teacher,I have made great progress in reading and writing this term.
在英语老师的帮助下,我这个学期在读写方面取得了很大进步。
with the aid of sb(=with sb’s aid)
在某人的帮助下
归纳拓展
·give/do/offer first aid to sb对某人进行急救
with the aid of sb(=with sb’s aid)在某人的帮助下
come to one’s aid过来帮助某人
·aid sb with sth用某物帮助某人;帮助某人某事
aid sb in (doing) sth帮助某人(做)某事
aid sb to do sth帮助某人做某事
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/一句多译
the aid of a good map,we can easily find the direction.
He is very kind and often aids classmates cleaning the classroom.
They had the power to aid him his design.
With
in
with/in
(应用文写作之求助信)如果你能帮助我学习英语,我将不胜感激。
→I would be very grateful if you .
→I would be very grateful if you .
→I would be very grateful if you .
could aid me with my English study
could aid me (in) studying English
could aid me to study English
4.strike vi.& vt.(struck,struck/stricken)侵袭;突击;击打;打动,迷住 n.罢工;罢课;袭击
[教材原句] The undersea quake struck around 7:00 a.m.,Sunday off the west coast of Indonesia’s Sumatra Island.
周日早上7:00左右,印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛西岸附近的海域发生海底地震。
例 (读后续写之动作链描写)The boy fell down,struck his head on the edge of the table and began to cry.
男孩摔了一跤,头撞在桌沿上,哭了起来。
例 (应用文写作之邀请信)Struck by your talent for music,I can hardly wait to invite you to the music festival.
我对你的音乐天赋印象深刻,我迫不及待地想邀请你参加音乐节。
例 Mountain Tai has struck its beauty into my heart;as a result,it strikes me that I will visit it again.
泰山的美让我刻骨铭心,所以我想我会再次游览泰山。
strike into one’s heart 深深地打动某人的心灵
It strikes/hits/occurs to sb that...某人突然想起……
归纳拓展
·be struck by...被……所侵袭;被……打动
sth strikes sb某人想到/意识到某事
strike into one’s heart 深深地打动某人的心灵
It strikes/hits/occurs to sb that...某人突然想起……
strike+钟点 (钟)敲响报时
strike sb+介词+the+身体部位 击打某人某处
·be/go on strike罢工
[语境运用] 写出下列句子中strike的含义/一句多译
A big earthquake struck the city last year,destroying many buildings.
The children should not run into the road because they may be struck by a car.
It struck me that I forgot to take my keys when I arrived at my office.
突然袭击;侵袭
撞击
(使)突然想起
He struck a match and lighted a candle.
I got up early this morning before the clock struck five.
The visitors were struck by the beauty of the city.
He fell,striking his head on the floor.
擦(火柴)
(时钟)报时
打动,迷住
碰撞
(读后续写之心理描写)被他为我做的事情感动,我没能控制住自己,感激的泪水顺着脸颊流下来。
→ ,I couldn’t contain myself,tears of gratitude flowing down my cheeks.(状语从句)
→ ,I couldn’t contain myself,tears of gratitude flowing down my cheeks.(过去分词短语作状语)
Because/As/Since I was struck by what he had done for me
Struck by what he had done for me
5.deliver vt.& vi.递送;传达 vt.发表
·delivery n.投递;交付;递送;分娩
[教材原句] However,dangerous conditions and damaged roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies.
然而,由于条件险恶和道路受损,食物运送和物资补给将变得(非常)困难。
例 (应用文写作之感谢信)It was very considerate of you to deliver milk to our door every morning.
你考虑得非常周到,每天早上把牛奶送到我们家门口。
deliver sth to sb把某物递送/运送给某人
例 (应用文写作之演讲稿)Being a champion in the Olympic event,I feel extremely honored to deliver a speech here.
作为这个奥运项目的冠军,能在这里演讲,我感到万分荣幸。
deliver a speech发表演讲
归纳拓展
deliver sth to sb把某物递送/运送给某人
deliver a speech发表演讲
deliver a baby接生
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
The woman usually had her water (deliver) to her house.
The lecture the professor (deliver) just now is impressive and inspiring.
Customers are expected to pay for goods on (deliver).
这位女医生因为接生了很多孩子而出名。
The woman doctor is known for .
delivered
delivered
delivery
delivering many babies
6.effect n.影响;结果;效果
·effective adj.有效的;有影响的
·effectively adv.有效地
例 (应用文写作之介绍信)During his lifetime,Li Bai wrote a great number of excellent poems,all of which have a great effect on Chinese culture.
李白一生创作了大量优秀的诗歌,对中国文化产生了巨大的影响。
have a/an...effect on对……产生……影响
例 (应用文写作之建议信)Hopefully,my recommendations will soon be put into effect to settle these problems.
为解决这些问题,希望我的建议不久会付诸实施。
bring/put sth into effect使生效;实行
例 (应用文写作之建议信)In order to find more effective ways to protect the environment,we call on the government to put the law into effect.
为了找到更有效的方法来保护环境,我们呼吁政府实施这项法律。
bring/put sth into effect使生效;实行
归纳拓展
have a/an...effect on对……产生……影响
come into effect开始实施;生效
take effect生效
bring/put sth into effect使生效;实行
in effect实际上;事实上
[语境运用] 句子语法填空/完成句子
The team worked (effect) to complete the project on time.
The government is determined to bring the new welfare system
effect as soon as possible.
(应用文写作之倡议书)There is no doubt that
(读书会对我们的发展产生好的影响).
(应用文写作之倡议书)I call on our school to
(采取有效措施) to build a low-carbon campus.
effectively
into
reading books will have a
good effect on our development
take effective measures
重点句式
be doing...when...正在做……,这时……
▲
[教材原句] I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.
当时我和三个孩子正在吃早饭,海水开始灌入屋内。
例 (读后续写之动作描写)He was walking cautiously along the road when his feet slipped and he fell over.
他正小心翼翼沿着路走着,突然他脚下一滑摔倒在地。
例 (读后续写之情感描写)They were on the point of putting up the tent in the open air when a loud whistle frightened them.
他们正要在户外搭起帐篷,这时一声响亮的口哨声把他们吓坏了。
归纳拓展
·句中when为并列连词,表示“这时;正在那个时候”,相当于and then和at that moment。
·when用作并列连词的常见句型:
be about to do sth when...正要做某事,这时……
be on the point of doing sth when...正要做某事,这时……
had just done sth when...刚刚做完某事,这时……
[语境运用] 完成句子/一句多译
(读后续写之动作描写) (她正沿着河岸走) when she heard a cry for help.
These survivors (刚刚从被毁的房子里逃出来) when it fell down.
She was walking along the bank of the river
had just escaped from the destroyed house
汤姆正要关窗户,这时一只小鸟吸引了他的注意。
→Tom his attention was caught by a bird.
→Tom his attention was caught by a bird.
was about to close the window when
was on the point of closing the window when
写作微专题5
Write a summary
文本解读
1.文体类型:概要写作,属于说明文或议论文范畴,常用于概括归纳原文中的主要事实,略去不必要的细节。语言具有准确性、完整性、概括性、客观性、个体性等特点。在进行概要写作时,所用语句要用词准确、结构合理、语意连贯、不得抄写原文。
2.要点内容:
(1)亚洲发生了海啸;
(2)海啸造成的人员伤亡及救援情况。
[思路指引]
实用表达
1.概要写作中常见的逻辑词。
(1)并列关系:and、and also、or、“neither...nor...”、“either...or...”、“not only...but also...”、likewise、similarly、equally、in the same way、that is to say、as well as、“the same...as...”。
(2)递进关系:also、then、besides、additionally/in addition、furthermore/
moreover、what is more。
(3)因果关系:because、for、since、as、due to、thanks to、on account of、because of、considering that、seeing that、thus、hence、therefore、so、consequently、as a result、for this reason。
(4)转折关系:but、however、yet、though、on the contrary、by contrast、instead、unfortunately。
(5)顺序关系:first/second/last of all、in the first place/in the second place/finally、to begin with/ to continue、“first...then...”、“on the one hand...on the other hand...”、“for one thing...for another...”、“one...another...”、“some...others...”。
(6)条件关系:if、only if、unless、as long as、suppose that/supposing that。
(7)举例关系:such as、for example、for instance、of (these、those、them)、among (these、those、them)、to illustrate、as an illustration、to take an example、namely。
(8)归纳总结:on the whole、in short、in a word、in conclusion、in summary、to sum up。
2.概要写作中常见的写作句式。
The topic...(主题) is becoming increasingly popular recently.There are two sides of opinions about it.
In recent days,we have to face this problem...,which is becoming increasingly serious.
As a matter of fact,there are some other reasons to explain...
Human activities,such as...can partly lead to...
In their views,there are two factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place,...(原因一).Furthermore(In the second place),...(原因二).
Faced with...,we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation.
温馨提示
在进行概要写作时,需要注意以下几点:
①词数要限制在 60词左右,上下限不得超过10个单词。
②要根据文章的体裁特点进行概要写作。
③人称和时态要与所给文章中的人称和时态保持一致,但必要时也可变换成第三人称。
④写作时尽可能地使用复合句,必要时可转换词性,不得照抄原文。
佳作建构
阅读下面的短文,根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概要。
Plan for Domino Effects on Sustainability Goals
Climate change is causing ever-more-extreme events,from storms and droughts to floods and violent windstorms,and these risks interact across many environmental and social systems.A heatwave can spark forest fires,which lead to air pollution.Drought-wrecked harvests can result in food-price unpredictability.
Yet these domino effects are barely considered in most countries’ strategies for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030.Many countries that are working hard to reach these goals insufficiently consider the impact of extreme weather.Take Germany as an example.Its 2018 strategy on sustainable development runs to 60 pages yet the word “disaster” appears only once.There is no analysis of the consequences of an increase in such events.
Although many people are now aware that climate change is making fires,
floods,heatwaves and storms more frequent,more severe or both,this knowledge isn’t changing policy or research enough.Part of the problem is perception.
Future disasters feel unreal to decision-makers,as we’ve experienced with so many governments’ lack of pandemic preparedness,despite years of warning that some viruses may spread fast.Other obstacles are inadequate national and international governance,and communication challenges.The research community has not yet provided effective guidance.As a consequence,many efforts to achieve the SDGs will,like a house of cards,fall at the first shaking.Our global efforts need to be much more vigorous to the changing and interconnected nature of risk in a warming world.
What now Researchers must create models that are more understandable and useful to policymakers.When possible,SD targets and indicators should be redesigned to capture weakness to heatwaves,fires,droughts,floods,hurricanes,mudslides and more.And politicians need to be convinced to invest in precautionary measures and adaptation.
审题谋篇
1.确定文体及文章主旨大意。
文体:说明文。
主旨大意:本文介绍了气候变化导致更加极端的天气,但是很多国家没有意识到气候变化的严重性。各国应采取更多更加强有力的措施来应对,诸如创造更好理解的模式、重设可持续发展目标等。
2.明确各段主旨。
3.概述各段要点。
范文展示
One possible version:
Despite the negative domino effects resulting from climate change,
strategies for achieving sustainability goals seldom consider these disasters’ impacts.(要点1) Actually,this is due to false perception,lack of effective governance and communication failures.(要点2) Therefore,more effective and efficient measures are required.(要点3) In short,they should include the creation of useful models understandable to policymakers,the redesign of sustainability goals and indicators and politicians’ devotion to investing in precautions.(要点4)
写作练习
阅读下面的短文,根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的概要。
As most people know,in the past few years,sandstorms have swept across many countries,polluting the air and disturbing daily lives of human beings.Saharan sandstorms have increased about 10 times during the half-century since the 1950s,causing topsoil loss in nearby countries.
In Mauritania,there were just two sandstorms a year in the early 1960s,but there are 80 a year today.
In desert areas,sandstorms are most commonly caused either by thunderstorm outflows,or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind speed over a wide area.In some cases,dust and sand may set a limit to a shallow depth by a low-lying temperature change.In other cases,dust may be blown as high as 6,100 metres.Drought is another cause of sandstorms.Poor farming practices make dust and sand free of protection from the wind.Dryland farming is one of the most serious practices.A sandstorm can transport and carry large amounts of sand.
Desert is the key source of sandstorms.
Sandstorms have also been shown to increase the spread of diseases across the globe.Virus in the dust is blown into the atmosphere by the sandstorms.Some diseases may not be urgent at the very beginning,but they can develop into deadly ones if left untreated.For example,a breathing problem can lead to lung cancer,while dry eyes lead to blindness.
Sandstorms cause soil loss from the dry lands,doing harm to agriculture.Sandstorms also reduce visibility,affecting aeroplanes and road transportation.In addition,sandstorms also discourage visitors from visiting these places,thus striking tourism.
So what should we do with the frightening sandstorms Some experts put forward practical suggestions as follows.For one thing,more funds ought to be put into tree planting and forest protection so as to keep more water resources within the surface of the earth.For another,governments of all countries should make laws on environmental protection.For example,
banning the use of throwaway chopsticks and punishing illegal tree cutting.
Scientists should also study and find ways to cut down the degree of its destruction and to improve the whole environment.
写作指导
1.确定文体及文章主旨大意。
文体:说明文。
主旨大意:文章介绍了沙尘暴的成因和危害以及如何应对沙尘暴。
2.明确各段主旨。
3.概述各段要点。
4.提炼语言,完善概要。
One possible version:
Worries arise with global increasing sandstorms.(要点1) There are many causes of sandstorms,such as thunderstorm outflows,strong pressure gradients,drought,poor farming practices and deserts.(要点2) Besides affecting aeroplanes,transportation and tourism,sandstorms do harm to human beings by spreading diseases,and agriculture by causing soil loss.
(要点3) Scientists should play an important role in fighting against sandstorms.Reforestation is necessary and laws on environmental protection should be made.(要点4)
读后续写微技能之“点—线—面”
[教材语料库]
读后续写 微技能之“点” 情感描写 shock n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊 in shock 震惊;吃惊 calm adj.镇静的;沉着的 vt.使平静;使镇静
动作描写 slide vi.& vt.(使)滑行;滑动 flood vi.淹没;大量涌入 vt.使灌满水;淹没 rescue vt.营救;救援 trap vt.使落入险境;使陷入圈套 tap vi.& vt.轻叩;轻敲;轻拍 aid vi.& vt.帮助;援助 crash vt.& vi.碰撞;撞击 sweep vt.& vi.打扫;清扫 wave vi.& vt.挥手;招手 suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦 survive vi.生存;存活 vt.幸存;艰难度过 breathe vi.& vt.呼吸
读后续写微技能之“线” Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat,and dogs refused to go inside buildings.Mice ran out of the fields looking for places to hide,and fish jumped out of the water.(场景描写)
Bricks covered the ground like red autumn leaves,but no wind could blow them away.(明喻)
People were in shock—and then,later that afternoon,another big quake shook Tangshan again.(情感描写)
The most powerful earthquake in the past 40 years caused a tsunami that crashed into coastlines across Asia yesterday,killing...(动作描写)
Slowly,the city began to breathe again.(拟人)
I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.(场景描写)
读后续写 微技能之“面” 读后续写——车祸现场
突然,汽车伴随着震耳欲聋的声响撞上了树。约翰惊呆了,心脏狂跳不已。然而,玛丽却保持镇定,迅速从车里滑了出来。她轻敲车窗,查看车内是否有人被困。很快,附近的许多救援人员赶到了现场。他们救助伤者,清理现场的杂物。约翰仍心有余悸,看着玛丽向他挥手。他们紧紧相拥,对在这场突如其来的事故后能安然无恙地活着心怀感激。
Suddenly,the car 1. with a deafening noise.John 2. ,his heart pounding wildly.Mary,
however,3. .She 4. to check if anyone was trapped inside the car.Very soon,many rescuers from nearby 5. .
They 6. on the scene.John,still suffering from the fright,watched as Mary
7. .They hugged each other tightly,grateful to be alive and unharmed after this unexpected accident.
crashed into the tree
was in shock
stayed calm and quickly slid out of the car
tapped on the window
flooded the scene
aided the injured and swept away the mess
waved to him
重点知识回顾
Ⅰ.拓展词汇
1.death n.死;死亡→ vi.死;死亡→ adj.垂死的;临终的→
adj.无生命的;死亡的→ adj.致命的
2.shock n.震惊;令人震惊的事;休克 vt.(使)震惊→ adj.令人震惊的→ adj.震惊的;惊讶的
3.breathe vi.& vt.呼吸→ n.呼吸→ adj.气喘吁吁的
die
dying
dead
deadly
shocking
shocked
breath
breathless
4.revive vt.& vi.复活;(使)苏醒→ n.振兴;复苏
5.wisdom n.智慧;才智→ adj.明智的→ adv.聪明地;明智地→
adj.不明智的
6.suffer vt.遭受;蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦→ n.折磨;苦难→ n.受苦者;受难者
7.erupt vi.& vt.(火山)爆发;(岩浆、烟等)喷出→ n.爆发
revival
wise
wisely
unwise
suffering
sufferer
eruption
8.survive vi.生存;存活 vt.幸存;艰难度过→ n.幸存;残存物→
n.幸存者;生还者
9.electricity n.电;电能→ adj.电动的→ adj.电的;用电的
10.power n.电力供应;能量;力量;控制力→ adj.强有力的;有权势的;有影响力的→ adj.无力的;无能为力的
11.emergency n.突发事件;紧急情况→ adj.突发的;紧急的;新兴的;处于发展初期的
survival
survivor
electric
electrical
powerful
powerless
emergent
12.deliver vt.& vi.递送;传达 vt.发表→ n.投递;交付;递送;分娩
13.effect n.影响;结果;效果→ adj.有效的;有影响的→
adv.有效地
14.length n.长;长度→ vt.使延长;加长 vi.延长;变长→ adj.长的
15.summary n.总结;概括;概要→ vt.总结;概括
delivery
effective
effectively
lengthen
long
summarise
Ⅱ.重点词块
1. 像往常一样
2. 似乎;好像;仿佛
3. 结束;走向末日
4. 严重受损;破败不堪
5. 震惊;吃惊
6. 挖掘;找出
7. 遭受
as usual
as if
come to an end
in ruins
in shock
dig out
suffer from
8. 在……的时候
9. 重新站起来;重新振作
10. 远离
11. 现有(尤指帮助)
12. 消灭;彻底消除
13. 出于感谢
14. 达到(特定数量)
in times of
get back up on one’s feet
stay away from
on hand
sweep away
out of gratitude
stand at
Ⅲ.重点句型
1.too...to...太……而不能……
Chickens and even pigs (焦躁不安,不愿进食),
and dogs refused to go inside buildings.
句式仿写
(读后续写之神态描写)The boys were still standing there,
(吓得不能动弹).
were too nervous to eat
too scared to
move
2.It seemed as if...好像……
It seemed as if (世界末日即将来临)!
句式仿写
He stood up and offered her his seat, (好像他读懂了她的心思).
the world were coming to an end
as if he had read her mind
3.everywhere引导地点状语从句
(幸存者目及之处),there was nothing but ruins.
句式仿写
(我们目光所及之处),there were beautiful flowers in bloom.
Everywhere survivors looked
Everywhere we looked
4.主语+be+adj.+to do
Water,food,and electricity (很难得到).
句式仿写
(应用文写作之建议信)If you follow the above suggestions,your situation
(不难改变).
were hard to get
is not difficult to change
5.whose引导定语从句
Workers built shelters for survivors (他们的家园已经被毁).
句式仿写
The man (车被偷的人) reported it to the police immediately.
whose homes had been destroyed
whose car was stolen
6.be doing...when...正在做……,这时……
(当时我和三个孩子正在吃早饭) when water started filling my home.
句式仿写
(读后续写之场景描写) (他们正在开会) when someone burst into the room.
I was having breakfast with my three children
They were having a meeting
7.现在进行时的被动语态
Foreign aid (正在被组织) for the tsunami-hit countries.
句式仿写
(一座新的购物中心正在建造) in the city center,and it is expected to attract a large number of customers when it opens.
is being organised
A new shopping mall is being constructed
