课件58张PPT。tendency
reliable
cliff
expedition
compulsory
incident
survival
departure
dilemma
drawback
reckon
tension
foresee
tear
psychology
roar
background
starvation
peck
reform
para11. How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?
e.g. What do you suppose has happened to her?
What do you believe I will be doing this weekend?
2. We ______________(很可能感到奇怪)how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to ______________________(在地图上表标出船只的位置).
a. These are excellent photographs and we may well use them in our magazine.
b. You might well find that you’ll need more by the weekend.may well wonderplot a ship’s position on a map3. The voyages of travelers before the 17th century show that they were not _________________(任凭海洋的摆布) even though they did not have modern navigational aids.
at the mercy of: under the control of …/
in the power of sb/sth
at the mercy of the seaThey were lost at sea, at the mercy of
wind and weather.
b. I don’t like to be at the mercy
of such a man.have mercy on/ show mercy to
对……表示怜悯
The terrorists showed no mercy to the hostages.
without mercy 毫不留情地
The mother left the dying baby in the hospital without mercy.It’s a mercy (that) (口)幸运的是,幸亏 (用于表示更遭的情况得以避免总算是幸运)
a. It’s a mercy the accident happened
so near the hospital.
b. It’s a mercy she wasn’t seriously
hurt.4. This seems to have been the first and most useful ___________________(探险方式) which carried _________________________ (最少风险).
form of explorationthe minimum amount of riskminimum (min)(opp.) maximum (max) a. The minimum requirements for the job are a degree and two years’ experience.
b. He faces a maximum of seven years in prison.
c. The car has a maximum speed of 120 mph.
d. The minimum number of students we need to run the course is fifteen.Para.1
1. a long journey by sea or in space
voyage
voyage journey trip tour travel
2. under the control of the sea
at the mercy of the sea
3. a book giving information about all areas of knowledge.
encyclopedia
trip a journey to a place and back, especially for a short visit
journey an act of traveling from one place to another, especially when they are far apart.
travel /U/ the general act of traveling
travels several journeys to other places or countries, especially far away
voyage a long journey especially by sea or in space
tour the act of walking around a town, building…
a journey made for pleasure during several different towns, countries are visited.
trip 公务或游玩的短程、短程旅行
journey 时间较长的长途旅行。
travel 抽象概念，泛指旅行的行为
travels 漫游，海外旅行
voyage 水上或空中旅行。
tour 周游或巡回比赛,演出等。
1. They have got everything ready to make a _______ across the Atlantic.
2. They came back home after years of foreign _________
3. My father is on a business _______ now.
4. She has a dream of taking a round-the-world _______.
5. The _______ was long and difficult.
voyagetraveltriptourjourneyPage 1
1.探索，探究
1. *They _______ this desert region in 1923.
*Spain began the ___________ of the New World .
*He is an Arctic ___________ .
2.最小
minimum
最大
_____mummaxiexploredexplorationexplorerexploreexplorationexplorerThis seems to have been the first and most useful form of exploration which carried the minimum amount of risk. 3.熟练的航海家
____________ (accomplish) navigator
4.中午/正午时分
at midday
at noon
黎明/破晓时分
at dawn
at sunrise
at daybreak
傍晚/薄暮时分
at sunset
at dusk
accomplished在北极
at the north pole
在赤道
at the equator
在最高点
at its highest position 5.借助头顶的太阳来导航
use the sun_________at midday to navigate by
Last night, thunder boomed in the sky overhead.
over- 在上方，在上空
overhead projector
高谢投影仪
悬挂
overhang
over- 超过，越过
overtime
overwork overheadSun 6. There is a special cloud formation which indicates there is land close by.
indicate 表明，暗示
The results of the research indicates that eating habits are changing fast.
他说的话表明了他很生气.
What he said indicates that he was very angry. Clouds7. The land was nowhere to be seen.
看不见陆地.
A peace settlement is nowhere to be ______
找不到和平的解决方法
8.筑巢而居的小鸟
飞鱼
酣睡的孩子
…even if they were offshore and in the open sea.
flying fisha sleeping childnesting birdsfoundBirds风可以加速， 但 他们 也 可能 很 危险 。
They could accelerate the speed, but they could be dangerous.
Using the sea
潮汐和水流可以 把船带到目的地。
Certain tides and currents could carry ships to their destination. Winds 2.解决理论上的问题（page 13）
_____ the _________(theory) problem
3.近似标准的方法
an _____________ method
4.系在原木上的一根打结的绳子
a ______（knot) rope ____(tie) to a log
solvetheoreticalapproximateknottedtied熏火腿 __________hamsmoked开水 __________waterboiled固定的参照点 a_____(fix) point of referencefixedFinding longitude Line 7
An early method of measuring speed involved throwing a knotted rope tied to a log over the side of the ship.
早期 测量速度 的方法 是沿着 船边 拉一根打结的 绳子，把这个绳子系在一根圆木上。 As the ship _________ through the water (,)the knots were _______ as they passed through a seaman’s hands.(page 13 )
5.当船只在水中前进时，这些绳结就会从海员的手中通过，这时海员就记下绳结的数目。advancedcounted 6.船只在大海中直线航行。(last 2 lines)
The ship __________________ in the
middle of the ocean.
8.这样海员就可以知道自己是在正确的航道上而不是在随意行驶。(the bearing circle)
Then he could tell if he was sailing on his correct ___________a __________ course.
一个随意的选择
随意说的几句话
set a straight courserandomrather thana random choicea few random wordsFinding latitude9.最早的是星盘，它是一种特殊的集多功能于一体 的工具，可用来判断船只同太阳和布满天空的各种星星之间的相关位置。
The earliest, the astrolabe, was a special _________ tool for telling the position of the ship ___________ the sun and various stars which ________ the whole sky.
all-in-onein relation tocoveredbe related to …The astrolabe （last 3 lines）
It was awkward to use as one of the points of reference was the moving ship itself.
10.笨拙的/不方便的/难以使用的
awkward
◎这孩子用筷子还不太熟练。
The child is still ________ ______ his chopsticks.**
The quadrant was a more precise and simplified version of the astrolabe.
? simple-- simplified
◎轻便的portable
◎a portable notebook computer
便携式笔记本电脑awkwardwithQuadrant
11.精确的测量
a _________ measurement
a precise instrument
精密的仪器
a precise mind
极清楚的头脑
12. weak point
shortcoming
precise 13.简写本/改进版
_________/__________ version
simplified character
简体字,简化字
The sextant was the updated version of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced the tendency to make mistakes.
simplifiedupdatedReadingComprehensionTrue or false questions:1. I was forced to join Captain Bligh in the small boat.
2. After the crew took over the ship “Bounty”, Captain Bligh was allowed to take with him a chart , a compass and a quadrant.FF3. It was very difficult for us to get a correct reading from the quadrant as the boat moved constantly during the course.
4. Captain Bligh used a system called “dead reckoning” and he knew there was land directly southwest of their original position. TF5. We completely believed Captain Bligh when he talked hopefully about what we would do when we got back to England.
6. Captain Bligh was as weak as the rest of us but he was determined not to give up.FT7. Captain Bligh kept us busy and tried to take our minds off our stomach and thirst all the way.
8. We finally escaped the jaws of death and arrived in Timor over fifty days after being set loose in our small boat.TF1.He was killed in an __________.
他死于一次车祸中.
2.The demonstration proceeded without ________.
示威游行中未发生暴力事件.
3. The election was the main ______ of 1999.
4. I didn’t mean to break it--- It was an _________.
5. 交通事故
6. a fatal accident
accident incidenteventaccidenta traffic accident死亡事故
7. We had received no news of him since his _________(depart) _______ the island.
8. She waited until the last of the guests had ________ ( v. to leave)
departure from自从他离开这个岛以后,我们就没有得到他的任何消息.departed他一直等到最后一个客人离开.
9. crew members
a film crew
an ambulance crew
小平头
圆领
全体机组人员电影摄制组救护车急救组crew cutcrew neck10. A team which ________(be) full of enthusiam _______(be) more likey to win.
The team felt unhappy because ______(it/they ) had lostin the closing moments of the game.
The average family, which now _______(consist) of four members at most, ______(be) a great deal smaller than ________(it/they) used to be.
My family ______(be) wonderful. _______(it/they) do all they can for me.
is is they consists is it are they11. Some insects _______(v. to place sth down) their eggs on the ground.
12. This cheque was only ________ (v. to put into a bank)yesterday, so it hasn’t been cleared yet.
13. The great __________(n. disadvantage, problem) of living on a main road is the constant noise.
deposit depositeddrawback15. She found it hard to establish a new routine after retirement.
16. do sth as a matter of routine.
17. routine duties
18. routine maintenance
19. routine procedure fixed or regular way of doing sth. 按常规办事 例行职责 定期保养 例行手续20.In the __________north of a country.
在一国的最北部。
Love and hate are ________ of passion.
I’m __________(very) sorry for the delay.
in extreme pain
hold extreme views
extremist
extremism
extreme extremes extremely 在极度痛苦中 持极端的观点 极端主义者 极端主义21.The incident has further increases the ________ between the two countries.
该事件导致两国关系更趋紧张。
22This difficulties could not have been ________.
这些困难是无法预见的。
tension foreseen foresee foresaw foreseenFore-前缀
---（时间，职位）前，预先
--- （位置）在前部
前臂
Forecast
前额
foresight forearm 预测，预报 forehead 先见之明23Working in the sunsoon gave us a powerful _________.
我们在烈日下干活，很快就觉得渴极了。
24. She has a strong _______ _____ knowledge.
她有一股很强的求知欲。
25. Salty food makes you _______.
吃了咸就觉得渴
26. The team ______ ______ ______ success.
这支队渴望成功。 thirstthirst for thirsty is thirsty forThe greatest navigational journey:
A lesson in survival
Paragraph 1
1.我有幸曾与他一起航海。
I am proud ______________ with him.
2.坐敞篷船
in an open boat
3.一次出海航行
an _________ voyageto have sailedoutward 4.国际性事件
an international ________
你们在旅行中有没有什么令人激动的事情？
Were there any exciting _______ during your journey?
在最近一次恶性事件中有两颗炸弹爆炸了。
In a recent vicious _________ two bombs exploded.incidentincidentsincident5.在我们离开塔希提后，有部分船员接管了
这艘船。
_____ our departure ______ Tahiti, some
of the crew ____________ the ship.Onfromtook over◎她生病期间，她的女儿接替了她的工作。
When she fell ill, her daughter ________
the business from her.took over◎crew: n. [CGP]=group of people working
together(esp aboard a ship / an aircraft )
◎agreement(主谓一致)
eg 工作人员众多。
The crew ____ large
eg 机组人员共30人。
The crew of the jet _____ 30 in all.isare6.他们把船长放置到一艘小船上。
They ________ the captain into a small
boat.
◎ deposit: v.=to put or set down; place; lay
放置,放下
eg 他把书放在写字台上。
He ________ the books on the desk.
eg 她把钱存在银行里。
She _________ her money in the bank.
(v. =put money into a bank, esp to earn
interest储蓄)depositeddepositeddeposited7.陷入进退两难的境地
______________ dilemma
8.临街居住的一大缺点是没完没了的噪音。
The great _________ _____ living on a
main road is the constant noise.
◎ drawback: n. =problem, disadvantagebe caught in adrawbackto / of9.随着黄昏降临，我们似乎面对着一个不可
预测的未来。As _____ fell, we seemed to
_______ an uncertain future.
Paragraph 2
1.我们每天的生活总是一成不变。
Our _______ every day was the same.
◎常规的体检
a ________ medical examination
◎你代我去参加这次例会好吗?
Will you go to the _________ meeting
instead of me?duskfaceroutineroutineroutine2.日出 /日落时分
at sunrise / at sunset
3.确定航线
set the course
4.航位推算法
dead reckoning
(缩写 DR)航位推测法：一种推测飞机或船的
位置的方法，不借助天文观察仪器，而通过
从航行的方向和距离的精确位置来推算。5.保持着笔直的航线
keep to a straight course
stay on a straight course
6.毕竟，我们有的是时间。
________, time was ____ we had a lot of!After allwhatParagraph 3
1.饥饿
n.→ starvation
v.→ starve
◎饥饿工资(低到不能生活的工资)
_________ wage
◎食不果腹的一点儿食物
_________ quantities of foodstarvationstarvation2.心理上最难承受的是水的极度缺乏。
The extreme ______ of water was the
hardest ___________ psychologically.
◎ cope with:应付，对付
3.把…逼疯，令人发疯
drive / send sb mad / crazylackto cope with4.保持良好的精神状态。
to ________ good spirits
保持体力/视力
to _________ sb’s strength / eyesight
◎精神饱满
be in good / high spirits
◎垂头丧气
be in bad / low spirits
5.我们对他半信半疑。
We only _____________ him.preservepreservehalf believedUsing the sea Certain tides and currents could be used by skillful sailors to carry ships to the destination. 1. identify 2. direct 3. accelerate
4. observe 5. destination 6. carry
Would you _______ me to the zoo? I know the way.
The driver stepped on the gas and __________ the car.
She __________ him as the attacker
They carefully __________ the behavior of the deer in the forest.
The city subway ______ hundreds of thousands of passengers a day.
We finally reached our _________, hungry and tired.directacceleratedidentifiedobservedcarriesdestination课件46张PPT。Unit 2
Sailing the oceans
Learning about language高中人教新课标版选修九 Replace the words underlined by ones of similar meaning from the reading passage. 1 Seeing the dark clouds above him, George hurried for home.
2 Sailing a boat alone far away from the shore made Flora's parents worry about her safety.1.overheadoffshore 3 Clare, would you please put your bicycle next to the others in the shed?
4 “Why don't you plot a more simple route with the smallest number of stops?” asked Mary.alongsidesimplifiedminimum5 Setting out on a long journey by sea with unskilled sailors would be dangerous especially if there were no modern navigational instruments.voyageseamen Find the words from the reading passage that are the opposite of these compound words.
____________ anywhere
____________ upload
____________ inward
____________ unreliable
____________ land flower
____________ strong point2.nowheredownloadoutwardreliableseaweedshortcoming Write down the words you know, which are related to navigation and sea.3.navigate, navigational (instruments: compass, bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant, sextant), sail, sailor, voyage, latitude, longitude, equator, horizon, captain, sailor, land, island, set sail, nautical middles, explore, exploration seaman, seaweed, seafood, shore, offshore, onshore, beach, beach-ball seabed, sea-bird, seagull, sea shell, seaside, sea water, seasick, coast, coastline, coastal, tide, wave, current, Complete the following paragraph with the words below.
Samuel the sailor was extremely good at plotting his course using the stars as a _______ . One day he was determined to set out on a _______ across an unknown sea to an unknown continent. He set out with his instruments so he would not be at the _____ of the sea. 4.reference voyage mercy He found on his ________ journey a rocky island. It seemed to be covered in nests. Suddenly, as Samuel looked, an enormous bird swooped down and picked him up as if he were a / an ________ parcel. It __________ its speed and rose straight up into the air so as to reach the _______ place on the rocks where itsoutwardawkwardaccelerated precise nest lay. Once there, it shook itself and threw Samuel in the __________ direction of the nest. There seemed to be ________ to hide but then he noticed lots of ________ on his left and quickly hid under it. The bird landed nearby and pecked _________ at the rocks. Samuel rolled over swiftly and found himself at the edge of the cliff. He lookedapproximate nowhereseaweed randomly down slowly with a beating heart. Below him was his boat lying ________ the shore! “How lucky I am!” Samuel thought to himself. He then gave a mighty leap and landed in it. Once inside he could safely sail away.alongside The PredicateGrammar谓语用来说明主语的动作或状态，由
动词或动词词组担任。谓语动词的位
置一般在主语之后。及物动词
不及物动词
连系动词
情态动词
助动词 动词可分为: 需要跟有宾语的动词叫及物动词，及物动词后可跟一个宾语、直接宾语和间接宾语或一个宾语带宾语补足语。例如：及物动词 直接宾语
We plant trees in spring every year.
The study raised a number of questions.
He always reads books in the morning.
He made the shortest speech I have
ever heard.
直接宾语和间接宾语
1. They gave me a beautiful gift.
2. Mr. Schell sent a letter the other
day to the New York Times.
3. He lent me one million yuan yesterday.4. I took out the black box and handed it to her.
5. I told my friend what I thought about it.
6. He left the note for her on the table.宾语和宾语补足语
1. Willis's jokes made her uneasy.
2. Last year they made him captain of the Team.
3. The people named the place “Turbo Kutu”.
4. I thought it right to go there without delay.
5. Have you found it difficult to speak?不需要跟宾语
1. The population of the world is
growing every minute.
2. Bob coughed all night.
3. All the leaves have fallen and
winter is coming.
4. I will travel south this summer and
won't come back to my office until
the end of August.不及物动词需要带有表语
1. The tree becomes green.
2. They have remained loyal to the government.
3. Their hall was larger than his whole flat.连系动词与动词原形连用
1. I must leave very soon.
2. You can do it tomorrow.
3. You may have heard of him.
4. You should not have done so.情态动词帮助动词构成各种时态或语态
1. Do you like swimming?
2. Did he get there on time?
3. I have just finished my work.
4. Story books are published in
this factory.助动词很多情况下，一个动词可作几类动词。
1. He asked me whether I'd like to
have dinner with him. (及物动词)
2. I have been to Beijing. (助动词)
3. He painted every day. (不及物动词)
4. Who painted this picture? (及物动词)动词词组或称短语动词，可以扩展或改变动词的意义，它们的构成是：动词+副词
Mary went away for a few days.
动词+介词
The other day I came across a letter from Brunei written in the last year of his life.
动词+副词+介词
You may have come up against unexpected difficulties.考考你1. --You haven’t said a word about
my new coat, Brenda. Do you like it?
--I’m sorry I _____anything about
it sooner. I certainly think it's
pretty on you.
A .wasn’t saying B. don’t say
C. won’t say D. didn’t sayD2. -- Is John coming by train?
-- He should, but he _____ not.
He likes driving his car.
A. must B. can
C. need D. may
3. A left-luggage office is a place where bags _____ be left for a short time, especially at a railway station.
A should B can C must D will DB4. Most of us know we should cut down on fat, but knowing such things isn’t much help when it ____ shopping and eating.
A. refers to B. speaks of
C. focuses on D. comes toD5. My friend, who _______ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next week.
A. served B. is serving
C. had served D. has servedD6. —Your job ____ open for your
return.
—Thanks.
A. will be kept B. will keep
C. had kept D. had been kept
A7. The father as well as his three children _______ skating on the frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A. is going B. go
C. goes D. are goingC8. Someone who lacks staying power and perseverance is unlikely to _____ a good researcher.
A. make B. turn
C. get D. growA1.Read the information below and learn
more about Captain Cook. Then
underline the predicates in the sentences.
1) James Cook was a great English
navigator and Pacific Ocean
expedition leader.Revising useful structures2) He had not only an outstanding ability in navigation and exploration, but also a real concern for sailors' health. He carried out compulsory dietary reforms that were copied by many other ship captains. 3) He had led three great Pacific voyages during his life.
4) In his first Pacific voyage in 1769, James Cook rounded Cape Horn, then spent six months charting New Zealand, and finally explored and claimed possession of eastern Australia.5) In 1772, Captain Cook set sail to look for a “theorized great southern continent”. Although they could not manage to reach the Antarctic owing to the ice, he predicted that if it did exist, it would have to be a wasteland. 6.In 1776, Captain Cook started his third Pacific voyage, searching for the Northwest Passage from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean. Unfortunately, he was killed in a dispute with Hawaiian natives and his men's attempt at the Northwest Passage was unsuccessful. However, this voyage is still recognized as especially significant in the history of the discovery of the west coast of North America. Complete the following dialogue, using verbs in their proper forms. Remember to read the conversation before and after each blank before you fill it in.
Susan: Do you think you’ll be going to that pop concert next week?
Clare: No. Let’s forget about that as it’ll soon be time for our exams.
Susan: __________________________
2.Do you need to do more revision? Clare: I don’t really think I need to do more revision. I’ve done enough but it’ll help me forget the concert you’ll be enjoying.
Susan:
__________________________
___________________________Is there another reason why you don’t want to come to the concert?Clare: Actually there is a reason. I don’t think I’m going to have enough money even though I’ve been saving especially for this occasion.
Susan:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________ .Perhaps I can help you. I always earn extra money by cleaning cars. My father always pays me when I clean his Clare: Well, thank you for offering to help me. I’ll happily clean your father’s car if he’ll pay me too.
Susan: _____________________________ _________________.I'm sure he will. He’s always been kind to my friends.Clare: I hope you’ll thank him for me. I’d never be allowed to clean my father's car. He is so proud of it he won’t let anyone touch it.
Susan:
____________________________ _____________________________Oh this is my father’s fourth car so the excitement has worn off a little.Clare: His fourth car? My goodness. He must have been earning a lot of money to have owned so many.
Susan:
______________________________
_________________________.I suppose so. He has his own business so he needs a car for his work.Clare: Oh I see! That explains things. Please would you phone him now and ask him when it would be convenient for me to clean it?
Susan: ___________________________Of course I’ll do that right away.Clare: That’s so kind of you. Now while I'm doing the cleaning perhaps you can order our tickets for the concert. I’ll go and get ready to begin work. See you soon. Thanks and goodbye.Homework1. Do exercises on Page 62.
2. Find more information about the Predicate.
3. Preview Using Language.课件66张PPT。1 . 确定船的位置
2. 受…的支配
3. 现代的导航仪器
4. 天体
5. 有经验的航海家
6. 算出他们的纬度位置
7 . 他们远离了海岸
8. 潮汐和水流
9. 计算太阳的位置
.纬度/经度/赤道/地平线Unit 2
Sailing the oceans
Readinga navigator an explorerLook at the pictures. Then answer
the questions. Pre-readingcompassastrolaben.古代的天体观测仪, 星盘sextantn.六分仪, 圆的六分之一nautical chart(航)海图3. Can you identify these early navigational instruments seamen used and explain how they are used?1) compass ( in ancient China)
2) astrolabe
3) sextant
4) sea / nautical / marine chartn.六分仪, 圆的六分之一n.古代的天体观测仪, 星盘(航)海图navigational instruments
navigator/ explorer
ship
sailor
captain
voyage
explore
exploration
Reading
Sailing the oceanslatitude,
longitude,
equator,
horizon,
navigationn.纬度n. 经度n.赤道n.地平线plot a ship’s position
at the mercy of …
modern navigational aids
celestial bodies
an accomplished navigator
work out their latitude
they are offshore
tides and currents
to their destination
measure the sun’s position
1 . 确定船的位置
2. 受…的支配
3. 现代的导航仪器
4. 天体
5. 有经验的航海家
6. 算出他们的纬度位置
7 . 他们远离了海岸
8. 潮汐和水流
9. 向着他们的目的地…
10 . 计算太阳的位置Using Nature to Help Finding Latitude1. How many skills are mentioned to help the navigators explore the seas?
1. keeping alongside the coastline
2. Using celestial bodies
3. Using wildlife
4. Using weather
5 . Using the sea5 skills
2. What is the first and most useful form of exploration and has the minimum risk? Using nature to help keeping alongside the coastline is the first and most useful form of exploration and has the minimum risk.3. What does seaweed look like when it is near land?
4. When did seamen use fog to help identify the position of a stream or river?It looks fresh and has strong smell. When they were close to land, they use fog to help.1. Before the 17th century, the travellers were at the control of the sea without modern navigational aids.（para1）
2. Early sailors could use the height of the sun to work out their latitude.FTTask 1 True or False3. Wind could accelerate sailing speed and it was always safe and easy to use.
4. Seamen can’t sail the sea if they don’t know latitude and longitude.
FFUsing navigational instruments to help (page 13) What are the two things that they try to find?
Finding longitude and finding latitude.
What navigational instruments were used in finding latitude?
The bearing circle, the astrolabe, the quadrant, the sextant. Read the passage and answer the following questions.
1.What is the use of a bearing circle, astrolabe, quadrant or sextant? ( )
What is the use of a compass? ( )
A to set the course of the ship
B to measure the position of the ship
C to measure the speed of the ship
D to tell the timeBAComprehending1.5. The bearing circle was the first instrument to measure the sun’s position.T 6. The astrolabe was a special instrument to tell the distance among the ship, the sun and stars.
7. The quadrant was awkward to handle and used a moving ship as a fixed point of reference.FF8. The sextant proved to be the most accurate and reliable one among the early navigational instrument.TC1. From the passage we learn that ____.
A. early seamen want to sail
B. there is useful information in
an encyclopedia
C. early sailors went exploring
the seas using their skills and
simple instruments
D. longitude is important to plot
a ship’s positionTask 2 Choose the best answers2. The passage mainly tells us _____.
A. keeping alongside the coastline
is first and most useful form
B. the skills and navigational aids
early seamen used while sailing
the oceans
C. how to find longitude and latitude
D. how the early sailors used their
skills and simple instrumentsB 3. How many navigational instruments are mentioned in search of longitude and latitude?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
4. What does the word “random” in “Finding latitude” stand for?
A. organized B. intentional
C. arbitrary D. planned BC1. How many skills are mentioned to help the navigators explore the seas?
2. What is the first and most useful form of exploration and has the minimum risk?
3. What does seaweed look like when it is near land?
4. When did seaman use fog to help identify the position of a stream or river?Task 3 Answer these questions What would you do if you came across the following problems during your voyage? Read the chart below and fill in your plans of action to deal with them.3.wait till the storm is over, and then find your new position and return to your original course use knots to find your speed and work out your approximate longitude use the compass and the astrolabe, quadrant or sextant to find out your position, return to your former course follow nesting birds to shore; look for special cloud formations or fog over streams to find land use a compass measure your position using the sun or stars; look for sea birds, cloud formations, fog or seaweed to show that land is nearby Read the passage again and use the information to analyze the navigational skills. Write the answers in your own words.
Using nature
1. To find the ship’s position at sea a sailor used the North Star and the sun.4. 2 A sailor knew that land was nearby if he saw ______________________________
_______________________ .
3 Sailors used ________________________ to increase their speed.fresh seaweed, nesting birds returninghome in the evening or fogsea currents or tides and winds Using instruments
4. There were two methods to find longitude:
1 _________________________
2 _______________________
____________________ .measuring time and speedcompass and complicated mathematical tables 5. Write down the working principles of the following instruments:
1. Beating circle: ____________________________________________________________.
2. Astrolabe: ________________________________________________________.to compare the height of the sun now with the position of the sun at midday to compare the position of the ship in relation to some stars or the sun3.Quadrant: _________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________.a more precise form of the astrolabe, to measure how high stars are above the horizon, and compare that measurement with previous measurements (using the ship as one of the fixed points to find its position) 4.Sextant: ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
_____________. an updated version of the quadrant and so it was more accurate, to measure the angle between two fixed points outside the ship (using two mirrors to find the ship’s position) Imagine you are on a boat with twenty-nine other people. You have a small box for your personal things but it can only hold ten items. What would you need for a week’s journey across the North Sea to England? 5.shirt, trousers waterproof bootssoapscissors, knifeblanketsea-sick tablets, cold medicine cards, chessnovels, essay collections Homework1. Review this passage.
2. Preview Learning about language. Suppose you were a sea captain aiming to sail round Africa. Discuss in groups:
1. What skills would you seek in your sailors?
The sailors would need to be excellent navigators, able to cope with both hot and cold weather, experienced in sailing through very bad weather and able to co-operate in a team.2. 2. What problems would you anticipate for this journey?
I would anticipate very hot weather (around the equator), cold weather (around the Cape of Good Hope), very stormy seas (around the Cape), and problems with food and water (unless helped by local natives the water may be contaminated and the food scarce), etc.Details / Revision1. How do you think seamen found their way before modern accurate methods of navigation were invented?
e.g. What do you suppose has happened to her?
What do you believe I will be doing this weekend?
2. We ______________(很可能感到奇怪)how seamen explored the oceans before latitude and longitude made it possible to ______________________(在地图上表标出船只的位置).
a. These are excellent photographs and we may well use them in our magazine.
b. You might well find that you’ll need more by the weekend.may well wonderplot a ship’s position on a map3. The voyages of travelers before the 17th century show that they were not _________________(任凭海洋的摆布) even though they did not have modern navigational aids.
at the mercy of: under the control of …/
in the power of sb/sth
at the mercy of the seaThey were lost at sea, at the mercy of
wind and weather.
b. I don’t like to be at the mercy
of such a man.have mercy on/ show mercy to
对……表示怜悯
The terrorists showed no mercy to the hostages.
without mercy 毫不留情地
The mother left the dying baby in the hospital without mercy.It’s a mercy (that) (口)幸运的是,幸亏 (用于表示更遭的情况得以避免总算是幸运)
a. It’s a mercy the accident happened
so near the hospital.
b. It’s a mercy she wasn’t seriously
hurt.4. This seems to have been the first and most useful ___________________(探险方式) which carried _________________________ (最少风险).
form of explorationthe minimum amount of riskminimum (min)(opp.) maximum (max) a. The minimum requirements for the job are a degree and two years’ experience.
b. He faces a maximum of seven years in prison.
c. The car has a maximum speed of 120 mph.
d. The minimum number of students we need to run the course is fifteen.5.So ______________________(熟练的航海探险家) were able to use it plot their positions.
Certain tides and currents could be used by ___________(技术娴熟的海员) to carry ships to their destination.accomplished navigatorsskillful sailors6. ___________(在晴朗的日子里) especially during the summer the sailors could use _______________(头顶上的太阳) at midday to navigate by.
7. They could ________________(加快速度), but they could also be dangerous.On a clear daythe sun overheadaccelerate the speedPage 138. There was _____________(没有可靠的方法) of measuring longitude until ____________(十七世纪) when the British ______________________(解决了这个理论问题).
9. An early method of measuring speed involved throwing _________________________(系在原木上的大结的绳子) over the side of the ship.the 17th centurysolved this theoretical problem
no secure methoda knotted rope tied to a log10.The compass has _______________________(特殊的磁针) which always indicates the North Pole, so it is used to help find the direction that the ship needs to go.
magnetic
adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的
a magnetic field / needle / tape
磁场/磁针/磁带
magnet
n. 磁体, 磁铁
a special magnetic pointera magnetic compass bearing
可分辨磁极方向的罗盘
a magnetic person
有魅力的人
The iron has lost its magnetic force.
这铁已失去磁力。11. The earliest, the astrolabe, was ___________________(一种特殊的集多功能于一体的工具) for telling the position of the ship _____________(与…相关) the sun and various stars which covered the whole sky.a special all-in-one toolin relation to12. However, it was awkward to use as one of __________________(参照点) was the moving ship itself.the points of reference提及参考介绍信,证明文书reference n.
1. At the meeting the teacher made references to his heroic deeds.
2. These are reference books for teachers.
3. She has excellent references from former employers.refer v.
a. Her pupils often refer to this dictionary.
b. Don’t refer to it again.
c. They referred the patient to a specialist for treatment.
The teacher often refers her pupils to this dictionary.
查阅提到送…以求…让…参考…13.The sextant was ________________ (改进版) of the astrolabe and quadrant which reduced ____________________
(出错的可能性).the updated versionthe tendency to make mistakes1.很可能感到奇怪
2.在地图上表标出船只的位置
3.任凭海洋的摆布
4.探险方式
5.最少风险
6.熟练的航海探险家
7.技术娴熟的海员
8.在晴朗的日子里
9.头顶上的太阳
10.加快速度1.may well wonder
2. plot a ship’s position on a
map
3. at the mercy of the sea
4. form of exploration
5. the minimum amount of
risk
6. accomplished navigators
7. skillful sailors
8. On a clear day
9. the sun overhead
10. accelerate the speed11.没有可靠的方法
12.十七世纪
13.解决了这个理论问题
14.系在原木上的大结的绳子
15.特殊的磁针
16.一种特殊的集多功能于一体的工具
17.与…相关
18.参照点
19.改进版
20.出错的可能性11. no secure method
12. the 17th century
13. solved this theoretical
problem
14. a knotted rope tied to a
log
15. a special magnetic
pointer
16. a special all-in-one tool
17. in relation to
18. the points of reference
19. the updated version
20. the tendency to make
mistakes
