2026年人教版中考英语二轮复习语法考点全解(讲义)动词的非谓语形式

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名称 2026年人教版中考英语二轮复习语法考点全解(讲义)动词的非谓语形式
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初中英语语法考点全解 unit16 动词的非谓语形式
动词的非谓语形式(又称非谓语动词)不能独立充当谓语,但具备动词的其他特点。非谓语动词可以在句中充当主语、宾语、状语等句子成分。动词的非谓语形式主要有三种:动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和动词的-ed形式。
动词不定式
不定式的基本形式为“to+动词原形”。动词不定式和它后面的宾语、状语一起构成的短语叫做不定式短语。不定式有不同的形式,下面以do为例进行说明。
White is my role model, and I want to be a teacher like her in the future. 怀特是我的榜样,将来我想成为像她那样的老师。 (2024北京)
Dogs need to be taken care of. 狗需要有人照料。 (2024天津)
She tried calming him down but it seemed to be having the opposite effect. 她试图使他平静下来,但似乎起了反作用。
I seem to have left my book at home. 我好像把书忘在家里了。
I was honored to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我,真是荣幸。
They are supposed to have been living here. 他们应该一直住在这里。
不定式的基本特征
1. 不定式通常带to,但在有些情况下不带to,常见的动词不定式不带to的情况有下面几种:
(1)使役动词(如let、make、have)和感官动词(如see、hear、feel、watch、notice、look at、listen to)后常跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。如:
The smell made me feel sleepy. 那种气味让我昏昏欲睡。
We often heard her sing in the next room. 我们经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。
(2)had better、would rather、may/might as well、rather than等后的不定式不带to。
They would rather stay far away from it. 他们宁愿远离它(院子)。 (2024云南)
After the outbreak of the COVID-19, Gao and his wife decided to stay in Beijing rather than return to Ningxia. 新型冠状病毒爆发后,高(高治晓)和他的妻子决定留在北京,而不是回宁夏。
(3) help后接带to或不带to的不定式均可。
He hopes to help other children like him to learn how to dance and feel its joy. 他希望能帮助其他像他一样的孩子学习舞蹈,感受舞蹈的乐趣。 (2025山东青岛)
We aim to help you become a well-rounded person. 我们的目标是帮助你成为一个全面发展的人。 (2025湖南长沙)
2. 不定式保留了动词的一些特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。如:
My mother often tells me it’s impolite to hit an empty bowl with chopsticks. 我妈妈经常告诉我用筷子敲打空碗是不礼貌的。 (2024四川成都)
What did people do to communicate in ancient times 在古代,人们是怎样交流的? (2024浙江杭州)
不定式的句法功能
动词不定式可以在句子中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语等。
1. 作主语
(1)不定式可以直接作主语。一个动词不定式单独作主语时,句子的谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。如:
To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
To get up early is necessary. 早起是有必要的。
(2)很多时候会用it作形式主语,而把不定式这个真正的主语放到句子的后部,以使主语看上去不至于太长,避免头重脚轻的现象。常见的这类句式有:
① It+be+名词+to do
It’s an honor to be invited here. 很荣幸被邀请到这里。
It was my fifth time to visit the beautiful TangYue Village in Pingba county. 这是我第五次来美丽的平坝塘约村。 (2024贵州安顺)
② It+takes (+sb.)+some time+to do
It took me more than one hour to do my homework yesterday. 昨天我花了一个多小时做作业。
It would take at least 21 months to reach Mars, learn about its surface and return to Earth. 到达火星、了解火星表面并返回地球至少需要21个月的时间。 (2024 安徽)
③ It+be+形容词 (+for/of sb.)+to do
It’s interesting to play with snow in winter. 冬天玩雪很有趣。
It’s very kind of you to say so. 你这么说真是太好了。
It was difficult for them to get new information in time. 他们很难及时得到新的信息。 (2024吉林)
④ It+be+介词短语+to do
It is against the rules to give up halfway. 中途放弃是违反规定的。
It is not within my power to change the plan. 改变计划非我所能。
⑤ It seems/seemed+形容词/名词+to do
It seems difficult to learn English well. 学好英语似乎很难。
It seemed a proper time to say goodbye. 这似乎是一个告别的恰当时机。
2. 作宾语
(1)很多动词后都可以接不定式作宾语。
What did Lisa promise to do at the end of the story 在故事的最后,丽莎答应做什么? (2024江苏徐州)
TIPS
常见的可以接不定式作宾语的动词有:
afford(有时间或能力)做 agree同意 object反对
aim旨在 ask 要求 begin开始 choose选择
dare敢 decide决定 expect期待 fail未能
happen碰巧 learn学会 like喜欢 love喜爱
hate不愿意 manage 设法 try试图 mean有意
plan计划 need需要 volunteer自愿做 offer提议
hope希望 wish想要 prefer更喜欢 prepare准备
promise承诺 prove证明 refuse拒绝 resolve解决
seem看似 want想要 wait等待
(2)当不定式用作宾语且其后跟有宾语补足语时,常使用 it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语置于句末,构成“动词+it+宾语补足语+(for sb.) to do”句式。make、believe、consider、expect、find、think等词均可以用于该句式。如:
China has changed a lot, but some people just find it hard to believe. 中国已经发生了很大的变化,但有些人就是觉得难以置信。 (2024辽宁大连)
He thought it hard to speak out in public. 他觉得在公众面前说话很难。
(3)不定式可以和连接代/副词一起构成宾语。如:
“If customers know more about the food before they order, they will know what to pick,” he thought.“如果顾客在点餐前对食物有更多的了解,他们就会知道该选什么,”他认为。 (2024重庆)
The passage is mainly about how to plan a family party. 这篇文章主要是关于如何筹划一个家庭聚会。 (2024上海)
3. 作表语
动词不定式常用在系动词后作表语,以说明主语的内容、目的等。如:
One way to make such fuels is to get CO2 from the air and put it in water. 制造这种燃料的一种方法是从空气中获取二氧化碳,并将其放入水中。 (2024重庆)
My job was to guide the audience to their seats and answer their questions. 我的工作是引导观众到座位上并回答他们的问题。 (2024浙江嘉兴)
4. 作定语
不定式作定语时,通常位于所修饰的名词或代词之后,作后置定语。
(1)不定式修饰作主语的名词,相当于一个定语从句。如:
The car (that is) to be bought is for my sister. 要买的车是给我妹妹的。
(2)一般情况下,不定式与被修饰的名词或代词之间在逻辑上是动宾关系(即名词或代词是不定式动词的逻辑宾语,也就是动作的对象)。如果是不及物动词,则需加相应的介词。如:
Would you please give me some paper to write on 请给我一些写字用的纸好吗?
5. 作状语
不定式作状语时可以表示目的、原因、结果等。不定式作结果状语时,通常位于句子的后半部分;不定式作目的状语时,相当于in order to do。如:
He took some money to buy a present for her. 他拿了一些钱给她买礼物。(表目的)
I’m glad to meet an old friend. 我很高兴见到一位老朋友。(表原因)
He ran fast to the bus stop, only to find that the bus had gone away. 他飞快地跑到公共汽车站,却发现公共汽车已经开走了。(表结果)
6. 作补足语
动词不定式也用作宾语补足语,结构为:动词+宾语+to do。如:
I advise you to keep a diary in English every day. 我建议你每天用英语写日记。 (2024江苏宿迁)
TIPS
常见的可以接不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:
advise 建议 allow 允许 believe 相信 cause 导致
force 强迫 encourage 鼓励 ask 请 invite 邀请
like 喜欢 order 命令 remind 提醒 request 要求
require 需要 select 挑选 send 派遣 suppose 猜想
tell 告诉 train 训练 wish/want 想要
高频考点
allow、ask等很多动词后可跟一个由“名词/代词+不定式”构成的复合宾语。
真题 This long-time hobby has also allowed him ______ (express) himself through art. (2024山东临沂)
解析 allow sb. to do sth. 为习惯用法,意为“使某人能够做某事;允许某人做某事”,其中,动词不定式作宾语补足语。故答案为to express。该句意为:这个长期的爱好(指画画)使他能够通过艺术来表达自己。
动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式通常是由“动词原形+-ing”构成,包括动名词和现在分词。动词的-ing形式在起名词作用时,称为动名词,用法与名词类似;除了作动名词之外,动词的-ing形式还可以起其他作用(如构成进行时态),称为现在分词。
动名词
动名词保留了动词的某些特征(例如可以接宾语、表语、状语),具有动词的某些变化形式,用法与名词相似,用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意义。动名词有下列几种形式:
Would you mind explaining that again, please 请你再解释一遍好吗?
He felt sorry for having failed his parents. 他为辜负了父母而感到难过。
Mr. White hates being treated as a patient. 怀特先生讨厌自己被当作病人一样对待。
She talked of having been elected monitor in middle school. 她谈到在中学时被选为班长。
1. 动名词的基本特征
(1)动名词也可以有自己的宾语或状语。如:
Kids should play outdoor games more instead of playing computer games. 孩子们应该多玩户外游戏,而不是电脑游戏。 (2024云南)
Lisa is thinking of going home next month. 丽莎正在考虑下个月回家。
(2)可以用一个代词或名词所有格表示其逻辑上的主语。如:
I dislike his singing loudly before bed. 我不喜欢他睡前大声唱歌。
Tom forgot his mother’s talking about it. 汤姆忘了他妈妈说过这件事。
TIPS
上述用法中,口语中通常把名词所有格中的’s省略掉。如上面的一个例句可变为:
Tom forgot his mother talking about it.
(3)有些动名词已经变得接近名词或已变成名词,这些动名词可以有复数形式,前面可以加冠词,甚至有定语修饰。如:
I often do some readings of his works in weekends. 我经常在周末读他的作品。
Do you know who did the cooking 你知道是谁做的饭吗?
Dickinson always enjoys a little light reading. 狄金森一向喜欢读点轻松的东西。
2. 动名词的句法功能
动名词的用法与名词类似,可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。
(1)作主语
Cooking helps us show love for family members. 烹饪帮助我们表达对家庭成员的爱。 (2024安徽)
Sharing a new experience develops stronger relationships and creates long-lasting memories. 分享一种新的体验可以建立更牢固的关系,并创造持久的记忆。 (2024上海)
(2)作宾语
I consider going to the chess club, for I like playing chess better. 我考虑去象棋俱乐部,因为我更喜欢下棋。 (2024安徽)
After that, the seed can start growing. 在那之后,种子就可以开始生长了。 (2024贵州铜仁)
My father was good at playing the guitar. 我的父亲擅长弹吉他。 (2024湖南株洲)
Let me introduce the steps of making dumplings to you. 让我来给你介绍一下包饺子的步骤。 (2024吉林)
很多动词或短语都可以接动名词作宾语,常见的有:
enjoy享受 avoid避免 consider考虑 stop(使)停止
keep保持 finish结束 risk冒险 practice练习
deny否认 continue继续 mind介意 worth值得
stand忍受 go on继续 give up放弃 carry on继续
put off推迟 succeed in成功 insist on坚持 can’t stop禁不住
TIPS
一些动词或短语后面既可以接动名词,也可以接不定式作其宾语。
1. 动词 begin、start、continue 等后面接上述两种形式时,表达的语义没有区别。如:
She told him to begin speaking. = She told him to begin to speak. 她叫他开始讲话。
2. 有些动词或短语后面接上述两种形式作宾语时,表达的语义有明显的区别。如:
regret to do sth. 遗憾要做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
remember/forget to do sth. 记住/忘记要做某事
remember/forget doing sth. 记得/忘记做过某事
stop to do sth. 停下来去做(另一件事)
stop doing sth. 停止做某事
go on to do sth. (做完某事)接着做(另一件事)
go on doing sth. 继续做(同一件事)
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
try to do sth. 努力做某事
try doing sth. 尝试着做某事(未必做成)
(3)作表语
What I like to do the most is reading in the library. 我最喜欢做的是在图书馆读书。
Your job is cleaning the house. 你的工作是打扫屋子。
现在分词
1. 现在分词的基本特征
(1)现在分词可以表示正在进行的动作。如:
It’s raining heavily. Please take the umbrella. 雨很大。请带上雨伞。 (2024重庆)
We are making a big cake because it’s Dad’s birthday today. 我们正在做一个大蛋糕,因为今天是爸爸的生日。 (2024福建)
(2)现在分词可以表示主动关系。如:
When their mum returned home, she was pleased to find the three sleeping boys. 当他们的妈妈回到家时,她很高兴地发现三个熟睡的男孩。 (2024天津) (boys和sleeping之间是主动关系)
There was an air of hope among the waiting crowd. 等待的人群有一种期盼的心情。(crowd和waiting之间是主动关系)
(3)现在分词在句子里面不能独自充当谓语,但它们可以有自己的宾语和状语。如:
Julie was playing the piano every time I saw her. 我每次见到朱莉她都在弹钢琴。 (2024江苏无锡)
Today, Kelly is studying to be a life coach. 今天,凯利正在学习成为一名人生教练。 (2024福建)
2. 现在分词的句法功能
(1)作定语
Several people were hit by flying glass. 有几个人被飞溅的玻璃击中。
He is interested in studying how living things work. 他对研究生物的工作原理很感兴趣。
TIPS
现在分词作定语时,往往表示所修饰名词的动作,而动名词构成合成词时往往表示目的、用途等。如:
the waiting crowd等待的人群(waiting是crowd的动作,故waiting是现在分词)
the waiting room候车室(waiting是room的用途,故waiting是动名词)
(2)作状语
①作伴随状语,表示一个与主句的谓语动作同时发生的、较为次要的动作,通常有一个逗号将伴随状语与主句隔开。伴随状语通常位于句首和句末,有时也位于句中。
Facing hard lives, I am very active. I lost my arms, but I still have my legs. 面对艰难的生活,我很积极。我失去了双臂,但我的腿还在。 (2025黑龙江绥化)
Alejo ran toward the hill, looking back to make sure Joonas was following. 阿莱霍朝小山跑去,回头看看乔纳斯是否跟在后面。 (2024湖北武汉)
These students, bringing a lot of newly bought books, went to school happily. 这些学生带着许多新买的书,高高兴兴地上学校了。
②分词短语有时表示原因,相当于一个原因状语从句。如:
Being a little boy (= As he was a little boy), he was naturally interested in toy cars. 作为一个小男孩,他自然对玩具汽车感兴趣。
Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. 看到家里没人,她决定给他们留个便条。
③分词短语有时表示时间,相当于一个时间状语从句。如:
Hearing the familiar music (= When she heard the familiar music), she started to dance. 听到那首熟悉的音乐,她开始翩翩起舞。
Turning around (= When he turned around), he saw his mother standing at the school gate. 转过身来,他看到妈妈站在校门口。
TIPS
动词的-ing 形式作状语时,其逻辑主语需与句子的主语一致。
(3)作补足语
He noticed birds singing happily in the little tree and saw squirrels running up and down in it. 他注意到小鸟在小树上欢快地歌唱,看见松鼠在树上跑来跑去。 (2024河南)
When they heard their father opening the door, they both shouted loudly at the same time, “Hi, daddy!”当他们听到爸爸开门时,他们同时大声喊道:“嗨,爸爸!” (2024辽宁丹东)
TIPS
在某些动词(如感官动词)后,复合宾语可由现在分词或不带to的不定式构成。表示动作正在进行用现在分词,表示动作已完成用不带to的不定式。试比较:
I saw Lily drawing a picture in the park. 我看见莉莉在公园里画画。(画画是正在进行的动作)
I saw Lily enter the building. 我看见莉莉进了楼。(enter是已经完成的动作)
动词的-ed形式
动词的-ed形式也称为动词的过去分词,通常由“动词原形+-ed”构成,少量动词的过去分词为特殊变化。
过去分词的基本特征
1. 过去分词可以和 have一起构成完成时态或非谓语动词的完成形式。如:
Grandpa had been the one who’d taught us how to catch fish. 是爷爷教我们怎么捕鱼的。 (2024江苏镇江)
Grasslands and lakes in Sanjiangyuan have taken on a new look and many wild animals have come back. 三江源的草原和湖泊焕然一新,许多野生动物也回来了。 (2025四川成都)
Sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
2. 过去分词可以和be一起构成被动语态或非谓语动词的被动形式。如:
Since the first man looked up at the flying birds, countless successes have been achieved on the way up to the sky. 自从人类第一次仰望飞鸟以来,无数人在通往天空的道路上取得了成功。 (2024重庆)
It is believed that the first chopsticks were developed in China. 人们认为筷子最早是在中国发明的。 (2024湖南邵阳)
The tower was said to have been built in the Qing Dynasty. 据说这座塔建于清朝。
过去分词的句法功能
动词的过去分词在句中可以作表语、定语、状语、补足语等成分。
1. 作表语:表示主语的某种性质或状态。有很多过去分词已经变成形容词。如:
The store is now closed. 商店现在关门了。
The novel is well written. 这部小说写得很好。
They felt very confused, even depressed. 他们感到非常困惑,甚至沮丧。
2. 作定语
(1)单个过去分词作定语通常置于被修饰词前。如:
All the broken windows have been repaired. 所有打破的窗户都已经被修好。
She threw me a quick, frightened glance. 她惊恐地瞥了我一眼。
TIPS
大多数过去分词都有被动的意思,有少部分过去分词表示完成的意思。如:
表完成: fallen leaves落叶、a retired teacher一位退休教师、the risen sun初升的太阳
表被动:a broken heart一颗破碎的心、a forgotten song一首被遗忘的歌、a written report一份书面报告
(2)过去分词短语作定语通常位于被修饰词之后,其作用相当于定语从句。如:
A life filled with meaning is what most of us want for ourselves. 充满意义的生活是我们大多数人想要的。 (2024北京)
Most of the people invited to the conference were my old friends. 大多数被邀请参加会议的人都是我的老朋友。
3. 作状语
(1)作时间状语。如:
(When) Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful and peaceful. 从山上看,这座城市美丽而宁静。
(When he was) Asked what had happened, his face turned red. 当他被问及发生了什么的时候,他的脸红了。
(2)作原因状语。如:
Praised by the teachers, he was very happy and proud. 得到了老师们的表扬,他很高兴和自豪。
Greatly encouraged, they decided to study hard so as to serve their country in the future. 他们深受鼓舞,决定努力学习以便将来报效国家。
(3)作条件状语。如:
(If these seeds are) Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得很快。
(If we were) Given more time, we would be able to do the work much better. 如果给我们更多的时间,我们就能把工作做得更好。
(4)作伴随或方式状语。如:
The old man walked slowly on the road, followed by his dog. 老人在路上慢慢地走着,后面跟着他的狗。
Dressed in white, she looked really pretty. 她穿着白衣服,看起来真的很美。
4. 作补足语
He found the house burned down years later when he came back. 几年后他回来时发现房子被烧毁了。
Elizabeth watched the desk carried out of the room. 伊丽莎白看着桌子被抬出了房间。
思维导图