Unit 2 Exploring English
section B using language
教学目标:
预习section B重点词汇
Section B高频词汇精讲
语法精讲
词汇梳理
type n. 类型,种类;典型;(印刷用的)活字
v. 打字
例句:There are several types of pets on the grass.
草地上有不同的宠物。
搭配:
a type of 一种……
all types of各种类型的
different types of不同类型的
of this/that type 这种/那种类型的
blood type 血型
new type 新型
in type 排好版
type...in..把……输入(计算机)
type...out/up把……打出来
type a letter 打信件
近义词:kind, sort
随堂演练:
I've learned to work with different ___________(type) of people.
I've already seen a few movies of ____________(这种类型).
This letter will need to _____________ (打出来) again.
答案:1.types 2. this type 3. be type out
come across 偶然发现;偶然遇到;被理解
例句:The little boy came across a cute rabbit.
小男孩偶然发现了一只可爱的兔子
He spoke for a long time but I am afraid his meaning did not come across
他讲了很久,但是他的意思恐怕没有人会理解
拓展:
同义表达:run across, meet with, run into, bump into, meet…by chance
归纳:
come about 产生,发生(常与how连用)
come to 总共;达到(某状况);(昏迷后)醒来
come out 出版;出现;开花;发表
come along 出现;来到;(和某人)一起去
come up 走进,靠近;被提及;被讨论
come up with 想出,想到(答案等)
come over 来到;拜访
come round 拜访
come on 快点;加油;得了吧
随堂演练:
The argument came___________ when they talked about politics.
Since Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in 2012, his fans have been eagerly waiting for his more new novels to come ____________.
She came _________an old friend of hers yesterday while she was shopping at the department store.
One of the teachers came___________ and started talking to me.
Would you like to come __________with us to the film tonight
We need to_________ ___________ ___________specific measures to solve this problem.
答案:1.about 2. out 3. across 4.up 5. along 6.come up with
unfamiliar adj.不熟悉的,不了解的
搭配:
be unfamiliar with对……不熟悉
be unfamiliar to为……所不熟知
unfamiliar environment 不熟悉的环境
拓展:
familiar adj. 熟悉的
be familiar with… 对……熟悉
否定前缀:un-
unusual adj.异常的,不平常的
undress v. 脱去衣服
unfold v. (卷着的东西)展开,打开
unable adj.未能;无法
随堂演练:
She speaks no Japanese and is unfamiliar ___________Japanese culture.
答案:with
contact v. 联系,联络
例句:
I've been trying to contact you all day. 我整天一直在设法与你联系。
构词:con- 加强+tact接触 ----联系
搭配:
contact sb. immediately/directly立即/直接与某人联系
contact sb. by email/telephone通过电子邮件/电话与某人联系
be in contact with sb.与某人有联系
stay/keep in contact with sb.与某人保持联系
lose contact with sb,与某人失去联系
例句:She's lost contact/touch with her son.她和儿子失去了联系。
make contact with sb.=get in contact with sb.与某人取得联系
例句:Where can I get in contact with you while you are away
你不在的时候我在哪里可以联系到你
have contact with sb.与某人接触
physical/eye contact身体/眼神接触
随堂演练:
Give the names of two people who can___________(contact)in case of emergency.
I'm still_______________(与……有联系)her-—we write a couple of times every year.
We decided to______________________ (与……取得联系)the Hope Project and work as a volunteer.
Have you___________________(与…保持联系) any of your friends from college
It’s unusual for a squirrel to have any contact________________ people.
I have been ______________contact with my English teacher after graduating from my senior high school.
答案:1.be contacted 2.in contact with 3. make contact with/get in contact with
4.kept/stayed in contact with 5. with 6.in
5. organization n. 组织,团体,机构
例句:I‘m the leader of this organization.
我是这个组织的领导。
词组:
world trade organization 世界贸易组织
world health organization 世界卫生组织
6. likely adj. 可能的,可能发生的
adv. 很可能
搭配:
likely outcomes/effects可能的结果/影响
the most likely cause of the problem造成这个问题最有可能的原因
Sb./Sth.be likely to do sth.某人/某物可能做某事。
例句:People with a positive attitude towards life are more likely to succeed
对生活持积极态度的人更容易成功。
It is likely that... 可能…
例句:It is likely that the fight will be late.航班有可能会晚,点。
It’s possible for sb. to do sth.
lt is possible/probable that...
注意:likely的主语既可以是人,也可以是物,而possible和probable不能用人作主语。
拓展:
unlikely adj. 不大可能的
随堂演练:
Would it be_____________ for me to speak to the chief doctor and tell him to use less morphine
As time goes by , the price of houses is _____________to be reduced to a normal level.
It is_____________ that the seasick will suffer a lot.
The young man didn't find the organization. He was likely __________ (be) unfamiliar with that area.
While________ is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings.
答案:1.possible 2.likely 3. likely/possible/probable 4. to be 5.it
7. subway n. 地铁
8. highway n.公路
9. motorway n.高速公路
10. gas n.汽油
11. petrol n.汽油
12.apartment n.一套住房,公寓套房
13. flat n.一套住房,公寓套房
14. elevator n.电梯,升降机
15. context n.上下文语境
16.addition n.增加物添加物
搭配:
an addition to.……的添加物
in addition 除此之外,此外
点拨:
in addition“除此之外,此外”,是介词短语,单独作状语,可用于句首、句中或句末,用于句首或句中时,通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。
in addition to“除……以外(还)”是短语介词,后面要接名词、代词或动名词,相当于介词 besides 和短语介词 as well as, apart from。
例句:In addition to swimming, she likes playing the guitar除了游泳外,她还喜欢弹吉他。
拓展:
add v. 增加;增添
additional adj. 附加的,额外的
additionally adv. 除此之外;此外
随堂演练:
I can post the letter for you_________________________ ,doing some walking does me good.
___________________ the names on the list, there are six other applicants.
________________the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.
The products are of high quality. ______________,the price is low.
In addition to _____________( read ) for knowledge, we read for fun and inspiration.
_______________(addition ), from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
答案:1. In addition 2.In addition to 3. In addition to 4.In addition 5. reading
6.additionally
语法精讲
构词法
语言的基本要素之一是词汇。在语言发展的最初阶段,人们使用的是少量而简单的词,这些词只表示日常简单的事物和概念,构成语言中最基本的词,称之为基本词或词根。随着社会的发展与进步,有限的原生词已不够用,人们便创造了一些新词来表示新生的事物和概念。英语中构词法可以分为合成法、派生法、转化法、截短法和缩略法。
一、合成法
合成(Compounding):把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法。以合成法构成的单词叫作合成词,包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。
合成名词
(1)名词+名词
weekend周末 suitcase手提箱 newspaper 报纸 earthquake地震 mankind 人类
eggplant 茄子
(2)名词+动名词
handwriting书法 sightseeing 观光
(3)名词+介词+名词
sister in law 嫂子
(4)动词+名词
typewriter打字机 scarecrow稻草人 pickpocket 扒手 breakwater 防波堤
playground 操场
(5)动名词+名词
reading room阅览室 dining car 餐车 waiting room 候诊/车室
(6)动词+and+动词
hide and seek捉迷藏游戏
(7)形容词+名词
freshman大一新生 greenhouse温室 gentleman绅士 highway公路
blackboard 黑板
(8)副词+动词
outlook景色,风光 outbreak爆发 downfall 垮台 output 产量 income 收人
(9)副词+名词
evergreen常青树 inland 内陆 overcoat 大衣
合成形容词
(1)名词+形容词
blood-red血红的 ice-cold 冰冷的 airsick 晕机的
(2)名词+现在分词
French speaking讲法语的 peace-loving热爱和平的 epoch-making划时代的
(3)名词+to+名词
one to one一对一的
(4)名词+过去分词
man made人造的 state-owned 国有的 sunburnt 晒伤的
(5)数词+名词
one way单行道的 million-pound 百万英镑的 frst-class 一等的
(7)数词+名词+形容词
three year old三岁的 five-metre-long 五米长的
(8)数词+名词+ed
ten-storeyed十层的 three-legged 三条腿的 one-eyed 独眼的
(9)数词+副词
one off 一次性的
(10)形容词+名词
high-quality高质量的 full-time 全职的 high-class 高级的
(11)形容词+名词+ed
noble-minded高尚的 good-tempered 脾气好的
(12)形容词+形容词
light green浅绿色的
(13)形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking相貌一般的 good-looking 好看的 easy-going 随和的
(14)副词+形容词
evergreen常青的
(15)副词+现在分词
hard working辛勤的 far-reaching 影响深远的
(16)副词+过去分词
well-known著名的
(17)副词+名词
fast food专门提供快餐服务的
(18)介词+名词
indoor室内的
3.合成动词
(1)名词+动词
sleep walk梦游 sunbathe 沐日光浴 sleepwalk梦游
(2)形容词+动词
white wash粉刷(墙壁等) blacklist将……列人黑名单
(3)副词+动词
download 下载 undergo 经历
4.合成副词
(1)形容词+名词
hotfoot匆忙地
(2)形容词+副词
everywhere到处
(3)副词+副词
however尽管如此
(4)介词+名词
beforehand事先
(5)介词+副词
forever永远
5.合成代词
(1)代词宾格+self/selves
herself 她自己
(2)物主代词+self/selves
myself 我自己 themselves他们自 ourselves我们自己
(3)形容词+名词
anything 一切
6.合成介词
(1)副词+名词
outside在……外面
(2)介词+副词
within在……之内
(3)副词+介词
into进入
二、派生法
派生(Derivation):在一个词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的为后缀。
1.前缀
除少数英语前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀
前缀 例词
un- unfit 不合适的 unlike 不像 unhappy 不开心的
dis- dislike 不喜欢 disagree 不同意 disappear消失
in-/im-/ir-/il- incomplete不完全的 impossible不可能的 irregular不规则的 illegal不合法的
non- non-smoker 不抽烟的人 non-stop 不停的 non-violence 非暴力反抗
mis misunderstand 误解 misuse 误用 misread 读错
(2)表示其他意义的前缀
前缀 含义 例词
a- ……的 asleep 睡着的 alive 活着的
en- 使 enrich 丰富 enlarge 扩大
inter- 在……之间;相互 international 国际的 Internet 互联网
pre- 在……之前 preschool 幼儿园 preview 预演
re- 再;又;重 recycle 再利用 rebuild 重建
tele- 远程的 television 电视 telescope 望远镜
auto- 自动 automatic 自动的
co- 共同 co-worker 同事 cooperate 合作
anti- 反对;防 antifreeze 防冻剂
multi- 多 multicultural 多元文化的
kilo 千 kilogram 千克 kilometer 千米
2.后缀
后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-er 人 designer 设计师 programmer程序员
-or 人 sailor 水手 actor 演员
-ist 人 specialist专家artist艺术家
-ess 女性;雌性 actress 女演员lioness 母狮
-ful 充满……的量 handful 一把 mouthful一满口
-ment 动作,状态,结果 arrangement安排 excitement 兴奋,刺激achievement 成就
-ness 状态,性质 sickness 疾病 kindness 仁慈,好意
-tion/-ation 状态,行为,结果 production生产;制造 reflection 反映,反射explanation解释
-sion 状态,行为 admission 允许进人 permission许可;允许
-th 性质,状态,过程 warmth 温暖 strength强项;力量
-an/-ian 人 Cuban 古巴人musician音乐家physician医生
-ism ……主义,行业 optimism 乐观;乐观主义 tourism 旅游业
-ship 情况,状态,性质身份,职业,地位技能 relationship 关系 leadership 领导 citizenship 公民权利 musicianship音乐技能
-y 状态,性质 difficulty 困难honesty 诚实
-hood 时期,状态,身份 childhood 童年 motherhood母亲身份
(2)构成动词的后缀
后缀 例词
-fy/-ify simplify 简化 classily将……分类
-en shorten 缩短 widen加宽
-ize/-ise realize/realise实现apologize/apologise 道歉
(3)构成形容词的后缀:
后缀 含义 例词
-able 可……的,能……的 acceptable可接受的 movable 可移动的
-al 属于……的,具有……性质的 cultural 文化的 magical有魔力的
-an 某地的,……人的 Asian亚洲(人)的 Canadian 加拿大(人)的
-en 由……制作 wooden 木制的 woolen 羊毛的
-ern ……方向的 southern 南方的 western西方的
-ese 某国(人)的 Chinese中国(人)的 Japanese日本(人)的
-ful 充满……的 harmful有害的 hopeful 充满希望的
-less 没有……的 useless无用的 hopeless绝望的
-ic/-ical 与……有关的,……的 historic历史性的 typical典型的
-ish 如……的 selfish 自私的 childish 孩子气的
-ive 有……性质的,有……倾向的 impressive 给人深刻印象的 active 积极的
-ous 有……特性的 dangerous 危险的 humorous 幽默的
-ly 有……性质的 friendly 友好的 likely 可能的
-y 有……特性的,充满……的 dusty 布满灰尘的 wealthy富有的
(4)构成副词的后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-ly 表示方法 personally就个人而言;亲自 totally 完全地carefully 认真地
-ward(s) 表示“方向” forward(s)向前westward(s)向西
三、转化
转化(Conversion):不用借助词缀,由一种词类转化为另一种或几种词类的构词法。由于词类转化的原因,英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词,即同形异类词。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
动词转化为名词
(1)意思没有变化
例如:I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
(2)意思有一定变化
例如:He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
(3)构成短语
例如:Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。
2.名词转化为动词
(1)表示物体名词。
例如:Have you booked the ticket 你订好票了吗?
(2)表示身体部位的的名词。
例如:Hand in your papers please. 请把你们的试卷交上来。
(3)示一类人的名词。
例如:She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
(4)抽象名词。
例如:We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词
少数形容词可以转化为动词。
例如:We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4.副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。
例如:Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词
(1)表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,
例如:The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。
(2)一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数,
例如:
We don't belong to the rich,but we don't belong to the poor either.
我们不是有钱人,但我们也不是穷人。
四、 缩略法(Abbreviation)
只写出单词的一部分(前部、中间或后部),使词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法。主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾三种形式。
1.截头
telephone→ phone 电话
airplane→ plane飞机
2.去尾
examination→ exam考试
kilogram→ kilo公斤;千克
laboratory→ lab 实验室
taxicab→ taxi 出租车
3.截头去尾
influenza→ flu感冒
prescription→ script药方
4.首字母缩略法缩略
用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法。这种方式构成的新词,读音有两种:
(1)各字母分别读音;(2)作为一个单词读音。
International Monetary Fund→ IMF国际货币基金组织
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL托福
Teach English as a Foreign Language→ TEFL作为外语的英语教学
Teach English as a Second Language→ TESL作为第二语言的英语教学
Graduate Record Examination→ GRE美国研究生入学考试
综合训练:
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Take the medicine twice(two) a day after meals.
2.I can never find the difference(differ)between the twins.
3.We hope you children grow happily and healthily(healthy).
4.Of all the subjects, which do you think is the most difficult(difficult)
5.Tim will come back on the twelfth(twelve)of next month.
6.A foreigner(foreign) came to visit our school last Friday.
7.At the beginning(begin)of the class, Mr Tang told us a funny story.
8.This is a new programme to enable(able)older people to study at college.
9.It's very dangerous(danger) to cross a busy street.
10.Jane's mother looked tired and worried(worry).
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.I am sure we will have a wonderfully time together.
wonderfully→ wonderful
2.Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family.
Unfortunate→ Unfortunately
3.Since my childhood I have been interesting in football.
interesting→ interested
4.Don't lose heart. You will be succeed in time.
succeed→ successful或者去掉be
5.You can't consider him an honesty man.
honesty→ honest
Ⅲ.先合成词,再填空
part, long, passer, film, short, well, cold, in, get, low by, known, time, maker, wave, come, tern, together, lying, blooded
1. She wants to take the_____________ job advertised on the poster.
2. The ____________ radio can pick up various programmes.
3. Walt Disney, the great_______________, showed extraordinary creativity.
4. Actually, the Dead Sea is very _____________, at around 430 metres below sea level.
5. We're having a little__________________ to celebrate that he will graduate next month.
6. Their confusing behavior attracted a lot of_______________.
7. It is________________ that WTO is short for the World Trade Organization.
8.______________ use of fertilizers can cause damage to land resources and people.
9. The man was rather ________________ because he didn't comfort the crying child.
10.Tourism is the major source of_________________ for the area.
答案:1.part-time 2.short-wave 3.film-maker 4.low-lying 5.get-together
6.passers-by 7.well-known 8. Long-term 9.cold-blooded 10.incomeUnit 2 Exploring English
section B using language
教学目标:
预习section B重点词汇
Section B高频词汇精讲
语法精讲
词汇梳理
type n. 类型,种类;典型;(印刷用的)活字
v. 打字
例句:There are several types of pets on the grass.
草地上有不同的宠物。
搭配:
a type of 一种……
all types of各种类型的
different types of不同类型的
of this/that type 这种/那种类型的
blood type 血型
new type 新型
in type 排好版
type...in..把……输入(计算机)
type...out/up把……打出来
type a letter 打信件
近义词:kind, sort
随堂演练:
I've learned to work with different ___________(type) of people.
I've already seen a few movies of ____________(这种类型).
This letter will need to _____________ (打出来) again.
come across 偶然发现;偶然遇到;被理解
例句:The little boy came across a cute rabbit.
小男孩偶然发现了一只可爱的兔子
He spoke for a long time but I am afraid his meaning did not come across
他讲了很久,但是他的意思恐怕没有人会理解
拓展:
同义表达:run across, meet with, run into, bump into, meet…by chance
归纳:
come about 产生,发生(常与how连用)
come to 总共;达到(某状况);(昏迷后)醒来
come out 出版;出现;开花;发表
come along 出现;来到;(和某人)一起去
come up 走进,靠近;被提及;被讨论
come up with 想出,想到(答案等)
come over 来到;拜访
come round 拜访
come on 快点;加油;得了吧
随堂演练:
The argument came___________ when they talked about politics.
Since Mo Yan won the Nobel Prize in 2012, his fans have been eagerly waiting for his more new novels to come ____________.
She came _________an old friend of hers yesterday while she was shopping at the department store.
One of the teachers came___________ and started talking to me.
Would you like to come __________with us to the film tonight
We need to_________ ___________ ___________specific measures to solve this problem.
unfamiliar adj.不熟悉的,不了解的
搭配:
be unfamiliar with对……不熟悉
be unfamiliar to为……所不熟知
unfamiliar environment 不熟悉的环境
拓展:
familiar adj. 熟悉的
be familiar with… 对……熟悉
否定前缀:un-
unusual adj.异常的,不平常的
undress v. 脱去衣服
unfold v. (卷着的东西)展开,打开
unable adj.未能;无法
随堂演练:
She speaks no Japanese and is unfamiliar ___________Japanese culture.
contact v. 联系,联络
例句:
I've been trying to contact you all day. 我整天一直在设法与你联系。
构词:con- 加强+tact接触 ----联系
搭配:
contact sb. immediately/directly立即/直接与某人联系
contact sb. by email/telephone通过电子邮件/电话与某人联系
be in contact with sb.与某人有联系
stay/keep in contact with sb.与某人保持联系
lose contact with sb,与某人失去联系
例句:She's lost contact/touch with her son.她和儿子失去了联系。
make contact with sb.=get in contact with sb.与某人取得联系
例句:Where can I get in contact with you while you are away
你不在的时候我在哪里可以联系到你
have contact with sb.与某人接触
physical/eye contact身体/眼神接触
随堂演练:
Give the names of two people who can___________(contact)in case of emergency.
I'm still_______________(与……有联系)her-—we write a couple of times every year.
We decided to______________________ (与……取得联系)the Hope Project and work as a volunteer.
Have you___________________(与…保持联系) any of your friends from college
It’s unusual for a squirrel to have any contact________________ people.
I have been ______________contact with my English teacher after graduating from my senior high school.
5. organization n. 组织,团体,机构
例句:I‘m the leader of this organization.
我是这个组织的领导。
词组:
world trade organization 世界贸易组织
world health organization 世界卫生组织
6. likely adj. 可能的,可能发生的
adv. 很可能
搭配:
likely outcomes/effects可能的结果/影响
the most likely cause of the problem造成这个问题最有可能的原因
Sb./Sth.be likely to do sth.某人/某物可能做某事。
例句:People with a positive attitude towards life are more likely to succeed
对生活持积极态度的人更容易成功。
It is likely that... 可能…
例句:It is likely that the fight will be late.航班有可能会晚,点。
It’s possible for sb. to do sth.
lt is possible/probable that...
注意:likely的主语既可以是人,也可以是物,而possible和probable不能用人作主语。
拓展:
unlikely adj. 不大可能的
随堂演练:
Would it be_____________ for me to speak to the chief doctor and tell him to use less morphine
As time goes by , the price of houses is _____________to be reduced to a normal level.
It is_____________ that the seasick will suffer a lot.
The young man didn't find the organization. He was likely __________ (be) unfamiliar with that area.
While________ is likely that he understood very little of the books, they were his introduction to classical paintings.
7. subway n. 地铁
8. highway n.公路
9. motorway n.高速公路
10. gas n.汽油
11. petrol n.汽油
12.apartment n.一套住房,公寓套房
13. flat n.一套住房,公寓套房
14. elevator n.电梯,升降机
15. context n.上下文语境
16.addition n.增加物添加物
搭配:
an addition to.……的添加物
in addition 除此之外,此外
点拨:
in addition“除此之外,此外”,是介词短语,单独作状语,可用于句首、句中或句末,用于句首或句中时,通常用逗号与句子的其他部分隔开。
in addition to“除……以外(还)”是短语介词,后面要接名词、代词或动名词,相当于介词 besides 和短语介词 as well as, apart from。
例句:In addition to swimming, she likes playing the guitar除了游泳外,她还喜欢弹吉他。
拓展:
add v. 增加;增添
additional adj. 附加的,额外的
additionally adv. 除此之外;此外
随堂演练:
I can post the letter for you_________________________ ,doing some walking does me good.
___________________ the names on the list, there are six other applicants.
________________the school, the village has a clinic, which was also built with government support.
The products are of high quality. ______________,the price is low.
In addition to _____________( read ) for knowledge, we read for fun and inspiration.
_______________(addition ), from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
语法精讲
构词法
语言的基本要素之一是词汇。在语言发展的最初阶段,人们使用的是少量而简单的词,这些词只表示日常简单的事物和概念,构成语言中最基本的词,称之为基本词或词根。随着社会的发展与进步,有限的原生词已不够用,人们便创造了一些新词来表示新生的事物和概念。英语中构词法可以分为合成法、派生法、转化法、截短法和缩略法。
一、合成法
合成(Compounding):把两个或两个以上的单词合成一个新的单词的构词法。以合成法构成的单词叫作合成词,包括合成名词、合成动词、合成形容词、合成副词等。
合成名词
(1)名词+名词
weekend周末 suitcase手提箱 newspaper 报纸 earthquake地震 mankind 人类
eggplant 茄子
(2)名词+动名词
handwriting书法 sightseeing 观光
(3)名词+介词+名词
sister in law 嫂子
(4)动词+名词
typewriter打字机 scarecrow稻草人 pickpocket 扒手 breakwater 防波堤
playground 操场
(5)动名词+名词
reading room阅览室 dining car 餐车 waiting room 候诊/车室
(6)动词+and+动词
hide and seek捉迷藏游戏
(7)形容词+名词
freshman大一新生 greenhouse温室 gentleman绅士 highway公路
blackboard 黑板
(8)副词+动词
outlook景色,风光 outbreak爆发 downfall 垮台 output 产量 income 收人
(9)副词+名词
evergreen常青树 inland 内陆 overcoat 大衣
合成形容词
(1)名词+形容词
blood-red血红的 ice-cold 冰冷的 airsick 晕机的
(2)名词+现在分词
French speaking讲法语的 peace-loving热爱和平的 epoch-making划时代的
(3)名词+to+名词
one to one一对一的
(4)名词+过去分词
man made人造的 state-owned 国有的 sunburnt 晒伤的
(5)数词+名词
one way单行道的 million-pound 百万英镑的 frst-class 一等的
(7)数词+名词+形容词
three year old三岁的 five-metre-long 五米长的
(8)数词+名词+ed
ten-storeyed十层的 three-legged 三条腿的 one-eyed 独眼的
(9)数词+副词
one off 一次性的
(10)形容词+名词
high-quality高质量的 full-time 全职的 high-class 高级的
(11)形容词+名词+ed
noble-minded高尚的 good-tempered 脾气好的
(12)形容词+形容词
light green浅绿色的
(13)形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking相貌一般的 good-looking 好看的 easy-going 随和的
(14)副词+形容词
evergreen常青的
(15)副词+现在分词
hard working辛勤的 far-reaching 影响深远的
(16)副词+过去分词
well-known著名的
(17)副词+名词
fast food专门提供快餐服务的
(18)介词+名词
indoor室内的
3.合成动词
(1)名词+动词
sleep walk梦游 sunbathe 沐日光浴 sleepwalk梦游
(2)形容词+动词
white wash粉刷(墙壁等) blacklist将……列人黑名单
(3)副词+动词
download 下载 undergo 经历
4.合成副词
(1)形容词+名词
hotfoot匆忙地
(2)形容词+副词
everywhere到处
(3)副词+副词
however尽管如此
(4)介词+名词
beforehand事先
(5)介词+副词
forever永远
5.合成代词
(1)代词宾格+self/selves
herself 她自己
(2)物主代词+self/selves
myself 我自己 themselves他们自 ourselves我们自己
(3)形容词+名词
anything 一切
6.合成介词
(1)副词+名词
outside在……外面
(2)介词+副词
within在……之内
(3)副词+介词
into进入
二、派生法
派生(Derivation):在一个词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法,即称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀,加在词根之后的为后缀。
1.前缀
除少数英语前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀
前缀 例词
un- unfit 不合适的 unlike 不像 unhappy 不开心的
dis- dislike 不喜欢 disagree 不同意 disappear消失
in-/im-/ir-/il- incomplete不完全的 impossible不可能的 irregular不规则的 illegal不合法的
non- non-smoker 不抽烟的人 non-stop 不停的 non-violence 非暴力反抗
mis misunderstand 误解 misuse 误用 misread 读错
(2)表示其他意义的前缀
前缀 含义 例词
a- ……的 asleep 睡着的 alive 活着的
en- 使 enrich 丰富 enlarge 扩大
inter- 在……之间;相互 international 国际的 Internet 互联网
pre- 在……之前 preschool 幼儿园 preview 预演
re- 再;又;重 recycle 再利用 rebuild 重建
tele- 远程的 television 电视 telescope 望远镜
auto- 自动 automatic 自动的
co- 共同 co-worker 同事 cooperate 合作
anti- 反对;防 antifreeze 防冻剂
multi- 多 multicultural 多元文化的
kilo 千 kilogram 千克 kilometer 千米
2.后缀
后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-er 人 designer 设计师 programmer程序员
-or 人 sailor 水手 actor 演员
-ist 人 specialist专家artist艺术家
-ess 女性;雌性 actress 女演员lioness 母狮
-ful 充满……的量 handful 一把 mouthful一满口
-ment 动作,状态,结果 arrangement安排 excitement 兴奋,刺激achievement 成就
-ness 状态,性质 sickness 疾病 kindness 仁慈,好意
-tion/-ation 状态,行为,结果 production生产;制造 reflection 反映,反射explanation解释
-sion 状态,行为 admission 允许进人 permission许可;允许
-th 性质,状态,过程 warmth 温暖 strength强项;力量
-an/-ian 人 Cuban 古巴人musician音乐家physician医生
-ism ……主义,行业 optimism 乐观;乐观主义 tourism 旅游业
-ship 情况,状态,性质身份,职业,地位技能 relationship 关系 leadership 领导 citizenship 公民权利 musicianship音乐技能
-y 状态,性质 difficulty 困难honesty 诚实
-hood 时期,状态,身份 childhood 童年 motherhood母亲身份
(2)构成动词的后缀
后缀 例词
-fy/-ify simplify 简化 classily将……分类
-en shorten 缩短 widen加宽
-ize/-ise realize/realise实现apologize/apologise 道歉
(3)构成形容词的后缀:
后缀 含义 例词
-able 可……的,能……的 acceptable可接受的 movable 可移动的
-al 属于……的,具有……性质的 cultural 文化的 magical有魔力的
-an 某地的,……人的 Asian亚洲(人)的 Canadian 加拿大(人)的
-en 由……制作 wooden 木制的 woolen 羊毛的
-ern ……方向的 southern 南方的 western西方的
-ese 某国(人)的 Chinese中国(人)的 Japanese日本(人)的
-ful 充满……的 harmful有害的 hopeful 充满希望的
-less 没有……的 useless无用的 hopeless绝望的
-ic/-ical 与……有关的,……的 historic历史性的 typical典型的
-ish 如……的 selfish 自私的 childish 孩子气的
-ive 有……性质的,有……倾向的 impressive 给人深刻印象的 active 积极的
-ous 有……特性的 dangerous 危险的 humorous 幽默的
-ly 有……性质的 friendly 友好的 likely 可能的
-y 有……特性的,充满……的 dusty 布满灰尘的 wealthy富有的
(4)构成副词的后缀
后缀 含义 例词
-ly 表示方法 personally就个人而言;亲自 totally 完全地carefully 认真地
-ward(s) 表示“方向” forward(s)向前westward(s)向西
三、转化
转化(Conversion):不用借助词缀,由一种词类转化为另一种或几种词类的构词法。由于词类转化的原因,英语中就形成了大量外形相同但词类不同的词,即同形异类词。这种构词法词形没有改变,转化后的单词在意义上通常与原单词有密切联系。
动词转化为名词
(1)意思没有变化
例如:I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。
(2)意思有一定变化
例如:He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。
(3)构成短语
例如:Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧。
2.名词转化为动词
(1)表示物体名词。
例如:Have you booked the ticket 你订好票了吗?
(2)表示身体部位的的名词。
例如:Hand in your papers please. 请把你们的试卷交上来。
(3)示一类人的名词。
例如:She nursed her husband back to health. 她看护丈夫,使他恢复了健康。
(4)抽象名词。
例如:We breakfasted together.我们在一起吃了早餐。
3.形容词转化为动词
少数形容词可以转化为动词。
例如:We will try our best to better our living conditions. 我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。
4.副词转化为动词
有少数副词可以转化为动词。
例如:Murder will out.恶事终必将败露。
5.形容词转化为名词
(1)表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,
例如:The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮。
(2)一些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数,
例如:
We don't belong to the rich,but we don't belong to the poor either.
我们不是有钱人,但我们也不是穷人。
四、 缩略法(Abbreviation)
只写出单词的一部分(前部、中间或后部),使词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法。主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾三种形式。
1.截头
telephone→ phone 电话
airplane→ plane飞机
2.去尾
examination→ exam考试
kilogram→ kilo公斤;千克
laboratory→ lab 实验室
taxicab→ taxi 出租车
3.截头去尾
influenza→ flu感冒
prescription→ script药方
4.首字母缩略法缩略
用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法。这种方式构成的新词,读音有两种:
(1)各字母分别读音;(2)作为一个单词读音。
International Monetary Fund→ IMF国际货币基金组织
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL托福
Teach English as a Foreign Language→ TEFL作为外语的英语教学
Teach English as a Second Language→ TESL作为第二语言的英语教学
Graduate Record Examination→ GRE美国研究生入学考试
综合训练:
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.Take the medicine______________(two) a day after meals.
2.I can never find the ______________ (differ)between the twins.
3.We hope you children grow happily and______________ (healthy).
4.Of all the subjects, which do you think is the______________ (difficult)
5.Tim will come back on the ______________ (twelve)of next month.
6.A______________ (foreign) came to visit our school last Friday.
7.At the ______________ (begin)of the class, Mr Tang told us a funny story.
8.This is a new programme to ______________ (able)older people to study at college.
9.It's very ______________ (danger) to cross a busy street.
10.Jane's mother looked tired and______________ (worry).
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.I am sure we will have a wonderfully time together.
__________________________________________
2.Unfortunate, there are too many people in my family.
__________________________________________
3.Since my childhood I have been interesting in football.
__________________________________________
4.Don't lose heart. You will be succeed in time.
__________________________________________
5.You can't consider him an honesty man.
__________________________________________
Ⅲ.先合成词,再填空
part, long, passer, film, short, well, cold, in, get, low by, known, time, maker, wave, come, tern, together, lying, blooded
1. She wants to take the_____________ job advertised on the poster.
2. The ____________ radio can pick up various programmes.
3. Walt Disney, the great_______________, showed extraordinary creativity.
4. Actually, the Dead Sea is very _____________, at around 430 metres below sea level.
5. We're having a little__________________ to celebrate that he will graduate next month.
6. Their confusing behavior attracted a lot of_______________.
7. It is________________ that WTO is short for the World Trade Organization.
8.______________ use of fertilizers can cause damage to land resources and people.
9. The man was rather ________________ because he didn't comfort the crying child.
10.Tourism is the major source of_________________ for the area.