Unit 3 War and peace
● 语境词汇串记
1.starting 2.ordered 3.violently 4.that/which 5.but
6.declaration 7.collective 8.on 9.to commemorate
10.are organized
● 考点互动探究
(1)①objective ②objection (2)①目标,目的 ②客观的
(3)object to staying up all night studying
(1)barely (2)Barely/Hardly/Scarcely had we entered the museum
①As a student representative
②On behalf of/Representing the Students’ Union
①a large sum of money ②To sum up/In sum
(1)①relevantly ②relevance ③irrelevant
(2)to share some relevant details with you
短语储存
● (1)①hold on (tight) to ②held out ③hold back
④was held up ⑤hold down (2)hold back her tears
句型透视
● ①it is no wonder (that)/no wonder (that) he became a champion ②It’s a wonder (that)
● 当堂过关检测
Ⅰ.1.violent 2.memorable 3.liberation 4.barely
5.representative 6.professional 7.academic 8.misty
9.dedication 10.stability 11.horrible 12.collective
Ⅱ.1.hold on (tight) to 2.lay the foundation for 3.has full confidence in 4.get across 5.relevant to 6.To sum up/In sum 7.objected to 8.on standby
Ⅲ.1.it is no wonder (that)/no wonder (that)
2.Eager to participate
3.with pizza boxes on the floor
4.barely started; when it started raining
● 语言素养提升
Ⅰ.1.swung 2.took 3.was taken 4.tapped
5.tapping 6.be taught
Ⅱ.1.使……减少到最低程度;使……最大化,使……增加到最大程度 2.分类 3.同情 4.使个性化 5.以……为特征
Ⅲ.1.①溜,悄悄疾行 ②下降,退步 ③纸条 ④小错误,疏漏
2.①顺利的 ②铺平道路
3.①坚硬的 ②可靠的;可信赖的 ③实心的
4.①某个,某一 ②大约
5.①健康的,完好的 ②合理的 ③酣(睡),(睡得)沉Unit 3 War and peace
●ⅠA
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章中,作者主要介绍了安东尼·多尔的最新畅销书《所有我们看不见的光》,作者主要介绍了这本书的主要内容,以及作者对于这本书的感想。
1.C 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Anthony Doerr’s new best-seller, All the Light We Cannot See, holds special appeal for me.”以及第二段“In fact, my first attempt to read it last month ended with me putting it aside and going to find something easier, lighter and less descriptive to read. But this book is built on beautiful imagery. Both in the literal sense—the physical world of 1940s Paris and Germany, and the metaphorical (隐喻性的) sense—scientific and philosophical references to light, to seeing and not seeing, and the differences between the two.”可知,在作者看来,这部书很吸引人,同时又极具描述性。故选C。
2.D 推理判断题。根据第三段“However, when we get into the meat of this World War Ⅱ novel, it’s also an upsetting story of a childhood torn apart by war.”和“Both of their stories are told with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a path by their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster—war.”可知,这两个人的童年都很悲惨。故选D。
3.C 推理判断题。根据第三段“Both of their stories are told with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a path by their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster—war.”以及最后一段“These two lives we are introduced to seem to be worlds apart, and yet they come together and influence one another. It was this, more than the predictably awful tale of war, that made me feel quite emotional.”可知,打动作者的正是小说中人物的相互关联的命运。故选C。
4.A 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Anthony Doerr’s new best-seller, All the Light We Cannot See, holds special appeal for me. That’s how I would describe it. From the poetic language, to the realization of what the title actually means: that underneath the surface of history, there is light that has not been seen, and stories that have gone untold.”以及最后一段“I think this is the kind of book you will never appreciate if you stop too soon—I learned that lesson. From the first to last page, there is a theme of invisible lines running parallel (平行地) to one another and sometimes, just sometimes, crossing in the strangest way.”可知,文章的目的是分享作者对一本书的感受。故选A。
B
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国举办了AI安全峰会,地点选在了具有象征意义的布莱切利公园——计算机与密码破译发源地,并回顾了二战期间该地近万名工作者,其中多数为女性,对破译纳粹德国的密码并加速战争结束的重要贡献,并提及该地作为博物馆的保存历程。
5.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中“To do it, Bletchley Park’s wartime scientists—building on work done by Polish code-breakers—developed Colossus, the first programmable digital computer.”可知,波兰密码破译者对Colossus的开发做出了贡献。故选C。
6.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中“It has oversimplified its true contribution by describing Bletchley Park as a playground for Turing and other scientists…”和“…almost 10,000 people worked at Bletchley Park during the war. Three quarters of them were women. It’s basically a factory…Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week.”可推断,Christopher Smith 认为女性的付出被忽视了。故选A。
7.B 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It was restored to its 1940s appearance, complete with old typewriters, phones and cups—including the one tied to a heater in Hut 8, where Turing led the Enigma team.”可知,作者提到茶杯这一细节是为了说明复原工作做得非常到位。故选B。
8.D 推理判断题。通读全文,尤其根据第一段“The United Kingdom hosted the AI Safety Summit, bringing politicians, computer scientists and big AI company leaders to a site chosen for its symbolism: Bletchley Park, the birthplace of computing and code-breaking(密码破译).”可知,文章主要是为读者提供一些有关AI安全峰会举办地的背景知识。故选D。
C
【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了竞争在人类行为中的根源,并通过引用不同学者的观点,如弗洛伊德、霍布斯、达尔文及人类学家米德的研究,说明竞争并非人类行为不可避免的结果,而是文化塑造的产物,其重要性视具体社会价值观而定。
9.B 细节理解题。由文章第一段“Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behaviour. Whatever it is, you cannot but recognize the effect competition has on academics and many other areas of contemporary life.”可知,作者认为当代生活的许多领域中普遍存在的是竞争的影响。故选B。
10.A 词义猜测题。由文章第三段中“Thomas Hobbes, one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the ‘natural world’, that is, the world before the introduction of the will of humanity, as being unpleasant and short…Darwin said in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and couldn’t be separated from dependence and cooperation.”可知,文章引用了托马斯·霍布斯和查尔斯·达尔文的理论,指出人们普遍持有的关于“自然世界”和“适者生存”的观念可能存在问题,人类学家的研究暗示了之前对于竞争在人类行为中的角色的观点可能是错误的。a fallacy的含义为“一种谬论,一个错误的想法”。 故选A。
11.C 推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Darwin said in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and couldn’t be separated from dependence and cooperation.”可知,这表明生存斗争中包含了相互支持的成分。故选C。
12.D 推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“After studying dozens of such cultures, Mead’s final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behaviour, and that its popularity in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.”可知,人们对待竞争的态度实际上与文化有关。故选D。
●ⅡOne possible version:
Boys and girls,
To beautify our living environment, the Students’ Union is advocating we shoulder the responsibility to lead an eco-friendly life.
To fulfil this task, we should bear the following ecological codes in mind. First, sticking to the habit of walking to school or taking public transportation is a good choice to reduce the release of carbon dioxide. It’s also important to recycle everything recyclable and cherish our school’s environment by picking up any litter and turning off the taps and the lights. Most importantly, we’d better do our bit to raise people’s awareness of preserving the environment.
Let’s all take action now and contribute to the prosperity of our Mother Earth.
Thank you!
The Students’ Union In the early 20th century, the Japanese army made landings in several places along the Chinese coastline, 1. (start) their brutal aggression against China with an objective of expansion and domination. The troops, 2. (order) by the supreme commander, bombed cities and shot civilians 3. (violent) in tanks. Life was completely disrupted and people were condemned to the violence and dire horror 4. they had never experienced before.
In the face of the daunting gunfire of the invaders, Chinese people did not shirk 5. rose up to resist. The whole nation was united as one. Various resistance groups emerged. Peasants were trained to disarm the Japanese combatants in conflicts. Prominent intellectuals and outstanding academics were involved in drafting a 6. (declare) to seek international assistance. Patriotism was greatly fortified. Despite rough weapons and lack of ammunition, the Chinese army achieved great victory in the front line. Through 7. (collect) struggle and countless sacrifices, the invaders finally announced unconditional surrender 8. August 15,1945.
Since China was liberated, on each anniversary, representatives from all walks of life gather 9. (commemorate) the victory of anti-Japanese war. Solemn memorial activities 10. (organize) to reaffirm the priceless dedication of the heroes and China’s blueprint to bring back the crowning glory lost in the war.
objective n.目的,目标 adj.客观的
(1)object n. 物体;东西;目的;目标;对象
v. 不同意;不赞成;反对
object to sb/sth 反对……,不赞成……
object to (sb) doing sth
反对 (某人) 做某事
(2)objection n. 反对;异议
【活学活用】
(1)单句填空
①I can’t really be (object) when I’m judging my daughter’s work.
②Her (object) to the plan is based on incorrect facts.
(2)一词多义
①[2020·全国新高考Ⅰ卷] The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience.
②I believe that a journalist should be completely objective.
(3)完成句子
In my opinion, I (反对熬夜学习), because it is not beneficial to our health and study in the long run.
barely adv.勉强才能;仅仅;刚刚
(1)had barely/hardly/scarcely done…when…
一……就……
(2)bare adj. 裸露的;光秃秃的;荒芜的;无遮盖的
[温馨提示] barely作为否定副词,位于句首时要引起主谓语的部分倒装,即“barely+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语+实义动词”。
【活学活用】
(1)单句填空
[2023·浙江1月考] She was covered in spider-webs (蜘蛛网) and was (bare) able to move her wings.
(2)完成句子
(我们一走进博物馆) when we were received by the staff. (部分倒装) (应用文写作之活动介绍)
representative n.代表;代理人 adj.有代表性的
(1)represent vt. 象征;代表;展示;描绘
represent sth to sb 向某人陈述/传达某事
represent sb/sth as/to be 描述某人为……;把某事叙述为……
(2)stand for 代表 (某观点或态度);是……的首字母缩写
on behalf of 代表
【活学活用】
完成句子
① (作为一名学生代表), I am very honoured to deliver a speech here. (应用文写作之演讲稿)
② (代表学生会), I’m writing to invite you to give us a speech on Chinese history. (应用文写作之邀请信)
sum n.金额,款项 v.总结,概括
(1)a large sum of 大量……;一大笔……
(2)to sum up(=in sum) 概括起来说,总而言之
【活学活用】
完成句子
①The city charity would receive (一大笔钱) every year donated by citizens.
②[北师选一U3] (总之), despite producing cheap food, factory farming is bad for the planet and for the animals themselves.
relevant adj.紧密相关的,切题的;有价值的,有意义的
(1)be relevant to 与……有关
(2)relevantly adv. 相应地;贴切地
(3)relevance n. 关联,相关性;意义
have (no) relevance to 和……无/有关
(4)irrelevant adj. 不相关的;无关紧要的
【活学活用】
(1)单句填空
①Temperature and precipitation (降水) will change (relevant) when altitude rises.
②What he said has no direct (relevant) to the matter in hand.
③The teacher blamed him for breaking the window, but his deskmate justified that he was (relevant) to the incident.
(2)完成句子
Glad to know that you want to be a member of our ping-pong club, I’m writing (和你分享一些相关的细节). (应用文写作之告知信)
● hold down 控制住(以防某物移走或某人逃脱);使固定;限制;使保持低水平
hold up 举起;抬起;延迟;阻碍;支撑
hold back (使)犹豫;阻碍进步/发展;隐瞒;抑制
hold out 伸出;递出;(供给品等) 维持,坚持
hold on 等着;坚持住;等一下(别挂断)
hold on (tight) to 抓紧;不放开;保住;保存某物
【活学活用】
(1)用hold相关短语的适当形式填空
①[译林选四U4] I could feel my hands sweating slightly and I had to my suitcase.
②[2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷] Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and his arms to catch the falling child.
③He spoke slowly to his growing anger.
④Our flight by fog. As a result, I was late for an important meeting.
⑤He took a dictionary to the test papers for fear that they might be blown away by the wind.
(2)完成句子
As she read the letter from her deceased grandmother, she struggled to (抑制她的泪水), remembering all the cherished moments they had shared. (读后续写之情感+心理描写)
● (教材P43) It is no wonder that many, if not most, of China’s leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda, including the two Nobel Prize-winning physicists, Yang Zhenning and Li Zhengdao.
难怪即使不是大多数,但也有许多中国领先的学者和科学家都是联大出身,包括两位获得诺贝尔奖的物理学家杨振宁和李政道。
It is no wonder that…
句型公式
【句式点拨】
It’s no wonder (that)+从句.=No wonder (that)+从句.,表示“难怪……,怪不得……”。it为形式主语,后面的从句是真正的主语。
【相关拓展】
(it’s) little/small wonder (that)…
……不足为奇;……并不奇怪
It’s a wonder (that)…
令人惊奇的是……;奇怪的是……
【活学活用】
完成句子
①With his exceptional talent and unwavering determination, (难怪他成了冠军) of track and field.
② (奇怪的是) he was just a little hurt falling off the tall tree.
●Ⅰ 单句填空
1.The friction between both sides has led to some (violence) incidents in this area.
2.I often recall the (memory) moment when my grandma read stories to me.
3.Monet and Renoir, along with other like-minded artists, sought (liberate) from the rules of the old style.
4.She felt awkward at the thought of being at a party with a bunch of kids she (bare) knew.
5.We hope that a (represent) will soon be appointed to come here for the discussion on the problem.
6.We were impressed with the (profession) skills of these outstanding staff.
7.The student owed his (academy) achievement to the guidance and support of his teachers and parents.
8.The (mist) rain in the morning had left behind coolness that would stay for hours.
9.Choosing a career in medicine is a challenging path that requires years of education and continuous (dedicate) to patient care.
10.The (stable) of the economy is crucial for attracting foreign investment and creating a favourable business environment.
11.When Steve witnessed the (horror) incident, he quickly began to take action.
12.The entire team celebrated their (collect) anniversary of working together for ten years with a special dinner and heartfelt speeches.
●Ⅱ 短语填空
1.Even when the seas were rough, the captain told everyone to (紧紧抓住) the rails to avoid being swept off the deck.
2.The activities have inspired students to reflect on how to get along with others and (为……奠定基础) a more harmonious campus environment.
3.Despite the initial challenges, she (充分相信) her team’s ability to emerge as industry leaders within the next few years.
4.Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright hopes to (被传达) through dialogue and action.
5.It is generally accepted that success is not necessarily (与……相关) inborn intelligence.
6. (总之), there are three main ways of tackling the problem.
7.A couple of people (反对) the proposal, but the vast majority approved of it.
8.An ambulance was (待命) in case any of the injuries needed hospital treatment.
●Ⅲ 句型训练
1.With such exceptional talent, he has been admitted to the famous university.
有如此非凡的才能,难怪他被这所名牌大学录取了。
2. , I talked to my parents, but they didn’t say yes at first. (形容词短语作状语)
我急切地想参与,于是和父母谈了谈,但他们一开始没有同意。
3.The room is in a mess, and dirty dishes in the sink. (with复合结构)
房间一片狼藉,地板上放着比萨饼盒子,洗碗池里有脏盘子。
4.I had mowing the lawn . (barely)
我刚开始修剪草坪,天就开始下雨。
●Ⅰ 动词变形练
1.As he pushed her, she (swing) higher and higher sitting on a swing.
2.She (take) a deep breath before stepping onto the stage to give her speech.
3.The photograph (take) during our family vacation last summer at the beach.
4.When I (tap) on the update button, the screen went blank.
5.He was busy (tap) away at his computer.
6.Children should (teach) the importance of kindness in their daily interactions.
●Ⅱ 构词法规则
构词法 动词后缀-ize/-ise 表示“以……方式对待,使形成”
指出下列黑体词的含义
1.[2024·新课标Ⅱ卷] Minimize impact and maximize experience by skipping major holidays or rush hour.
2.[2024·新课标Ⅱ卷] How are the stories categorized in the kiosk
3.[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷] I sympathized immediately.
4.[2023·全国甲卷] She adds:“I’ve moved house many times and I always like to personalise my room and put up pictures.”
5.[2023·北京卷] Mangroves, known as “red forest”in China, grow between land and sea, characterised by their complex roots.
●Ⅲ 熟词生义练
指出下列黑体词在句中的不同含义
1.slip
①She found the side door open and slipped into the house unseen.
②Productivity in the factory has slipped noticeably in the last year.
③If you want to order a book, fill out the green slip.
④[2020·全国新高考Ⅰ卷] You don’t need to apologize for a minor slip.
2.smooth
①It was a smooth operation and the patient soon recovered.
②By providing clear instructions, the teacher helped smooth the way for her students to grasp complex concepts.
3.solid
①The snow had melted, but the lake was still frozen solid.
②The research lacks solid evidence, and therefore, its conclusions are doubtful.
③The engineer designed a solid steel beam to support the weight of the bridge and ensure its structural integrity.
4.some
①[2021·北京卷] It seems that global collapse is certain to happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within this century.
②Her job in travel writing began some eight years ago.
5.sound
①All I’m hoping for is that wherever Trevor is he will come home safe and sound.
②He gave me some very sound advice.
③He was sound asleep within moments of getting into bed. Unit 3 War and peace
(限时:35分钟)
●Ⅰ 阅读理解
A [2024·安徽六安高三模拟预测]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:323
Anthony Doerr’s new best-seller, All the Light We Cannot See, holds special appeal for me. That’s how I would describe it. From the poetic language, to the realization of what the title actually means: that underneath the surface of history, there is light that has not been seen, and stories that have gone untold.
I’m going to be honest—love for this book didn’t hit me straight away. In fact, my first attempt to read it last month ended with me putting it aside and going to find something easier, lighter and less descriptive to read. But this book is built on beautiful imagery. Both in the literal sense—the physical world of 1940s Paris and Germany, and the metaphorical (隐喻性的)sense—scientific and philosophical references to light, to seeing and not seeing, and the differences between the two. It’s a beautiful work of genius, but it does get a little complicated at times.
However, when we get into the meat of this World War Ⅱ novel, it’s also an upsetting story of a childhood torn apart by war. It’s about Parisian Marie-Laure who has been blind since she was six, and a German orphan called Werner who finds himself at the centre of the Hitler Youth. Both of their stories are told with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a path by their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster—war.
I think this is the kind of book you will never appreciate if you stop too soon—I learned that lesson. From the first to last page, there is a theme of invisible lines running parallel (平行地) to one another and sometimes, just sometimes, crossing in the strangest way. These two lives we are introduced to seem to be worlds apart, and yet they come together and influence one another. It was this, more than the predictably awful tale of war, that made me feel quite emotional.
( )1.What does the writer think of the book
A.Light and easy to read.
B.Rich in philosophical ideas.
C.Fascinating but too descriptive.
D.Too complicated for its theme.
( )2.What can we learn about Marie-Laure and Werner
A.The war leads to their sensitivity.
B.They know each other at an early age.
C.The Hitler Youth pushes them to grow.
D.They both have a miserable childhood.
( )3.What particularly stirred the writer’s emotions
A.The book’s dramatic ending.
B.The book’s beautiful imagery.
C.The characters’ interconnected destiny.
D.The suffering brought by World War Ⅱ.
( )4.What is the purpose of this text
A.To share the writer’s feelings of a book.
B.To recommend a delightful best-seller.
C.To tell readers a heartbreaking story.
D.To analyse the structure of a book.
B [2024·河北沧州部分高中高三二模]
文体:说明文 主题:人与社会 词数:300
The United Kingdom hosted the AI Safety Summit, bringing politicians, computer scientists and big AI company leaders to a site chosen for its symbolism: Bletchley Park, the birthplace of computing and code-breaking (密码破译).
During World War Ⅱ, a group of mathematicians, chess masters and other experts gathered at the Victorian country house 72 kilometres north-west of London to start a secret war against Nazi Germany. Their goal was to break a set of constantly changing codes produced by Nazi Germany’s Enigma machine. To do it, Bletchley Park’s wartime scientists—building on work done by Polish code-breakers—developed Colossus, the first programmable digital computer. Some historians say cracking the code helped shorten the war by up to two years.
“It has oversimplified its true contribution by describing Bletchley Park as a playground for Turing and other scientists,” said historian Christopher Smith, the author of The Hidden History of Bletchley Park. “Although it fits into the romantic idea that a group of smart men with a bit of wool and some yards of wire can win the war, in fact, almost 10,000 people worked at Bletchley Park during the war. Three quarters of them were women. It’s basically a factory…Twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. When peace came, the code-breakers returned to civilian life and promised to keep a secret about their wartime work. It was not until the 1970s that the work at Bletchley Park became widely known in Britain.”
In 1994, the site opened as a museum, after local historians banded together to prevent it from being pulled down to build a supermarket. It was restored to its 1940s appearance, complete with old typewriters, phones and cups—including the one tied to a heater in Hut 8, where Turing led the Enigma team.
( )5.What can we learn about Colossus
A.It was invented by Nazi Germany.
B.It was designed to send secret messages.
C.Polish code-breakers also made a contribution to it.
D.The project’s goal was to produce the first computer.
( )6.What did Christopher Smith most probably imply
A.Women’s hard work was overlooked.
B.The secret should not be kept for so long.
C.The computer ought to be more powerful.
D.It is silly to say the machine shortened the war.
( )7.Why is the cup mentioned in the last paragraph
A.To highlight the government’s support.
B.To show the perfect restoration of the site.
C.To stress Turing’s important role in the project.
D.To tell the difficulty in collecting the lost items.
( )8.What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A.To advocate women’s equal rights with men.
B.To advertise a newly restored computer museum.
C.To show the significance of an important meeting.
D.To add some background to the AI safety meeting.
C [2024·江苏南通高三三模]
文体:议论文 主题:人与自我 词数:380
Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a genetic component of human behaviour. Whatever it is, you cannot but recognize the effect competition has on academics and many other areas of contemporary life.
Psychologically speaking, competition has been seen as an unavoidable consequence of human drives. According to Sigmund Freud, humans are born screaming for attention and full of organic drives for fulfilment in various areas. Initially, we compete for the attention of our parents.
Current work in anthropology (人类学) has suggested, however, that this view of the role of competition in human behaviour may be a fallacy. Thomas Hobbes, one of the great philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best remembered for his characterization of the “natural world”, that is, the world before the introduction of the will of humanity, as being unpleasant and short. This opinion is still widely held, reinforced by Charles Darwin’s highly influential work, The Origin of Species, which established the doctrine (学说) of natural selection. Darwin’s theory has even been summarized as “survival of the fittest”—a phrase Darwin himself never used—further highlighting competition’s role in success. As it has often been pointed out, however, there is nothing in the concept of natural selection that suggests that competition is the most successful strategy for “survival of the fittest”. Darwin said in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed as metaphors and couldn’t be separated from dependence and cooperation.
Many studies have been conducted to test the importance placed on competition rather than other values, such as cooperation, and generally conclude that Americans uniquely praise competition as natural, unavoidable, and desirable. In 1937, the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples, based on her studies of several societies that did not prize competition, and, in fact, seemed at times to place a negative value on it. One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona, and they, Mead found, valued cooperation far more than competition. After studying dozens of such cultures, Mead’s final conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect of human behaviour, and that its popularity in a particular society is relative to how that society values it.
( )9.What does the author think is commonly seen in many areas of contemporary life
A.The origin of human drives.
B.The influence of competition.
C.The reasons for human behaviour.
D.The disagreement on competition.
( )10.What do the underlined words “a fallacy” in the third paragraph mean
A.A false idea. B.A hard nut.
C.A losing battle. D.A mixed blessing.
( )11.What can we learn from Darwin’s words in The Origin of Species
A.All species depend on others for survival.
B.The strongest species proves to be the fittest.
C.Struggles for survival include support of each other.
D.Competition is looked on as the best survival strategy.
( )12.What conclusion did Margaret Mead reach
A.It is characteristic of humans to be competitive.
B.Americans are uniquely opposed to cooperation.
C.Competition is relatively more popular in Western societies.
D.People’s attitude towards competition is actually culture-bound.
●Ⅱ 应用文写作 [2024·广东湛江高三模拟预测]
假设你是李华,学校学生会主席,为了倡导“美丽校园,绿色生活”的环保理念,请你根据以下要点写一封倡议书,要点如下:
1.倡议目的;
2.具体做法;
3.呼吁参与。
注意:1.词数80个左右;
2.可适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
A.词汇积累
1.underneath prep.在……底下;隐藏(或掩盖)在下面
2.descriptive adj.描写的;叙述的;说明的
3.tear sth apart使分裂;使分开
4.sensitivity n.体贴;体恤;同情
5.symbolism n.象征主义,象征手法;象征意义
6.programmable adj.可程控的;可编程序的
7.oversimplify v.陈述过于简略;说明过于简单化
8.genetic adj.基因的;遗传学的
9.component n.成分;组成部分
10.characterization n.(对书或戏剧中人物的)刻画,描绘,塑造;描述方法;界定方法
11.competitiveness n.竞争力
B.长难句分析
Both of their stories are told with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a path by their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster—war.(阅读A, Para.3)
【分析】 each one forced down a path by their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster—war是独立主格结构,过去分词forced与其逻辑主语each one为被动关系。
【译文】 他们的故事都以体恤和同情的方式讲述,每个人都被他们的个人环境和毁灭性的怪物——战争逼上了一条路。(共93张PPT)
Unit 3 War and peace
语境词汇串记
考点互动探究
当堂过关检测
语言素养提升
作业手册
答案速查【听】
答案速查【作】
In the early 20th century, the Japanese army made
landings in several places along the Chinese coastline,
1.________(start) their brutal aggression against China with an
objective of expansion and domination. The troops,
2._________(order) by the supreme commander, bombed cities
and shot civilians 3._________(violent) in tanks. Life was
completely disrupted and people were condemned to the
violence and dire horror 4.___________ they had never
experienced before.
starting
ordered
violently
that/which
In the face of the daunting gunfire of the invaders,
Chinese people did not shirk 5._____ rose up to resist. The
whole nation was united as one. Various resistance groups
emerged. Peasants were trained to disarm the Japanese
combatants in conflicts. Prominent intellectuals and
outstanding academics were involved in drafting a
6.___________(declare) to seek international assistance. Patriotism
was greatly fortified. Despite rough weapons and lack of
ammunition, the Chinese army achieved great victory in the
but
declaration
front line. Through 7.__________(collect) struggle
and countless sacrifices, the invaders finally announced
unconditional surrender 8.____ August 15,1945.
Since China was liberated, on each anniversary,
representatives from all walks of life gather 9.________________
(commemorate) the victory of anti-Japanese war. Solemn
memorial activities 10.______________(organize) to reaffirm the
priceless dedication of the heroes and China's blueprint to
bring back the crowning glory lost in the war.
collective
on
to commemorate
are organized
1 objective n.目的,目标 adj.客观的
(1)object n. 物体;东西;目的;目标;对象v.不同意;不赞成;反对
object to sb/sth 反对……,不赞成……
object to (sb) doing sth
反对 (某人) 做某事
(2)objection n. 反对;异议
【活学活用】
(1)单句填空
①I can't really be _________(object) when I'm judging my
daughter's work.
②Her __________(object) to the plan is based on incorrect facts.
objective
objection
(2)一词多义
①[2020·全国新高考Ⅰ卷] The objective of most speeches is to
benefit the audience. __________
②I believe that a journalist should be completely objective.
________
目标,目的
客观的
(3)完成句子
In my opinion, I _____________________________________
(反对熬夜学习), because it is not beneficial to our health and
study in the long run.
object to staying up all night studying
2 barely adv.勉强才能;仅仅;刚刚
(1)had barely/hardly/scarcely done…when…一……就……
(2)bare adj.裸露的;光秃秃的;荒芜的;无遮盖的
［温馨提示］ barely作为否定副词,位于句首时要引起主谓语的部分
倒装,即“barely+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语+实义动词”。
【活学活用】
(1)单句填空
[2023·浙江1月考] She was covered in spider-webs (蜘蛛网) and
was _______(bare) able to move her wings.
barely
(2)完成句子
________________________________________________(我们一走进
博物馆) when we were received by the staff. (部分倒装)
(应用文写作之活动介绍)
Barely/Hardly/Scarcely had we entered the museum
3 representative n.代表;代理人 adj.有代表性的
(1)represent vt. 象征;代表;展示;描绘
represent sth to sb 向某人陈述/传达某事
represent sb/sth as/to be
描述某人为……;把某事叙述为……
(2)stand for 代表 (某观点或态度);是……的首字母缩写
on behalf of 代表
【活学活用】
完成句子
①__________________________(作为一名学生代表), I am very
honoured to deliver a speech here. (应用文写作之演讲稿)
As a student representative
②____________________________________________(代表学生会),
I'm writing to invite you to give us a speech on Chinese history.
(应用文写作之邀请信)
On behalf of/Representing the Students' Union
4 sum n.金额,款项 v.总结,概括
(1)a large sum of 大量……;一大笔……
(2)to sum up(=in sum) 概括起来说,总而言之
【活学活用】
完成句子
①The city charity would receive ______________________
(一大笔钱) every year donated by citizens.
a large sum of money
②[北师选一U3] ___________________(总之), despite producing
cheap food, factory farming is bad for the planet and for the
animals themselves.
To sum up/In sum
5 relevant adj.紧密相关的,切题的;有价值的,有意义的
(1)be relevant to 与……有关
(2)relevantly adv. 相应地;贴切地
(3)relevance n. 关联,相关性;意义
have (no) relevance to和……无/有关
(4)irrelevant adj. 不相关的;无关紧要的
【活学活用】
(1)单句填空
①Temperature and precipitation (降水) will change
__________(relevant) when altitude rises.
②What he said has no direct __________(relevant) to the matter
in hand.
relevantly
relevance
③The teacher blamed him for breaking the window, but his
deskmate justified that he was __________(relevant) to the
incident.
irrelevant
(2)完成句子
Glad to know that you want to be a member of our ping-pong
club, I'm writing ______________________________________
(和你分享一些相关的细节). (应用文写作之告知信)
to share some relevant details with you
hold down 控制住(以防某物移走或某人逃脱);使固定;限制;使保持
低水平
hold up 举起;抬起;延迟;阻碍;支撑
hold back (使)犹豫;阻碍进步/发展;隐瞒;抑制
hold out 伸出;递出;(供给品等) 维持,坚持
hold on 等着;坚持住;等一下(别挂断)
hold on (tight) to 抓紧;不放开;保住;保存某物
【活学活用】
(1)用hold相关短语的适当形式填空
①［译林选四U4］ I could feel my hands sweating slightly and I
had to __________________ my suitcase.
hold on (tight) to
②[2022·新高考全国Ⅱ卷] Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped
over a 1.2-metre fence, and _________ his arms to catch the
falling child.
held out
③He spoke slowly to ___________ his growing anger.
④Our flight _____________ by fog. As a result, I was late for
an important meeting.
⑤He took a dictionary to ___________ the test papers for fear
that they might be blown away by the wind.
hold back
was held up
hold down
(2)完成句子
As she read the letter from her deceased grandmother, she
struggled to ____________________(抑制她的泪水), remembering
all the cherished moments they had shared. (读后续写之情感+心
理描写)
hold back her tears
(教材P43) It is no wonder that many, if not most, of China's
leading scholars and scientists emerged at Lianda, including
the two Nobel Prize-winning physicists, Yang Zhenning and
Li Zhengdao.
难怪即使不是大多数,但也有许多中国领先的学者和科学家都是联大
出身,包括两位获得诺贝尔奖的物理学家杨振宁和李政道。
句型公式
It is no wonder that…
【句式点拨】
It's no wonder (that)+从句.=No wonder (that)+从句.,表示“难
怪……,怪不得……”。it为形式主语,后面的从句是真正的主语。
【相关拓展】
(it's) little/small wonder (that)…
……不足为奇;……并不奇怪
It's a wonder (that)…
令人惊奇的是……;奇怪的是……
【活学活用】
完成句子
①With his exceptional talent and unwavering determination,
___________________________________________________________
(难怪他成了冠军) of track and field.
it is no wonder (that)/no wonder (that) he became a champion
②___________________(奇怪的是) he was just a little hurt falling
off the tall tree.
It's a wonder (that)
Ⅰ 单句填空
1.The friction between both sides has led to some
_______(violence) incidents in this area.
2.I often recall the ____________(memory) moment when my
grandma read stories to me.
3.Monet and Renoir, along with other like-minded artists,
sought __________(liberate) from the rules of the old style.
violent
memorable
liberation
4.She felt awkward at the thought of being at a party with a
bunch of kids she _______(bare) knew.
5.We hope that a ______________(represent) will soon be
appointed to come here for the discussion on the problem.
6.We were impressed with the ____________(profession) skills of
these outstanding staff.
7.The student owed his __________(academy) achievement to
the guidance and support of his teachers and parents.
barely
representative
professional
academic
8.The ______(mist) rain in the morning had left behind coolness
that would stay for hours.
misty
9.Choosing a career in medicine is a challenging path that
requires years of education and continuous ___________(dedicate)
to patient care.
dedication
10.The ________(stable) of the economy is crucial for attracting
foreign investment and creating a favourable business
environment.
stability
11.When Steve witnessed the ________(horror) incident, he
quickly began to take action.
horrible
12.The entire team celebrated their __________(collect)
anniversary of working together for ten years with a special
dinner and heartfelt speeches.
collective
Ⅱ 短语填空
1.Even when the seas were rough, the captain told everyone to
__________________(紧紧抓住) the rails to avoid being swept off
the deck.
hold on (tight) to
2.The activities have inspired students to reflect on how to get
along with others and ______________________(为……奠定基础)
a more harmonious campus environment.
lay the foundation for
3.Despite the initial challenges, she _____________________
(充分相信) her team's ability to emerge as industry leaders
within the next few years.
has full confidence in
4.Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright
hopes to ___________(被传达) through dialogue and action.
5.It is generally accepted that success is not necessarily
___________(与……相关) inborn intelligence.
get across
relevant to
6.___________________(总之), there are three main ways of
tackling the problem.
7.A couple of people ____________(反对) the proposal, but the
vast majority approved of it.
8.An ambulance was ____________(待命) in case any of the
injuries needed hospital treatment.
To sum up/In sum
objected to
on standby
Ⅲ 句型训练
1.With such exceptional talent, ______________________________
_____________ he has been admitted to the famous university.
有如此非凡的才能,难怪他被这所名牌大学录取了。
it is no wonder (that)/no wonder (that)
2.___________________, I talked to my parents, but they didn't
say yes at first. (形容词短语作状语)
我急切地想参与，于是和父母谈了谈，但他们一开始没有同意。
Eager to participate
3.The room is in a mess, _____________________________ and
dirty dishes in the sink. (with复合结构)
房间一片狼藉，地板上放着比萨饼盒子，洗碗池里有脏盘子。
with pizza boxes on the floor
4.I had ______________ mowing the lawn ____________________
______. (barely)
我刚开始修剪草坪,天就开始下雨。
barely started
when it started raining
Ⅰ 动词变形练
1.As he pushed her, she _______(swing) higher and higher
sitting on a swing.
2.She ______(take) a deep breath before stepping onto the
stage to give her speech.
3.The photograph ___________(take) during our family vacation
last summer at the beach.
swung
took
was taken
4.When I ________(tap) on the update button, the screen went
blank.
5.He was busy ________(tap) away at his computer.
6.Children should ___________(teach) the importance of kindness
in their daily interactions.
tapped
tapping
be taught
Ⅱ 构词法规则
构词法 动词后缀-ize/-ise 表示“以……方式对待,使形成”
指出下列黑体词的含义
1.［2024·新课标Ⅱ卷］ Minimize impact and maximize
experience by skipping major holidays or rush hour.
______________________________________________________
使……减少到最低程度; 使……最大化，使……增加到最大程度
2.［2024·新课标Ⅱ卷］ How are the stories categorized in the
kiosk ______
分类
3.[2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷] I sympathized immediately. ______
同情
4.[2023·全国甲卷] She adds:“I've moved house many times and I
always like to personalise my room and put up
pictures.”__________
使个性化
5.[2023·北京卷] Mangroves, known as “red forest”in China, grow
between land and sea, characterised by their complex
roots._____________
以……为特征
Ⅲ熟词生义练
指出下列黑体词在句中的不同含义
1.slip
①She found the side door open and slipped into the house
unseen. ____________
溜,悄悄疾行
②Productivity in the factory has slipped noticeably in the last
year. __________
③If you want to order a book, fill out the green slip. ______
④[2020·全国新高考Ⅰ卷] You don't need to apologize for a
minor slip. ____________
下降,退步
纸条
小错误,疏漏
2.smooth
①It was a smooth operation and the patient soon recovered.
________
②By providing clear instructions, the teacher helped smooth the
way for her students to grasp complex concepts. __________
顺利的
铺平道路
3.solid
①The snow had melted, but the lake was still frozen solid.
________
②The research lacks solid evidence, and therefore, its
conclusions are doubtful. ________________
③The engineer designed a solid steel beam to support the
weight of the bridge and ensure its structural integrity. ________
坚硬的
可靠的;可信赖的
实心的
4.some
①[2021·北京卷] It seems that global collapse is certain to
happen in some form, possibly within a decade, certainly within
this century. __________
某个,某一
②Her job in travel writing began some eight years ago. ______
大约
5.sound
①All I'm hoping for is that wherever Trevor is he will come
home safe and sound. ______________
②He gave me some very sound advice. ________
③He was sound asleep within moments of getting into bed.
______________
健康的,完好的
合理的
酣(睡),(睡得)沉
作 业 手 册
(限时：35分钟)
Ⅰ 阅读理解
A[2024·安徽六安高三模拟预测]
文体：说明文 主题：人与社会 词数：323
Anthony Doerr's new best-seller, All the Light We Cannot
See, holds special appeal for me. That's how I would describe it.
From the poetic language, to the realization of what the title
actually means: that underneath the surface of history, there is
light that has not been seen, and stories that have gone untold.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
I'm going to be honest—love for this book didn't hit me
straight away. In fact, my first attempt to read it last month
ended with me putting it aside and going to find something
easier, lighter and less descriptive to read. But this book is built
on beautiful imagery. Both in the literal sense—the physical
world of 1940s Paris and Germany, and the metaphorical
(隐喻性的)sense—scientific and philosophical references to light,
to seeing and not seeing, and the differences between the two.
It's a beautiful work of genius, but it does get a little
complicated at times.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
However, when we get into the meat of this World War Ⅱ
novel, it's also an upsetting story of a childhood torn apart by
war. It's about Parisian Marie-Laure who has been blind since
she was six, and a German orphan called Werner who finds
himself at the centre of the Hitler Youth. Both of their stories
are told with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a
path by their personal circumstances and by that destructive
monster—war.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
I think this is the kind of book you will never appreciate if
you stop too soon—I learned that lesson. From the first to last
page, there is a theme of invisible lines running parallel (平行地)
to one another and sometimes, just sometimes, crossing in the
strangest way. These two lives we are introduced to seem to be
worlds apart, and yet they come together and influence one
another. It was this, more than the predictably awful tale of war,
that made me feel quite emotional.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章中，作者主要介绍了安东
尼·多尔的最新畅销书《所有我们看不见的光》，作者主要介绍了这
本书的主要内容，以及作者对于这本书的感想。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
( )1.What does the writer think of the book
A.Light and easy to read.
B.Rich in philosophical ideas.
C.Fascinating but too descriptive.
D.Too complicated for its theme.
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Anthony Doerr's new best-
seller, All the Light We Cannot See, holds special appeal for me.”
以及第二段“In fact, my first attempt to read it last month ended
with me putting it aside and going to find something easier,
lighter and less descriptive to read. But this book is built on
beautiful imagery. Both in the literal sense—the physical world
of 1940s Paris and Germany, and the metaphorical (隐喻性的)
sense—scientific and philosophical references to light, to seeing
and not seeing, and the differences between the two.”可知，在
作者看来，这部书很吸引人，同时又极具描述性。故选C。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
( )2.What can we learn about Marie-Laure and Werner
A.The war leads to their sensitivity.
B.They know each other at an early age.
C.The Hitler Youth pushes them to grow.
D.They both have a miserable childhood.
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第三段“However, when we get into the
meat of this World War Ⅱ novel, it's also an upsetting story of
a childhood torn apart by war.”和“Both of their stories are told
with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a path by
their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster—
war.”可知，这两个人的童年都很悲惨。故选D。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
( )3.What particularly stirred the writer's emotions
A.The book's dramatic ending.
B.The book's beautiful imagery.
C.The characters' interconnected destiny.
D.The suffering brought by World War Ⅱ.
√
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
[解析] 推理判断题。根据第三段“Both of their stories are told
with sensitivity and sympathy, each one forced down a path by
their personal circumstances and by that destructive monster—
war.”以及最后一段“These two lives we are introduced to seem to
be worlds apart, and yet they come together and influence one
another. It was this, more than the predictably awful tale of war,
that made me feel quite emotional.”可知，打动作者的正是小说中
人物的相互关联的命运。故选C。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
( )4.What is the purpose of this text
A.To share the writer's feelings of a book.
B.To recommend a delightful best-seller.
C.To tell readers a heartbreaking story.
D.To analyse the structure of a book.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Anthony Doerr's new best-
seller, All the Light We Cannot See, holds special appeal for me.
That's how I would describe it. From the poetic language, to
the realization of what the title actually means: that underneath
the surface of history, there is light that has not been seen, and
stories that have gone untold.”以及最后一段“I think this is the
kind of book you will never appreciate if you stop too soon—I
learned that lesson. From the first to last page, there is a
theme of invisible lines running parallel (平行地) to one another
and sometimes, just sometimes, crossing in the strangest way.”可
知，文章的目的是分享作者对一本书的感受。故选A。
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B[2024·河北沧州部分高中高三二模]
文体：说明文 主题：人与社会 词数：300
The United Kingdom hosted the AI Safety Summit, bringing
politicians, computer scientists and big AI company leaders to a
site chosen for its symbolism: Bletchley Park, the birthplace of
computing and code-breaking (密码破译).
During World War Ⅱ, a group of mathematicians, chess
masters and other experts gathered at the Victorian country
house 72 kilometres north-west of London to start a secret war
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against Nazi Germany. Their goal was to break a set of
constantly changing codes produced by Nazi Germany's Enigma
machine. To do it, Bletchley Park's wartime scientists—building
on work done by Polish code-breakers—developed Colossus, the
first programmable digital computer. Some historians say
cracking the code helped shorten the war by up to two years.
“It has oversimplified its true contribution by describing
Bletchley Park as a playground for Turing and other scientists,”
said historian Christopher Smith, the author of The Hidden
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History of Bletchley Park. “Although it fits into the romantic idea
that a group of smart men with a bit of wool and some yards
of wire can win the war, in fact, almost 10,000 people worked
at Bletchley Park during the war. Three quarters of them were
women. It's basically a factory…Twenty-four hours a day, seven
days a week. When peace came, the code-breakers returned to
civilian life and promised to keep a secret about their wartime
work. It was not until the 1970s that the work at Bletchley Park
became widely known in Britain.”
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In 1994, the site opened as a museum, after local historians
banded together to prevent it from being pulled down to build
a supermarket. It was restored to its 1940s appearance,
complete with old typewriters, phones and cups—including the
one tied to a heater in Hut 8, where Turing led the Enigma
team.
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【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国举办了AI安
全峰会，地点选在了具有象征意义的布莱切利公园——计算机与密
码破译发源地，并回顾了二战期间该地近万名工作者，其中多数为
女性，对破译纳粹德国的密码并加速战争结束的重要贡献，并提及
该地作为博物馆的保存历程。
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( )5.What can we learn about Colossus
A.It was invented by Nazi Germany.
B.It was designed to send secret messages.
C.Polish code-breakers also made a contribution to it.
D.The project's goal was to produce the first computer.
[解析] 细节理解题。根据第二段中“To do it, Bletchley Park's
wartime scientists—building on work done by Polish code-
breakers—developed Colossus, the first programmable digital
computer.”可知，波兰密码破译者对Colossus的开发做出了贡献。故
选C。
√
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( )6.What did Christopher Smith most probably imply
A.Women's hard work was overlooked.
B.The secret should not be kept for so long.
C.The computer ought to be more powerful.
D.It is silly to say the machine shortened the war.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。根据第三段中“It has oversimplified its true
contribution by describing Bletchley Park as a playground for
Turing and other scientists…”和“…almost 10,000 people worked
at Bletchley Park during the war. Three quarters of them were
women. It's basically a factory…Twenty-four hours a day, seven
days a week.”可推断，Christopher Smith 认为女性的付出被忽视了。
故选A。
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( )7.Why is the cup mentioned in the last paragraph
A.To highlight the government's support.
B.To show the perfect restoration of the site.
C.To stress Turing's important role in the project.
D.To tell the difficulty in collecting the lost items.
[解析] 推理判断题。根据最后一段“It was restored to its 1940s
appearance, complete with old typewriters, phones and cups—
including the one tied to a heater in Hut 8, where Turing led
the Enigma team.”可知，作者提到茶杯这一细节是为了说明复原工
作做得非常到位。故选B。
√
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( )8.What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A.To advocate women's equal rights with men.
B.To advertise a newly restored computer museum.
C.To show the significance of an important meeting.
D.To add some background to the AI safety meeting.
√
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[解析] 推理判断题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段“The United
Kingdom hosted the AI Safety Summit, bringing politicians,
computer scientists and big AI company leaders to a site
chosen for its symbolism: Bletchley Park, the birthplace of
computing and code-breaking(密码破译).”可知，文章主要是为读
者提供一些有关AI安全峰会举办地的背景知识。故选D。
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C[2024·江苏南通高三三模]
文体:议论文 主题:人与自我 词数:380
Psychologists have long been in disagreement as to whether
competition is a learned or a genetic component of human
behaviour. Whatever it is, you cannot but recognize the effect
competition has on academics and many other areas of
contemporary life.
Psychologically speaking, competition has been seen as an
unavoidable consequence of human drives.
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According to Sigmund Freud, humans are born screaming for
attention and full of organic drives for fulfilment in various areas.
Initially, we compete for the attention of our parents.
Current work in anthropology (人类学) has suggested,
however, that this view of the role of competition in human
behaviour may be a fallacy. Thomas Hobbes, one of the great
philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best
remembered for his characterization of the “natural world”, that
is, the world before the introduction of the will of humanity, as
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being unpleasant and short. This opinion is still widely held,
reinforced by Charles Darwin's highly influential work, The Origin
of Species, which established the doctrine (学说) of natural
selection. Darwin's theory has even been summarized as “survival
of the fittest”—a phrase Darwin himself never used—further
highlighting competition's role in success. As it has often been
pointed out, however, there is nothing in the concept of natural
selection that suggests that competition is the most successful
strategy for “survival of the fittest”.
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Darwin said in The Origin of Species that the struggles he was
describing should be viewed as metaphors and couldn't be
separated from dependence and cooperation.
Many studies have been conducted to test the importance
placed on competition rather than other values, such as
cooperation, and generally conclude that Americans uniquely
praise competition as natural, unavoidable, and desirable. In
1937, the world-renowned anthropologist Margaret Mead
published Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples,
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based on her studies of several societies that did not prize
competition, and, in fact, seemed at times to place a negative
value on it. One such society was the Zuni Indians of Arizona,
and they, Mead found, valued cooperation far more than
competition. After studying dozens of such cultures, Mead's final
conclusion was that competitiveness is a culturally created aspect
of human behaviour, and that its popularity in a particular
society is relative to how that society values it.
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【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了竞争在人类行为中的
根源，并通过引用不同学者的观点，如弗洛伊德、霍布斯、达尔文
及人类学家米德的研究，说明竞争并非人类行为不可避免的结果，
而是文化塑造的产物，其重要性视具体社会价值观而定。
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( )9.What does the author think is commonly seen in many
areas of contemporary life
A.The origin of human drives.
B.The influence of competition.
C.The reasons for human behaviour.
D.The disagreement on competition.
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[解析] 细节理解题。由文章第一段“Psychologists have long been
in disagreement as to whether competition is a learned or a
genetic component of human behaviour. Whatever it is, you
cannot but recognize the effect competition has on academics
and many other areas of contemporary life.”可知，作者认为当代
生活的许多领域中普遍存在的是竞争的影响。故选B。
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( )10.What do the underlined words “a fallacy” in the third
paragraph mean
A.A false idea. B.A hard nut.
C.A losing battle. D.A mixed blessing.
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[解析] 词义猜测题。由文章第三段中“Thomas Hobbes, one of the
great philosophers of the seventeenth century, is perhaps best
remembered for his characterization of the ‘natural world’, that
is, the world before the introduction of the will of humanity, as
being unpleasant and short…Darwin said in The Origin of
Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed
as metaphors and couldn't be separated from dependence and
cooperation.”可知，文章引用了托马斯·霍布斯和查尔斯·达尔文的理
论，指出人们普遍持有的关于“自然世界” 和“适者生存” 的观念可能
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存在问题，人类学家的研究暗示了之前对于竞争在人类行为中的角色
的观点可能是错误的。a fallacy的含义为 “ 一种谬论，一个错误的
想法”。 故选A。
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( )11.What can we learn from Darwin's words in The Origin
of Species
A.All species depend on others for survival.
B.The strongest species proves to be the fittest.
C.Struggles for survival include support of each other.
D.Competition is looked on as the best survival strategy.
[解析] 推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Darwin said in The Origin of
Species that the struggles he was describing should be viewed
as metaphors and couldn't be separated from dependence and
cooperation.”可知，这表明生存斗争中包含了相互支持的成分。故
选C。
√
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( )12.What conclusion did Margaret Mead reach
A.It is characteristic of humans to be competitive.
B.Americans are uniquely opposed to cooperation.
C.Competition is relatively more popular in Western societies.
D.People's attitude towards competition is actually culture-bound.
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[解析] 推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“After studying dozens of
such cultures, Mead's final conclusion was that competitiveness is
a culturally created aspect of human behaviour, and that its
popularity in a particular society is relative to how that society
values it.”可知，人们对待竞争的态度实际上与文化有关。故选D。
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Ⅱ 应用文写作［2024·广东湛江高三模拟预测］
假设你是李华，学校学生会主席，为了倡导“美丽校园，绿色生
活”的环保理念，请你根据以下要点写一封倡议书，要点如下：
1.倡议目的；
2.具体做法；
3.呼吁参与。
注意：1.词数80个左右；
2.可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
One possible version:
Boys and girls,
To beautify our living environment, the Students' Union is
advocating we shoulder the responsibility to lead an eco-
friendly life.
To fulfil this task, we should bear the following ecological
codes in mind. First, sticking to the habit of walking to
school or taking public transportation is a good choice to
reduce the release of carbon dioxide.
It's also important to recycle everything recyclable and cherish
our school's environment by picking up any litter and turning
off the taps and the lights. Most importantly, we'd better do
our bit to raise people's awareness of preserving the
environment.
Let's all take action now and contribute to the prosperity
of our Mother Earth.
Thank you!
The Students' Union
A.词汇积累
1.underneath prep.在……底下；隐藏(或掩盖)在下面
2.descriptive adj.描写的；叙述的；说明的
3.tear sth apart使分裂；使分开
4.sensitivity n.体贴；体恤；同情
5.symbolism n.象征主义，象征手法；象征意义
6.programmable adj.可程控的；可编程序的
7.oversimplify v.陈述过于简略；说明过于简单化
8.genetic adj.基因的；遗传学的
9.component n.成分；组成部分
10.characterization n.(对书或戏剧中人物的)刻画，描绘，塑造；描
述方法；界定方法
11.competitiveness n.竞争力
B.长难句分析
Both of their stories are told with sensitivity and sympathy, each
one forced down a path by their personal circumstances and
by that destructive monster—war.(阅读A, Para.3)
【分析】each one forced down a path by their personal
circumstances and by that destructive monster—war是独立主格结
构，过去分词forced与其逻辑主语each one为被动关系。
【译文】他们的故事都以体恤和同情的方式讲述，每个人都被他们
的个人环境和毁灭性的怪物——战争逼上了一条路。
快速核答案
高中英语 选择性必修第三册
Unit 3 War and peace
听课手册
●语境词汇串记
1.starting 2.ordered 3.violently 4.that/which 5.but
6.declaration 7.collective 8.on 9.to commemorate
10.are organized
●考点互动探究
1.（1）①objective ②objection （2）①目标,目的 ②客观
的 （3）object to staying up all night studying
2.（1）barely （2）Barely/Hardly/Scarcely had we entered the
museum
3.①As a student representative ②On behalf of/Representing
the Students' Union
4.①a large sum of money ②To sum up/In sum
5.（1）①relevantly ②relevance ③irrelevant （2）to share
some relevant details with you
短语储存
（1）①hold on （tight） to ②held out ③hold back
④was held up ⑤hold down （2）hold back her tears
句型透视
①it is no wonder （that）/no wonder （that） he became a
champion ②It's a wonder （that）
●当堂过关检测
Ⅰ 单句填空
1.violent 2.memorable 3.liberation 4.barely 5.representative
6.professional 7.academic 8.misty 9.dedication 10.stability
11.horrible 12.collective
Ⅱ 短语填空
1.hold on （tight） to 2.lay the foundation for 3.has full
confidence in 4.get across 5.relevant to 6.To sum up/In
sum 7.objected to 8.on standby
Ⅲ 句型训练
1.it is no wonder （that）/no wonder （that） 2.Eager to
participate 3.with pizza boxes on the floor
4.barely started; when it started raining
●语言素养提升
Ⅰ 动词变形练
1.swung 2.took 3.was taken 4.tapped 5.tapping
6.be taught
Ⅱ 构词法规则
1.使……减少到最低程度; 使……最大化，使……增加到最大程
度 2.分类 3.同情 4.使个性化 5.以……为特征
Ⅲ熟词生义练
1.①溜,悄悄疾行 ②下降,退步 ③纸条 ④小错误,疏漏
2.①顺利的 ②铺平道路
3.①坚硬的 ②可靠的;可信赖的 ③实心的
4.①某个,某一 ②大约
5.①健康的,完好的 ②合理的 ③酣（睡）,（睡得）沉
作业手册
Ⅰ 阅读理解
1.C 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.A 11.C
12.D
Ⅱ 应用文写作
略
