中考英语语法复习:祈使句
(重难点、易错点 中考真题 强化训练)
一、祈使句的定义
祈使句是用来表达命令、请求、建议、劝告、警告或禁止等语气的句子。它通常省略主语(主语一般是第二人称 “you”),谓语动词用原形,句末常用感叹号或句号。当语气比较委婉时,可在句首或句末加上 “please”。
例:
Open the door.(开门。—— 命令)
Please pass me the book.(请把书递给我。—— 请求)
Let's go to the park.(我们去公园吧。—— 建议)
二、祈使句的重点知识
(一)祈使句的基本结构
1. 肯定结构
动词原形 + 其他成分
例:Clean your room every day.(每天打扫你的房间。)
Please + 动词原形 + 其他成分 / 动词原形 + 其他成分 + ,please
例:Please turn off the light. / Turn off the light, please.(请关灯。)
Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分
例:Let him help you.(让他帮你。)
Let's + 动词原形 + 其他成分(表示 “我们一起做某事”)
例:Let's play basketball after school.(放学后我们一起打篮球吧。)
否定结构
Don't + 动词原形 + 其他成分
例:Don't eat in class.(不要在课堂上吃东西。)
Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其他成分 / Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其他成分
例:Don't let her watch TV too late. / Let her not watch TV too late.(别让她看电视太晚。)
No + 名词 / 动名词(表示 “禁止做某事”,语气较强)
例:No smoking.(禁止吸烟。)No photos.(禁止拍照。)
(二)祈使句的重点练习(10 题)
______ (open) the window, please. It's too hot in the room.
Let's ______ (go) to the supermarket this weekend.
______ (not be) late for school again. The teacher will be angry.
Please ______ (pass) me the salt. I need it to cook.
Let him ______ (finish) his homework first. He has to hand it in tomorrow.
______ (listen) to the teacher carefully in class. You can learn a lot.
Don't ______ (play) computer games for a long time. It's bad for your eyes.
Let's not ______ (waste) time. We have a lot of work to do.
______ (clean) the blackboard before the class begins, Tom.
No ______ (swim) in this river. It's very dangerous.
三、祈使句的难点知识
(一)祈使句与其他句型的区分
1. 与陈述句的区分:
陈述句有完整的主语和谓语,语气平和,用于陈述事实或状态;
祈使句常省略主语,谓语用原形,语气带有命令、请求等。
例:He opens the door.(陈述句,陈述 “他开门” 这一事实)
Open the door.(祈使句,表达 “开门” 的命令)
2. 与感叹句的区分:
感叹句常以 “What” 或 “How” 开头,用于表达强烈的情感(如喜悦、惊讶、愤怒等);
祈使句不以此类词开头,侧重表达请求、命令等。
例:How beautiful the flower is!(感叹句,表达对花的赞美);
Water the flower.(祈使句,表达 “浇花” 的命令)
(二)祈使句的特殊用法
1. 祈使句 + and /or + 陈述句(陈述句常用一般将来时):“
and” 表示顺承关系,意为 “如果……,就……”;
“or” 表示转折关系,意为 “如果不……,就……”。
例:Work hard, and you will pass the exam.(努力学习,你就会通过考试。)
Hurry up, or you will miss the bus.(快点,否则你会错过公交车。)
2. 以 “do” 开头的祈使句:用于加强语气,意为 “务必、一定”。
例:Do be quiet! The baby is sleeping.(务必安静!宝宝在睡觉。)
(三)祈使句的难点练习(8 题)
______ (study) hard, and you will get good grades.
Don't run in the hallway, ______ you may fall down and get hurt.
______ (tell) me the truth, please. I really want to know what happened.
Be careful when you cross the street, ______ a car may hit you.
Do ______ (remember) to call me when you arrive at the station.
______ (read) more books, and you will improve your reading skills.
Let's go to bed early tonight, ______ we will be tired tomorrow.
Do ______ (not worry) about me. I can take care of myself.
四、祈使句的易错点知识
(一)易错点 1:谓语动词形式错误
祈使句的谓语动词必须用原形,但学生容易误用时态或第三人称单数形式。
错误例:Opens the door.(应为 Open the door.);Don't plays football here.(应为 Don't play football here.)
(二)易错点 2:否定结构使用错误
1. 学生容易在 “Let” 开头的祈使句否定结构中混淆 “don't let...” 和 “let...not...” 的用法。
错误例:Let not him go.(应为 Let him not go. 或 Don't let him go.)
2. 误用 “No + 动词原形”,正确形式应为 “No + 动名词 / 名词”。
错误例:No eat in the library.(应为 No eating in the library.)
(三)易错点 3:“please” 的位置错误
“please” 在祈使句中可放在句首或句末,放在句末时需用逗号与前面内容隔开,学生容易遗漏逗号或放错位置。
错误例:Turn on the TV please.
应为 Turn on the TV, please.
Please give me a pen,
应为 Please give me a pen. 或 Give me a pen, please.
(四)祈使句的易错点练习(9 题)
______ (not talk) in the library. Keep quiet.(改正:Don't talk)
Let's ______ (watches) a movie this evening.(改正:watch)
Please ______ (helps) me carry this box. It's too heavy.(改正:help)
No ______ (run) in the classroom. The floor is wet.(改正:running)
Let not her ______ (sing) here. The students are doing their homework.(改正:Let her not sing)
______ (reads) the passage carefully and answer the questions.(改正:Read)
Don't ______ (is) shy. You can speak English well.(改正:be)
Give me your notebook please.(改正:Give me your notebook, please.)
Let's ______ (not to play) football in the rain. We may catch a cold.(改正:not play)
五、近 3 年祈使句真题训练(10 题)
1.(2023 北京)—______ quiet in the library, please.
—Sorry, I won't make any noise again.
A. Be B. Being C. To be D. Was
2.(2023 江苏苏州)______ the door when you leave the room. It's cold outside.
A. Close B. Closing C. Closed D. To close
3.(2022 广东广州)Let's ______ a picnic in the park this Sunday. It will be fun.
A. have B. has C. having D. to have
4.(2022 浙江杭州)—______ you help me take the books to the classroom
—Sure.
Do B. Will C. Must D. Should
5.(2022 山东济南)Don't ______ too much time playing mobile phones. It's bad for your study.
A. spend B. spends C. spending D. to spend
6.(2021 湖北武汉)—______ late for school, Tom.
—I'm sorry, Mr. Li. I got up late this morning.
A. Not be B. Don't be C. Be not D. Don't
7.(2021 四川成都)Let him ______ the work by himself. He can do it well.
A. finish B. finishes C. to finish D. finishing
8.(2021 湖南长沙)No ______ in the dining hall. We should keep it clean.
A. eat B. eating C. to eat D. eats
9.(2023 安徽合肥)Work hard, ______ you will not pass the final exam.
A. and B. but C. or D. so
10.(2022 福建福州)Do ______ your parents a call when you arrive at your school. They will be worried about you.
A. give B. gives C. giving D. to give
六、祈使句强化训练(满分 100 分)
(一)单项选择题(每题 3 分,共 30 分)
______ slowly when you drive on a rainy day. It's safe.
A. Drive B. Drives C. Driving D. To drive
Let's ______ some fruit for our grandparents. They like apples very much.
A. buy B. buys C. buying D. to buy
______ be afraid of making mistakes. Everyone makes mistakes when learning English.
A. Not B. Don't C. Doesn't D. Isn't
Please ______ the lights when you leave the office. We should save electricity.
A. turn off B. turn on C. turn up D. turn down
Don't let the children ______ near the river. It's dangerous.
A. play B. plays C. playing D. to play
______ more exercise, and you will keep healthy.
A. Do B. Doing C. To do D. Done
No ______ in the museum. Taking photos will damage the cultural relics.
A. photo B. photos C. take photos D. taking photos
Let her ______ the story to us. She tells stories very well.
A. tell B. tells C. to tell D. telling
______ quiet! The students are having an exam.
A. Be B. Being C. To be D. Was
Hurry up, ______ you will miss the early bus.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
(二)填空题(每空 2 分,共 30 分)
______ (wash) your hands before meals. It's a good habit.
Let's ______ (visit) our old teacher next Saturday. She must miss us.
______ (not play) computer games after school. You should do your homework first.
Please ______ (give) this letter to Mary. I have no time to find her.
Let him ______ (practice) speaking English every day. His English will improve soon.
______ (listen) to music when you are tired. It can make you relax.
Don't ______ (forget) to take an umbrella. It will rain this afternoon.
Let's not ______ (argue) with each other. We should be friendly.
______ (clean) your desk every day. A clean desk can make you feel happy.
No ______ (smoke) in the hospital. It's bad for patients.
______ (be) careful with the knife. You may cut your fingers.
Let her ______ (help) you with your math. She is good at math.
Don't ______ (run) fast on the playground. You may bump into others.
Please ______ (close) the window. It's windy outside.
Do ______ (remember) to lock the door when you go out.
(三)句型转换(每题 5 分,共 20 分)
Turn off the radio.(改为否定句)
Let's go to the zoo.(改为否定句)
Please pass me a glass of water.(改为同义句)
You can finish your homework first, and then you can watch TV.(改为祈使句 + and + 陈述句结构)
(四)翻译题(每题 5 分,共 20 分)
请保持教室干净整洁。
不要在课堂上吃东西或喝水。
让我们一起为考试做准备吧。
禁止在走廊里大声喧哗。
七、所有练习答案及解析
(一)重点练习答案及解析
Open(祈使句肯定结构,动词原形开头,句首首字母大写)
go(Let's 后接动词原形)
Don't be(祈使句否定结构,“be late” 为固定搭配,否定用 “Don't be”)
pass(“please” 后接动词原形)
finish(Let 后接宾语,再接动词原形)
Listen(祈使句肯定结构,动词原形开头,句首首字母大写)
play(Don't 后接动词原形)
waste(Let's not 后接动词原形)
Clean(祈使句肯定结构,动词原形开头,句首首字母大写,称呼语 “Tom” 不影响谓语形式)
swimming(No 后接动名词,“No swimming” 表示 “禁止游泳”)
(二)难点练习答案及解析
Study(祈使句 + and + 陈述句结构,祈使句用动词原形开头)
or(此处表转折关系,“否则你可能会摔倒受伤”,用 “or”)
Tell(祈使句肯定结构,动词原形开头,“please” 可省略,句首首字母大写)
or(“过马路小心点,否则车可能会撞到你”,表转折用 “or”)
remember(“do” 开头的祈使句,加强语气,后接动词原形)
Read(祈使句 + and + 陈述句结构,祈使句用动词原形开头)
or(“今晚早点睡,否则明天会累”,表转折用 “or”)
not worry(“do” 开头的祈使句否定形式,“do not + 动词原形”,缩写为 “don't”,此处 “do not worry”)
(三)易错点练习答案及解析(括号内为正确答案)
Not talk → Don't talk(祈使句否定结构,正确形式为 “Don't + 动词原形”)
watches → watch(Let's 后接动词原形,不能用第三人称单数形式)
helps → help(“please” 后接动词原形,不能用第三人称单数形式)
run → running(“No + 动名词”,表示禁止,正确形式为 “No running”)
Let not her → Let her not(“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形”,否定词 “not” 应放在宾语后)
reads → Read(祈使句谓语动词用原形,不能用第三人称单数形式)
is → be(Don't 后接动词原形,“be shy” 为固定搭配,不能用 “is”)
Give me your notebook please → Give me your notebook, please(“please” 在句末时,需用逗号与前面内容隔开)
not to play → not play(Let's not 后接动词原形,不能加 “to”)
(四)近 3 年祈使句真题训练答案及解析
A(祈使句表请求,需用动词原形开头,“be quiet” 为固定搭配,意为 “保持安静”,故选 A)
A(祈使句表命令,动词原形开头,“close the door” 意为 “关门”,故选 A)
A(Let's 后接动词原形,“have a picnic” 意为 “去野餐”,故选 A)
B(“Will you... ” 是委婉请求的句式,类似祈使句功能,意为 “你能…… 吗?”,符合语境,故选 B)
A(Don't 后接动词原形,“spend time doing sth” 意为 “花费时间做某事”,故选 A)
B(祈使句否定结构,“be late” 为固定搭配,否定需用 “Don't be”,故选 B)
A(Let 后接宾语,再接动词原形,“finish the work” 意为 “完成工作”,故选 A)
B(No 后接动名词表禁止,“No eating” 意为 “禁止进食”,故选 B)
C(“努力学习,否则你不会通过期末考试”,表转折关系,用 or,故选 C)
A(以 do 开头的祈使句,do 后接动词原形,“give sb a call” 意为 “给某人打电话”,故选 A)
(五)祈使句强化训练答案及解析
(一)单项选择题(每题 3 分,共 30 分)
A(祈使句表建议,动词原形开头,“drive slowly” 意为 “慢速驾驶”,故选 A)
A(Let's 后接动词原形,“buy some fruit” 意为 “买些水果”,故选 A)
B(祈使句否定结构,“be afraid of” 为固定搭配,否定用 “Don't be”,故选 B)
A(根据 “节约用电” 可知是 “关灯”,“turn off” 意为 “关闭”,“turn on” 意为 “打开”,“turn up” 意为 “调大”,“turn down” 意为 “调小”,故选 A)
A(Don't let 后接宾语,再接动词原形,“play near the river” 意为 “在河边玩”,故选 A)
A(祈使句 + and + 陈述句结构,祈使句用动词原形开头,“do more exercise” 意为 “多锻炼”,故选 A)
B(No 后接名词表禁止,“No photos” 意为 “禁止拍照”,“photo” 为可数名词,此处用复数形式;“No taking photos” 虽语法正确,但选项中无该表述,故选 B)
A(Let 后接宾语,再接动词原形,“tell the story” 意为 “讲故事”,故选 A)
A(祈使句表命令,“be quiet” 意为 “保持安静”,动词原形开头,故选 A)
B(“快点,否则你会错过早班车”,表转折关系,用 or,故选 B)
(二)填空题(每空 2 分,共 30 分)
Wash(祈使句肯定结构,动词原形开头,句首首字母大写,故填 Wash)
visit(Let's 后接动词原形,故填 visit)
Don't play(祈使句否定结构,“play computer games” 为实义动词短语,否定用 “Don't + 动词原形”,故填 Don't play)
give(“please” 后接动词原形,故填 give)
practice(Let 后接宾语,再接动词原形,故填 practice)
Listen(祈使句肯定结构,动词原形开头,句首首字母大写,故填 Listen)
forget(Don't 后接动词原形,故填 forget)
argue(Let's not 后接动词原形,故填 argue)
Clean(祈使句肯定结构,动词原形开头,句首首字母大写,故填 Clean)
smoking(No 后接动名词表禁止,故填 smoking)
Be(祈使句肯定结构,“be careful with” 为固定搭配,动词原形开头,句首首字母大写,故填 Be)
help(Let 后接宾语,再接动词原形,故填 help)
run(Don't 后接动词原形,故填 run)
close(“please” 后接动词原形,故填 close)
remember(以 do 开头的祈使句,do 后接动词原形,故填 remember)
(三)句型转换(每题 5 分,共 20 分)
Don't turn off the radio.(祈使句肯定结构变否定,在动词原形前加 Don't)
Let's not go to the zoo.(Let's 开头的祈使句变否定,在 Let's 后加 not,接动词原形)
Please pass a glass of water to me.(“pass sb sth” 与 “pass sth to sb” 为同义结构,意为 “把某物递给某人”)
Finish your homework first, and you can watch TV.(将原句中 “you can finish...” 改为祈使句 “Finish...”,保留 “and + 陈述句” 结构)
(四)翻译题(每题 5 分,共 20 分)
Please keep the classroom clean and tidy.(“保持” 用 keep,“干净整洁” 用 clean and tidy,“please” 表委婉请求,可放在句首)
Don't eat or drink in class.(“不要” 用 Don't,“吃或喝” 用 eat or drink,“在课堂上” 用 in class)
Let's prepare for the exam together.(“让我们” 用 Let's,“为…… 做准备” 用 prepare for,“一起” 用 together)
No loud talking in the hallway.(“禁止大声喧哗” 用 “No loud talking”,“在走廊里” 用 in the hallway;也可译为 “Don't talk loudly in the hallway”,两种译法均正确