第4讲 名词和数词
● 高考链接
1.engineering 考查名词。空格处作定语修饰后面的名词,engineering在此处是名词作定语,与后面的名词techniques构成搭配“engineering techniques”(工程技术)。故填engineering。
2.favourites 考查名词复数。favourite是可数名词,意为“特别受喜爱的东西”,根据空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,空处应用名词的复数形式。故填favourites。
3.richness 考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the可知,此处应用rich的名词形式,表示“丰富”。故填richness。
4.boundaries 考查名词复数。句中boundary是可数名词,表示“界限”,根据空后in our personal and professional life可知,此处表示不止一个界限,名词应用复数形式boundaries。故填boundaries。
5.criticism 考查名词。根据空后的同位语从句“…that they lead to waste.”可知,此处应用名词criticism表示“批评”,作宾语。故填criticism。
6.sixth 考查序数词。根据空前的定冠词the及句意可知,这里指公元前六世纪,故填sixth。
● 实战演练
Ⅰ.1.activities 考查名词复数。形容词various意为“各种各样的”,后面需跟可数名词的复数形式。故填activities。
2.weight 考查名词。根据语境可知,此处表示体重方面的问题,应填名词作定语。故填weight。
3.scientist 考查名词。此处介绍“我”的身份是一位科学家,故应填scientist。
4.achievement 考查名词。此处用名词充当介词of的宾语,指“成就”。故填achievement。
5.studies 考查名词复数。空格后面的谓语动词show为原形,故此处应用名词的复数形式。故填studies。
6.attraction 考查名词。its为形容词性物主代词,其后需要跟名词。故填attraction。
7.confidence 考查名词。所填词在that引导的宾语从句中作主语,故应该用名词confidence。
8.safety 考查名词。根据定冠词the以及空后的of可知,此处应用名词,故填safety。
9.classification 考查名词。空前的非谓语动词used作定语,且空前有不定冠词a修饰,故填名词classification。
10.twice 考查序数词。此处为倍数表达法,twice表示“两倍”,置于“as…as”结构前。故填twice。
Ⅱ.【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了莆田木雕及其代表人物。
1.categories 考查名词复数。category为可数名词,four修饰可数名词复数形式。故填categories。
2.Serving 考查非谓语动词。空处需填非谓语动词作状语,it和serve为逻辑上的主谓关系,需用现在分词形式,位于句首,首字母需大写。故填Serving。
3.exceptional 考查形容词。修饰名词representatives需用形容词exceptional,作定语。故填exceptional。
4.who 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词inheritor指人,在定语从句中作主语,需用关系代词who引导。故填who。
5.but 考查连词。not only…but (also)…为固定搭配,意为“不仅……而且……”。故填but。
6.first 考查序数词。根据句意以及空前的the和空后的in Putian可知,空处需填序数词first。故填first。
7.shone 考查动词时态。根据时间状语several years ago可知,此处使用一般过去时。故填shone。
8.have been shown 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语over the past few years可知,使用现在完成时,主语the Chinese-style antique furniture pieces和show为被动关系,需用被动语态,主语为复数名词,助动词用have。故填have been shown。
9.to 考查介词。be home to为固定搭配,意为“是……的所在地”。故填to。
10.created 考查非谓语动词。空处需填非谓语动词作后置定语,修饰the wood carving works,create和the wood carving works为逻辑上的动宾关系,需用过去分词形式。故填created。/ 第4讲 名词和数词 /
● 单句填空
1.[2024·新课标Ⅰ卷] The latest
(engineer) techniques are applied to create this protective … structure that is also beautiful.
2.[2024·新课标Ⅰ卷] These plants included modern Western (favourite) such as rosemary, lavender and fennel.
3.[2024·新课标Ⅰ卷] …along the Silk Route…brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the (rich) of gardening in England.
4.[2024·北京卷] To practise this, we need to establish clear (boundary) in our personal and professional life.
5.[2024·浙江1月考] Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy one get one free” promotions because of the (criticize) that they lead to waste.
6.[2023·全国甲卷] Fables were part of the oral tradition of many early cultures, and the well-known Aesop’s fables date to the (six) century, BC.
考点一 名词的数
规则1 单数名词变为复数名词的规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加-s students, teachers, doctors, tables
以s,x,ch,sh结尾 加-es glasses,dishes,boxes,watches;但stomach的复数形式直接加-s,即stomachs
以“辅音字母+y”结尾 变y为i再加-es families, babies, armies, bodies
以“元音字母+y”结尾 加-s boys, toys, monkeys
以f或fe 结尾 大都变f或fe为v,再加-es thieves, wives, knives, shelves, lives
少数加-s beliefs, proofs, roofs, chiefs
以o结尾 通常加-s radios, videos, zoos, tobaccos
有的加-es heroes, potatoes, tomatoes
规则2 不规则变化
变化规则 例词
自身有特殊变化的名词 child孩子→children; man男人→men; tooth牙→teeth; foot脚;英尺→feet; mouse老鼠→mice; phenomenon现象→phenomena; medium媒介→media
单复数同形 Chinese 中国人;sheep 绵羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;species物种
规则3 合成名词的复数
若有中心词,则把中心词变成复数;若无中心词,则把最后一个词变成复数。
son-in-law→sons-in-law, passer-by→passers-by, grown-up→grown-ups
规则4 常考的不可数名词
行李baggage, luggage 进步progress
零钱change 消息news, word
作业homework 建议advice
(续表)
家务活housework 天气weather
乐趣fun 设备equipment
家具furniture 信息information
考点二 抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与不定冠词连用。
抽象名词 具体化
success成功 a success一个成功的人或事
failure 失败 a failure一个失败的人或事
surprise惊讶 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事情
pleasure快乐 a pleasure 一件乐事
honour荣誉 an honour 一件感到荣幸的事情
考点三 名词所有格
情况 构成 示例
表示有生命的名词的所有格 在词尾加“‘s” the boy’s bag, men’s rooms
若名词已有复数词尾s 只在词尾加“‘” the workers’ struggle
如果两个名词并列,且分别加“‘s”,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加“‘s”,则表示两个“共有” John’s and Mary’s rooms(两间); John and Mary’s room(一间)
省略格:在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词 at the doctor’s 在诊所;at my sister’s在我姐姐(妹妹)的家
表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命的名词的所有格 在词尾加“‘s”来表示所属关系,意为“……的” twenty minutes’ walk, ten miles’ journey, two pounds’ weight, ten dollars’ worth
(续表)
情况 构成 示例
of属格:无生命的名词的所有格用of结构 a map of China, the end of this term, the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
双重所有格 名词+of+名词的“‘s”结构 a friend of my father’s, works of Lu Xun’s
考点 序数词
规则 序数词前面一般加the,多数序数词由基数词加-th构成,如:fifteenth; 以y结尾的基数词变化时,先把y改成i,再加-eth,如:twentieth。
注意几个不规则的序数词的写法,如:first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth等。
●Ⅰ 单句填空
1.No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved in various (activity) on Earth Day.
2.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in (weigh) problems.
3.My name is Mireya Mayor. I’m a (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
4.Handle the most important tasks first so you’ll feel a real sense of (achieve).
5.Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.
6.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia’s biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top (attract).
7.When you are faced with challenges, you should believe that (confident) is what makes a difference.
8.At the press conference, a government spokesman expressed his great concern for the (safe) of the three trapped workers.
9.Class means a person’s economic position in society, and a commonly used (classify) is lower class, middle class and upper class.
10.With new technologies introduced, the company made (two) as many computers as the year before last.
●Ⅱ 语法填空
[2024·湖南长沙长郡中学高三三模]
Putian wood carving, one of the four well-known 1. (category) of the art of Chinese wood carving, originated in the Tang and Song dynasties. 2. (serve) as a national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) item in China, it is a traditional folk carving technique of southeast China’s Fujian Province.
Zheng Chunhui, Lin Jianjun and Chen Yushu are three 3. (exception) representatives of wood carving masters. Zheng is a provincial-level inheritor (继承人) of the wood carving art, 4. not only excels in traditional wood carving technique, 5. expresses his love for his family and nation through his works. To promote the art, Zheng opened a unique wood carving gallery, which is the 6. (one) in Putian run by an individual and free to the public. The delicately made wood carving works by Lin 7. (shine) at a BRICS summit (峰会) several years ago, and meanwhile, the Chinese-style antique furniture pieces that are made by Chen 8. (show) at many international exhibitions over the past few years.
Putian city is home 9. over 2,600 wood carving companies, and the wood carving works 10. (create) there were sold to more than 20 countries and regions around the world last year. (共34张PPT)
/ 第4讲 名词和数词 /
高考链接
考点解读
实战演练
答案速查【听】
单句填空
1.［2024·新课标Ⅰ卷］The latest ____________(engineer)
techniques are applied to create this protective … structure that
is also beautiful.
engineering
[解析] 考查名词。空格处作定语修饰后面的名词,engineering在此处
是名词作定语,与后面的名词techniques构成搭配“engineering
techniques”(工程技术)。故填engineering。
2.［2024·新课标Ⅰ卷］These plants included modern Western
__________(favourite) such as rosemary,lavender and fennel.
favourites
[解析] 考查名词复数。favourite是可数名词,意为“特别受喜爱的东
西”,根据空后such as rosemary, lavender and fennel可知,空处应用
名词的复数形式。故填favourites。
3.［2024·新课标Ⅰ卷］…along the Silk Route…brought the plants
from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the
_________(rich) of gardening in England.
richness
[解析] 考查名词。根据空前的定冠词the可知,此处应用rich的名词形
式,表示“丰富”。故填richness。
4.[2024·北京卷] To practise this, we need to establish clear
___________(boundary) in our personal and professional life.
boundaries
[解析] 考查名词复数。句中boundary是可数名词，表示“界限”，根
据空后in our personal and professional life可知，此处表示不止一
个界限，名词应用复数形式boundaries。故填boundaries。
5.[2024·浙江1月考] Many supermarkets are no longer doing “buy
one get one free” promotions because of the _________(criticize)
that they lead to waste.
criticism
[解析] 考查名词。根据空后的同位语从句“…that they lead to
waste.”可知，此处应用名词criticism表示“批评”，作宾语。故填
criticism。
6.[2023·全国甲卷] Fables were part of the oral tradition of many
early cultures, and the well-known Aesop's fables date to the
______(six) century, BC.
sixth
[解析] 考查序数词。根据空前的定冠词the及句意可知,这里指公元
前六世纪,故填sixth。
考点一 名词的数
规则1单数名词变为复数名词的规则变化
情况 方法 例词
一般情况 加-s students, teachers, doctors, tables
以s,x,ch,sh结尾 加-es glasses,dishes,boxes,watches;但stomach
的复数形式直接加-s,即stomachs
以“辅音字母 +y”结尾 变y为i再加-es families, babies, armies, bodies
情况 方法 例词
以“元音字母 +y”结尾 加-s boys, toys, monkeys
以f或fe 结尾 大都变f或fe为 v,再加-es thieves, wives, knives, shelves, lives
少数加-s beliefs, proofs, roofs, chiefs
以o结尾 通常加-s radios, videos, zoos,
tobaccos
有的加-es heroes, potatoes,
tomatoes
续表
规则2 不规则变化
变化规则 例词
自身有特殊 变化的名词 child孩子→children; man男人→men; tooth牙→teeth;
foot脚;英尺→feet; mouse老鼠→mice; phenomenon现象
→phenomena; medium媒介→media
单复数同形 Chinese 中国人;sheep 绵羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方
式;species物种
规则3 合成名词的复数
若有中心词,则把中心词变成复数;若无中心词,则把最后一个词变成复数。
son-in-law→sons-in-law, passer-by→passers-by,
grown-up→grown-ups
规则4 常考的不可数名词
行李baggage, luggage 进步progress
零钱change 消息news, word
作业homework 建议advice
家务活housework 天气weather
乐趣fun 设备equipment
家具furniture 信息information
考点二 抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时,可以与
不定冠词连用。
抽象名词 具体化
success成功 a success一个成功的人或事
failure 失败 a failure一个失败的人或事
surprise惊讶 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事情
pleasure快乐 a pleasure 一件乐事
honour荣誉 an honour 一件感到荣幸的事情
考点三 名词所有格
情况 构成 示例
表示有生命的名词的所有格 在词尾加“'s” the boy's bag, men's
rooms
若名词已有复数词尾s 只在词尾加 “'” the workers'
struggle
情况 构成 示例
如果两个名词并列,且分别加“'s”, 则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一 个名词加“'s”,则表示两个“共有” John's and Mary's
rooms(两间); John and
Mary's room(一间)
省略格:在表示店铺、教堂、诊所 的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格 的后面常省略它所修饰的名词 at the doctor's 在诊所;at
my sister's在我姐姐(妹妹)的
家
续表
情况 构成 示例
表示时间、距离、长度、重 量、价值、国家、城市等无生 命的名词的所有格 在词尾加“'s” 来表示所属 关系,意为 “……的” twenty minutes' walk, ten
miles' journey, two
pounds' weight, ten
dollars' worth
续表
情况 构成 示例
of属格:无生命的名词的所有格 用of结构 a map of China, the end
of this term, the capital
of our country, the colour
of the flowers
双重所有格 名词+of+名 词的“'s”结构 a friend of my father's,
works of Lu Xun's
续表
考点 序数词
规则 序数词前面一般加the,多数序数词由基数词加-th构成,
如:fifteenth; 以y结尾的基数词变化时,先把y改成i,再加-eth,
如:twentieth。
注意几个不规则的序数词的写法,如:first, second, third, fifth, eighth,
ninth, twelfth等。
Ⅰ 单句填空
1.No matter what you like to do, there is a way to get involved
in various _________(activity) on Earth Day.
activities
[解析] 考查名词复数。形容词various意为“各种各样的”,后面需跟可
数名词的复数形式。故填activities。
2.Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the
increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in
_______(weigh) problems.
weight
[解析] 考查名词。根据语境可知,此处表示体重方面的问题,应填名词
作定语。故填weight。
3.My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a _________(science) who
studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
scientist
[解析] 考查名词。此处介绍“我”的身份是一位科学家,故应填scientist。
4.Handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real
sense of _____________(achieve).
achievement
[解析] 考查名词。此处用名词充当介词of的宾语,指“成就”。故填
achievement。
5.Recent ________(study) show that we are far more productive
at work if we take short breaks regularly.
studies
[解析] 考查名词复数。空格后面的谓语动词show为原形,故此处应用
名词的复数形式。故填studies。
6.Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest
building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas
are its top __________(attract).
attraction
[解析] 考查名词。its为形容词性物主代词,其后需要跟名词。故填
attraction。
7.When you are faced with challenges, you should believe that
___________(confident) is what makes a difference.
confidence
[解析] 考查名词。所填词在that引导的宾语从句中作主语,故应该用
名词confidence。
8.At the press conference, a government spokesman expressed
his great concern for the _______ (safe) of the three trapped
workers.
safety
[解析] 考查名词。根据定冠词the以及空后的of可知,此处应用名词,
故填safety。
9.Class means a person's economic position in society, and a
commonly used ____________(classify) is lower class, middle class
and upper class.
classification
[解析] 考查名词。空前的非谓语动词used作定语,且空前有不定冠词
a修饰,故填名词classification。
10.With new technologies introduced, the company made
______(two) as many computers as the year before last.
twice
[解析] 考查序数词。此处为倍数表达法,twice表示“两倍”,置于“as…as”
结构前。故填twice。
Ⅱ 语法填空
[2024·湖南长沙长郡中学高三三模]
Putian wood carving, one of the four well-known
1.___________(category) of the art of Chinese wood carving,
originated in the Tang and Song dynasties. 2.________(serve) as
a national intangible cultural heritage (非物质文化遗产) item in
China, it is a traditional folk carving technique of southeast
China's Fujian Province.
categories
Serving
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Zheng Chunhui, Lin Jianjun and Chen Yushu are three
3.___________(exception) representatives of wood carving masters.
Zheng is a provincial-level inheritor (继承人) of the wood
carving art, 4._____ not only excels in traditional wood carving
technique, 5._____ expresses his love for his family and nation
through his works. To promote the art, Zheng opened a unique
wood carving gallery, which is the 6._____(one) in Putian run by
an individual and free to the public. The delicately made wood
carving works by Lin 7._______(shine) at a BRICS summit (峰会)
exceptional
who
but
first
shone
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
several years ago, and meanwhile, the Chinese-style antique
furniture pieces that are made by Chen 8.__________________
(show) at many international exhibitions over the past few years.
Putian city is home 9.____ over 2,600 wood carving
companies, and the wood carving works 10.________(create)
there were sold to more than 20 countries and regions around
the world last year.
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了莆田木雕及其代表人物。
have been shown
to
created
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.___________
categories
[解析] 考查名词复数。category为可数名词，four修饰可数名词复数
形式。故填categories。
2.________
Serving
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。空处需填非谓语动词作状语，it和serve为
逻辑上的主谓关系，需用现在分词形式，位于句首，首字母需大写。
故填Serving。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
3.___________
exceptional
[解析] 考查形容词。修饰名词representatives需用形容词exceptional，
作定语。故填exceptional。
4._____
who
[解析] 考查定语从句。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词
inheritor指人，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词who引导。故填
who。
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5._____
but
[解析] 考查连词。not only…but (also)…为固定搭配，意为“不
仅……而且……”。故填but。
6._____
first
[解析] 考查序数词。根据句意以及空前的the和空后的in Putian可知，
空处需填序数词first。故填first。
7._______
shone
[解析] 考查动词时态。根据时间状语several years ago可知，此处
使用一般过去时。故填shone。
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2
3
4
5
6
7
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9
10
8.__________________
have been shown
[解析] 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语over the
past few years可知，使用现在完成时，主语the Chinese-style
antique furniture pieces和show为被动关系，需用被动语态，主语
为复数名词，助动词用have。故填have been shown。
9.____
to
[解析] 考查介词。be home to为固定搭配，意为“是……的所在地”。
故填to。
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3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
10.________
created
[解析] 考查非谓语动词。空处需填非谓语动词作后置定语，修饰the
wood carving works，create和the wood carving works为逻辑上的
动宾关系，需用过去分词形式。故填created。
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2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
听课手册
语法专题 词法和句法
专题二 易“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词
/ 第4讲 名词和数词 /
高考链接
单句填空
1.engineering 2.favourites 3.richness 4.boundaries
5.criticism 6.sixth
实战演练
Ⅰ 单句填空
1.activities 2.weight 3.scientist 4.achievement 5.studies
6.attraction 7.confidence 8.safety 9.classification 10.twice
Ⅱ 语法填空
1.categories 2.Serving 3.exceptional 4.who 5.but 6.first
7.shone 8.have been shown 9.to 10.created
