基于语篇理解的高中英语完形填空解题策略
（记叙文专题）教师版
理论学习
完形填空是语言测试中一种广泛使用的测试题型，它是将一篇短文删去其中的一些词，让学生根据“语言知识、语篇知识以及对世界的认知”来填出所删词汇的一种测试方式。它最早是在1953年英国著名语言学家Taylor根据格式塔心理学中的闭合原则(closure)提出的，用来测试文本的可读性。做好该题的根本就是要有准确理解语篇、完备的语言知识、有效的语场预测和适当的语场图式。也就是说完形填空是一道综合考查学生英语基础知识和英语运用能力的题型。因此，只有将语篇、句子、词汇等有机结合起来，进行逻辑推理和分析判断，才能在测试中取得佳绩。
语篇是一系列连续的话段或句子构成的语言整体，它合乎语法，并且语义连贯。汪富金(2015)提出，在完形填空题型教学时，应该引导学生关注文本、解读文本、理解语篇，从文本的内容，主题大意和作者的思维角度出发来解题，而不是仅仅注重文本语言的层面，如词汇、语法等。几年高考完形填空体裁的研究发现，所选语篇多是记叙文，此类题型通常会有人物、情节发展等线索可循，可利用上下文语境读懂情节。在解题时，学生要快速浏览全文，把握语篇的行文脉络，通过上下文提示或暗示，“前顾后瞻”，从而锁定正确答案。如何快速的摸清文章的情节走向，主要是找到文章的关键动词，同时这也是出题者对考生考查的主要方向。为此我归纳了2021年到2024年新课标I卷的考点：
试卷 动词 名词 形容词 副词 介词 连词
2024新课标I卷 8 5 1 1 0 0
2023新课标I卷 5 8 2 0 0 0
2022新课标I卷 5 5 3 1 1
2021新课标I卷 9 4 2 0 0 0
根据上述的阐述，基于语篇理解的高中英语完形填空解题策略这堂课，从抓取挖空语篇的主旨大意，理顺文章的情节线和情感线入手，这样做的目的就是让学生能够准确预判故事发展的方向，体会人物情感的变化，并通过逻辑推荐相互佐证，再结合衔接理论等知识，从而做到有的放矢。
Teaching Objectives
At the end of this class, students will be able to :
To get main idea from first sentence in first and last paragraph
To clarify the thread of the article according to the plot line and the emotional line
To cultivate the awareness of discourse during the process of students’ exercises
Teaching Procedures
Step1:Lead-in
Activity1: Doing a guessing game in the form of cloze test, students will know the context is important and clue words are useful in the cloze test.
Step 2: enable students to summarize various clues in the discourse(before class, students should work on the exercises first, during the class, the teacher helps them to summarize clue strategies)
Clue 1: context (emotion, plot, common sense)(passage)
3.(2020全国卷) I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences. I have a very strong fear that the lie we’re telling is doing __D____ damage to our children.
A. physical B. biological C. spiritual D. behavioral
Clue2: logical relation(sentences)
4. (2022新高考II卷)It might sound like one long, expensive vacation, but the couple has an unusual way to make their travel 43. D (adversative relation转折关系) .
43. A. safe B. busy C. helpful D. affordable
5.(2020.7) Lamb and mother 39. Reunited，I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me. This was so 40._A___ because I had put the handbrake on when I jumped out.（causal relation 因果关系）
40. A. unexpected B. dangerous C. embarrassing D. difficult
6. (2019.6) For legal 44. reasons, most restaurants have a policy against 45. giving away food waste. “some people have even 46. D their jobs by giving me food” Dubanchet said.（progressive relation 递进关系）
46. A. did B. kept C. accepted D. risked
7. (2021新高考I)Our 48. C in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing (糖霜) ears. Apply icing eyes and nose.（explanation 解释说明）
48.A. joys B. ideas. C roles D. choices
Clue3: Lexical repetition(words)
Step3: How to understand the passage without options(before class)
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____21_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____22____ there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something ____23____ happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____24____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. ____25____, the number of snakes had declined as well. He ____26____ that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ____27____. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____28____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____29____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and _____30_____a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
____31____ young plants in the dry season was ______32______for a lone boy. Molai built at the _____33_____ of each sapling(幼树)a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to______34______ rainwater. The water would then drip(滴落)on the plants below.
Molai _____35_____ to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals
Activity2: Read the first sentence and the last sentence
Q1: What is the genre of passage
Exposition
Narration
argumentation
Q2: What is the main idea of passage
Who: Molai
What: plant trees
Where: in a tiny village in India
When: for the next 37 years
A story is about Molai who has been planting trees for 37 years in a tiny village in India
Activity3: Fill the blanks to get the plot line and feel the emotional changes and retell the story.
structure
Step4: Fill in this cloze test without options, share answers with group members and discuss what strategies you use (during the class)
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____21_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____22____ there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something ____23____ happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____24____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. ____25____, the number of snakes had declined as well. He ____26____ that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ____27____. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____28____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____29____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and _____30_____a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
____31____ young plants in the dry season was ______32______for a lone boy. Molai built at the _____33_____ of each sapling(幼树)a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to______34______ rainwater. The water would then drip(滴落)on the plants below.
Molai _____35_____ to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals
题号 Your answers Clues strategies(number) Answers from Gaokao
21 home
22 nature
23 disturbing
24 damage
25 Besides
26 realized
27 heat
28 shelter
29 forest
30 discovered
31 Watering
32 hard
33 top
34 collect
35 continued
Step5: please read the passage with your answers
step 6 Homework (after class)
Dr. Smith of New York works at a center for children who can’t learn well. One day a father brought his son to him for____1____ at his office.
The father told Dr. Smith about his son. “My son has ____2____ in learning and can’t even play baseball. He isn’t doing well because he doesn’t try. I have done everything for him. I have even shouted at him. But nothing _____3___. ”
After Dr. Smith tested the boy, he ____4____ his father. He asked the father to sit in front of a _____5___ and then gave him a pencil and a piece of paper. There was a _____6___ on the paper. He asked the father to look only in the mirror and ____7____ the lines of the star with the pencil. The father made the same ____8____ anyone makes. Every time he ____9____ the pencil, it went the wrong way. The father’s face became red.
At this _____10___ the doctor shouted at him, “Hurry up! Why are you ____11____ so long You can’t do such an _____12___ thing! You don’t know left from right!” These ____13____ made the father very angry.
“Now you can _____14___, can’t you ” The doctor said to him. “Your son has felt just like that all the time. You scolded (训斥) him too often, so he didn't try any more. He was afraid of making mistakes. ”
_____15___ the father understood everything. He put his face down. Now he felt so sorry.
1. A．testing B．acting C．teaching D．playing same word repetition
2. A．confidence B．interest C．experience D．difficulty context
3. A．returns B．helps C．appears D．remains adversative relation
4. A．waited for B．searched for C．believed in D．called in collation
5. A．mirror B．television C．painting D．desk same word repetition
6. A．face B．line C．number D．star same word repetition
7. A．remove B．follow C．cross D．cut context
8. A．decisions B．choices C．mistakes D．patterns synonym
9. A．touched B．dropped C．moved D．sharpened context
10. A．speed B．corner C．end D．point context
11. A．staying B．taking C．preparing D．writing collation
12. A．easy B．important C．obvious D．exciting context
13. A．ideas B．words C．questions D．instructions context
14. A．relax B．leave C．understand D．promise same word repetition
15. A．Interestingly B．Absolutely C．Suddenly D．Unfortunately context
Turn to Dr. smith for help
Father, son and Dr. Smith
The father told Dr. smith his son’s situation
Learning difficult
Dr. Smith asked the father to sit in front of a mirror
Draw by following the line of star
Made mistakes
Suddenly the father understood everything
Now he felt so sorry《基于语篇的完形填空解题策略》学生版学案
Student-learning case
Step1:Lead-in
Activity1: Doing a game in the form of cloze test, students will know the main idea is important and clue words are useful in the cloze test.
I have taught English for nearly ____1___ years. I have 2 ____2____. I like ____3_____.
I am a little ____4_____ now
A. 10 B.15 C. 20 D.25
A. cousins B. sons C. daughters D. brothers
A. cooking B. jogging C. dancing D. travelling
A. nervous B. happy C. confident D. busy
Step2: summarize various clues in the discourse
Clue1: context (emotion, plot, common sense)
3.(2020全国卷) I wonder if parents should always tell the truth no matter the consequences. I have a very strong fear that the lie we’re telling is doing ______ damage to our children.
A. physical B. biological C. spiritual D. behavioral
Clue2: logical relation：Adversative relation转折关系 Causal relation因果关系 Progressive relation递进关系 Explanation解释说明 Parallel并列关系）
4.(2022新高考II卷)It might sound like one long, expensive vacation, but the couple has an unusual way to make their travel 43.
A. safe B. busy C. helpful D. affordable
5.(2020.7) Lamb and mother 39. Reunited，I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me. This was so 40.___ because I had put the handbrake on when I jumped out
A. unexpected B. dangerous C. embarrassing D. difficult
6. (2019.6) For legal 44. reasons, most restaurants have a policy against 45. giving away food waste. “some people have even 46. their jobs by giving me food” Dubanchet said
A. did B. kept C. accepted D. risked
7. (2021新高考I)Our 48 in the factory were simple: Place cakes on a moving belt. Attach icing (糖霜) ears. Apply icing eyes and nose
A. joys B. ideas. C roles D. choices
Clue3: Lexical repetition(Hyponym上下义 Synonym同义词 Antonym反义词 Same word Repetition同词复现 Lexical collocation 词汇同现)
8.(2023全国乙卷）“I’m going to inspire so many people,” she said. “ I’m ready to 60._____”. And shine she did
A. shine B. fly C. dance D. score
9.(2023.新课标2） They had to move to Virginia but they were on a very tight 41._______. They could not afford to pay for42. transportation for their dog, Tiffy.
A. turn B. budget C. schedule D. connection
10.(2011.新课标) After giving shouts of wildly wrong guesses the professor smiled a thin, dry smile, announced the 40._____ answer.
A. ready B. possible C. correct D. difficult
11.(2012.天津） After 15 years ago, I started seeing a lot of 20._____, like toilet paper, beer cans, and empty boxes.
20. A. material B. resources C. waste D. goods
12.2021.全国乙卷 To many people, 59.______ lives is part of the job but styling hair is an 60. extra and should be rewarded.(the topic of this Cloze test is about nurse, doctor and hospital)
A. risking B. changing C. saving D. building
Step3: How to understand the passage
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____21_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____22____ there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something ____23____ happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____24____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. ____25____, the number of snakes had declined as well. He ____26____ that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ____27____. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____28____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____29____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and _____30_____a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
____31____ young plants in the dry season was ______32______for a lone boy. Molai built at the _____33_____ of each sapling(幼树)a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to______34______ rainwater. The water would then drip(滴落)on the plants below.
Molai _____35_____ to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals
Activity2: Read the first sentence of first para and the first sentence of last para.
Q1: What is the genre of passage
Narration(记叙文）
Exposition(说明文）
Argumentation(议论文）
Q2: What is the main idea of passage
Who:
What:
Where:
When:
Main idea: _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity3: Fill the blanks to get the plot line and feel the emotional changes
structure
Step4: Fill in this cloze test without options
Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____21_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____22____ there from a very young age.
When he was 16, Molai began to notice something ____23____ happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____24____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. ____25____, the number of snakes had declined as well. He ____26____ that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ____27____. The solution, of course, was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____28____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____29____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However, Molai went looking on his own and _____30_____a nearby island where he began to plant trees.
____31____ young plants in the dry season was ______32______for a lone boy. Molai built at the _____33_____ of each sapling(幼树)a bamboo platform, where he placed earthen pots with small holes to______34______ rainwater. The water would then drip(滴落)on the plants below.
Molai _____35_____ to plant trees for the next 37 years. His efforts have resulted in 1,360 acres of naturally-grown land that has become home to many plants and animals
题号 Your answers Clues strategies(number) Answers from Gaokao
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
