强化语篇意识，优化研究发现型说明文解题思路（学生版）
Learning objectives
By the end of this class, you are expected to be able to:
1. Identify and summarize the structure and discourse marker words of a research exposition.
2. Apply strategies such as focusing on topic sentences, high frequency words and synonyms(同义词) to reading comprehension exercises.
3. Figure out the testing points and design some questions by yourselves.
Teaching procedures
Step 1 Reading for structure
Passage one: The Secret Language of Plants (外研版 选必一Unit 5)
① Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
②With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy(幻想), new research has revealed(揭露) something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
③ It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases(释放) tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I'm being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects - the wasps(黄蜂)! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides(农药).
④ More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can't hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli(辣椒) plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating(暗示,表明) drought is arriving.
⑤ Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web” It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables(电缆) and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi(真菌). This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”(网络犯罪). Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
⑥ Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.
Read passage one and finish the exercises below:【课前】
1. What’s the type of the passage
A. News. B. Narration(记叙文). C. Exposition(说明文). D. Argumentation(议论文).
2. What’s the main idea of the passage
3. Complete the structure of the passage.
What: Part 1 (Para_______) Plants can _______________.
The Secret Language How: Part 2 (Para_______) Plants have _______ (number)ways to communicate. (Underline them.)
of Plants Why: Part 3 (Para_______) Scientists are learning more about_______________________.
Step 2 Reading for strategy
Passage two (2023新高考Ⅱ卷 D篇）
① As cities balloon(膨胀) with growth, access to nature for people living in urban(城市的) areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
② Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
③The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit(提交) a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories(类别). For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned(分配) the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
④Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering(遇见) wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
⑤Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic(家庭的) form of this interaction by walking along a fountain(喷泉) on their lunch break.
⑥“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
Task 1 Read passage two and finish the mind map.【课前】
Task 2 Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.【课前】
32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text (细节理解题)
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories (推理判断题)
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5 (推理判断题)
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn (细节理解题)
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
Task 3: Make a summary【课中】
Step 3 Practice for consolidation
Task 1 Work in groups to distinguish the following exercises( what, how or why) and choose the correct answers.【课前】
____________ (2022浙江1月 C篇)
①The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症）in later life—and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
※ Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia.
B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise.
C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia.
D.Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness.
2. ____________（2022年新高考Ⅰ卷D篇)
⑤Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age(新石器时代), with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
※ What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
3. ____________（2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷D篇)
④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction(减少) in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
※ What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
Task 2 Make a summary 【课中】
信息点考察 常见题型设置 常见设问方式
What: 研究对象研究结论 文章主旨大意 细节理解 段落大意 Which of the following is the best title for the text What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text What is the passage mainly about What is paragraph 5 mainly about
How: 研究过程 研究方法 列举某项实验结果 细节理解 推理判断 说明方法 What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5 Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories What’s the function of sth
Why: 研究意义 未来研究方向 研究结果的应用 观点态度 写作意图 后续研究等 What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies What did the follow-up study focus on 10. What is the purpose of the whole passage？
Step 4 Discussion for question design
Passage three (2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇)
①The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
②The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors(传感器) printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer(改变......的基因或结构) plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
③One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint(微弱的) light for three and a half hours. The light, about one thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self powered street lamps.
④In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed(喷洒) onto plant leaves in a one off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
⑤Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
Task 1 Read the passage and figure out the structure. 【课前】
What: Introduction (Para_______) research object: ________________________
Passage research result: _____________________________________________
three How:Supporting details (Para_____) Engineers changed the__________of plants to perform various functions.
The glowing plants project: It created a ____ light for a short duration.
Why: Conclusion (Para_______) future prospect: ___________________________
significance:__________________________________________________
Task 2 If you were an English teacher, please choose one category( what, how or why) to design two questions based on the structure and give your answers. (Group work) 【课前】
What How Why
Your questions:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Your answers (mark the clues in the passage):_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation:
Can you find the key words in a passage like “a recent study” or “reveal”
Can you grasp the structure of an exposition
Can you find out the methods to support the research in a research exposition
Can you find out the meaning of the research
Are you satisfied with your performance in this class
Homework:
1. Finish two reading comprehension exercises on your learning sheet.
2. Analyze the structure and complete the mind maps.
课后练习
（2022新高考Ⅱ卷D篇）
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band(橡皮筋). In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly(随机地) divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band (细节理解题)
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design (细节理解题)
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
34. What does Levine’s research find (细节理解题)
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest (推理判断题)
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
（2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇）
In the race to document(记录) the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity(生物多样性) are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber(数目超过) the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling(抽样) that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now (细节理解题)
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on (细节理解题)
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study (推理判断题)
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps (推理判断题)
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.强化语篇意识，优化研究发现型说明文解题思路（学案教师版）
一、理论学习
说明文是一种以说明为主要表达方式的文章体裁，它通过对实体事物科学地解说，对客观事物做出说明或对抽象事理的阐释。说明文选材通常是科技领域的最新科研成果(介绍最新科技、重大成就、新产品、新工艺等)，人们比较关心的社会问题和令人好奇的自然现象，以及人文地理、风土人情等。
说明文常见的三大类型有: 话题型说明文、问题解决型说明文和研究发现型说明文。它们难度大，话题新颖，词汇使用广且深，一般位于高考考卷阅读理解的C、D篇和七选五中，是高考考查的重点和难点。但是，此类文章结构清晰，段落信息分配也有规律可循。那么，掌握研究类说明文的文章结构特点，熟悉这种文章的模式，有利于学生把握文章的中心话题，对锁定解题有效的信息区有一定的帮助。
本课例主要聚焦研究发现型说明文。研究发现型说明文通常在首段先摆事实，然后引出全文的中心话题或研究结论；中间段落通过使用不同的方法具体分析研究过程。说明文常见的说明方法有: 下定义、举例子、作比较、列数字、引用法、分类法、过程分析法、实验法等。结尾段落会对研究结果进行总结，说明此项研究的意义或作用，或展望未来，或后续研究或呼吁行动等。因此，了解说明文的写作手法、说明方法，理清文章结构是解题的关键之一。
本课例旨在通过剖析研究类说明文的文章结构特点，命题方式及特点，结合高考真题和举例详细分析文章的阅读技巧、解题策略，为帮助广大高三师生攻克高考英语中此类阅读理解尽微薄之力。
二、真题分析
本人梳理了近几年研究发现型说明文在高考英语阅读理解中的考査方向和内容，具体如下:
真题来源 考查题型 考点分布 考查方向
2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇 （生物多样性记录数据的不准确性） 细节理解题 Para. 1 What: 现象描述
细节理解题 Para. 2 What: 研究对象
推理判断题 Para. 4 How: 研究方法（举例子）
推理判断题 Para. 7 Why：研究意义和建议
2023新高考Ⅱ卷 D篇 （城市中的大自然） 细节理解题 Para. 1 What: 研究对象
推理判断题 Para. 1 How: 研究方法（分类对比）
推理判断题 Para. 1 How: 研究方法（举例子）
细节理解题 Para. 1 Why：研究意义
2022新高考Ⅱ卷D篇 （锻炼对心脏有好处） 细节理解题 Para. 2 What: 研究对象
细节理解题 Para. 3 How: 研究方法（作比较）
细节判断题 Para. 3-4 What: 研究结果
推理判断题 Para. 6 Why: 研究建议和未来研究方向
2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇 （城市地区野生环境的重要性） 主旨大意题 Para. 1 What: 研究结论
细节理解题 Para. 2 How: 研究方法（举例子）
推理判断题 Para. 5 Why: 未来研究方向
主旨大意题 Para. 1-5 What: 研究对象和结论
从近几年的四篇真题中可以看出：研究类说明文的命题一般都会按照文章的段落发展给出命题，会对各个段落的作用和侧重点通过不同形式进行考察提问。那么，命题的内容就会包括:
对文章的主旨大意的考察: 研究的目的意图; 研究调查的内容; 研究的意义及作用等;
对文章细节的考察: 研究过程中的某个细节或数据; 研究人员的态度观点; 被研究对象，群体的细节情况; 某个划线词在文章中的含义等;
对文章的推理判断: 研究的发展状况的推断; 研究人员的引言评论的态度推断; 研究结果的推断; 人们对于研究结果的态度推断等。
说明：1. 课前要求学生仔细阅读三个语篇并完成相应的练习。
标注【课前】即为学生学案中的练习，需提前完成；未标注的为课堂完成内容。
Learning objectives
By the end of this class, students are expected to be able to:
1. Identify and summarize the structure and discourse marker words of a research exposition.
2. Apply strategies such as focusing on topic sentences, high frequency words and synonyms(同义词) to reading comprehension exercises.
3. Figure out the testing points and design some questions by yourselves.
Teaching procedures
Step 1 Reading for structure
Passage one
The Secret Language of Plants (外研版 选必一Unit 5)
① Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
②With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
③ It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I'm being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects - the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
④ More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can't hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli plants do this. They also “listen” to the noises from other plants. A chilli plant can tell if a neighbouring plant is helpful or unfriendly. Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
⑤ Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web” It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. While the Internet is a worldwide network of computers linked by cables and satellites, the wood wide web is linked underground by fungi. This fungal network links the roots of different plants to each other. Using the wood wide web, plants can share information and even food with each other. For example, some pine trees can send food to smaller pine trees to help them grow. But just like our own Internet, the wood wide web has its own version of “cybercrime”. Plants can steal food from each other, or spread poisons to attack other plants. Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
⑥ Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.
Task: Read passage one and finish the exercises below:【课前】
1. What’s the type of the passage
A. News. B. Narration(记叙文). C. Exposition(说明文). D. Argumentation(议论文).
2. What’s the main idea of the passage
3. Complete the structure of the passage.
What: Part 1 (Para_______) Plants can _______________.
The Secret Language How: Part 2 (Para_______) Plants have _______ (number)ways to communicate.(Underline them.)
of Plants Why: Part 3 (Para_______) Scientists are learning more about_______________________.
Step 2 Reading for strategy
Passage two (2023新高考Ⅱ卷 D篇）
① As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
② Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
③The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
④Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
⑤Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
⑥“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
Task 1 Read passage two and finish the mind map. 【课前】
Task 2 Choose the best answer to each question and mark the clues in the passage.【课前】
32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text (what)
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories (how)
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5 (how)
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance.
35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn (why)
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
Step 3 Practice for consolidation
Task 1 Work in groups to distinguish the following exercises( what, how or why) and choose the correct answers.【课前】
____________ (2022浙江1月 C篇)
①The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症）in later life—and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
※ Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia.
B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise.
C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia.
D.Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness.
2. ____________（2022年新高考Ⅰ卷D篇)
⑤Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
※ What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A.Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
3. ____________（2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷D篇)
④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
※ What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
Task 2 Make a summary【课中】
信息点考察 常见题型设置 考点分布 常见设问方式
What: 研究对象研究结论 文章主旨大意 细节理解 段落大意 第一或第二段 最后一段 全文 Which of the following is the best title for the text What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text What is the passage mainly about What is paragraph 5 mainly about
How: 研究过程 研究方法 列举某项实验结果 细节理解 推理判断 说明方法 中间段落 What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5 Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories What’s the function of sth
Why: 研究意义 未来研究方向 研究结果的应用 7.观点态度 8.写作意图 9.后续研究 最后一段 What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies What did the follow-up study focus on What is the purpose of the whole passage？
Step 4 Discussion for question design
Passage three (2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇)
①The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
②The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
③One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three and a half hours. The light, about one thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self powered street lamps.
④In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
⑤Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
Task 1 Read the passage and figure out the structure.【课前】
What: Introduction (Para_______) research object: ________________________
Passage research result: _____________________________________________
three How:Supporting details (Para_____) Engineers changed the__________of plants to perform various functions.
The glowing plants project: It created a ____ light for a short duration.
Why: Conclusion (Para_______) future prospect: ___________________________
significance:__________________________________________________
Task 2 If you were an English teacher, please choose one category( what, how or why) to design two questions based on the structure and give your answers. (Group work)【课中】
What How Why
Your questions:___________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Your answers (mark the clues in the passage):_________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Evaluation:
Can you find the key words in a passage like “a recent study” or “reveal”
Can you grasp the structure of an exposition
Can you find out the methods to support the research in a research exposition
Can you find out the meaning of the research
Are you satisfied with your performance in this class
Homework: 1. Finish two reading comprehension exercises on your learning sheet.
2. Analyze the structure and complete the mind maps.
课后练习
（2022新高考Ⅱ卷D篇）锻炼对心脏有好处
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.
“We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says.
“The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.”
Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band (细节理解题)
A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart.
33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design (细节理解题)
A. Diet plan. B. Professional background.
C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition.
34. What does Levine’s research find (细节理解题)
A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise.
B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young.
C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise.
D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get.
35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest (推理判断题)
A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants.
C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study.
答案：DCAC
（2024新课标Ⅰ卷D篇）生物多样性记录的数据不准确
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now (细节理解题)
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on (细节理解题)
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study (推理判断题)
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps (推理判断题)
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
答案：BCCD(共28张PPT)
讲师
强化语篇意识
优化研究发现型说明文解题思路
Learning objectives
By the end of this class, you are expected to be able to:
1. Identify and summarize the structure and discourse marker words of a research exposition.
2. Apply strategies such as focusing on topic sentences, high frequency words and synonyms(同义词) to reading comprehension exercises.
3. Figure out the testing points and design some questions by yourselves.
What is the secret of Plants
Reading for structure
01
Passage one (外研版 选必一Unit 5)
Passage one (外研版 选必一Unit 5)
1. What’s the type of
the passage
A. News.
B. Narration.
C. Exposition.
D. Argumentation.
2. What’s the main idea of the passage
1.1 What: (研究对象，研究结论)
Talking plants have long been a thing of myths and legends. Many cultures have stories of talking trees that give advice as well as warnings to people. Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India. And in some modern stories, such as the film Avatar, trees can communicate with animals and people.
With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy, new research has revealed something amazing: it appears that plants can communicate after all.
Tip 1：要准确把握研究类说明文的主题，首段是关键，阅读过程要特别留意语篇标志词（如however, but等）的含义，还要留意“new research/recent study/scientists”以及“long believe/think/show/suggest/indicate/reveal”等引出观点与研究的标志词。
①
②
para.1-2: object and result
研究对象和结论
1.2 How: (研究的结论如何得出，研究过程和方法)
It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other. This happens when a plant, say a bean plant, gets attacked by insects. The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten. This is like a warning, or a call for help: “I'm being attacked!” When another bean plant detects the chemicals from its injured neighbour, it starts to release its own, different chemicals. Some of these chemicals drive insects away. Others attract insects - the wasps! The wasps kill the insects that are eating the bean plants. Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
More surprisingly, plants also use sound to communicate. People can't hear these sounds, but plants are making them. Some plants make noises with their roots. Corn and chilli plants do this. ...Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
Most surprisingly of all, plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest. Scientists call this system the “wood wide web” It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use. .... within the wood wide web.
③
④
⑤
analyzing
process
giving
examples
making
comparison
Tip 2: 关注段首句有助于理清文章脉络。常见说明方法有：过程分析法(analyzing process)，举例子(giving examples)，对比分析(making comparison)，列数据(listing datas)，做调查(doing surveys)，试验(conducting experiments)等。
para.3-5: process and methods
(研究过程和方法)
1.3 why: (研究意义、未来前景/后续研究)
Scientists hope to learn more about this plant warning system, so that we can use it to grow crops without pesticides.
Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water, indicating drought is arriving.
Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.
Scientists are learning more every day about the secret ways in which plants talk to each other. Who knows Maybe one day we will know enough about plant communication to be able to “talk” with them ourselves.
③
④
⑤
语篇标志词：use, indicate,
prevent,help,etc
⑥
para.6: future prospect
展望未来
语篇标志词：one day, some day, in the future,etc
Tip 3: 研究类说明文通常在文章最后一段（或段中）说明研究意义，并在结尾重申研究结论，或展望未来，或后续研究或呼吁行动等。
significance
研究意义
研究报告
What：_______________________
（研究对象，研究结论）
How: ________________________
(研究过程和方法)
Why: ____________________________
(研究意义、未来前景/后续研究)
研究发现类说明文的语篇结构
Introduction
Supporting
details
Conclusion
phenomenon, object and result
significance, future prospect...
process and methods
Reading for strategy
02
Passage 2 (2023新高考Ⅱ卷 D篇)
Task 1 Read passage two and finish the mind map.
1-2
Access to nature
very important
3-4
surveyed
examined
coded
nature language
were noted
5-6
recognize
satisfying
human-nature interactions
① As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
② Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
③The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers... The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories....listening to waves.”
④Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After ..., half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors...and following an established trail.
⑤Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park.... lunch break.
⑥“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature ... we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
para 3-4: the process and methods of research
how: 做实验: survey, examine
分类作对比: code, assign, different category
(2023新高考Ⅱ卷 D篇)
para 5-6：the significance and
a call to protect nature.
why: 研究意义：help, use...
呼吁行动：need to do...
para1-2：phenomenon and result of research
what：提出问题或现象;
研究对象及研究结论
标志词：a new study shows...
Task 1 Divide the following passage into three parts.
提出问题或现象
研究结论
研究过程/方法
研究意义/呼吁行动
题目速览
Task 2 Finish the questions
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
Para.1
what
研究现象/对象
Para.3-4
how
研究过程
Para.6
why
研究意义
Para.5
why
研究意义
研究发现类说明文“what”题型
① As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular.
B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated.
D. People enjoy living close to nature.
Tip 1: 化繁为简抓主干
Para.1
what
研究现象/对象
③The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. ...
④Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a 'nature language' began to emerge.
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers.
B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park.
D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
Tip 2: 仔细比对选项
Para.3-4
how
研究过程
研究发现类说明文“how”题型
⑤Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
Tip 3：关注主题句及高频词/原词复现
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
研究发现类说明文“how”题型
Para.5
why
研究意义
35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study.
B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education.
D. Intercultural communication.
⑥“We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
Tip4： 同义词（synonym）替换
Para.6
why
研究意义
研究发现类说明文“why”题型
Practice for consolidation
03
Distinguish the following exercises( what, how or why) and choose the correct answers.
4. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia.
B. Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise.
C. Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia.
D. Biking Improves Women’s Cardiovascular Fitness.
①The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New research found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia(失智症）in later life—and if they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
(2022浙江1月 C篇)
what: 研究结论
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
⑤Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
How：研究方法
（2022新高考Ⅰ卷D篇）
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
④In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates Did they follow those least willing to change their minds This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
Why: 后续研究
（2023新高考全国Ⅰ卷D篇)
Disussion for question design
04
Passage three (2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇 )
①The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive effects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.
②The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)have taken it a step further—changing the actual composition of plants in order to get them to perform diverse, even unusual functions. These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater. “We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day,”explained Michael Strano, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.
③One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow(发光)in experiments using some common vegetables. Strano's team found that they could create a faint light for three and a half hours. The light, about one thousandth of the amount needed to read by, is just a start. The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self powered street lamps.
④In the future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one off treatment that would last the plant's lifetime. The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off “switch”where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.
⑤Lighting accounts for about 7% of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed from the power source(电源)—such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway—a lot of energy is lost during transmission(传输). Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.
研究对象：人与自然关系
研究结果：积极影响
研究过程
列举某项实验结果
研究意义（用途）
未来研究方向
What
How
Why
(2020全国Ⅰ卷D篇)
Task 1 Figure out the structure.
信息点考察 常见题型设置 考点分布
What: 研究对象/现象 研究结论 1. 文章主旨大意 2. 细节理解 3. 段落大意 第一或第二段
最后一段
全文
How: 研究过程 研究方法 列举某项实验结果 4. 细节理解 5. 推理判断 6. 说明方法
中间段落
Why：研究意义 未来研究方向 研究结果的应用 7. 观点态度 8. 写作意图 9. 后续研究
最后一或两段
Task 2 Choose one category( what, how or why) to design 1-2 questions based on the structure and give your answers.
34.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future
A.They will speed up energy production. B.They may transmit electricity to the home.
C.They might help reduce energy consumption. D.They could take the place of power plants.
Compare your questions with the original ones in GaoKao.（真题再现）
35.Which of the following can be the best title for the text
A.Can we grow more glowing plants B.How do we live with glowing plants
C.Could glowing plants replace lamps D.How are glowing plants made pollution free
32.What is the first paragraph mainly about
A. A new study of different plants.
B. A big fall in crime rates.
C. Employees from various workplaces. D. Benefits from green plants.
33.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers
A. To detect plants' lack of water. B.To change compositions of plants.
C.To make the life of plants longer. D.To test chemicals in plants.
what
how
why
what
Evaluation
Can you find the key words in a passage like “a recent study” or “reveal”
Can you grasp the structure of a research exposition
Can you find out the methods to support the research in an exposition
Can you find out the meaning of the research
Are you satisfied with your performance in this class
1. Finish two reading comprehension exercises on your learning sheet.
2. Analyze the structure and complete the mind maps.
Homework
Thanks for your attendence!
