Unit 3 Getting along with others
真正的朋友会在其他人都离你远去的时候,仍然与你并肩同行。
基础词汇通关
词汇 含义及拓展 词汇 含义及拓展
sight n. 视野;视力;看见 out of one’s sight 脱离某人的视线 at first sight 乍一看 at the sight of 一看见 catch sight of 看见,发现 lose sight of 看不见;忽略 in sight 看得见;在望,在即 joy n. 高兴,愉快;令人高兴的人(或事),乐趣 to one’s joy 令某人开心的是【派】joyful adj. 快乐的
medium n. 传播信息的媒介,方法;手段,工具adj. 中等的,中号的 【复】media social media 社交媒体 moment n. 时光,时机;瞬间;某个时刻 at this/that moment 就在这/那时候 at the moment 此刻,目前,眼下 in a moment 马上,很快 for a moment 片刻,一会儿 the moment + 时间状语从句 一……就……
café n. 咖啡馆,小餐馆 company n. 陪伴,作伴;公司 【派】accompany vt. 陪伴;为……伴奏
blog n. 博客,网志 【派】blogger n. 博主 crowd n. 一伙人,一帮人;人群vt. 挤满,使拥挤 vi. 聚集;挤,涌 【派】crowded adj. 拥挤的
theme n. 主题;主旋律 theme park 主题公园 poet n. 诗人 poem n. 诗 poetry n. 诗歌
slave n. 奴隶 【派】slavery n. 奴隶制 wine n. 葡萄酒;果酒
raft n. 木排,筏 chat vi. & n. 聊天,闲聊 chat with sb 与某人聊天
quality n. 品德,素质;质量;特征adj. 优质的;高质量的 be of good quality 质量好的 respond vi. & vt. 回答,回应 vi. 作出反应;响应 respond to... 回应……【派】response n. 回复;反应;响应
basis n. (pl. bases) 基础;原因;基准 on the basis of 在……的基础上 on a regular basis 定期地 misunderstand vt. & vi. (misunderstood, misunderstood) 误解,误会 【反】understand vt. & vi. 理解,明白
reflection n. 沉思;反射;映像;反映 reflect vt. 反映 vi. & vt. 认真思考;反射 explode vi. (愤怒等感情)爆发,迸发vt. & vi. (使)爆炸 【派】explosion n. 爆炸
comfort vt. 宽慰,抚慰 n. 舒服;安慰 【派】comfortable adj. 舒服的【反】discomfort vt. 使不舒服 n. 不适 definitely adv. 肯定,确实;确切地 definite adj. 确定的
awkward adj. 局促不安的;令人尴尬的;难对付的;笨拙的 【派】awkwardly adv. 笨拙地【同】clumsy indeed adv. 其实,实际上;的确;真正地 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。
horrible adj. 令人震惊的;可恶的,极坏的 【同】awful; terrible on the rocks (关系)陷于困境,濒临崩溃 as steady as a rock 稳如磐石
frank adj. 坦率的,直率的 【派】frankly adv. 坦率地 frankly speaking 坦率地说 make it 能够出席;准时到达;获得成功
generous adj. 宽宏大量的,仁慈的;慷慨的 【派】generosity n. 慷慨【反】mean adj. 吝啬的 in the wrong 有错,应承担责任 go wrong 出差错 do sb wrong 冤枉某人,不公平地对待某人
shallow adj. 肤浅的,浅薄的;浅的 【反】deep adj. 深刻的;深的 eat away at 腐蚀,侵蚀,逐渐破坏损害……之间的关系,离间;妨碍
efficient adj. 效率高的,有功效的 【派】efficiency n. 效率 come between... and... 损害……之间的关系,离间;妨碍
extra adj. 额外的,分外的,附加的adv. 额外,另外;特别,格外 in person 亲自,亲身
well-meaning adj. 出于好心的,善意的 high point 最有意思(或最令人愉快、最好)的部分
thorough adj. 彻底的,全面的;仔细的 【派】thoroughly adv. 彻底地 through thick and thin 不顾艰难险阻,同甘共苦
smooth out 消除(问题或困难) smooth adj. 光滑的;流畅的;顺利的
be meant to do sth 注定要做某事,应做某事
do sth in full measure 最大程度地,最大限度地
探究词汇提高
original
adj. 起初的,原来的;独创的;原作的
n. [C]原作;原件;独特有趣的人
教材原句 P30:Our original plan was to see a film at the cinema that afternoon. 那天下午我们的原计划是在电影院看电影。
例句:The room still has many of its original features. 这个房间还保留着当初的许多特点。
例句:Many buildings on the campus are his original creations. 这个校园的许多建筑都是他的原创。
例句:This painting is a copy; the original is in Madrid. 这幅画是摹本,原作在马德里。
例句:Her aunt Effie is certainly an original. 她的姨妈埃菲肯定是个独特有趣的人。
联想词:
①origin n. 起源;起因;出身
例句:The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to introduce El Ni o and its origin. 作者写此文的目的是介绍厄尔尼诺现象以及它的成因。
②originate vi. 起源;开始;始于(+in/from/with)
例句:“Almost all newborn deaths originate from preventable and treatable diseases,” the report authors write. “几乎所有新生儿的死亡都源自可预防和可治疗的疾病。”报告作者写道。
③originally adv. 起初;原来
recover
① vi. 恢复健康,痊愈;恢复常态
教材原句 P30:Instead of recovering at home, she was out having fun with someone else. 她没有在家养病,而是出去和别人一起玩了。
常用搭配:
recover from... 从……中康复/恢复
例句:He’s in hospital, recovering from a heart attack. 他心脏病发作住院了,正在康复之中。
② vt. 全额收回;重新获得;寻回;恢复(能力、知觉、对情绪的控制等);重新控制
例句:Four paintings stolen from the gallery have been recovered. 美术馆的四幅被盗画作已经失而复得。
常用搭配:
recover oneself 某人镇定下来或恢复正常状态
例句:He recovered himself enough to speak calmly. 他镇定下来,平静地说话。
联想词:
recovery n. 恢复;痊愈;改善;复苏
例句:The government is forecasting an economic recovery. 政府预测经济会复苏。
loss
n. 失去,丧失;丢失;亏损;去世;损失
教材原句 P30:The stress of this situation is killing me, and I’m at a loss what to do next. 这种情况带来的压力简直要了我的命,我不知道下一步该怎么办。
常用搭配:
be at a loss 不知所措,困惑
loss of blood 失血
weight loss 体重减轻
a sense of loss 失落感
cut one’s losses 减少损失;趁早罢手
联想词:
①lose vt. 失去;丢失;不明白;浪费(时间);错过(机会) vt. & vi. 输掉(比赛等)
常用搭配:
lose face 丢面子;出丑、 lose heart 灰心;丧气、
lose sight of 忽略;看不见、 lose weight 减肥、
lose one’s temper 发脾气、 lose touch with... 与……失去联系
②lost adj. 丢失的;迷路的;迷失的;全神贯注的
常用搭配:
(be) lost in sth 专注于某事/某物;沉浸于某事/某物
例句:Harry just stood there, lost in thought. 哈里就站在那里,陷入了沉思。
judge
① vt. & vi. 评价;(尤指)批评;判断,认为 vt. 判决
教材原句 P31:Don’t be so quick to judge your friend. 不要急于评判你的朋友。
常用搭配:
judge sb/sth to be... 评价某人/某物为……
judge... from/by... 根据……判断……
例句:“You can’t judge a book by its cover,” as the old saying goes. 俗话说:“不能以貌取人。”
特别注意:judging from/by... 意为“根据……判断”,为固定表达,用作状语,不管它与句子主语之间是逻辑上的主动关系还是被动关系,只用现在分词形式。
例句:Judging from what you say in your letter, you don’t sound well. 从你来信的内容来看,你好像不太好。
② n. 法官;裁判员
例句:Your speech was heard by five judges, all of whom agreed that it was the best one this year. 五位评委听了你的演讲,他们一致认为你的演讲是今年最好的。
联想词:
judgement n. 判断力;看法;判决
常用搭配:
make a judgement about/on sth 对某事作出评价
apologize
vi. 道歉;谢罪
教材原句 P31:Perhaps she knows she’s in the wrong and wants to apologize, or maybe she has a simple explanation for her behaviour. 也许她知道自己错了,想要道歉,或者她想对自己的行为作一个简单的解释。
常用搭配:
apologize to sb for (doing) sth 因(做)某事而向某人道歉
例句:You have to apologize to your friend for being rude to him. 你必须向你的朋友道歉,因为你对他很不礼貌。
联想词:
apology n. 道歉;致歉
常用搭配:
make an apology to sb [for (doing) sth] [因(做)某事]向某人道歉、
offer sb an apology 向某人道歉、
owe sb an apology 该向某人道歉、
accept/refuse one’s apology 接受/拒绝某人的道歉
例句:She made an apology for the mistake and gave us a spare VIP room on the top floor. 她为她的错误道了歉,并给了我们一间顶层的备用贵宾室。
behaviour
n. [U]行为;举止;态度
教材原句 P31:Perhaps she knows she’s in the wrong and wants to apologize, or maybe she has a simple explanation for her behaviour. 也许她知道自己错了,想要道歉,或者她想对自己的行为作一个简单的解释。
常用搭配:
good/bad behaviour 良好/恶劣行为
联想词:
behave vi. 表现 vi. & vt. 举止规矩有礼;检点
常用搭配:
behave+adv./prep. 表现得……、
behave yourself 举止规矩有礼、
well-behaved/badly-behaved 表现好的/差的
例句:He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他表现得像是什么都没发生过。
例句:The doctor behaved very unprofessionally. 那位医生的做法违反职业道德。
例句:She behaved in a responsible way. 她表现得很有责任心。
trick
① vt. 欺骗;欺诈
教材原句 P31:When I found out that I was tricked by him, I was really hurt and let go of our friendship. 当我发现我被他欺骗了,我真的很受伤,于是我放弃了这段友谊。
常用搭配:
trick sb into doing sth 哄骗某人做某事、
trick sb out of sth 骗取某人某物
例句:I tricked him into stepping outside and locked him out. 我骗他出去,然后把他锁在外面。
例句:Her partner tried to trick her out of her share. 她的合伙人企图骗走她的股份。
② n. 诡计,花招;戏法;恶作剧;窍门
常用搭配:
trick or treat 不给糖就捣乱(万圣节前夜儿童挨家挨户讨糖吃时的用语)、
play a trick/tricks on 对……搞恶作剧
例句:If the neighbours do not give any sweets, the children might play a trick on them. 如果邻居们不给糖,那么孩子们就可能会捉弄他们。
联想拓展:play a joke/jokes on(=make fun of/make a fool of) 戏弄……
let go of
放弃,摒弃;松手,放开
释义:①to give up an idea or an attitude, or control of sth
②to stop holding sb/sth
教材原句 P31:When I found out that I was tricked by him, I was really hurt and let go of our friendship. 当我发现我被他欺骗了,我真的很受伤,于是我放弃了这段友谊。
例句:It’s time to let go of the past. 该忘掉过去了。
联想拓展:含有 let 的其他常用短语
let down... 使……失望;放下……
let off 引爆;饶恕
let alone 更不用说
let out 发出(叫声);放出;泄露
例句:Keep this to yourself; don’t let it out to the press. 你要保守秘密,别把它泄露给媒体。
ignore
vt. 忽视,对……不予理会;不理睬
教材原句 P31:However, if your friend ignores your feelings or makes you suffer, it’s time to rethink your relationship. 然而,如果你的朋友忽视你的感受或者让你痛苦,那就要重新考虑你们的关系了。
例句:Ignoring the difference between the two research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make. 忽视这两种研究结果的差异将是你犯的最严重的错误之一。
联想词:
①ignorance n. 无知
②ignorant adj. 无知的;不了解的
常用搭配:
be ignorant of/about sth 对某事不了解
suffer
① vi. 受苦,受折磨;变差(常用 suffer from, 意为“遭受;患有……”)
教材原句 P31:However, if your friend ignores your feelings or makes you suffer, it’s time to rethink your relationship. 然而,如果你的朋友忽视你的感受或者让你痛苦,那就要重新考虑你们的关系了。
常用搭配:
suffer from a bad headache 头痛得厉害、
suffer from a heavy flood 遭受严重的洪灾、
suffer from the pressure of study 忍受学习的压力
② vt. 遭受(痛苦、惩罚等);蒙受
例句:Having suffered such heavy pollution already, now it may be too late to clean up the river. 这条河流已经遭受如此严重的污染,现在清理它可能为时已晚。
常用搭配:
suffer a defeat 遭受失败、
suffer punishment 遭受惩罚、
suffer loss 蒙受损失、
suffer hunger 忍受饥饿
易混辨析:suffer 常跟 pain、loss、hunger、damage、injury、a defeat 等连用;suffer from 常跟表示疾病的名词或具体造成不幸、痛苦的名词(短语)连用。试比较:
例句:He was suffering hunger. 他正忍受饥饿。 / He was suffering from a lack of food. 他正遭受食物匮乏。
联想词:
suffering n. (肉体或精神上的)痛苦,苦难,折磨
contact
vt. & n. [U]联系,联络;接触
教材原句 P33:Then I got a call from a friend whom I hadn’t contacted for a long time. 然后我接到了一个许久未曾联络的朋友的电话。
例句:If you have any questions, contact me at 19886. 如果你有任何问题,请拨打电话 19886 联系我。
常用搭配:
be in contact/touch with 和……有联系、
be out of contact/touch with 和……失去联系、
have/make contact with 和……取得联系、
lose contact/touch with 和……失去联系、
keep in contact/touch with 和……保持联系
count on
依赖;依靠;指望(=depend/rely on)
教材原句 P34:A real friend is someone whose support we can count on. 真正的朋友是我们能指望得到其支持的人。
常用搭配:
count on sb/sth to do sth 指望某人/某物做某事
count on (sb/sth) doing sth 指望(某人/某物)做某事;确信某事会发生
count on it that... 指望……
例句:We can’t count on this warm weather lasting. 我们不能指望这暖和的天气会持久。
例句:You can never count on it that he gets up before six. 你永远别指望他六点之前能起床。
联想拓展:count vi. 数数;重要 vt. & vi. 认为;算作;计算(或清点)总数 vt. 把……算入;包括
常用搭配:
count from... to... 从……数到……、
count sth (up) 计算或清点总数、
count... as... 把……算作/看作……、
count for much/nothing 很重要/毫无用处、
count down (to sth) (为某事)倒计时、
count sb in 把某人算入;包括某人、
count sb out 不把某人算入;不包括某人
例句:The little boy counts from 1 to 100 fastest in the kindergarten. 这个小男孩是这所幼儿园里从 1 数到 100 数得最快的。
例句:I don’t count him as a friend any more. 我不再把他看作朋友了。
respect
① vt. 尊重,尊敬;遵守
教材原句 P37:I must respect and support the choices he makes. 我必须尊重和支持他作出的选择。
常用搭配:
respect sb for sth 因某事而尊重某人
例句:She has always been honest with me, so I respect her for that. 她一直对我很诚实,我敬重她这一点。
② n. 尊敬,尊重;重视 [pl.]敬意;问候
熟词生义:respect 作名词时,还可表示“(事物的)方面,细节”,此时为可数名词。
例句:In many respects, the new version is not as good as the old one. 新版在许多方面不如旧版。
常用搭配:
show/have respect for sb/sth 尊重某人/某物、
win/earn/gain respect 赢得/获得尊重、
send/give one’s respects to sb 向某人致敬/问候、
with respect 尊重地;尊敬地、
in respect of... 关于……;就……而言、
in this respect 在这方面
例句:To show our respect, we usually have to take our gloves off whoever we are to shake hands with. 不论是跟谁握手,我们通常都会将手套取下,以示尊敬。
例句:In this respect, we are very fortunate. 就这方面而言,我们很幸运。
联想词:
①respectful adj. 恭敬的;有礼貌的
②respectable adj. 值得尊敬的
③respective adj. 各自的
opinion
n. 意见,看法,主张;(群体的)观点,信仰
教材原句 P37:In my opinion, the following qualities form the basis of a friendship. 在我看来,下列特质构成了友谊的基础。
常用搭配:
in one’s opinion (=from one’s point of view/as far as sb be concerned) 在某人看来、hold/have an opinion 持有某个观点、
voice an/one’s opinion 发表(某人的)意见
get over
克服;解决;控制;恢复常态
释义:①to deal with or gain control of sth
②to return to your usual state of health, happiness, etc
教材原句 P37:I should also encourage him to take action to get over these difficulties. 我也应该鼓励他采取行动克服这些困难。
联想拓展:含有 get 的其他常用短语
get... across 使……被理解;把……讲清楚
get away from 摆脱(困难或不愉快的事,或某种限制)
get away with 受到轻微处罚;(做坏事)不受惩罚
get down to (doing) sth 开始(做)某事;开始认真对待某事
get into 养成(某种习惯);陷入(某种情绪);处于(某种情形)
get in touch with... 与……取得联系
get on/along with 相处得好;进展顺利
get rid of 摆脱;除掉
get through 接通电话;通过;完成;处理
例句:He is not very good at getting his ideas across. 他不太善于清楚地表达自己的观点。
例句:He couldn’t have the man getting away with telling people lies! 他不能让这个人哄骗人们而不受惩罚!
例句:We’ve just moved into a bigger house and there’s a lot to do. Let’s get down to it. 我们刚刚搬进一处更大的房子,有许多事要做。让我们开始吧。
bring out
使显现,使表现出;生产;出版
释义:①to make sth appear
②to produce/publish sth
教材原句 P37:And I think Tim is the one who brings out the best in me. 我认为蒂姆是那个能激发出我最好一面的人。
联想拓展:含有 bring 的其他常用短语
bring in 引入;使赚得;请……参与(或讨论某件事情)
bring up 抚养;培养;养育;提出;吐出
bring about 引起
bring along 带来
bring down 打垮;降低;减少
例句:The discussion came alive when an interesting topic was brought in. 当一个有趣的话题被引入时,讨论变得热烈起来。
Every time I bring the matter up, he changes the subject. 每当我提起这件事,他就会转移话题。
He brought up everything he ate. 他把吃的所有东西都吐出来了。
The Internet has brought about big changes in the way we work. 因特网使我们的工作方式发生了巨大的变化。
The government had taken measures to bring down the high prices of daily goods to keep the market stable. 政府已经采取措施降低日用品的高昂价格,以保持市场稳定。
measure
① vt. 估量,判定(价值、影响等);测量
教材原句 P37:I’ll always value these qualities of a good friend and try to measure myself by these standards as our friendship develops. 我将永远珍视好朋友的这些特质,在我们的友谊发展的过程中,也将努力用这些标准来衡量我自己。
例句:It is hard to measure his ability when we haven’t seen his work. 没见过他的作品,我们很难估计他的能力。
He has been measured for his new suit. 他已经量好尺寸准备做一身新西装。
② linking v. (某物的)体积(长度、数额)为……
例句:In that distant continent, trees measure over 90 metres in height. 在那个遥远的大陆上,树木的高度超过 90 米。
③ n. 措施;办法;尺寸;衡量;度量单位
常用搭配:
take measures/steps/action to do sth 采取措施做某事、
made to measure 量身定制的
例句:We should take some measures to protect the environment. 我们应该采取一些措施保护环境。
联想词:measurement n. 测量;度量;(某物的)尺寸/长度/数量
seek (sought, sought)
① vi. 试图;设法 vt. & vi. 寻找
教材原句 P39:However, when we seek to be alone, we must be careful that we do not always escape into our own world. 然而,当我们试图独处时,我们必须小心,不要总是逃到我们自己的世界里去。
常用搭配:
seek for 寻找;探索、seek out 找出;找到;物色到、seek to do sth 试图做某事
例句:How can we seek out a really good person for the job 我们怎样才能找到一个真正合适的人来做这份工作呢
② vt. (向人)请求,寻求
例句:A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad. 在国内市场利润正减少的公司可能会到国外寻求发展的机会。
escape
① vi. & vt. 逃走,逃出;逃跑;避开,避免 vt. 未被注意
教材原句 P39:However, when we seek to be alone, we must be careful that we do not always escape into our own world. 然而,当我们试图独处时,我们必须小心,不要总是逃到我们自己的世界里去。
常用搭配:
escape from... 从……中逃脱、
escape (doing) sth 逃避(做)某事;避免(做)某事、
escape one’s attention/notice 逃过某人的注意;被某人忽视
例句:He narrowly escaped being killed. 他险些丧命。
② n. 逃跑;逃脱;解脱;消遣;漏出
常用搭配:
have a narrow escape 死里逃生;幸运逃脱、
(an) escape from... 从……逃脱/暂时解脱、
make one’s escape 逃跑;溜走
例句:He listens to music as an escape from the pressures of work. 他听音乐以从工作的压力中暂时解脱出来。
benefit
① n. 优势;益处;成效
教材原句 P39:As we live in social groups, there are many benefits of friendship that we can enjoy. 由于我们生活在社会群体中,我们可以享受友谊带来的许多好处。
常用搭配:
be of benefit to sb 对某人有益、
for the benefit of sb (=for sb’s benefit) 为了某人的利益、
get/gain a benefit from... 从……中获益
例句:Moderate exercise will be of benefit to you. 适度运动对你有益。
You need people working for the benefit of the community. 你们需要为社区利益而工作的人。
② vt. 使受益;对……有用
例句:The rain will benefit the crops greatly. 这场雨将对庄稼大有好处。
③ vi. 得利于;得益于
常用搭配:
benefit from/by 受益于
例句:Today we benefit from countless inventions and innovations. 如今我们得益于无数的发明和新思想。
联想词:
beneficial adj. 有益的;有利的
常用搭配:
be beneficial to 对……有益
failure
n. 失败;失败的人(或事);未履行
教材原句 P39:The first fruit of friendship is the peace that comes from sharing with friends our joy, sadness, success and failure. 友谊的第一个果实是内心的平和,它来自与朋友分享我们的喜悦和悲伤、成功与失败。
熟词生义:n. 故障;失灵;衰竭
例句:The cause of the crash was given as engine failure. 撞车事故的原因被认定是发动机故障。
特别注意:failure 作“失败的人/事”讲时,为可数名词,a failure 表示“一个失败的人/一件失败的事”,与 a success 相对应。
例句:He was a failure as a businessman. 他当商人并不成功。
联想词:
fail
①vi. (机件或人体器官)失灵,丧失功能;(视力、记忆、健康等)衰退
例句:Suddenly, the lights failed. 灯突然不亮了。
②vi. & vt. 不及格;未能通过;失败,未能(做到)
常用搭配:
fail the exam 考试不及格、fail to do sth 没有成功做成某事;未做到某事
例句:Firms that fail to take advantage of the new technology will go out of business. 未能利用这项新技术的公司将会倒闭。
take on
呈现,具有;接纳;接受(工作);承担(责任);雇用
教材原句 P39:Here, friendship has a double advantage—happiness takes on a greater meaning and a trouble shared becomes a trouble halved! 在这一点上,友谊有双重好处——幸福有更大的意义,分担的烦恼减半!
例句:The situation begins to take on a new light. 形势开始呈现新的态势。
No other organization was able or willing to take on the job. 没有其他组织有能力或愿意承担此项工作。
The manager will take on a new secretary. 经理打算雇用一位新秘书。
联想拓展:含有 take 的其他常用短语
take in 吸收;理解;领悟;欺骗
take out 取出;带……出去
take up 占据;开始从事;对某事产生兴趣
take off 脱下;起飞;(事业)开始成功
take over 接管;接任
take down 记下;写下;取下
take away 拿走;取走
take after (外貌或行为)与……相像
take back 退回;收回
I could hardly take in what the old man said. 我几乎听不懂这位老人所说的话。
I know how busy you must be and naturally I wouldn’t want to take up too much of your time. 我知道您肯定特别忙,我当然不想占用您太多的时间。
After he retired from office, Bob took up painting for a while, but soon lost interest. 鲍勃退休后,有段时间喜欢上了绘画,但很快他就失去了兴趣。
She decided that I was the ideal person to take over the job. 她认定我是接手这份工作的理想人选。
recognize
vt. 承认,意识到;认出,辨别出;公认;认可
释义:
①to admit or be aware that sth exists or is true
②to know who sb is or what sth is when you see or hear them or it
③to be thought of as very good or important by people
④to accept and approve of sb/sth officially
教材原句 P39:We often find it easier to recognize other people’s weaknesses than our own. 我们经常发现意识到别人的缺点要比意识到自身的缺点更容易。
常用搭配:
recognize sb/sth (by/from sth) (通过/由某事/物)认出某人/某物、
recognize... as... (正式)承认/认出……是……、
recognize sb/sth to be... 认为某人/某物是……(常用于被动语态)、
be recognized (as sth) 受赏识,被看重,被公认(为……)、
recognize one’s voice 听出某人的声音、
it is recognized that... 公认……
He is recognized to be their natural leader. 他被公认为是他们天生的领袖。
The book is now recognized as a classic. 这本书现在是一部公认的经典著作。
联想词:
recognition n. 认出;认识;承认;认可
beyond/out of recognition 无法辨认;面目全非
death n. 死,死亡;死亡状态
教材原句 P40:They can help us achieve what we want during life and, perhaps, even after death. 他们可以帮助我们在有生之年,或许甚至在死后,实现我们的追求。
联想词:
die vi. & vt. 死;死亡 vi. 消失
常用搭配:
die out 灭绝;消失、die of/from... 死于……、
die away (声音、风、光等)慢慢变弱,逐渐消失、
die down (兴奋、火等)减弱,平息、die off 相继死去、
be dying for... 渴望/极想……
例句:The sound of their laughter died away. 他们的笑声渐渐消失了。
The flames finally died down. 火焰终于逐渐减弱了。
I am dying for a cup of tea. 我很想喝杯茶。
admire vt. 钦佩;欣赏;赞美;羡慕
教材原句 P41:They admired each other and quickly became friends. 他们互相欣赏,很快成了朋友。
常用搭配:
admire sb for (doing) sth 钦佩/羡慕/赞赏某人(做)某事
例句:My deskmate admires me for my fluent English very much and I usually feel encouraged by his compliments. 我的同桌非常羡慕我流利的英语,我经常被他的赞美所鼓舞。
联想词:
①admiration n. 钦佩;羡慕;赞赏、in admiration 钦佩地
②admirer n. 爱慕者;钦佩者
③admiring adj. 赞赏的;钦佩的
④admirable adj. 值得称赞的;令人钦佩的
差距词汇 拔尖
scream vi. & vt. (因疼痛、惊恐、兴奋等)尖声大叫
例句:Life is a roller coaster. You can scream every time you hit a bump, or you can throw your hands up and enjoy the ride. 生活就像过山车。你可以在每次颠簸的时候尖叫,也可以高举双手享受整个过程。
sceptical adj. 怀疑的
例句:I am sceptical about his chances of winning. 我怀疑他取胜的可能性。
cautious adj. 小心的;谨慎的
例句:Jim is very cautious about expressing his opinions, especially in public. 吉姆在表达自己的意见时很谨慎,尤其是在公共场合。
considerate adj. 体贴的
例句:You are the most considerate person that knows exactly what I need. 你是最体贴的人,知道我到底需要什么。
cooperative adj. 合作的;配合的
例句:Happy people, says the research, are more helpful, more generous, and more cooperative. 研究显示,快乐的人更乐于助人,更加慷慨,也更加配合。
sociable adj. 友善的;好交际的
例句:She is a sociable child who will talk to anyone. 她是个好交际的孩子,跟谁都有话说。
hospitality n. 殷勤;好客;款待
例句:I’d like to express my gratitude again and thank you for your care and hospitality. 我想再次表示我的感谢,感谢你对我的照顾和款待。
put oneself in others’ shoes 换位思考
例句:Always put yourself in others’ shoes. If you feel that it hurts you, it probably does hurt others, too. 凡事都要设身处地为别人着想。如果你觉得那样会伤害自己,它也很可能会伤害别人。
长难句分析
When I was an awkward primary school student, she was the popular girl who was willing to make friends with me.
结构:When 引导时间状语从句,who 引导定语从句
句意:当我还是一个笨拙的小学生时,她是一个很受欢迎的女孩,愿意和我做朋友。
A classmate told me she had seen my friend chatting with another girl in a café on Saturday afternoon.
结构:直接宾语为省略 that 的宾语从句,包含“see sb doing sth”结构
句意:一位同班同学告诉我,她看到我的朋友周六下午在咖啡馆里和另一个女孩聊天。
知识拓展:动词(短语)see、watch、notice、observe、look at(“5 看”);make、have、let(“3 让”);hear、listen to(“2 听”);feel(“1 感觉”)可用于“动词(短语)+宾语+宾语补足语”结构,宾语补足语可以是现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式等。
“5 看”“3 让”“2 听”“1 感觉” + sb/sth +
doing:表示动作正在进行
done:表示被动
do:表示全过程(主动语态中省略不定式符号 to;被动语态中不能省略 to)
例句:Marco was surprised to see Chinese people using paper money in the markets. 马可惊讶地发现中国人在市场上使用纸币。
例句:He had his pocket picked on the bus yesterday. 昨天在公共汽车上他被扒窃了。
例句:I never heard the song sung in English. 我从来没有听过有人用英文唱这首歌。
例句:The police observed a man enter the bank. 警察注意到一个男人走进了银行。
例句:He was often noticed to leave the office after work. 人们经常看到他下班后离开办公室。
I was so angry that I avoided her during school all day, and I still don’t feel like responding to any of her online messages.
结构:so... that... 引导结果状语从句,and 连接并列句
句意:我很生气,以至于在学校一整天都躲着她,而且我仍然不想回复任何她的线上留言。
知识拓展:feel like sth/doing sth 相当于 would like sth/to do sth,意为“想要某物,想做某事”。
例句:We all felt like celebrating. 我们都想庆祝一番。
As we walk the “path of life”, we may sometimes wish to be alone with our own thoughts, for quiet periods of reflection can lead to personal improvement.
结构:As 引导时间状语从句,for 表原因
句意:当我们走在“人生之路”上,我们有时可能希望独自思考,因为安静的思考能带来自我提升。
Here, friendship has a double advantage—happiness takes on a greater meaning and a trouble shared becomes a trouble halved!
结构:过去分词作后置定语修饰 trouble
句意:在这一点上,友谊有双重好处——幸福有更大的意义,分担的烦恼减半!
知识拓展:过去分词作定语时,和被修饰的名词或代词之间存在逻辑上的被动关系。
例句:a window broken by Tom 一扇被汤姆打破的窗
例句:a machine invented in 1990 一台发明于 1990 年的机器
高频句式
句式 1:whether... or... “无论……还是……”,引导让步状语从句
知识拓展:whether... or not 有同样的用法。
例句:I’m going whether you like it or not. 不管你愿不愿意,我都要走了。
链接课文:Whether we’re walking to school, doing homework or just hanging out at the weekend, we’re hardly out of each other’s sight. 无论我们是步行去学校、做作业还是只是在周末闲逛,我们几乎都不会离开彼此的视线。[P30]
经典例句:I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home. 不论你跟我一起来还是留在家中,我都要去。
经典例句:There’s always competition, whether you realize it or not. 竞争一直存在,不论你是否意识到它。
句式 2:it’s time to do sth 是做某事的时候了
知识拓展:到了某人该做某事的时候了:it’s time/about time/high time that sb did/should do sth
特别注意:that 后的从句要使用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语可用过去时态(be 动词用 were),也可用“should + 动词原形”,其中 should 通常不能省略。
链接课文:However, if your friend ignores your feelings or makes you suffer, it’s time to rethink your relationship. 然而,如果你的朋友忽视你的感受或者让你痛苦,那就要重新考虑你们的关系了。[P31]
经典例句:In my opinion, it is time that we had new computers. 在我看来,我们应该拥有新的电脑了。
经典例句:It is high time that we should take some measures to protect endangered animals. 我们是时候采取一些措施保护濒危动物了。
句式 3:sb finds it+adj. /n. +to do/doing sth/that... 某人发现(做)某事……(it 是形式宾语)
知识拓展:“动词+it+宾补+真正的宾语”结构
常用于此结构的动词有:find、consider、make、believe、think、feel 等。
宾补通常为形容词或名词。
真正的宾语通常为:不定式、动名词或从句。
链接课文:We often find it easier to recognize other people’s weaknesses than our own. 我们经常发现意识到别人的缺点要比意识到自身的缺点更容易。(形容词作宾补)[P39]
经典例句:Although I try to talk to my classmates, I still find it hard to make good friends with them. 我虽然尽力去跟同学们交谈,但还是发现很难跟他们成为好朋友。(形容词作宾补)
经典例句:I think it necessary that we learn basic first aid skills. 我认为我们有必要学习基本的急救技能。(形容词作宾补)
经典例句:No matter where he is, he makes it a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 无论在哪儿,他总是习惯在早餐前出去散步。(名词作宾补)
重点:由关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
教材原句:
① When I was an awkward primary school student, she was the popular girl who was willing to make friends with me. 当我还是一个笨拙的小学生时,她是一个很受欢迎的女孩,愿意和我做朋友。(who 引导限制性定语从句,修饰 girl)[P30]
② I also had a friend whom I trusted a lot. 我也曾有一个非常信任的朋友。(whom 引导限制性定语从句,修饰 a friend)[P31]
③ I must respect and support the choices he makes. 我必须尊重和支持他作出的选择。(he makes 为省略了关系代词 that 或 which 的限制性定语从句,修饰 the choices)[P37]
④ As we live in social groups, there are many benefits of friendship that we can enjoy. 由于我们生活在社会群体中,我们可以享受友谊带来的许多好处。(that 引导限制性定语从句,修饰 benefits)[P39]
一、定语从句的定义及用法
概念:在复合句中作定语,修饰名词、代词、主句中的一部分或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。
先行词:被定语从句修饰的对象。
关系词:引导定语从句,代替先行词在从句中作一定的句子成分。
关系代词:that、which、who、whom、whose、as;在从句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等;关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时常可以省略。
关系副词:when、where、why;在从句中作状语。
二、定语从句的分类
1.限制性定语从句:对其前面所修饰的名词或代词加以限制,使其意思更加清楚、明确。它是句中不可缺少的部分,如果去掉它,整个句子的意思就不明确、不完整。
2.非限制性定语从句:对其前面所修饰的名词或代词没有限制作用,只是补充说明,通常有一个逗号把它和句子的其他部分分开,去掉它,对句子剩余部分没有太大的影响。
三、关系代词引导的限制性定语从句
1.关系代词代替前面的先行词,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语等,作宾语时常可以省略。引导定语从句的关系代词有:that、which、who、whom 和 whose。
(1) that 既可指人也可指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可省略。that 指人时常可以与 who 或 whom 互换,指物时常可以与 which 互换。
(2) which 用于指物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
例句:Maybe you have a habit that/which is driving your family crazy. 或许你有一个快把你的家人逼疯的习惯。
(3) who 用于指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。
(4) whom 用于指人,在定语从句中作宾语,常可省略。
(5) whose 在定语从句中作定语,既可指人也可指物。指物时相当于 of which,指人时相当于 of whom。
例句:That’s the man whose house has burnt down. 就是那位男士的房子被烧毁了。
2.特别注意:
①which 和 that 在定语从句中作主语时不可省略,which 在从句中紧跟在介词后作宾语时不可省略。
②who 在从句中作宾语时相当于 whom,两者可互换,但是在介词后只能用 whom,并且介词后的 whom 不可省略。
例句:I’m curious about the person with whom Mr Smith is talking. 我对正在和史密斯先生谈话的那个人感到好奇。(whom 作介词 with 的宾语,不可省略)
③whose 通常可用“the + n. + of whom/which”或“of whom/which... the + n.”替换。
例句:He has written a book whose name I’ve forgotten. = He has written a book, the name of which I’ve forgotten. = He has written a book, of which I’ve forgotten the name. 他写了一本书,书的名字我忘记了。
例句:He held a small child whose face I couldn’t see. = He held a small child, the face of whom I couldn’t see. = He held a small child, of whom I couldn’t see the face. 他抱着一个小孩,我看不到那孩子的脸。
3.关系代词用 that 不用 which 的情况
(1) 先行词是指事物的 all、anything、nothing、something、everything、none 等不定代词时。
例句:She was grateful for everything that the medical and nursing team had done for her. 她很感激医护团队为她所做的一切。
(2) 先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。
例句:This is by far the most inspiring movie that I have ever seen. 到目前为止,这是我看过的最鼓舞人心的电影。
(3) 先行词被 the only、the very、the next、some 等修饰时。
例句:The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert. 这顿饭我唯一非常喜欢的部分是甜点。
(4) 先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
例句:We often talk about the people and things that we remember. 我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
(5) 先行词是 who、whom、which、what 时。
例句:Who is the boy that won the gold medal 获得金牌的那个男孩是谁?
(6) 当定语从句中又包含定语从句时,其中一个关系代词已经用了 which,另一个宜用 that。
例句:They built a factory, which produced things that were exported to Europe. 他们建了一座工厂,该工厂生产的东西会出口到欧洲。
4.关系代词只用 which 而不用 that 的情况(口诀:介词后、逗号后不可用 that)
(1) 当从句中的介词提前,构成“介词+关系代词”结构时。
例句:We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before. 我们生活在一个可以比以前更容易获取更多信息的时代。
(2) 引导非限制性定语从句时。
例句:Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt, which is a stupid thing to do in such weather. 特德周末来时只穿着短裤和一件 T 恤,这种天气穿这样的衣服有点傻。