2026届高考英语二轮复习：句子成分与简单句课件(共38张PPT)

(共38张PPT)
第4讲 句子成分与基本句型
八大句子成分
01
一句话搞懂英语八大句子成分
I saw my friend Jack dancing in the room and he was happy.
主语
谓语
定语
宾语
同位语
宾补
状语
主
系
动
词）
表语
句子是一家，八人来帮它；
主谓宾表补，定状同位语。
八大句子成分
口诀助记:
S
V
O
P
A
OC
(subject) 主语: 动作发出者
(verb) 谓语动词:说明主语的动作、状态和特征；
(object) 宾语: 动作的对象或承受者；
DO (direct object) (sth.)
IO (indirect object) (sb.)
(object complement) 宾语补足语：补充说明宾语，使句子的意义完整。
(adverbial) 状语：使句子壮大，指地点、时间、原因、目的、 结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等；
(predicative)表语：连系动词后面的成分；
句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。
主语 —指点江山，挥斥方遒
谓语 —言听计从，执行命令
宾语 — 忍气吞声，备受压迫
补语 —寄人篱下，缝缝补补
表语 —察言观色知进退
定语 —跑前跑后，甘为犬马
状语 —位置随心所欲，但钟情于动词
同位语 —特殊场合他来凑
主语是句子的主体部分，是说明的对象，是动作的执行者或发出者。用来说明句子讲的是谁或什么情况。
1. 名词 The park is very beautiful .
2. 代词(主语用主格) I bought a book yesterday.
3. 数词 The first is the best.
4. 动词不定式短语 To learn English well is very easy.
5. 动名词短语 Seeing is believing.
6. 名词化的形容词和分词 The old are very kind and the young are lovely.
7. 名词性的词组或短语 Neither he nor I will go there.
8. 主语从句 What he said is not right.
主语
练一练
1. Drinking does harm to your health.
找出下列句子的主语，并说明是由什么充当的主语。
2. The meeting starts with a speech by the President.
3. To have good health is extremely important.
4. What caused the fire remains unknown.
5. Five are killed in the accident.
动名词
名词
不定式
从句
数词
谓语用来说明主语的状态或行为动作。谓语主要由动词或动词短语充当。谓语有时态、语态、主谓一致的变化。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分
谓语
16种时态 现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般动作 do/does did shall/will do should/would do
进行动作 be+doing was/were doing shall/will be doing should/would be doing
完成动作 has/have done had done shall/will have done should/would have done
完成进行动作 has/have been doing had been doing shall/will have been doing should/would have been doing
谓语
(1)简单谓语：由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。
He runs every morning.他每天早上跑步。
(2)复合谓语：
①由情态动词/be动词/其他助动词+动词原形或其他形式构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可借两周。
The students are playing basketball.学生们在打篮球。
②由系动词加表语构成。
We are students.我们是学生。
1) The soup tastes good.
2) The boy is interested in playing PC games.
3) The boss made the workers work long hours.
4) He practises playing the piano every day.
5) They had finished the job when the boss came.
6) Record every word you hear.
7) He didn’t turn to me for help.
*在英语简单句中，只能有而且（一般情况下）必须有一个
谓语部分！
划出下列句子的谓语动词。
练一练
宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语或从句来充当，一般位于及物动词(短语)和介词之后。
1)名词 He lost his parents when he was young.
2)代词(宾语用宾格) I missed him very much.
3)数词 Four people applied for this job, but we only need one.
4)动词不定式短语 I like to read novels when I am free.
5)动名词短语 I haven't finished reading the book yet.
6)名词化的形容词和分词 The government's plan will hurt the poor and the unemployed.
7)名词性的词组或短语 I don't know the girl with a red hat.
8)宾语从句 I knew what you said.
特殊情况
双宾语
有些及物动词后要求有两个宾语，直接宾语通常指物，表示动作的承受者；
间接宾语通常指人，表示动作是对谁做的或是为谁做的；
Mother told me a story yesterday.
Please show me your passport(护照).
宾语
练一练
1.I want to visit the museum.
2.I enjoy listening to popular music.
3.I think that he is fit for the job.
4.I find it hard to learn English.
5.We should help the poor.
6.I don’t know where to go.
找出句中的宾语并写出类型
名词
现在分词
宾语从句
不定式
the +adj
宾语从句
表语：一般在系动词后，说明主语的身份、特征和状态
I’m a freshman at senior high school.
The food tastes good.
The machine is under repair.
My dream is to be an English teacher.
My hobby is playing football.
The news is exciting. I feel excited.
The problem is that we don’t have enough money.
名词
形容词
介词短语
to do 不定式
动名词doing
现在分词doing/过去分词done
表语从句
表语
定语
定语起修饰、限制名词或代词的作用，可分为前置定语和后置定语。单个词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前(前置定语)，而短语或从句作定语时，往往放在被修饰词之后(后置定语)。
名词或名词所有格 They are talking about the world problems.
This is Tom's book.
代词 (形容词性物主代词) We should try our best to study hard to go to university.
数词 There are over 1000 people in the hall.
形容词 He is a strange man.
分词(短语) Do you know the number of the guest coming to the party
The story told by my mother is very interesting.
哪些词可以充当定语：
不定式 Can you tell me the way to solve the problem
介词短语 Did you find the key to the door
副词 Did you see the man upstairs/downstairs
定语从句 This is the school that l graduated from three years ago.
v
v
练一练
1. She likes pink coats best.
2. There are hundreds of teenagers.
3. The dog running after the cat belongs to Miss Li.
4. This is the school that I want to go.
5. The boy crying over there is my sister.
6. The man who visited our class yesterday is warm-hearted.
找出句中的定语。
类别：
1)副词/副词短语 The boy needs a pen [very much].(程度状语)
2)介词短语 [In the classroom], the boy needs a pen.(地点状语)
3)分词/分词短语 He sits there, [asking for a pen].(表示伴随状态)
4)不定式 The boy needs a pen [to do his homework].(目的状语)
5)名词 Come [this way]!/走这条路!(方向状语)
6)形容词(短语) At last he got home, tired and hungry.(方式状语)
7)从句(时间/地点/原因/结果/目的/比较/让步/条件状语从句) [If it rains tomorrow], we'll stay at home.(条件状语从句)
He did not go to school yesterday, [because he was ill].(原因状语从句)
状语
练一练
1.I will be back in a minute.
2.They are playing on the playground.
3.He was late because he got up late.
4.I got up so late that I missed the train.
5.He often went to school by bike.
6. Please call me if it is necessary.
7.He went to school in spite of bad weather.
8.To make his dream come true, Tom works harder.
找出句中的状语，并说明其充当的是什么状语。
时间状语
地点状语
原因状语
结果状语
方式状语
条件状语
让步状语
目的状语
补语：包括宾语补足语和主语补足语。最常见的是宾语补足语，对宾语进行补充说明
His father named him Goudan.
The news makes him sad.
We found everything in good order.
It allows people to get close to nature ./ It makes us cry.
We saw her entering the room.
I found my money stolen.
补语
名词
形容词
介词短语
to do不定式
现在分词
过去分词
同位语：对名词进行补充说明的名词、名词短语或从句即同位语从句
Mr. Zhang, my English teacher, is very handsome.
He told me the news that our team won the game.
名词
同位语从句
同位语
英语句子成分歌（RAP）
英语句子八呀八大块， 主谓宾表真呀真实在；
补语跟着宾语跑， 定语同位语专把名词踹。
状语的位置它自由自在， 忽右忽左随心所欲摆。
浑身的毛病真呀真不少， 前后乱窜它还会加塞。
句子成分歌
说出下列句子中单词的词性并分析划线部分的句子成分。
1. Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in our class.
2. One day some of my students were talking about what they would like to be in the future.
3. Music can make our mind peaceful after a whole day of tiring work.
4. The meeting held yesterday was important.
5. Every day he was forced to work from morning till night.
6. Word came that the mayor(市长) would pay a visit to our school next week.
状
主
谓
宾
状
状
主
谓
宾(从)
主
谓
宾
宾补
状
主
定语
系动词
表
状
主
谓
主补
综合练习
主
谓
同位语(从句)
状
简单句五大基本句型
02
简单句五大基本句型
You come.
I love you.
I you you my heart.
You make me happy.
You are my everything.
主谓
主谓宾
主谓间宾直宾
主谓宾+宾补
主系表
总结：英语句子有以下严格要求：1.必须有__________；2.必须有有__________；3.要能表达_____________，若意思不完整则需要在主语和谓语动词后添加其他补充成分，如表语/宾语/宾补。
主语
谓语
一个完整的意思
这个句型中的谓语动词是不及物动词(vi.), 不能直接带宾语(接宾语必须后加介词), 其后常带有状语，由副词, 介词短语，状语从句等来充当。常见的不及物动词有arrive, come, go, live, fall, rise, happen, exist, agree等。
The moon rose. 主 谓
Detectives were waiting at the airport all morning. 主 谓
The accident happened when she was crossing the street.主 谓
1. 主谓结构 S十Vi.
此句型中的谓语动词应为及物动词(vt.)，其后可接宾语的成分通常是：名词、代词、动词不定式(to do)、动名词(v-ing)或从句。常见的动词如：have, respect, like, provide, own, think, believe, appreciate等 。
They are reading books.
主 谓 宾
He just wanted to stay at home.
主 谓 宾
All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
主 谓 宾（从句）
2. 主谓宾结构 S十Vt十O
1.我们每天有八节课。
2.我想跟你一起去看足球赛。
3.我相信你将会在这里度过一个愉快的假期。
4.我们学校将于下周五上午在学校礼堂举行音乐节。（2019全国3卷）
翻译练习
We have eight classes (every day).
I want to watch the football match (with you).
I believe (that) you will have/spend a happy/pleasant holiday here.
Our school will hold Music Festival (at the school hall)( this Friday morning).
此句型中谓语动词需用系动词，表语用来说明主语的特征、状态、类属、身份等，充当表语的可以是：名词，形容词，介词短语，从句, 非谓语动词等。
He is busy.
主 系 表
The cloth feels smooth.
主 系 表
She seemed very tired after work.
主 系 表
The sound grew louder.
主 系 表
3. 主系表结构 S十V十P
常见系动词口诀
am
is
are
look
feel
smell
taste
sound
seem
appear
become
turn
get
grow
go
keep
stay
remain
表语：放在系动词后；表述主语的身份、特征和状态
此句型中必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词to 或for。
Mr Smith gave me some advice.= Mr Smith gave some advice to me.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
I showed him my picture.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
He bought his son a bicycle.= He bought a bicycle for his son.
主 谓 间宾 直宾
4. 主谓+间宾+直宾结构 S十V十Oi+Od
双宾 = 间接宾语（多指人）+直接宾语（多指物)
He lent me ten yuan.
We elected Frank our chairman.
The boss found your suggestion exciting.
be
I am ten yuan.
be
be
我是十元。
Frank is our chairman.
Your suggestion is exciting.
双宾
宾补
宾补
1. 宾补补充说明的是宾语，而直接宾语和谓语相关
2. “主谓双宾“里， 两个宾语可以调换位置（借助介词to/for）；但是”主谓宾宾补”，宾补和宾语的位置不能变。
3. 在宾语后边加一个be动词，若能构成合乎逻辑的句子，后面的成分就是宾语补足语，否则就是直接宾语。
如何区分“主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补”和“主 + 谓 + 双宾”？
此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一个补充成分来补充说明宾语，才能使意思完整。
We call him a living dictionary.
主 谓 宾 宾补
You will find my suggestions very useful.
主 谓 宾 宾补
Our English teacher always encourages us to work hard.
主 谓 宾 宾补
We saw them getting on the bus.
主 谓 宾 宾补
5. 主谓宾+宾补结构 S十V十O+Oc
该句式常用于三类动词:
①使役动词: keep、 make、 let、 have、 leave、 get等
②感官动词: see、 watch、 notice、 observe、 find、 catch、 look at、 listen to、 hear、 feel、 smell 等
③ask/tell/order/request/permit/persuade/ ... sb to do sth等。
用作宾语补足语的可以是：形容词、介词短语、动词-ing、不定式、副词、过去分词等。
5. 主谓宾+宾补结构 S十V十O+Oc
There is an English Corner at our school.
There be…
表示 “在某处有某物”。There在此结构中是引导词，已经没有副词“那里”的含义。
该句型的主语是be动词后的名词成分。
指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。
1. I will spend this summer vocation holiday in the countryside.
2. In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise.
3. In the countryside, I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life.
4. There, the air is fresh and the water is clean.
S
V
There be…
O
A
S
V
O
S
P
指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型。
5. I can hear birds singing in the green trees.
6. I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake.
7. All this will be interesting and good for my health.
8. So I want to go to the countryside for a change.
C
S
V
O
A
S
V
O
S
P
S
V
O
A
A
THANK YOU！