2026届高考英语二轮复习：非谓语动词 课件(共87张PPT)
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| 名称 | 2026届高考英语二轮复习：非谓语动词 课件(共87张PPT) |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-10-04 09:44:21 | ||
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(共87张PPT)
非谓语动词
高考·一轮复习
非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式
进行式 完成式 现在 分词 一般式
完成式 过去 分词 一般式
×
非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式
进行式 完成式 现在 分词 一般式
完成式 过去 分词 一般式
to do
to be done
to be doing
×
to have done
to have been done
doing
being done
having done
having been done
done(vi.)表状态
done(vt.)表被动与完成
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
×
×
√
动词不定式
to do
PART 01
1.To live in China is Mr Smith’s dream.( =It is Mr Smith’s dream to live in China.)
在中国生活是斯密斯先生的梦想。
2.The boy pretended to have known the answer. 这个男孩假装已经知道了答案。
3.He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个来的客人。
4.We all expect you to come this weekend. 我们都期望你本周末来。
5.I’m sorry to hear you are ill. 听说你病了，我很难过。
6.The child is old enough to dress himself. 这孩子够大了，可以自己穿衣了。
7.Mother seemed to have cried just now. 妈妈好像刚刚哭过。
下面的不定式做什么成分
1.To live in China is Mr Smith’s dream.( =It is Mr Smith’s dream to live in China.)
在中国生活是斯密斯先生的梦想。
2.The boy pretended to have known the answer. 这个男孩假装已经知道了答案。
3.He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个来的客人。
4.We all expect you to come this weekend. 我们都期望你本周末来。
5.I’m sorry to hear you are ill. 听说你病了，我很难过。
6.The child is old enough to dress himself. 这孩子够大了，可以自己穿衣了。
7.Mother seemed to have cried just now. 我妈妈好像刚刚哭过。
下面的不定式做什么成分
主语
宾语
补语
定语
状语
表语
状语
1. To get up early is necessary. 早起是必要的。
2. It is a great pleasure to talk with him. 很高兴跟他交谈。
（it作形式主语，动词不定式to talk with him作真正的主语）
3. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
一. 动词不定式做主语
①动词agree, offer, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, dare, choose, wish, hope, want, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine等后面接不定式作宾语，可以利用“顺口溜”来记忆：同意提出做计划，要求答应来帮忙。准备决定遭拒绝，敢于选择有希望。不能做到莫假装，设法做成决心坚。动词come, get, grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地……”。
The spokesperson flatly refused to respond to the accusation. 发言人断然拒绝回应指控。
When our children feel we believe in them, they tend to believe in themselves.
注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语：teach, decide, show, wonder, learn, forget, ask, find out, advise, discuss等。
The manual explains how to assemble the furniture. 说明书解释了如何组装家具。
二. 动词不定式做宾语
②在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
We found it impossible to finish the report without more data.
We feel it a great opportunity to collaborate with your company.
③在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
We planned to have visited you last summer, but travel restrictions stopped us.
I intended to have finished the report by Friday, but I got sick.
④作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
The email contained no information except to announce the meeting time.
She had no choice but to accept the job offer due to financial pressure.
When the power went out, there was nothing to do but light candles.
⑤作be + 形容词的宾语 有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
(1)句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。
If you practice more, you ’ll be able to play this song perfectly.
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.
The manager is anxious to resolve the customer’s complaint.
The students were happy to be given extra time to complete the exam.
Despite failures, he was determined to start his own business.
The students are eager to learn about artificial intelligence for their future development.
(2)句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, nice, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。
This math problem is extremely difficult to solve without a calculator.
这道数学题极难解决，不用计算器根本无法完成。
This tap water is declared not fit to drink by the health department.
卫生部门声明，该自来水不符合饮用标准。
People from strict cultures may be hard to get along with if you’re too casual.
若你太随意，可能难以与严格文化背景的人相处。
注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。
Glacial lakes may be freezing to swim in even in summer.
冰川湖即便在夏季游泳也可能极冷。
The camping mat was surprisingly comfortable to sleep on.
这张露营垫意外地好睡。
①接带to的不定式作宾补，此类动词(短语)有：advise, allow, ask, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, invite, leave, like, mean, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on/upon, long for, wait for等。
The doctor advised him to quit smoking immediately.
The school forbade teenagers to swim in the river.
My parents allowed me to stay out until midnight on weekends.
I put a mark in the margin to remind me to check the figure.
The teacher encouraged the students to ask questions freely.
We’re all longing for the new summer holiday to begin.
The boss expects us to finish the report by Friday.
三. 动词不定式做宾语补足语
②接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有：make, have, let等使役动词以及see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, hear, listen to 等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。
We must let struggling families understand their rights to housing support.
我们必须让困难家庭明白他们享有住房援助的权利。
The suspect was noticed to leave the building at midnight.
有人注意到嫌疑人午夜时离开了大楼。
省to不定式作宾补顺口溜：
省to宾补有十一，五看二听三使役；
一个帮助两均可，还有一个是感觉。
如若主动变被动，小to一定要带齐。
③with＋宾语＋动词不定式(宾补)
通常表示不定式所表示的动作尚未发生或在当时看来尚未发生。
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the team worked late into the night.
有许多难题待解决，团队工作到深夜。
As a struggling artist, he often woke up with nothing to eat but instant noodles.
作为穷困的艺术家，他常只有泡面充饥。
Mom came home with a mountain of laundry to do after our camping trip.
妈妈从露营回来，面对堆积如山的待洗衣物。
With such good cadres to carry out the reforms, the village’s poverty alleviation progress accelerated.
有这样优秀的干部落实改革，该村的脱贫进程加快了。
说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。它和主语处在同等地位。它所指的或是和主语一样的东西，或是主语所产生的结果。常常可以将主、表交换位置，句子的意义不变。
Her role as a caregiver is to bear the emotional weight of others’ pain.
她作为看护者的角色是承受他人痛苦的情感重担。
Our mission is to live in harmony with nature.
我们的使命是与自然和谐共处。
①动词不定式作表语一般带to，但如果主语部分有实义动词do，可以带to，也可以省略to。
What he wanted to do was (to) wash his hands of it.
他打算不再参与此事。
When the wifi crashes, the only thing to do is (to) restart the router.
网络崩溃时，唯一能做的就是重启路由器。
四. 动词不定式做表语
“特殊疑问词＋不定式” 结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
How to clean the mess in such a short time troubles them a lot.
如何在这么短的时间内收拾这一片狼藉让他们苦恼不已。(主语)
“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
I had a cold and couldn’t decide whether to go to work or not.
我感冒了，拿不定主意是否要去上班。（宾语）
The problem is what to eat this evening.
问题是今天晚上吃什么。（表语）
不定式特殊形式
疑问词+to do
1. 非谓语动词--不定式作状语
①表示目的，在句子中做目的状语。To enjoy a grander sight, you must climb to a greater height. 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
We need more evidence to catch the criminal. (相当于in order / so as to)
②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。
They finally reached the mountaintop, only to be told the view was blocked by fog.
③too...to... 结构，too 修饰形容词或副词，不定式表示否定含义。only too...to... 或否定词+too...to... 结构，不定式表示肯定含义。
The problem is too complicated for the students to solve easily. 这个问题太复杂，学生们难以轻易解决。
We are only too pleased to announce the new partnership. 我们非常荣幸宣布新的合作。
We are never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
五. 动词不定式做状语
④enough to... 结构，enough 后置修饰形容词或副词，意思是“足以……”。
She spoke loudly enough to be heard by everyone.
她说话够大声，所有人都能听见。
⑤不定式有些约定俗成的说法，可以用作独立状语，主要有：
to begin with 首先 to tell the truth / to be honest 说实话
to cut a long story short 长话短说 to make matters worse 更糟糕的是
to be sure 可以肯定的是 to be frank 坦率地说
to put it bluntly 直白地说 to sum up 总之
to conclude 综上所述 to make matters worse 更糟的是
to be fair 公平地说 to do him justice 公正地说
To be honest, the pay isn’t attractive enough.
不定式都是作后置定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。
①表示将来的动作：
Passengers to arrive at Terminal 2 should check the screen.
The new equipment to be bought next month will improve efficiency.
不定式作定语的特殊用法：
②修饰抽象名词：chance, right, courage, promise, time, opportunity, way, ability, reason, the first, the second, the last, the only等。
This is my last chance to pass the driving test.
③不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
He felt lonely because there was no one to look after him in the hospital.
六. 动词不定式做定语
④不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如果不定式为不及物动词，需要带上相应介词。
They are searching for a safer neighborhood to raise their children in.
他们在寻找一个更安全的社区养育孩子。
We brought a blanket to cover ourselves with.
我们带了条毯子盖着用。
⑤修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词：
She says the best way to improve cooking is to practice with simple recipes.
她说提升厨艺的最佳方式是从简单食谱开始练习。
1. [2020天津5月, 13]The local government doesn’t have to sacrifice environmental
protection (promote) economic growth.
2. [江苏高考, 30] (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment， many
senior citizens started to use smart phones.
to promote
To enjoy
3. [2021新高考Ⅱ, 58]I decided to do something (educate) people about this problem.
4. [2021浙江, 63]Mary’s sister， Frances Todd Wallace， often came over
(plant) flowers in the front yard.
进阶练习
to educate
to plant
5.[2025·八省联考]The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks,which allow people (meet),talk,and get to know one another.
6. [2020全国Ⅰ, 66]Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e- 4
(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin .
7. [2020全国Ⅱ, 68]They are easy (care) for and make great presents.
8. [2020全国Ⅲ, 67]The next morning he hired a boat and set out (find) the
well-known painter.
to find
to care
to find
to meet
现在分词
doing
PART 02
1.Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。
2.I forget once having been taken to the zoo.我忘记了曾被带到过这个动物园。
3.The boy swimming in the swimming pool is my younger brother.
在游泳池里游泳的男孩是我弟弟。
4.Don’t keep the children working on their lessons all day.
不要让孩子一整天都在做功课
5.Having finished his speech, he answered our questions.
演讲完后，他回答了我们的问题。
6.What he is doing here every day is teaching the children how to read and write. 他每天在这里做的就是：教孩子们如何读写。
下面的现在分词做什么成分
1.Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。
2.I forget once having been taken to the zoo.我忘记了曾被带到过这个动物园。
3.The boy swimming in the swimming pool is my younger brother.
在游泳池里游泳的男孩是我弟弟。
4.Don’t keep the children working on their lessons all day.
不要让孩子一整天都在做功课
5.Having finished his speech, he answered our questions.
演讲完后，他回答了我们的问题。
6.What he is doing here every day is teaching the children how to read and write. 他每天在这里做的就是：教孩子们如何读写。
下面的现在分词做什么成分
主语
宾语
定语
宾语补足语
状语
表语
1)-ing分词做主语时，应该判断为动名词。动名词是由动词变化而来，所以动名词的意义也是表示某个动作或事情。例如：
Reading scientific papers in English is challenging but rewarding.
阅读英语科学论文具有挑战性，但很有收获。
Cheating on an exam can damage your academic reputation forever.
考试作弊可能会永久损害你的学术声誉。
2)动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用“It is…”和 “There is…”两种句式来表示。例如:
It is no use / no good having money if you don’t have health.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)
有钱无健康，再好也无用。
There is no joking when it comes to national security. (该句是倒装句，动名词短语是主语)
涉及国家安全时，容不得半点玩笑。
一. 现在分词做主语
3)动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如:
It was no use arguing with the referee -- his decision was final. (抽象)
He came to realize that to go on like this was no use. (具体)
4)在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列情况中不能互换：当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如 ：
Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.
Teaching is learning twice. = To teach is to learn twice.
Giving is receiving. = To give is to receive.
5)动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替:
It’s no use doing … It’s no good doing… It’s a waste of time doing …
(1)动词admit, appreciate, avoid, consider (考虑), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk, resist, suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。
I would normally suggest taking time off work, but in this instance I’m not sure that would do any good.
I can’t imagine sitting in traffic, getting stressed out.
The suspect finally admitted stealing the money after constant investigation.
The company appreciates being considered for this project.
She barely escaped being punished for the mistake.
二. 现在分词做宾语
(2)动词短语can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, put off, devote...to, object to, be busy (in), get down to, have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), have fun等后要接动名词作宾语。
Many old people find they have great difficulty (in) adapting themselves to the changing times.
Jane is my new pen pal, I often look forward to receiving her e-mail.
We never feel like doing housework on Sundays, but sleep.
Many students would like to give up studying when they encounter difficulties, but perseverance is the key to success.
Many international students have a hard time (in) adjusting to the fast-paced teaching style at first.
The puppies are having great fun chasing each other in the yard.
注意：动词后面只能接动名词做宾语的顺口溜：建议完成多练习(suggest, advise, finish, practice)，避免错过少延期(avoid, miss, delay)，承认喜欢和原谅(admit, enjoy, like, love, forgive, excuse, pardon)，允许想象需欣赏(allow, imagine, appreciate)，反对逃脱与冒险( mind, escape, risk)，考虑抵制要继续( consider, resist, keep)，厌倦拖延别放弃(be tired of, put off, give up)，期望坚持定成功(look forward to, insist on, stick to, succeed in)。
We had barely finished cleaning up the party mess when more friends showed up.
我们刚清理完派对残局，更多朋友就来了。
Would you mind opening up about your creative process
你愿意分享一下你的创作过程吗？
They enjoyed working at the pace of seasonal changes rather than deadlines.
他们喜欢按照季节变化的节奏工作，而非截止日期。
Stick to doing what you love, and you’ll never work a day in your life.
坚持做热爱的事，人生就不会觉得在工作。
(3)with＋宾语＋ -ing分词(宾补)
表示某个动作正在进行或某个状态正在持续。如:
With tears streaming down his face, the boy admitted breaking the vase.
泪水顺着脸颊流下，男孩承认打碎了花瓶。
With sweat dripping into her eyes, the boxer struggled to see her opponent.
汗水滴进她的眼睛，拳击手难以看清对手。
With rain pounding against the windows, we canceled our picnic plans.
雨水猛烈敲打窗户，我们取消了野餐计划。
正如进行时态有时可以表示将来意义一样，有时“现在分词”也可表示将来意义。如:
With population aging accelerating, healthcare systems will face unprecedented pressure.
随着人口老龄化加速，医疗系统将面临空前压力。
With the conference starting tomorrow, all staff must prepare their materials tonight.
随着会议明日开始，所有员工今晚必须准备好材料。
With AI developing at this speed, many jobs will become obsolete soon.
以AI当前的发展速度，许多职业将很快被淘汰。
(4)介词后要接动名词作宾语，如：what about, how about, be fond of, be good at等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth. = as soon as引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。
On his arrival of / On arriving at the airport, the president was greeted by cheering crowds.
总统一抵达机场就受到人群欢呼迎接。
注意：
①表示一种倾向或习惯，多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。
We enjoy hiking in the mountains on weekends. 我们周末喜欢去山里徒步。
②want, require, need表“需要”讲，主语为表物的名词时，后用不定式，要用其被动形式；用动名词，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。
The old house required to be repaired.
The old house required repairing.
现在分词作状语可表示 时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随、让步 等逻辑关系，通常位于句首或句尾，用逗号隔开。①一般式doing：表示动作和谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。②完成式having done：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子主语是主动关系。③被动式having been done：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。
(1) 表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）
Hearing the news, she burst into tears.（= When she heard the news...）
听到消息时，她突然哭了。
Turning the corner, we saw a stunning sunset.（= When we turned the corner...）
拐过街角，我们看到了壮丽的日落。
三. 现在分词做状语
(2) 表示原因（相当于原因状语从句）
Being a doctor, he knew the symptoms were serious.（= Because he was a doctor...）
作为医生，他知道症状很严重。
Not understanding the question, the student remained silent.（= As he didn’t understand ...）
因为不懂问题，学生保持沉默。
(3) 表示条件（相当于条件状语从句）
Working hard, you will pass the exam.（= If you work hard...）
如果努力学习，你会通过考试。
Using this app, you can learn vocabulary faster.（= If you use this app...）
使用这个应用，你能更快背单词。
(4) 表示伴随（无对应从句，需用并列结构）
She walked down the street, humming a song.
她走在街上，哼着歌。
The children ran into the classroom, laughing loudly.
孩子们跑进教室，大声笑着。
(5) 表示结果（自然产生的结果）
The bomb exploded, destroying three buildings.
炸弹爆炸，摧毁了三栋楼。
He fell off the bike, breaking his arm.
他从自行车上摔下，手臂骨折。
(6) 表示让步（相当于让步状语从句）
Knowing the risks, he still went skydiving.（= Although he knew the risks...）
尽管知道风险，他仍去跳伞了。
Having little money, she donated to charity.（= Though she had little money...）
虽然钱不多，她还是捐给了慈善机构。
特殊结构
1. 完成式（having done）
强调分词动作发生在主句之前：
Having finished the report, she submitted it immediately.
完成报告后，她立刻提交了。
Not having slept well, he felt dizzy.
因为没睡好，他感到头晕。
2. 被动式（being done/having been done）
Being criticized, the child started crying.
被批评后，孩子哭了起来。
Having been warned many times, he still didn’t change.
尽管被警告多次，他仍未改变。
3. 否定形式（not + V-ing）
Not knowing the answer, I kept silent.
因为不知道答案，我保持沉默。
Not having prepared, he failed the interview.
由于没准备，他面试失败了。
①动名词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如:
reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆
flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练
②现在分词作定语主要是用来修饰正在进行的动作，说明被修饰名词的特征。现在分词主动形式(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行；单个的-ing分词放在修饰词的前面，-ing分词短语则放在修饰词的后面。现在分词被动形式(补语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，表示该动作的被动和进行。
There are various conservation projects underway, with a wide range of initiatives taking place across the country.
That was one of the most controversial theories being debated in the conference.
四. 现在分词做定语
现在分词作定语，多表主动和进行的含义。有别于过去分词，表被动含义。请体会下两句：
The singer entered, following some news reporters. 歌手跟着一些新闻记者进来了。（歌手在记者之前）
The singer entered, followed by some news reporters.歌手被一些新闻记者跟着进来了。（歌手在记者之后）
又如：
Her encouraging words motivated the team. (encouraging 修饰words，表示“鼓励的话语”)
Anyone knowing the answer should raise their hand. (knowing the answer 修饰Anyone，表示“了解答案的任何人”）
His inspiring speech moved the audience to tears. (inspiring 修饰speech，表示“鼓舞人心的演讲”）
-ing分词作表语（即现在分词作表语）用于说明主语的性质、特征或状态，通常与系动词（如 be, seem, become, remain 等）连用。
【注意区分】
现在分词作表语（描述主语的内在特性）
进行时态（强调正在进行的动作）
(1)表示主语的性质或特征
结构：主语 + be动词 + -ing分词 + [补充说明]
The news is shocking.（这消息令人震惊。）
→ shocking 描述“news” 的本质属性。
Her explanation was confusing.（她的解释令人困惑。）
→ confusing 说明解释的特点。
The situation remains worrying.（局势依然令人担忧。）
→ worrying 强调持续的状态。
五. 现在分词做表语
2. 表示职业、功能或主要内容
结构：主语（任务/职责） + be动词 + -ing分词短语
His job is designing websites for startups.（他的工作是为初创公司设计网站。）
→ designing 说明工作内容。
The key to success is persevering through challenges.（成功的关键是坚持克服挑战。）
→ persevering 描述核心方法。
3. 情感类分词（修饰事物）
规则：-ing分词修饰物，-ed分词修饰人
The book is fascinating.（这本书很有趣。）
→ 书本身具有吸引力。
We are fascinated by the plot.（我们对剧情着迷。）
→ 人的感受用过去分词。
4.现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。
This story he told us is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。
The problem at the meeting is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
注：be + -ing 还可能是进行时态，如：
Something is moving under the bed. 床下有东西在动。
现在分词（修饰物） 过去分词（修饰人）
【规则】-ing分词修饰物，-ed分词修饰人
The results are disappointing.(结果令人失望。)
I’m disappointed. (我感到失望。)
The speech was inspiring.(演讲鼓舞人心。)
They felt inspired. (他们受到鼓舞。)
特殊结构与高级用法
1. What/It + be动词 + -ing分词
What’s most tiring is commuting for two hours every day.
最累的是每天通勤两小时。
It’s embarrassing to forget someone’s name right after meeting them.
刚见面就忘记对方的名字很尴尬。）
2. 双重现在分词（强调持续状态）
The most frustrating part is waiting without any updates.
最令人沮丧的是毫无进展地等待。）
3. 与不定式作表语的区别
-ing分词作表语 不定式作表语
强调习惯性、持续性的活动：
Her hobby is painting. 她爱好绘画。 强调具体、一次性的目标：
Her goal is to paint a portrait. 她的目标是画一幅肖像。
过去分词
done
PART 03
1.I felt confused, even bored. 我感到迷惑不解，甚至有点烦。
2.The story told by my grandpa was handed down generation after generation.爷爷讲的故事代代相传。
3.Did you have the TV repaired after work 下班后去修电视机了吗？
4.Bitten by the snake in the bush, Susan was sent to hospital immediately.苏珊被灌木丛里蛇咬了，很快就被送到医院去了。
5.The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans. 那位流行音乐歌星匆忙走向自己的车，后面跟着她的粉丝。
下面的过去分词做什么成分
1.I felt confused, even bored. 我感到迷惑不解，甚至有点烦。
2.The story told by my grandpa was handed down generation after generation.爷爷讲的故事代代相传。
3.Did you have the TV repaired after work 下班后去修电视机了吗？
4.Bitten by the snake in the bush, Susan was sent to hospital immediately.
苏珊被灌木丛里蛇咬了，很快就被送到医院去了。
5.The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans. 那位流行音乐歌星匆忙走向自己的车，后面跟着她的粉丝。
下面的过去分词做什么成分
表语
定语
宾语补足语
状语
状语
用作状语的-ed分词通常由及物动词变化而来。-ed 分词用作状语时，跟-ing分词一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。其前往往可以加 when, while, if, as if, though。这时，可以把-ed分词结构理解为一个省略句，即省去了“主语和 be 的变化形式”。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，它与句子主语之间是被动关系或逻辑上的动宾关系。
1.表示时间
Observed under a microscope, the cells show clear structures.
在显微镜下观察，细胞呈现清晰的结构。
2. 表示原因
Punished unfairly, the student protested to the school administration.
因受到不公正处罚，这名学生向学校管理层提出抗议。
一. 过去分词做状语
3.表示条件
Pruned carefully, the fruit trees produced higher yields.
经过精心修剪后，这些果树产量更高。
4. 表示伴随状况
She spent nights observing the stars, fascinated by astronomy.
她整夜观察星空，对天文学着迷了。
在句子深层结构中, -ed分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果-ed分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，-ed分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由with/without等引导的介词短语表达出来。如：
The matter resolved, tensions in the office decreased.
问题解决后，办公室的紧张气氛缓解了。
With everything taken into account, we decided to postpone the event.
全面考虑后，我们决定推迟活动。
5. 表示让步
Told repeatedly not to touch the wires, the child reached out anyway.
6. 表示结果
The vase dropped from the table, broken into pieces.
7. 表示目的
Informed of this matter, the committee will take immediate action.
8. 表示背景和衬托
Known for her caricatures (漫画) of the United States society, Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children.
过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。相当于一个含有被动形式的定语从句。
His theory is among the most influential ever written (=that was ever written) in physics.
Who were the guests invited (=who had been invited) to your birthday party last night
注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。
二. 过去分词做定语
(1)现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别
①现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是多是一些感官动词(短语)后，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have, see, hear, find, get, leave, notice, watch, keep, start, set, catch, smell, feel, send, listen to, look at等。
We watched the sun setting behind the mountains.
I saw the man looking at the map confusedly.
They observed the ants carrying food back to their nest.
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. (被动，正在进行)
三. 过去分词做宾语补足语
②过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have, see, hear, find, leave, want, make等。
We had the water supply cut off during the repairs because there was no electricity.
He made his intentions known to everyone at yesterday’s meeting.
Three famous parks in and around London had over 1,400 trees blown over.
The pacific typhoon Zhujiecao left the power lines damaged.
(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。
Her duty is taking care of the patients, and teaching children to read.
(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。
Your task is to deliver these documents to the headquarters by 5 PM.
The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required.
注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。
(3)过去分词做表语时，形式上和被动结构一致，要注意它们的区别。
He looks disappointed with the exam results. (过去分词做表语)
The project seems abandoned by the team. (过去分词构成被动)
四. 过去分词做表语
真题演练
PART 04
1. [2024山东烟台期中] (finish) the learning of quilling in 2016
from a master of the art, Shao Lujie began to devote himself entirely to the craft. Later,
by imitating the works of his instructors, he learned how (integrate) new
methods into his own works.
【点拨】 先于began to devote...发生。
2. [2024浙江三市联考]The British Museum has been under pressure after around 2, 000 items were reported “missing, (steal) or damaged” two weeks
ago, (lead) to accusations that it was failing to fulfil its duty of care.
Having finished
to integrate
stolen
leading
3. If you are over-anxious about (remember) something, you will
forget it. Relaxing will enhance your awareness and ability (concentrate).
【点拨】 动词不定式作后置定语。
remembering
to concentrate
一
二
三
4. [2023新高考Ⅰ, 57]To eat one, you have to decide whether (bite) a small
hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill(溢出), or to put the whole
dumpling in your mouth， letting the hot soup explode on your tongue(舌头).
5. [2020新高考Ⅱ, 56]These days, it is not unusual for 10- to 12-year-olds to publish
their own websites or for second and third graders (begin) computer classes.
6. [全国Ⅱ, 61]A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year”.
for (be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee — still working 40 hours a week.
to bite
to begin
being
7. [全国Ⅲ, 62]On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help
wondering how long it would take (get) there.
8. [浙江高考, 63]But some students didn’t want (wear) the uniform.
to get
to wear
9. [2023 新高考Ⅰ, 59]Shanghai may be the (recognize) home of the soup
dumpling, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal
town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao’s birthplace.
10. [2023全国乙, 62]From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal
palaces, it is home to more than 3, 000 years of glorious history even down to its
layout, with the city keeping its carefully (build) system of ring roads.
recognized
built
【点拨】 提示词 “build” 为动词，其过去分词形式 “built” 可作形容词，表 “被建造的”。
11. [2022全国甲, 61] A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40
days to Xi’an, as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by
foot.
12. [2022新高考Ⅱ, 56]When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment
balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence， and
held out his arms to catch the (fall) child.
to journey
falling
13. [2022北京, 12]Fearful that he might have an intention (harm) her,
Helen started to run.
14. [2021天津3月, 9]China’s National Highway 318, (extend) over 5，000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu, Tibet, is known as the “heavenly road”
for its amazing views.
to harm
extending
15. [2023北京, 19&20]She called for action (address) the struggles of
people around the world (face) “too little water or too dirty water”. Her
efforts have encouraged others to take part by running through a global campaign
called “Run Blue”.
16. [2023浙江1月, 58]In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City,
(surround) in concentric(同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City.
to address
facing
surrounded
17. [2022全国乙, 66]It can help to build a community with a (share) future for
mankind...
18. [2022北京, 12]Fearful that he might have an intention (harm) her，Helen started to run.
19. [2022北京, 14]One theory, increasingly (support) by experts，suggests that smell preferences are learned.
20. [2021北京, 18]There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, (cause) largely by rising global temperatures, according to a new report from the United Nations.
shared
to harm
supported
caused
1.To any neighboring countries, border issues, unless _________ (handle) properly, will directly affect the relationship between them and even lead to conflicts.
对于任何邻国来说，边界问题如果处理不好，都会直接影响到邻国之间的关系，甚至引发冲突。handled。
2.To guarantee security, children, when ___________( accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. accompanied为了保证安全，孩子们在父母的陪同下可以进入体育场。
3.The passengers on board were asked to fasten their seat belts as ___________ (instruct) the moment they settled down. instructed飞机上的乘客一坐下来就被要求按指示系好安全带。
4.Though still ____________ (practice) today, the tea ceremony may not be as popular as it used to be.
虽然今天仍在实行，但茶道可能不像以前那样受欢迎。practiced
写作练习
PART 05
1. 听到熟悉的声音，他们立即起身,没有穿鞋就冲到洞口。
Hearing the voice they were familiar with, they got up immediately and rushed to the mouth of the cave,without putting on their shoes.
汉译英练习
2. 我解释了情况，对意外的结果感到尴尬和害怕。
I explained the situation, feeling embarrassed and frightened by the unexpected outcome.
3. 鲁比立刻让其他女孩帮她把树干从莉莉腿上抬起来，却发现她的腿断了。
Ruby immediately got the other girls to help her lift the tree trunk from Lily’s leg, only to find her leg was broken.
汉译英练习
4. 用颤抖的双手抚摸着那封信，我逐字逐句地读着。
With my trembling hands, I fingered the letter and read it word for word.
5. 最后,在下午的休息时间,可以播放一些学生发表的优秀范文。
Finally,during the afternoon break, some excellent sample essays published by students can be played.
汉译英练习
语篇练习
PART 06
Let children learn 1. (judge) their own work.
A child 2. (learn) to talk does not learn by
3. (correct) all the time.
If 4. (correct) too much, he will stop talking.
He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language.
to judge
learning
being corrected
corrected
Bit by bit, he makes the right changes 5. (make) his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6. (skill) people, and slowly make the 7. (need) changes.
to make
skilled
needed
But in school, teachers never give a child a chance 8. (find) out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. They do it all for him. Teachers act as if the student would fail
9. (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him.
to find
to notice
They act as if the student would never correct it unless
10. made (make) to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let the student do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
made
单句练习
PART 07
一、动词不定式能力提升练
1.(2025高三上·全国·专题练习) It’s respected for Harekala Hajabba, an orange seller, to use his earnings to build a school in India _________ (provide) education for local children. 【答案】to provide
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：印度橙子销售商Harekala Hajabba用他的收入建了一所学校，为当地儿童提供教育，这令人尊敬。句中已有谓语is reported，且无其它连词，故provide应用非谓语动词形式；根据语境可知，“为印度的儿童提供教育”是“Harekala Hajabba用他的收入在印度建立了一所学校”的目的，故应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to provide。
2.(2025高三上·全国·专题练习) AI does not have only threats to humans, but it can also work with us ___________ (solve) big problems.
【答案】to solve
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：人工智能不只是对人类有威胁，它还能和我们一起解决重大问题。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词can work，且空格处无连词，因此空格处应用非谓语动词。结合语境，和我们一起的目的是解决重大问题，所以此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to solve。
3.（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）We can’t hope others __________ (broaden) our horizons, but instead, by enriching our experiences, we will naturally bring new people into our lives.
【答案】to broaden
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们不能指望别人拓宽我们的视野，相反，通过丰富我们的经验，我们自然会把新的人带入我们的生活。hope sb. to do sth. “指望某人做某事”为固定搭配。故填to broaden。
4.（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Having an animal allows children _________ (learn) about responsibility.
【答案】to learn
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：养一只动物能让孩子们学会责任感。allow sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“允许某人做某事”，此处应用动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填to learn。
5．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Experts advise you (avoid) being in strong sunlight for long periods. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to avoid
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：专家建议你避免长时间处于强烈的阳光下。advise sb. to do sth.，意为“建议某人做某事”，为固定搭配，所以此空应用不定式作宾补。故填to avoid。
6．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习） (find) your advantages and be confident, you will have a full life. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】To find
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：发现自己的优势并充满自信，你就会拥有充实的生活。逗号后为主句，且空前无其它连词，所以find应用非谓语动词形式，结合句意可知，此处表示目的，所以应用动词不定式作目的状语，且位于句首，首字母需大写。故填To find。
7．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）I was so excited (hear) the news and I tried hard to keep back my tears. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to hear
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：听到这个消息我很激动，我努力忍住眼泪。设空处应填动词不定式作原因状语，构成固定结构be excited to do sth，表示“做某事很激动”。故填to hear。
8．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习） (reach) maturity, the child must pass through the many changes of childhood before stepping into the role of an adult. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】To reach
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：要达到成熟，孩子必须经历童年的许多变化，然后才能步入成人的角色。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语must pass through，所以reach应用非谓语动词形式；根据语意可知，“实现成熟”是“孩子必须在步入成人角色之前经历童年的许多变化”的目的，所以应用不定式形式作目的状语，且位于句首，首字母需大写。故填To reach。
9．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Sam was the first one (open) my eyes to Hemingway and other literary giants. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to open
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：萨姆是第一个让我了解海明威和其他文学巨匠的人。设空处应填动词不定式作后置定语，修饰the first one，构成固定短语the first one to do sth，表示“第一个做某事的人”。故填to open。
10．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）I want to experience some Chinese culture, but my main goal is (find) out which university is the best for me to attend. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to find
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我想体验一些中国文化，但我的主要目标是找出哪所大学最适合我。设空处应填动词不定式作表语，说明未来的动作或目的。故填to find。
二、现在分词能力提升练
1．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Studying hard ________ (be) not always fun, but I’ll be well prepared for university or whatever else comes in the future.
【答案】is
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：努力学习并不总是有趣的，但我会为大学或未来出现的任何事情做好充分准备。此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，动名词短语作主语，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填is。
2．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The rain continued _________(pour) all afternoon, causing flooding in some areas of the city.
【答案】to pour/pouring
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：大雨持续了整个下午，导致该市一些地区发生洪水。结合“all afternoon”可知，此处用动词短语continue to do或continue doing均可，描述自然延续、无明显中断的动作，表示“继续做某事”，因此用pour“倾盆而下”的不定式或动名词形式，作宾语。故填to pour/pouring。
3．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The_________(meet) room, designed in a practical way, is on the second floor and can hold up to 50 people for various discussions.
【答案】meeting
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这间会议室设计实用，位于二楼，最多可容纳50人进行各种讨论。设空处修饰名词room作定语表示用途，应用动名词形式meeting，故填meeting。
4．（2025高三下·全国·专题练习）As soon as the kids heard the funny joke, they couldn’t help _________(shout) with laughter.
【答案】shouting
【详解】考查动名词。句意：孩子们一听到这个有趣的笑话，就忍不住大笑起来。couldn’t help doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“忍不住做某事”。故填shouting。
5．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）Chinese plays an increasingly important role in_________(improve) communication and cooperation between China and the rest of the world.
【答案】improving
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：中文在促进中国与世界其他地区的交流与合作方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。play a role in ...是固定短语，意为“在……中起作用；在……方面扮演角色”，其中in是介词，介词后接动词时，要用其动名词形式 。improve的动名词形式是improving。故填improving。
6．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）Avoid ______________(stereotype) people based on their appearance.
【答案】stereotyping
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：避免根据外表对人形成刻板印象。动词avoid后应该用动名词形式作宾语。故填stereotyping。
7.（2025高三·全国·专题练习）__________(phish) scams often mimic bank websites.
【答案】Phishing
【详解】考查动名词。句意：网络钓鱼骗局常模仿银行网站。空格处需作定语修饰名词scams，所给词phish为动词，意为“网络钓鱼”，其动名词形式phishing作定语，表明scams的类型或用途。故填Phishing。
8.（2025高三·全国·专题练习）It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at __________(resolve).
【答案】resolving
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这是一个我们无法更好地解决的冲突。“at”为介词，空格处应用动名词作宾语，“resolve”意为“解决”，动词词性，动名词形式为“resolving”。故填resolving。
9．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）Such a meaningful activity is well worth_________(organize) again.
【答案】organizing
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这样一个有意义的活动非常值得再次组织。固定短语be worth doing意为“值得做某事”，空处应用organize“组织”的动名词形式，作宾语。故填organizing。
10．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）She entertained us all the morning and she deserved____________(praise).
【答案】to be praised/praising【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：她一上午都在逗我们开心，她值得被表扬。此处为非谓语动词作deserve的宾语，praise与逻辑主语she之间为被动关系，所以此处可以使用“deserved to be praised”或“deserved praising”表示“值得表扬”符合句意。。故填to be praised/praising。
11．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）As climate change warms up the planet, ________(melt) ice is forcing polar bears to get closer to human habitats, leading to dangerous interactions.
【答案】melting
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：随着气候变化使地球变暖，正在融化的冰迫使北极熊靠近人类栖息地，导致危险的人熊互动。分析句子结构可知，此空应填非谓语， ice与melt为主动关系，再由语境可知，此空应用现在分词作定语修饰后面名词，melting，表“正在融化的”，符合语境。故填melting。
12．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The psychology course is an exciting opportunity for anyone___________(wish) to deepen their understanding of themselves and other people.
【答案】wishing
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：对于任何希望加深对自己和他人理解的人来说，心理学课程都是一个令人兴奋的机会。本句谓语为is，此处为非谓语动词，作后置定语，修饰anyone，anyone和wish“希望”为逻辑主谓关系，需填现在分词形式。故填wishing。
三、现在分词能力提升练
1．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Confidence is not a fixed feature, so we can have our confidence___________(develop) by practicing in social settings.
【答案】developed
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：自信不是一个固定的特征，所以我们可以通过在社交场合练习来培养自信。动词develop与其逻辑主语our confidence之间为动宾关系，且have sth. done“让某事被做”为固定用法，过去分词作宾补。故填developed。
2．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Adding to the extraordinary beauty of Changling is the Ling’en Palace,__________(know)for its simple design and painted ceiling.
【答案】known
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：长陵的非凡美景中还有棱恩殿，它以简约的设计和彩绘天花板而闻名。分析句子结构可知，句中已有系动词is，且空格处无连词，因此空格处应用非谓语动词。逻辑主语the Ling’en Palace与动词 know之间是被动关系，所以此处应用过去分词作后置定语。故填known。
3．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）We packed all the books in wooden boxes so that they would not get____________(damage).
【答案】damaged
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们把所有的书都装进木箱里，这样它们就不会被损坏了。句中已有谓语would not get, 故设空处为非谓语动词，动词damage与其逻辑主语they之间为动宾关系, 故应用动词的过去分词形式作表语。故填damaged。
4．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）___________(praise) by others, people tend to feel appreciated, recognized, and respected.
【答案】Praised
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：受到别人的赞扬，人们往往会感到被欣赏、认可和尊重。句中已有谓语动词“tend to feel”，因此空格处需用非谓语动词形式。“people”与“praise”之间是被动关系（人们被他人表扬），故用过去分词“Praised”作状语，表被动和完成的动作。故填Praised。
5．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The research indicated that something (produce) by the mould (霉菌) had killed the bacteria.
【答案】produced
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：研究表明，霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，something与produce为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填produced。
6．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）It took a long time for Judy to design the work, but the__________(finish) product was worth it.
【答案】finished
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：朱迪花了很长时间设计这件作品，但成品是值得的。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，finish与其所修饰的名词product之间为逻辑上的动宾关系, 且表“完成”含义, 故应用动词-ed作前置定语。故填finished。
7．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）When Bob got ____________(absorb) in his world of music, he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous life.
【答案】absorbed
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：当鲍勃沉浸在他的音乐世界里时，他感觉自己仿佛能“看见”周围世界的美好，就像他前世那样。分析句子可知，空格处考查固定搭配get absorbed in，意为“全神贯注于、沉浸在……中”。absorbed是过去分词作表语，此处表示状态，符合语境。故填absorbed。
8．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）___________(inspire) by dolphins, people have learnt how to send signals underwater, which is currently employed in tsunami early-warning systems.
【答案】Inspired
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：受海豚的启发，人们学会了如何在水下发送信号，这一技术目前已应用于海啸预警系统中。此空考查非谓语，主语people与inspire为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Inspired。
9．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）____________(give) more time, Catherine could finish the task.
【答案】Given
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：如果时间再多一点，Catherine就能完成任务了。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，Catherine与give为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作状语，且句首时首字母应大写。故填Given。
10．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Farmers of the future are more likely to be technicians working in control rooms, __________ (surround) by computers and monitors.
【答案】surrounded
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：未来的农民更有可能成为在控制室工作的技术人员，被电脑和显示器包围着。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，Farmers与surround为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作伴随状语。故填surrounded。
非谓语动词
高考·一轮复习
非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式
进行式 完成式 现在 分词 一般式
完成式 过去 分词 一般式
×
非谓语动词的形式及句法功能
种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语
不定式 一般式
进行式 完成式 现在 分词 一般式
完成式 过去 分词 一般式
to do
to be done
to be doing
×
to have done
to have been done
doing
being done
having done
having been done
done(vi.)表状态
done(vt.)表被动与完成
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
×
×
√
动词不定式
to do
PART 01
1.To live in China is Mr Smith’s dream.( =It is Mr Smith’s dream to live in China.)
在中国生活是斯密斯先生的梦想。
2.The boy pretended to have known the answer. 这个男孩假装已经知道了答案。
3.He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个来的客人。
4.We all expect you to come this weekend. 我们都期望你本周末来。
5.I’m sorry to hear you are ill. 听说你病了，我很难过。
6.The child is old enough to dress himself. 这孩子够大了，可以自己穿衣了。
7.Mother seemed to have cried just now. 妈妈好像刚刚哭过。
下面的不定式做什么成分
1.To live in China is Mr Smith’s dream.( =It is Mr Smith’s dream to live in China.)
在中国生活是斯密斯先生的梦想。
2.The boy pretended to have known the answer. 这个男孩假装已经知道了答案。
3.He was the first guest to arrive. 他是第一个来的客人。
4.We all expect you to come this weekend. 我们都期望你本周末来。
5.I’m sorry to hear you are ill. 听说你病了，我很难过。
6.The child is old enough to dress himself. 这孩子够大了，可以自己穿衣了。
7.Mother seemed to have cried just now. 我妈妈好像刚刚哭过。
下面的不定式做什么成分
主语
宾语
补语
定语
状语
表语
状语
1. To get up early is necessary. 早起是必要的。
2. It is a great pleasure to talk with him. 很高兴跟他交谈。
（it作形式主语，动词不定式to talk with him作真正的主语）
3. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
一. 动词不定式做主语
①动词agree, offer, intend, plan, demand, ask, promise, help, prepare, decide, refuse, dare, choose, wish, hope, want, expect, fail, pretend, manage, determine等后面接不定式作宾语，可以利用“顺口溜”来记忆：同意提出做计划，要求答应来帮忙。准备决定遭拒绝，敢于选择有希望。不能做到莫假装，设法做成决心坚。动词come, get, grow后接不定式作宾语时，意为“逐渐地……”。
The spokesperson flatly refused to respond to the accusation. 发言人断然拒绝回应指控。
When our children feel we believe in them, they tend to believe in themselves.
注意：下列单词或短语后可接“疑问词＋不定式”作宾语：teach, decide, show, wonder, learn, forget, ask, find out, advise, discuss等。
The manual explains how to assemble the furniture. 说明书解释了如何组装家具。
二. 动词不定式做宾语
②在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。
We found it impossible to finish the report without more data.
We feel it a great opportunity to collaborate with your company.
③在表示“希望、打算”等动词(如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等)的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。
We planned to have visited you last summer, but travel restrictions stopped us.
I intended to have finished the report by Friday, but I got sick.
④作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。
The email contained no information except to announce the meeting time.
She had no choice but to accept the job offer due to financial pressure.
When the power went out, there was nothing to do but light candles.
⑤作be + 形容词的宾语 有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。
(1)句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。
If you practice more, you ’ll be able to play this song perfectly.
She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.
The manager is anxious to resolve the customer’s complaint.
The students were happy to be given extra time to complete the exam.
Despite failures, he was determined to start his own business.
The students are eager to learn about artificial intelligence for their future development.
(2)句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, nice, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。
This math problem is extremely difficult to solve without a calculator.
这道数学题极难解决，不用计算器根本无法完成。
This tap water is declared not fit to drink by the health department.
卫生部门声明，该自来水不符合饮用标准。
People from strict cultures may be hard to get along with if you’re too casual.
若你太随意，可能难以与严格文化背景的人相处。
注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。
Glacial lakes may be freezing to swim in even in summer.
冰川湖即便在夏季游泳也可能极冷。
The camping mat was surprisingly comfortable to sleep on.
这张露营垫意外地好睡。
①接带to的不定式作宾补，此类动词(短语)有：advise, allow, ask, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, invite, leave, like, mean, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on/upon, long for, wait for等。
The doctor advised him to quit smoking immediately.
The school forbade teenagers to swim in the river.
My parents allowed me to stay out until midnight on weekends.
I put a mark in the margin to remind me to check the figure.
The teacher encouraged the students to ask questions freely.
We’re all longing for the new summer holiday to begin.
The boss expects us to finish the report by Friday.
三. 动词不定式做宾语补足语
②接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词(短语)有：make, have, let等使役动词以及see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, hear, listen to 等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则to不可省略。动词help后的不定式符号to可以省略，也可以保留。
We must let struggling families understand their rights to housing support.
我们必须让困难家庭明白他们享有住房援助的权利。
The suspect was noticed to leave the building at midnight.
有人注意到嫌疑人午夜时离开了大楼。
省to不定式作宾补顺口溜：
省to宾补有十一，五看二听三使役；
一个帮助两均可，还有一个是感觉。
如若主动变被动，小to一定要带齐。
③with＋宾语＋动词不定式(宾补)
通常表示不定式所表示的动作尚未发生或在当时看来尚未发生。
With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the team worked late into the night.
有许多难题待解决，团队工作到深夜。
As a struggling artist, he often woke up with nothing to eat but instant noodles.
作为穷困的艺术家，他常只有泡面充饥。
Mom came home with a mountain of laundry to do after our camping trip.
妈妈从露营回来，面对堆积如山的待洗衣物。
With such good cadres to carry out the reforms, the village’s poverty alleviation progress accelerated.
有这样优秀的干部落实改革，该村的脱贫进程加快了。
说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。它和主语处在同等地位。它所指的或是和主语一样的东西，或是主语所产生的结果。常常可以将主、表交换位置，句子的意义不变。
Her role as a caregiver is to bear the emotional weight of others’ pain.
她作为看护者的角色是承受他人痛苦的情感重担。
Our mission is to live in harmony with nature.
我们的使命是与自然和谐共处。
①动词不定式作表语一般带to，但如果主语部分有实义动词do，可以带to，也可以省略to。
What he wanted to do was (to) wash his hands of it.
他打算不再参与此事。
When the wifi crashes, the only thing to do is (to) restart the router.
网络崩溃时，唯一能做的就是重启路由器。
四. 动词不定式做表语
“特殊疑问词＋不定式” 结构在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。
How to clean the mess in such a short time troubles them a lot.
如何在这么短的时间内收拾这一片狼藉让他们苦恼不已。(主语)
“特殊疑问词＋不定式”结构
I had a cold and couldn’t decide whether to go to work or not.
我感冒了，拿不定主意是否要去上班。（宾语）
The problem is what to eat this evening.
问题是今天晚上吃什么。（表语）
不定式特殊形式
疑问词+to do
1. 非谓语动词--不定式作状语
①表示目的，在句子中做目的状语。To enjoy a grander sight, you must climb to a greater height. 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
We need more evidence to catch the criminal. (相当于in order / so as to)
②不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加only。
They finally reached the mountaintop, only to be told the view was blocked by fog.
③too...to... 结构，too 修饰形容词或副词，不定式表示否定含义。only too...to... 或否定词+too...to... 结构，不定式表示肯定含义。
The problem is too complicated for the students to solve easily. 这个问题太复杂，学生们难以轻易解决。
We are only too pleased to announce the new partnership. 我们非常荣幸宣布新的合作。
We are never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。
五. 动词不定式做状语
④enough to... 结构，enough 后置修饰形容词或副词，意思是“足以……”。
She spoke loudly enough to be heard by everyone.
她说话够大声，所有人都能听见。
⑤不定式有些约定俗成的说法，可以用作独立状语，主要有：
to begin with 首先 to tell the truth / to be honest 说实话
to cut a long story short 长话短说 to make matters worse 更糟糕的是
to be sure 可以肯定的是 to be frank 坦率地说
to put it bluntly 直白地说 to sum up 总之
to conclude 综上所述 to make matters worse 更糟的是
to be fair 公平地说 to do him justice 公正地说
To be honest, the pay isn’t attractive enough.
不定式都是作后置定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。
①表示将来的动作：
Passengers to arrive at Terminal 2 should check the screen.
The new equipment to be bought next month will improve efficiency.
不定式作定语的特殊用法：
②修饰抽象名词：chance, right, courage, promise, time, opportunity, way, ability, reason, the first, the second, the last, the only等。
This is my last chance to pass the driving test.
③不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。
He felt lonely because there was no one to look after him in the hospital.
六. 动词不定式做定语
④不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。如果不定式为不及物动词，需要带上相应介词。
They are searching for a safer neighborhood to raise their children in.
他们在寻找一个更安全的社区养育孩子。
We brought a blanket to cover ourselves with.
我们带了条毯子盖着用。
⑤修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any等限定的中心词：
She says the best way to improve cooking is to practice with simple recipes.
她说提升厨艺的最佳方式是从简单食谱开始练习。
1. [2020天津5月, 13]The local government doesn’t have to sacrifice environmental
protection (promote) economic growth.
2. [江苏高考, 30] (enjoy) the convenience of digital payment， many
senior citizens started to use smart phones.
to promote
To enjoy
3. [2021新高考Ⅱ, 58]I decided to do something (educate) people about this problem.
4. [2021浙江, 63]Mary’s sister， Frances Todd Wallace， often came over
(plant) flowers in the front yard.
进阶练习
to educate
to plant
5.[2025·八省联考]The streets in which people live should be a tight pattern of crossed sidewalks,which allow people (meet),talk,and get to know one another.
6. [2020全国Ⅰ, 66]Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments onboard Chang’e- 4
(find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin .
7. [2020全国Ⅱ, 68]They are easy (care) for and make great presents.
8. [2020全国Ⅲ, 67]The next morning he hired a boat and set out (find) the
well-known painter.
to find
to care
to find
to meet
现在分词
doing
PART 02
1.Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。
2.I forget once having been taken to the zoo.我忘记了曾被带到过这个动物园。
3.The boy swimming in the swimming pool is my younger brother.
在游泳池里游泳的男孩是我弟弟。
4.Don’t keep the children working on their lessons all day.
不要让孩子一整天都在做功课
5.Having finished his speech, he answered our questions.
演讲完后，他回答了我们的问题。
6.What he is doing here every day is teaching the children how to read and write. 他每天在这里做的就是：教孩子们如何读写。
下面的现在分词做什么成分
1.Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好习惯。
2.I forget once having been taken to the zoo.我忘记了曾被带到过这个动物园。
3.The boy swimming in the swimming pool is my younger brother.
在游泳池里游泳的男孩是我弟弟。
4.Don’t keep the children working on their lessons all day.
不要让孩子一整天都在做功课
5.Having finished his speech, he answered our questions.
演讲完后，他回答了我们的问题。
6.What he is doing here every day is teaching the children how to read and write. 他每天在这里做的就是：教孩子们如何读写。
下面的现在分词做什么成分
主语
宾语
定语
宾语补足语
状语
表语
1)-ing分词做主语时，应该判断为动名词。动名词是由动词变化而来，所以动名词的意义也是表示某个动作或事情。例如：
Reading scientific papers in English is challenging but rewarding.
阅读英语科学论文具有挑战性，但很有收获。
Cheating on an exam can damage your academic reputation forever.
考试作弊可能会永久损害你的学术声誉。
2)动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用“It is…”和 “There is…”两种句式来表示。例如:
It is no use / no good having money if you don’t have health.(动名词短语作主语，it作形式主语)
有钱无健康，再好也无用。
There is no joking when it comes to national security. (该句是倒装句，动名词短语是主语)
涉及国家安全时，容不得半点玩笑。
一. 现在分词做主语
3)动名词作主语与不定式作主语的区别：动名词作主语通常表示抽象的或泛指的动作，一般不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；不定式作主语通常表示具体的动作或行为，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起，如:
It was no use arguing with the referee -- his decision was final. (抽象)
He came to realize that to go on like this was no use. (具体)
4)在实际运用中，一般可以互换，差异不大。但在下列情况中不能互换：当表语是动名词时，主语也要用动名词；当表语是不定式时，主语也要用不定式，如 ：
Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.
Teaching is learning twice. = To teach is to learn twice.
Giving is receiving. = To give is to receive.
5)动名词和不定式作主语，一般都可以使用形式主语it，而将动名词或不定式放在句尾。但是在下列句型中，一般宜用动名词，不宜用不定式来代替:
It’s no use doing … It’s no good doing… It’s a waste of time doing …
(1)动词admit, appreciate, avoid, consider (考虑), delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, risk, resist, suggest等后要接动名词作宾语。
I would normally suggest taking time off work, but in this instance I’m not sure that would do any good.
I can’t imagine sitting in traffic, getting stressed out.
The suspect finally admitted stealing the money after constant investigation.
The company appreciates being considered for this project.
She barely escaped being punished for the mistake.
二. 现在分词做宾语
(2)动词短语can’t stand, give up, feel like, keep on, insist on, look forward to, put off, devote...to, object to, be busy (in), get down to, have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), have fun等后要接动名词作宾语。
Many old people find they have great difficulty (in) adapting themselves to the changing times.
Jane is my new pen pal, I often look forward to receiving her e-mail.
We never feel like doing housework on Sundays, but sleep.
Many students would like to give up studying when they encounter difficulties, but perseverance is the key to success.
Many international students have a hard time (in) adjusting to the fast-paced teaching style at first.
The puppies are having great fun chasing each other in the yard.
注意：动词后面只能接动名词做宾语的顺口溜：建议完成多练习(suggest, advise, finish, practice)，避免错过少延期(avoid, miss, delay)，承认喜欢和原谅(admit, enjoy, like, love, forgive, excuse, pardon)，允许想象需欣赏(allow, imagine, appreciate)，反对逃脱与冒险( mind, escape, risk)，考虑抵制要继续( consider, resist, keep)，厌倦拖延别放弃(be tired of, put off, give up)，期望坚持定成功(look forward to, insist on, stick to, succeed in)。
We had barely finished cleaning up the party mess when more friends showed up.
我们刚清理完派对残局，更多朋友就来了。
Would you mind opening up about your creative process
你愿意分享一下你的创作过程吗？
They enjoyed working at the pace of seasonal changes rather than deadlines.
他们喜欢按照季节变化的节奏工作，而非截止日期。
Stick to doing what you love, and you’ll never work a day in your life.
坚持做热爱的事，人生就不会觉得在工作。
(3)with＋宾语＋ -ing分词(宾补)
表示某个动作正在进行或某个状态正在持续。如:
With tears streaming down his face, the boy admitted breaking the vase.
泪水顺着脸颊流下，男孩承认打碎了花瓶。
With sweat dripping into her eyes, the boxer struggled to see her opponent.
汗水滴进她的眼睛，拳击手难以看清对手。
With rain pounding against the windows, we canceled our picnic plans.
雨水猛烈敲打窗户，我们取消了野餐计划。
正如进行时态有时可以表示将来意义一样，有时“现在分词”也可表示将来意义。如:
With population aging accelerating, healthcare systems will face unprecedented pressure.
随着人口老龄化加速，医疗系统将面临空前压力。
With the conference starting tomorrow, all staff must prepare their materials tonight.
随着会议明日开始，所有员工今晚必须准备好材料。
With AI developing at this speed, many jobs will become obsolete soon.
以AI当前的发展速度，许多职业将很快被淘汰。
(4)介词后要接动名词作宾语，如：what about, how about, be fond of, be good at等的介词后接动名词。注意on/upon doing sth. = as soon as引导的从句，作此意讲时on/upon后也可以接名词。
On his arrival of / On arriving at the airport, the president was greeted by cheering crowds.
总统一抵达机场就受到人群欢呼迎接。
注意：
①表示一种倾向或习惯，多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。
We enjoy hiking in the mountains on weekends. 我们周末喜欢去山里徒步。
②want, require, need表“需要”讲，主语为表物的名词时，后用不定式，要用其被动形式；用动名词，用其主动形式(表被动意义)。
The old house required to be repaired.
The old house required repairing.
现在分词作状语可表示 时间、原因、条件、结果、伴随、让步 等逻辑关系，通常位于句首或句尾，用逗号隔开。①一般式doing：表示动作和谓语动词同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。②完成式having done：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子主语是主动关系。③被动式having been done：表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。
(1) 表示时间（相当于时间状语从句）
Hearing the news, she burst into tears.（= When she heard the news...）
听到消息时，她突然哭了。
Turning the corner, we saw a stunning sunset.（= When we turned the corner...）
拐过街角，我们看到了壮丽的日落。
三. 现在分词做状语
(2) 表示原因（相当于原因状语从句）
Being a doctor, he knew the symptoms were serious.（= Because he was a doctor...）
作为医生，他知道症状很严重。
Not understanding the question, the student remained silent.（= As he didn’t understand ...）
因为不懂问题，学生保持沉默。
(3) 表示条件（相当于条件状语从句）
Working hard, you will pass the exam.（= If you work hard...）
如果努力学习，你会通过考试。
Using this app, you can learn vocabulary faster.（= If you use this app...）
使用这个应用，你能更快背单词。
(4) 表示伴随（无对应从句，需用并列结构）
She walked down the street, humming a song.
她走在街上，哼着歌。
The children ran into the classroom, laughing loudly.
孩子们跑进教室，大声笑着。
(5) 表示结果（自然产生的结果）
The bomb exploded, destroying three buildings.
炸弹爆炸，摧毁了三栋楼。
He fell off the bike, breaking his arm.
他从自行车上摔下，手臂骨折。
(6) 表示让步（相当于让步状语从句）
Knowing the risks, he still went skydiving.（= Although he knew the risks...）
尽管知道风险，他仍去跳伞了。
Having little money, she donated to charity.（= Though she had little money...）
虽然钱不多，她还是捐给了慈善机构。
特殊结构
1. 完成式（having done）
强调分词动作发生在主句之前：
Having finished the report, she submitted it immediately.
完成报告后，她立刻提交了。
Not having slept well, he felt dizzy.
因为没睡好，他感到头晕。
2. 被动式（being done/having been done）
Being criticized, the child started crying.
被批评后，孩子哭了起来。
Having been warned many times, he still didn’t change.
尽管被警告多次，他仍未改变。
3. 否定形式（not + V-ing）
Not knowing the answer, I kept silent.
因为不知道答案，我保持沉默。
Not having prepared, he failed the interview.
由于没准备，他面试失败了。
①动名词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如:
reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆
flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练
②现在分词作定语主要是用来修饰正在进行的动作，说明被修饰名词的特征。现在分词主动形式(短语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行；单个的-ing分词放在修饰词的前面，-ing分词短语则放在修饰词的后面。现在分词被动形式(补语)作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系，表示该动作的被动和进行。
There are various conservation projects underway, with a wide range of initiatives taking place across the country.
That was one of the most controversial theories being debated in the conference.
四. 现在分词做定语
现在分词作定语，多表主动和进行的含义。有别于过去分词，表被动含义。请体会下两句：
The singer entered, following some news reporters. 歌手跟着一些新闻记者进来了。（歌手在记者之前）
The singer entered, followed by some news reporters.歌手被一些新闻记者跟着进来了。（歌手在记者之后）
又如：
Her encouraging words motivated the team. (encouraging 修饰words，表示“鼓励的话语”)
Anyone knowing the answer should raise their hand. (knowing the answer 修饰Anyone，表示“了解答案的任何人”）
His inspiring speech moved the audience to tears. (inspiring 修饰speech，表示“鼓舞人心的演讲”）
-ing分词作表语（即现在分词作表语）用于说明主语的性质、特征或状态，通常与系动词（如 be, seem, become, remain 等）连用。
【注意区分】
现在分词作表语（描述主语的内在特性）
进行时态（强调正在进行的动作）
(1)表示主语的性质或特征
结构：主语 + be动词 + -ing分词 + [补充说明]
The news is shocking.（这消息令人震惊。）
→ shocking 描述“news” 的本质属性。
Her explanation was confusing.（她的解释令人困惑。）
→ confusing 说明解释的特点。
The situation remains worrying.（局势依然令人担忧。）
→ worrying 强调持续的状态。
五. 现在分词做表语
2. 表示职业、功能或主要内容
结构：主语（任务/职责） + be动词 + -ing分词短语
His job is designing websites for startups.（他的工作是为初创公司设计网站。）
→ designing 说明工作内容。
The key to success is persevering through challenges.（成功的关键是坚持克服挑战。）
→ persevering 描述核心方法。
3. 情感类分词（修饰事物）
规则：-ing分词修饰物，-ed分词修饰人
The book is fascinating.（这本书很有趣。）
→ 书本身具有吸引力。
We are fascinated by the plot.（我们对剧情着迷。）
→ 人的感受用过去分词。
4.现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。
This story he told us is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。
The problem at the meeting is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。
注：be + -ing 还可能是进行时态，如：
Something is moving under the bed. 床下有东西在动。
现在分词（修饰物） 过去分词（修饰人）
【规则】-ing分词修饰物，-ed分词修饰人
The results are disappointing.(结果令人失望。)
I’m disappointed. (我感到失望。)
The speech was inspiring.(演讲鼓舞人心。)
They felt inspired. (他们受到鼓舞。)
特殊结构与高级用法
1. What/It + be动词 + -ing分词
What’s most tiring is commuting for two hours every day.
最累的是每天通勤两小时。
It’s embarrassing to forget someone’s name right after meeting them.
刚见面就忘记对方的名字很尴尬。）
2. 双重现在分词（强调持续状态）
The most frustrating part is waiting without any updates.
最令人沮丧的是毫无进展地等待。）
3. 与不定式作表语的区别
-ing分词作表语 不定式作表语
强调习惯性、持续性的活动：
Her hobby is painting. 她爱好绘画。 强调具体、一次性的目标：
Her goal is to paint a portrait. 她的目标是画一幅肖像。
过去分词
done
PART 03
1.I felt confused, even bored. 我感到迷惑不解，甚至有点烦。
2.The story told by my grandpa was handed down generation after generation.爷爷讲的故事代代相传。
3.Did you have the TV repaired after work 下班后去修电视机了吗？
4.Bitten by the snake in the bush, Susan was sent to hospital immediately.苏珊被灌木丛里蛇咬了，很快就被送到医院去了。
5.The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans. 那位流行音乐歌星匆忙走向自己的车，后面跟着她的粉丝。
下面的过去分词做什么成分
1.I felt confused, even bored. 我感到迷惑不解，甚至有点烦。
2.The story told by my grandpa was handed down generation after generation.爷爷讲的故事代代相传。
3.Did you have the TV repaired after work 下班后去修电视机了吗？
4.Bitten by the snake in the bush, Susan was sent to hospital immediately.
苏珊被灌木丛里蛇咬了，很快就被送到医院去了。
5.The pop star hurried up to her car, followed by her fans. 那位流行音乐歌星匆忙走向自己的车，后面跟着她的粉丝。
下面的过去分词做什么成分
表语
定语
宾语补足语
状语
状语
用作状语的-ed分词通常由及物动词变化而来。-ed 分词用作状语时，跟-ing分词一样，修饰主句的谓语动词，意义上相当于状语从句，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。其前往往可以加 when, while, if, as if, though。这时，可以把-ed分词结构理解为一个省略句，即省去了“主语和 be 的变化形式”。一般说来，这种结构的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，它与句子主语之间是被动关系或逻辑上的动宾关系。
1.表示时间
Observed under a microscope, the cells show clear structures.
在显微镜下观察，细胞呈现清晰的结构。
2. 表示原因
Punished unfairly, the student protested to the school administration.
因受到不公正处罚，这名学生向学校管理层提出抗议。
一. 过去分词做状语
3.表示条件
Pruned carefully, the fruit trees produced higher yields.
经过精心修剪后，这些果树产量更高。
4. 表示伴随状况
She spent nights observing the stars, fascinated by astronomy.
她整夜观察星空，对天文学着迷了。
在句子深层结构中, -ed分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如果-ed分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致，-ed分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由with/without等引导的介词短语表达出来。如：
The matter resolved, tensions in the office decreased.
问题解决后，办公室的紧张气氛缓解了。
With everything taken into account, we decided to postpone the event.
全面考虑后，我们决定推迟活动。
5. 表示让步
Told repeatedly not to touch the wires, the child reached out anyway.
6. 表示结果
The vase dropped from the table, broken into pieces.
7. 表示目的
Informed of this matter, the committee will take immediate action.
8. 表示背景和衬托
Known for her caricatures (漫画) of the United States society, Peggy Brown wrote and illustrated books for children.
过去分词(短语)作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。相当于一个含有被动形式的定语从句。
His theory is among the most influential ever written (=that was ever written) in physics.
Who were the guests invited (=who had been invited) to your birthday party last night
注意：表示心理状态的动词-ing形式，意为“令人……的”；动词-ed形式，意为“(人)感到……的”，也可修饰体现内心感受的look，expression, tears, smile, voice等名词。
二. 过去分词做定语
(1)现在分词和过去分词作宾补的区别
①现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是多是一些感官动词(短语)后，现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词(短语)常见的有：have, see, hear, find, get, leave, notice, watch, keep, start, set, catch, smell, feel, send, listen to, look at等。
We watched the sun setting behind the mountains.
I saw the man looking at the map confusedly.
They observed the ants carrying food back to their nest.
I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday. (被动，正在进行)
三. 过去分词做宾语补足语
②过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有：have, see, hear, find, leave, want, make等。
We had the water supply cut off during the repairs because there was no electricity.
He made his intentions known to everyone at yesterday’s meeting.
Three famous parks in and around London had over 1,400 trees blown over.
The pacific typhoon Zhujiecao left the power lines damaged.
(1)动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。
Her duty is taking care of the patients, and teaching children to read.
(2)不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。
Your task is to deliver these documents to the headquarters by 5 PM.
The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required.
注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。
(3)过去分词做表语时，形式上和被动结构一致，要注意它们的区别。
He looks disappointed with the exam results. (过去分词做表语)
The project seems abandoned by the team. (过去分词构成被动)
四. 过去分词做表语
真题演练
PART 04
1. [2024山东烟台期中] (finish) the learning of quilling in 2016
from a master of the art, Shao Lujie began to devote himself entirely to the craft. Later,
by imitating the works of his instructors, he learned how (integrate) new
methods into his own works.
【点拨】 先于began to devote...发生。
2. [2024浙江三市联考]The British Museum has been under pressure after around 2, 000 items were reported “missing, (steal) or damaged” two weeks
ago, (lead) to accusations that it was failing to fulfil its duty of care.
Having finished
to integrate
stolen
leading
3. If you are over-anxious about (remember) something, you will
forget it. Relaxing will enhance your awareness and ability (concentrate).
【点拨】 动词不定式作后置定语。
remembering
to concentrate
一
二
三
4. [2023新高考Ⅰ, 57]To eat one, you have to decide whether (bite) a small
hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill(溢出), or to put the whole
dumpling in your mouth， letting the hot soup explode on your tongue(舌头).
5. [2020新高考Ⅱ, 56]These days, it is not unusual for 10- to 12-year-olds to publish
their own websites or for second and third graders (begin) computer classes.
6. [全国Ⅱ, 61]A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year”.
for (be) Britain’s oldest full-time employee — still working 40 hours a week.
to bite
to begin
being
7. [全国Ⅲ, 62]On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn’t help
wondering how long it would take (get) there.
8. [浙江高考, 63]But some students didn’t want (wear) the uniform.
to get
to wear
9. [2023 新高考Ⅰ, 59]Shanghai may be the (recognize) home of the soup
dumpling, but food historians will actually point you to the neighboring ancient canal
town of Nanxiang as xiao long bao’s birthplace.
10. [2023全国乙, 62]From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong to royal
palaces, it is home to more than 3, 000 years of glorious history even down to its
layout, with the city keeping its carefully (build) system of ring roads.
recognized
built
【点拨】 提示词 “build” 为动词，其过去分词形式 “built” 可作形容词，表 “被建造的”。
11. [2022全国甲, 61] A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked(徒步) 40
days to Xi’an, as a first step (journey) the Belt and Road route(路线) by
foot.
12. [2022新高考Ⅱ, 56]When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment
balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence， and
held out his arms to catch the (fall) child.
to journey
falling
13. [2022北京, 12]Fearful that he might have an intention (harm) her,
Helen started to run.
14. [2021天津3月, 9]China’s National Highway 318, (extend) over 5，000 kilometers from Shanghai to Zhangmu, Tibet, is known as the “heavenly road”
for its amazing views.
to harm
extending
15. [2023北京, 19&20]She called for action (address) the struggles of
people around the world (face) “too little water or too dirty water”. Her
efforts have encouraged others to take part by running through a global campaign
called “Run Blue”.
16. [2023浙江1月, 58]In the Ming Dynasty, the center was the Forbidden City,
(surround) in concentric(同心的) circles by the Inner City and Outer City.
to address
facing
surrounded
17. [2022全国乙, 66]It can help to build a community with a (share) future for
mankind...
18. [2022北京, 12]Fearful that he might have an intention (harm) her，Helen started to run.
19. [2022北京, 14]One theory, increasingly (support) by experts，suggests that smell preferences are learned.
20. [2021北京, 18]There has been a dramatic rise in the number of extreme weather events over the past 20 years, (cause) largely by rising global temperatures, according to a new report from the United Nations.
shared
to harm
supported
caused
1.To any neighboring countries, border issues, unless _________ (handle) properly, will directly affect the relationship between them and even lead to conflicts.
对于任何邻国来说，边界问题如果处理不好，都会直接影响到邻国之间的关系，甚至引发冲突。handled。
2.To guarantee security, children, when ___________( accompany) by their parents, are allowed to enter the stadium. accompanied为了保证安全，孩子们在父母的陪同下可以进入体育场。
3.The passengers on board were asked to fasten their seat belts as ___________ (instruct) the moment they settled down. instructed飞机上的乘客一坐下来就被要求按指示系好安全带。
4.Though still ____________ (practice) today, the tea ceremony may not be as popular as it used to be.
虽然今天仍在实行，但茶道可能不像以前那样受欢迎。practiced
写作练习
PART 05
1. 听到熟悉的声音，他们立即起身,没有穿鞋就冲到洞口。
Hearing the voice they were familiar with, they got up immediately and rushed to the mouth of the cave,without putting on their shoes.
汉译英练习
2. 我解释了情况，对意外的结果感到尴尬和害怕。
I explained the situation, feeling embarrassed and frightened by the unexpected outcome.
3. 鲁比立刻让其他女孩帮她把树干从莉莉腿上抬起来，却发现她的腿断了。
Ruby immediately got the other girls to help her lift the tree trunk from Lily’s leg, only to find her leg was broken.
汉译英练习
4. 用颤抖的双手抚摸着那封信，我逐字逐句地读着。
With my trembling hands, I fingered the letter and read it word for word.
5. 最后,在下午的休息时间,可以播放一些学生发表的优秀范文。
Finally,during the afternoon break, some excellent sample essays published by students can be played.
汉译英练习
语篇练习
PART 06
Let children learn 1. (judge) their own work.
A child 2. (learn) to talk does not learn by
3. (correct) all the time.
If 4. (correct) too much, he will stop talking.
He notices a thousand times a day the difference between his language and others’ language.
to judge
learning
being corrected
corrected
Bit by bit, he makes the right changes 5. (make) his language like other people’s. In the same way, children learn to do all the other things. They learn to talk, run, climb, ride a bicycle by comparing their own behaviors with those of more 6. (skill) people, and slowly make the 7. (need) changes.
to make
skilled
needed
But in school, teachers never give a child a chance 8. (find) out his mistakes for himself, even fewer chances for him to correct himself. They do it all for him. Teachers act as if the student would fail
9. (notice) a mistake if they did not point it out to him.
to find
to notice
They act as if the student would never correct it unless
10. made (make) to. Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher. Let the student do it himself. Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word means and what the answer is to that problem.
made
单句练习
PART 07
一、动词不定式能力提升练
1.(2025高三上·全国·专题练习) It’s respected for Harekala Hajabba, an orange seller, to use his earnings to build a school in India _________ (provide) education for local children. 【答案】to provide
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：印度橙子销售商Harekala Hajabba用他的收入建了一所学校，为当地儿童提供教育，这令人尊敬。句中已有谓语is reported，且无其它连词，故provide应用非谓语动词形式；根据语境可知，“为印度的儿童提供教育”是“Harekala Hajabba用他的收入在印度建立了一所学校”的目的，故应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to provide。
2.(2025高三上·全国·专题练习) AI does not have only threats to humans, but it can also work with us ___________ (solve) big problems.
【答案】to solve
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：人工智能不只是对人类有威胁，它还能和我们一起解决重大问题。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语动词can work，且空格处无连词，因此空格处应用非谓语动词。结合语境，和我们一起的目的是解决重大问题，所以此处应用动词不定式作目的状语。故填to solve。
3.（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）We can’t hope others __________ (broaden) our horizons, but instead, by enriching our experiences, we will naturally bring new people into our lives.
【答案】to broaden
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们不能指望别人拓宽我们的视野，相反，通过丰富我们的经验，我们自然会把新的人带入我们的生活。hope sb. to do sth. “指望某人做某事”为固定搭配。故填to broaden。
4.（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Having an animal allows children _________ (learn) about responsibility.
【答案】to learn
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：养一只动物能让孩子们学会责任感。allow sb. to do sth.是固定搭配，意为“允许某人做某事”，此处应用动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填to learn。
5．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Experts advise you (avoid) being in strong sunlight for long periods. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to avoid
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：专家建议你避免长时间处于强烈的阳光下。advise sb. to do sth.，意为“建议某人做某事”，为固定搭配，所以此空应用不定式作宾补。故填to avoid。
6．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习） (find) your advantages and be confident, you will have a full life. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】To find
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：发现自己的优势并充满自信，你就会拥有充实的生活。逗号后为主句，且空前无其它连词，所以find应用非谓语动词形式，结合句意可知，此处表示目的，所以应用动词不定式作目的状语，且位于句首，首字母需大写。故填To find。
7．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）I was so excited (hear) the news and I tried hard to keep back my tears. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to hear
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：听到这个消息我很激动，我努力忍住眼泪。设空处应填动词不定式作原因状语，构成固定结构be excited to do sth，表示“做某事很激动”。故填to hear。
8．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习） (reach) maturity, the child must pass through the many changes of childhood before stepping into the role of an adult. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】To reach
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：要达到成熟，孩子必须经历童年的许多变化，然后才能步入成人的角色。分析句子结构可知，句中已有谓语must pass through，所以reach应用非谓语动词形式；根据语意可知，“实现成熟”是“孩子必须在步入成人角色之前经历童年的许多变化”的目的，所以应用不定式形式作目的状语，且位于句首，首字母需大写。故填To reach。
9．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Sam was the first one (open) my eyes to Hemingway and other literary giants. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to open
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：萨姆是第一个让我了解海明威和其他文学巨匠的人。设空处应填动词不定式作后置定语，修饰the first one，构成固定短语the first one to do sth，表示“第一个做某事的人”。故填to open。
10．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）I want to experience some Chinese culture, but my main goal is (find) out which university is the best for me to attend. (所给词的适当形式填空)
【答案】to find
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我想体验一些中国文化，但我的主要目标是找出哪所大学最适合我。设空处应填动词不定式作表语，说明未来的动作或目的。故填to find。
二、现在分词能力提升练
1．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Studying hard ________ (be) not always fun, but I’ll be well prepared for university or whatever else comes in the future.
【答案】is
【详解】考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：努力学习并不总是有趣的，但我会为大学或未来出现的任何事情做好充分准备。此处陈述客观事实，应用一般现在时，动名词短语作主语，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。故填is。
2．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The rain continued _________(pour) all afternoon, causing flooding in some areas of the city.
【答案】to pour/pouring
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：大雨持续了整个下午，导致该市一些地区发生洪水。结合“all afternoon”可知，此处用动词短语continue to do或continue doing均可，描述自然延续、无明显中断的动作，表示“继续做某事”，因此用pour“倾盆而下”的不定式或动名词形式，作宾语。故填to pour/pouring。
3．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The_________(meet) room, designed in a practical way, is on the second floor and can hold up to 50 people for various discussions.
【答案】meeting
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这间会议室设计实用，位于二楼，最多可容纳50人进行各种讨论。设空处修饰名词room作定语表示用途，应用动名词形式meeting，故填meeting。
4．（2025高三下·全国·专题练习）As soon as the kids heard the funny joke, they couldn’t help _________(shout) with laughter.
【答案】shouting
【详解】考查动名词。句意：孩子们一听到这个有趣的笑话，就忍不住大笑起来。couldn’t help doing sth.是固定搭配，意为“忍不住做某事”。故填shouting。
5．（24-25高一上·全国·课后作业）Chinese plays an increasingly important role in_________(improve) communication and cooperation between China and the rest of the world.
【答案】improving
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：中文在促进中国与世界其他地区的交流与合作方面发挥着越来越重要的作用。play a role in ...是固定短语，意为“在……中起作用；在……方面扮演角色”，其中in是介词，介词后接动词时，要用其动名词形式 。improve的动名词形式是improving。故填improving。
6．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）Avoid ______________(stereotype) people based on their appearance.
【答案】stereotyping
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：避免根据外表对人形成刻板印象。动词avoid后应该用动名词形式作宾语。故填stereotyping。
7.（2025高三·全国·专题练习）__________(phish) scams often mimic bank websites.
【答案】Phishing
【详解】考查动名词。句意：网络钓鱼骗局常模仿银行网站。空格处需作定语修饰名词scams，所给词phish为动词，意为“网络钓鱼”，其动名词形式phishing作定语，表明scams的类型或用途。故填Phishing。
8.（2025高三·全国·专题练习）It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at __________(resolve).
【答案】resolving
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这是一个我们无法更好地解决的冲突。“at”为介词，空格处应用动名词作宾语，“resolve”意为“解决”，动词词性，动名词形式为“resolving”。故填resolving。
9．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）Such a meaningful activity is well worth_________(organize) again.
【答案】organizing
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：这样一个有意义的活动非常值得再次组织。固定短语be worth doing意为“值得做某事”，空处应用organize“组织”的动名词形式，作宾语。故填organizing。
10．（2025高三·全国·专题练习）She entertained us all the morning and she deserved____________(praise).
【答案】to be praised/praising【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：她一上午都在逗我们开心，她值得被表扬。此处为非谓语动词作deserve的宾语，praise与逻辑主语she之间为被动关系，所以此处可以使用“deserved to be praised”或“deserved praising”表示“值得表扬”符合句意。。故填to be praised/praising。
11．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）As climate change warms up the planet, ________(melt) ice is forcing polar bears to get closer to human habitats, leading to dangerous interactions.
【答案】melting
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：随着气候变化使地球变暖，正在融化的冰迫使北极熊靠近人类栖息地，导致危险的人熊互动。分析句子结构可知，此空应填非谓语， ice与melt为主动关系，再由语境可知，此空应用现在分词作定语修饰后面名词，melting，表“正在融化的”，符合语境。故填melting。
12．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The psychology course is an exciting opportunity for anyone___________(wish) to deepen their understanding of themselves and other people.
【答案】wishing
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：对于任何希望加深对自己和他人理解的人来说，心理学课程都是一个令人兴奋的机会。本句谓语为is，此处为非谓语动词，作后置定语，修饰anyone，anyone和wish“希望”为逻辑主谓关系，需填现在分词形式。故填wishing。
三、现在分词能力提升练
1．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Confidence is not a fixed feature, so we can have our confidence___________(develop) by practicing in social settings.
【答案】developed
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：自信不是一个固定的特征，所以我们可以通过在社交场合练习来培养自信。动词develop与其逻辑主语our confidence之间为动宾关系，且have sth. done“让某事被做”为固定用法，过去分词作宾补。故填developed。
2．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Adding to the extraordinary beauty of Changling is the Ling’en Palace,__________(know)for its simple design and painted ceiling.
【答案】known
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：长陵的非凡美景中还有棱恩殿，它以简约的设计和彩绘天花板而闻名。分析句子结构可知，句中已有系动词is，且空格处无连词，因此空格处应用非谓语动词。逻辑主语the Ling’en Palace与动词 know之间是被动关系，所以此处应用过去分词作后置定语。故填known。
3．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）We packed all the books in wooden boxes so that they would not get____________(damage).
【答案】damaged
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：我们把所有的书都装进木箱里，这样它们就不会被损坏了。句中已有谓语would not get, 故设空处为非谓语动词，动词damage与其逻辑主语they之间为动宾关系, 故应用动词的过去分词形式作表语。故填damaged。
4．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）___________(praise) by others, people tend to feel appreciated, recognized, and respected.
【答案】Praised
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：受到别人的赞扬，人们往往会感到被欣赏、认可和尊重。句中已有谓语动词“tend to feel”，因此空格处需用非谓语动词形式。“people”与“praise”之间是被动关系（人们被他人表扬），故用过去分词“Praised”作状语，表被动和完成的动作。故填Praised。
5．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）The research indicated that something (produce) by the mould (霉菌) had killed the bacteria.
【答案】produced
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：研究表明，霉菌产生的某种物质杀死了细菌。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，something与produce为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作后置定语。故填produced。
6．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）It took a long time for Judy to design the work, but the__________(finish) product was worth it.
【答案】finished
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：朱迪花了很长时间设计这件作品，但成品是值得的。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，finish与其所修饰的名词product之间为逻辑上的动宾关系, 且表“完成”含义, 故应用动词-ed作前置定语。故填finished。
7．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）When Bob got ____________(absorb) in his world of music, he felt as if he could “see” the beauty of the world around him, like he had in his previous life.
【答案】absorbed
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：当鲍勃沉浸在他的音乐世界里时，他感觉自己仿佛能“看见”周围世界的美好，就像他前世那样。分析句子可知，空格处考查固定搭配get absorbed in，意为“全神贯注于、沉浸在……中”。absorbed是过去分词作表语，此处表示状态，符合语境。故填absorbed。
8．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）___________(inspire) by dolphins, people have learnt how to send signals underwater, which is currently employed in tsunami early-warning systems.
【答案】Inspired
【详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：受海豚的启发，人们学会了如何在水下发送信号，这一技术目前已应用于海啸预警系统中。此空考查非谓语，主语people与inspire为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语，位于句首，首字母应大写。故填Inspired。
9．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）____________(give) more time, Catherine could finish the task.
【答案】Given
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：如果时间再多一点，Catherine就能完成任务了。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，Catherine与give为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作状语，且句首时首字母应大写。故填Given。
10．（2025高三上·全国·专题练习）Farmers of the future are more likely to be technicians working in control rooms, __________ (surround) by computers and monitors.
【答案】surrounded
【详解】考查非谓语。句意：未来的农民更有可能成为在控制室工作的技术人员，被电脑和显示器包围着。分析句子可知，此空考查非谓语，Farmers与surround为被动关系，再由语境可知，应用过去分词作伴随状语。故填surrounded。