2025年中考英语语法核心点详解part1名词和冠词

初中英语语法核心点详解 part 1 名词和冠词
1. 名词的种类
依数分 可数名词 单数名词 --名词前加 a
an
复数名词 --名词后加 s
es
不可数名词--只有单数形式，且不可加a/an
依种类分 普通名词、集合名词（可数名词）
抽象名词、物质名词、专有名词（不可数名词）
School begins in September. 不可数，抽象指上学
There are three schools in this town. 可数
go to school 不可数，抽象指上学
go to the school 可数，指学校这个地方
普通名词
如: book, pencil, dog, spaceship宇宙飞船
例如1.鲸鱼是哺乳动物。
Whales are mammals.
= A whale is a mammal.
= The whale is a mammal.
例如2. I met a boy. The boy had a ball in his hands.
集合名词
单数,复数都可以
family家庭；家人, audience听众
class班级；同学, club俱乐部；会员
company公司；职员
crew机组；机组人员
crowd群众；government政府
public大众, staff职员, team团队
例如1. His family is a big one. 家庭
His family are all tall. 家人
例如2. My family is large. 我家是一个大家庭。
My family are all early risers. 我家人都起的很早。
例如3. Our team has won the championship. 我队
The team were all excited. 队员
复数形
police, cattle, people, poultry (n.) 家禽
cattle 牛群; cow 母牛; bull 公牛; ox阉公牛
one person, two persons/people
a policeman, two policemen
例如1. The police have caught him.
例如2. Many people were angry at the case.
单数形
…类，只有单数
baggage行李类, clothing服装类, furniture家具类
machinery机械类, merchandise商品类, poetry诗类, scenery风景类
重点：特殊的集合名词
Fruit
1. 水果总称：用不加冠词的单数形 fruit
2. 水果种类→一种: a fruit 两种以上: fruits
a kind of fruit, two kinds of fruits
3. 成果,结果→fruits
例如1. Do you eat much fruit？
例如2. The potato is not a fruit but a vegetable. 一种水果
例如3. His success was the fruits of hard work.
Fish
1. 表数量
一条鱼: a fish 两条以上: fish
2. 种类
一种: a fish 两种以上: fishes
3. 鱼肉Fish
例如1. I caught three fish yesterday.
例如2. There are a lot of fishes living in the sea. 很多种鱼
People
1. 人们 people（复数）
2. 国民,民族（可数） a people, two peoples, …
例如1. Ten people were injured in the accident.
意外死亡 be killed
例如2. The Chinese are said to be an industrious people.
industry n.工业；勤勉 industrial adj. 工业的 industrious adj. 勤勉的
Hair
1. 全部头发/毛发/汗毛（不可数） hair
2. 一根根（可数） a hair/hairs
例如1. She has thick hair.
例如2. He pulled out two white hairs. 两根白发
抽象名词
kindness, beauty, honesty, love, patience, happiness, music
一般用不加冠词的单数形
例如1. I like music.
例如2. This is important information.
表“程度”--可加much, any, some, a little, little等
例如1. I have little hope of succeeding.
例如2. I have a lot of homework to do.
homework 作业类,总称
表“限定”--可加the
例如1. Necessity is the mother of invention.
那个抽象的妈妈→限定的妈妈(类)
需要为发明之母。
例如2. You should know the difficulty of learning how to drive a car.
学开车的困难→限定的困难(类)
数抽象名词时--用 a piece of/ an item of
例如1. He gave me a wonderful piece of advice.
注意wonderful的位置
A piece of wonderful advice. (×)
two pieces of advice
例如2. She sent us an item of news.
表示个别行为,事件时--可加a/an,也可用复数形
例如1. The computer is a marvelous invention.
例如2. I will tell you my views of the matter.
介词+抽象名词
Of+抽象名词 = adj.
With+抽象名词 = adv.
例如1. He is a man of ability.
= He is an able man.
adj. 能；有能力的；能干的
例如2. The information is of no value to me.
= The information is valueless to me.
value n.价值 valueless adj. 无价值的
例如3. Mary passed the exam with ease.
= Mary passed the exam easily.
<注意>
of importance = important (adj.)
with care = carefully (adv.)
on purpose = intentionally (adv.)
intent v.意图 intentional adj.故意的
intentionally adv. 故意地，有意地
by accident = accidentally adv.
物质名词
没有固定形状或范围的物质
如: light, water, money, glass, wood, paper, butter
一般情况不加冠词的单数形
例如1. This statue is made of stone. 石头材料
例如2. The crowd threw stones at the police. 石块
pebble小卵石 stone适中石 rock大岩石 boulder巨石
限定量时--可用some, a lot of, much
例如1. I don’t need much money to buy that camera.
例如2. We have little rain here.
这里几乎不下雨。
特定的物品--可加冠词,代名词或所有格
例如1. This beef is from Australia. 特定的牛肉
例如2. Let’s go to the liquor store. 特定的某家酒吧
将物质名词量化
数字 +... + of +物质名词
(1)形状
a piece of chalk 一支粉笔
a sheet of paper
a slice of bread 一片面包
a loaf of bread 一条面包
two loaves of bread
loaves of bread 很多面包
(2)容器
a bottle of cola
a glass of water 玻璃杯
a cup of tea 有把儿的杯子
a cup of coffee 一杯咖啡
(3)单位
a pound of butter 一磅奶油
a liter of milk 一公升
a spoonful of sugar
注意：不是只有“物质名词”才能这样量化
a basket of apples 一篮苹果
a school of whales 一群鲸 (鱼类)
a herd of cattle 一群牛 (大动物)
a flock of birds 一群鸟 (小动物)
Birds of a feather flock together. 一丘之貉/物以类聚
feather 羽毛
专有名词
特定人或事物的名称，如：Bob, Smith, April, London
一般情形--开头字母大写,不加冠词,无复数形
例如1. Dr.Jones photographed many wild animals in Africa.
例如2. Henry walked down Bridge Street to save time.
加the的专有名词
(1)河川,海洋,海峡
the Amazon, the Pacific Ocean
(2)船,列车
the Titanic, the MRT台湾的捷运
(3)公共建筑
the White House, the British Museum
(4)报纸,杂志
the Times, the Asahi 朝日新闻
加不定冠词或复数形的专有名词
例如1. A Mr. Brown has come to see you.
一个叫Brown的人来看你。
例如2. He is the Edison of Taiwan.
他是台湾的爱迪生。
例如3. My wife was a Smith.
我老婆是Smith家族的人。
例如4. He has two Picassos.
他有两幅毕加索的画。
2. 名词的数
规则变化
一般直接加s
dog --- dogs
book --- books
girl ---- girls
字尾为s,x,ch,sh,子音＋O →复数名词：＋es
tomatoes, buses, boxes
但是也有例外的
photo ---- photos piano ---- pianos
女英雄 heroine
字尾为子音＋y→复数名词：去y ＋ ies
baby --- babies story --- stories
city ---- cities lady ---- ladies
字尾为f 或fe →去 f/fe ＋ ves
leaf --- leaves
knife --- knives
wife ---- wives
例外: handkerchiefs手帕
chiefs 酋长
roofs 屋顶
beliefs信条
safes保险箱
不规则变化
名词字尾加 en, 或 ren
ox --- oxen, child -- children
改变母音
man -- men, woman -- women, goose -- geese
tooth -- teeth, mouse --- mice, foot -- feet脚,英尺
单复同形
Japanese, Chinese, carp n. 鲤鱼
fish, sheep, deer, species 物种
reindeer圣诞老人的驯鹿
one fish / two fish
a kind of fish 一种鱼 two kinds of fishes 两种鱼
外来语的复数形
幽默humor 现代modern 沙发sofa
datum -- data, medium -- media, crisis -- crises, analysis -- analyses
文字,数字,简称的复数形
UFOs/UFO’s, the 80s/80’s八零年代, CDs/CD’s
复合名词的复数形
passer-by → passers -by
college student → college students
woman astronaut → women astronauts
重点
单数,复数意思不同
paper纸张；报纸 - papers 文件
work工作 - works 工厂
job, work
part time job 有薪水的工作
part部分, - parts 零件
a man of parts. 有才能的人
water - waters 水域,洪水
ash灰 - ashes 骨灰,房屋被烧后的残垣
force力量 - forces 军队
the armed forces陆海空三军
armed adj. 武装的 - arms 武器
custom风俗习惯 - customs 关税
the customs 海关
manner方法 - manners 规矩礼仪
letter信 - letters 文学
a deer-John letter 分手信
air空气 - airs 装腔作势
Tom likes to put on airs.
汤姆最喜欢摆架子。
必用复数形
glasses眼镜, contact lenses隐形眼镜
trousers裤子, scissors剪刀, shoes鞋
socks袜子, gloves手套
学科名称字尾为ics：用单数形
mathematics, politics, physics, economics
表金额,距离,时间：用单数动词
例如1. One hundred dollars is enough to buy that jacket.
例如2. Twenty miles is a long distance to run.
例如3. Ten years is called “a decade”. score二十
3. 名词的所有格
单数名词 -- 名词's
The boy's schoolbag, Joan's dress
复数名词 -- 名词s'
a girls' school, these students' teacher, April Fools’ Day
不规则变化的复数名词 -- 名词's
children's playground操场, children’s toys, men’s coats
复合名词--最后一字加’s
my father-in-law’s hobbies 公公/岳父
her boy friend’s birthday 男性朋友
共同所有格及个别所有格
共同所有格 --- 名词 ＋ 名词 ＋ 名词's
个别所有格 --- 名词's ＋ 名词's ＋ 名词's
例如1. Harry and Bill's father is a scientist.
Harry和Bill的爸爸是个科学家。
例如2. Harry's and Bill's fathers are scientists.
Harry的爸爸和Bill的爸爸都是科学家。
表时间,距离,重量,金额等名词--可用N’s/Ns’
ten minutes’ break 十分钟的休息
tomorrow’s weather 明天的天气
three miles’ distance 三英里的距离
a pound’s weight 一磅重
a dollar’s worth 一美元的价值
表国名,地名--N’s/Ns’
the world’s population
Taiwan’s climate
the United States’ future / America’s future
（无）生物的所有格：A的B = B of A
桌子的脚 the legs of the table
车门 the door of the car
女孩子的名字 the girl's name
有生命的东西可以这样用 the name of the girl
The roof of the church 教堂的屋顶
The front of the building 那栋建筑的正面
<注意>
这个问题的答案
the answer(s) to the question
那个比赛的门票
the ticket(s) to that game
(获得)非常成功的关键
the key to great success
例如：在门口那个男人的忠告
→The advice of the man at the gate.
若用N’s形式, at the gate没地方放了
重点:表场所,建筑的名词在所有格后通常省略,所有格之后的名词如在句中非常容易理解时可以省略。
例如1. My mother went to the baker’s (shop). 面包店
baker’s (shop)=bakery 面包店
例如2. I’m going to the dentist’s (office) tomorrow.
a decayed tooth 蛀牙
例如3. She's going to the dentist's.
她要去看牙医。
例如4. I met him at the barber's（shop）.
我在理发店遇见他。 shop省略
例如5. We like to eat lunch at McDonald's.
我们在麦当劳吃午餐。
4. 冠词
不定冠词a/an+可数单数名词
定冠词the+单数名词,复数名词,不可数名词
a和an的区别
子音开头的字--a
母音开头的字(AEIOU)—an
the的发音
子音开头的字-- the plane
母音开头的字-- the artist
a/an的用法
表示不特定的单数可数名词
例如：Waiter, there is a fly in my soup.
话题中第一次提到的单数名词
例如：I saw a bird. The bird is flying in the sky.
表示一个
例如1. Rome was not built in a day.
例如2. It’s all Greek to me. 我完全不懂,一窍不通
例如3. It’s a piece of cake. 小菜一碟,易如反掌
表示某一个(a certain)
例如1. He came back on a Christmas.
表示一些(some)
例如1. That painting looks more beautiful from a distance.
表示相同(one and the same)
例如1. Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚
例如2. Fine feathers make fine birds. 人靠衣装，佛靠金装
表示每一个(per)
例如1. We have six English classes a week.
伴随a的惯用表现
a great many 非常多的
a little
a few
as a rule 一般来说
at a loss 不知所措
in a hurry 匆忙
all of a sudden 突然
have a cold
in a sense 某种意义
come to an end 结束
for a while 一会儿
once in a while 偶尔
to a degree 非常地
with a view to 为了
例如1. As a rule it rains little in Kaohsiung in winter.
例如2. He was at a loss for words.
例如3. It is true in a sense.
例如4. I go to the movies once in a while.
5. 定冠词的用法
表示特定事物
例如1. You took a photo of me. Show the photo to me.
例如2. The wine I drank at the party was very good.
从状况可知所指为何的名词前
例如1. Did you remember to lock the door？
表示唯一之物的名词前
the sun, the moon, the universe
the north北方the south, the right右边
the Bible圣经, the tropics, the President 总统
用于最高级或the only, the first, the last, the same
例如1. He is the only person I can trust.
by the 单位 （以...为单位）
例如1. In England, they buy butter by the pound.
例如2. We were hired by the hour.
We were hired. 被雇佣
We were fired. 炒鱿鱼
the+形容词--指一类人,采复数形
the rich, the poor, the old, the young, the learned 有学问的人
the+形容词--表抽象的意义
例如1. Everybody loves the true, the good and the beautiful. 真善美
介词+the+身体的某部位
例如1. He shook her roughly by the shoulder.
例如2. He kissed the girl on the forehead.
fore father祖先, fore finger食指
the five fingers
(thumb, index finger / forefinger, middle finger, ring finger and little finger)
例如3. The man was shot through the heart.
6. 冠词的特别用法
half, many, quite, rather, such, what等+a/an+名词
例如1. It lasted for half an hour.
例如2. Many a little makes a mickle. 积少成多；聚沙成塔
例如3. It was so unusual a story that few people believed it.
It was such an unusual story that few people believed it.
all, both, double, twice, half 等+the+名词
例如1. All the computers in my office were broken.
例如2. I had to pay double the fine. 双倍的罚金
I was fined NT$500. NT$新台币
I got a traffic ticket. 罚单
a A and B / a A and a B
例如1. I saw a white and black dog. 一只黑白相间的狗
例如2. I saw a white and a black dog. 一只黑狗和一只白狗
注意
两个物品成一组或合而为一者,只在第一个名词前加冠词
the bread and butter 涂了奶油的面包
a cup and saucer 附茶盘的茶杯
a watch and chain 附表链的怀表
加冠词,不加冠词意义不同
加冠词表限定
不加冠词表抽象
go to school 去上学
go to the school 去学校
go to church 做礼拜
go to the church 去教堂
go to bed 上床睡觉
go to the bed 到床边
at table 用餐 I’m at table. 我在吃饭
at the table 在餐桌前
in class 课堂上 never talk in class
in the class 在班上
go to sea 当水手
go to the sea 去海边