初中英语语法全解 chapter 2 代词
2.1 代词概述与分类
代词是用来代替名词,以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。代词是一种功能词,它在句子中起指代和修饰(限定)作用。
代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词,见下表:
2.2 人称代词
1 人称代词的形式
2 人称代词在句中的作用
(1)作主语
He will drive as carefully as he can to avoid any accidents.
他尽可能小心地开车,以避免任何交通事故。
I will try my best to do the work well.我一定尽力把工作做好。
You should do as the teacher tells you to.你应该照你老师讲的那样去做。
You,she(he)and I all enjoy music.你、她(他)和我都喜欢音乐。
(2)作表语(口语中往往用宾格)
─Who is it?是谁呀?
─It is I.(或It is me.)是我。
人称代词主格有时还用作表语,这种用法在由who或that引导的从句中较常见。
It was I who did it.是我做的。
It is she who wants this dictionary.想要这本字典的是她。
(但:It is her that we are looking for.我们找的就是她。)
(3)作宾语
Mr Li is very strict with us.李老师对我们很严格。
The sun gives us light and heat.太阳给我们光和热。
Here is a letter for you.这儿有你的一封信。
2.3 物主代词
1 物主代词的形式
物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。
2 物主代词在句中的作用
(1)形容词性物主代词只能作定语。
Thank you very much for your information.谢谢你给我提供的信息。
The lady wants to have a refund,but her warranty has expired.
那位女士要求退货,但是她的保修单已经过期。
(2)名词性物主代词在句中作主语。
This is my CD player.Yours is over there.这是我的CD机,你的在那儿。
(3)名词性物主代词在句中作表语。
─Whose MP4 is this?这是谁的MP4?
─It’s mine.是我的。
(4)名词性物主代词在句中作宾语。
You may use my DC.I’ll use hers.你可以用我的数码相机,我用她的。
He took his own T-shirt away,not mine.他拿走了他自己的T恤衫,不是我的。
(5)名词性物主代词在句中与of连用作定语。
He is a close friend of ours.他是我们的一位亲密朋友。
That composition of yours is quite good.你的那篇作文写得真好。
定格透析 名词性物主代词可用作礼貌用语
A Happy New Year to you and yours from me and mine.
我和我的全家祝你和你全家新年快乐!
Yours sincerely(truly,faithfully).您的忠诚的(忠实的’可以信赖的)。
2.4 反身代词
1 反身代词的形式
2 反身代词在句中的作用
(1)作宾语。
Make yourself at home.别客气,就像在家一样。
You can’t always think of yourself.You must think more of others.
你不能总是想着你自己,你应该多想想别人。
(2)作表语。
The man in the photo is myself.相片里的那个人就是我本人。
(3)作主语或宾语的同位语(起强调作用)。
I myself want to talk with her.我想亲自跟她谈谈。
You’d better ask the teacher yourself.你最好亲自问老师。
You had better ask the headmaster himself about it.这件事你最好问校长本人。
举一反三
1 某些词常和反身代词搭配构成习惯用法
amuse oneself自娱自乐excuse oneself自我辩解
call oneself自称help oneself to随便吃(招待客人用语)
enjoy oneself玩得很快活teach oneself自学
speak to oneself自言自语devote oneself to献身于
lose oneself=lose one’s way迷路make oneself understood让别人懂自己的意思
seat oneself=sit down=be seated坐下
2 固定习语
(1)by oneself独自地,单独地
I did the work all by myself.工作完全是我自己完成的。
He lives there all by himself.他一个人在那儿住。
(2)of oneself自动地
The door opened of itself.那扇门自动开了。
(3)for oneself替自己,为自己
He has a right to decide for himself.他有权自己决定。
(4)in oneself本身,本质上
He is not bad in himself but he is unlucky.他本质并不坏’只是运气不好。
2.5 指示代词
指示代词有六个:this这个;that那个;these这些;those那些;such这样的(人或物);the same同样的(人或物)。
1 this,that,these,those在句中的作用
(1)作主语。
Sometimes there’s flooding,and this is why no one wants to live here.
这儿有时会发洪水,这就是没人想居住在这儿的原因。
Now this is what I want you to do,so listen carefully.
现在(要说的)是我想要你做的事情,请认真听。
(2)作宾语。
I know there’s a problem,but I haven’t got time to worry about that now.
我知道有问题,但现在我没时间担心那件事。
(3)作表语。
The books I bought yesterday are these.我昨天买的书就是这些。
(4)作定语。
This picture is better than that one.这幅画比那幅画好。
The children used to love those old Charlie Chaplin films.
孩子们过去喜欢查理.卓别林的那些老电影。
(5)that(those)可以代替前面的名词,避免重复。
The speed of sound is much slower than that of light.音速比光速慢得多。
Those are the questions I want to ask.那些就是我想问的问题。
定格透析 such的用法
指示代词such表示“如此的,如此的人或事物”,具有名词和形容词的性质,在句子中可用作主语、定语、表语、宾语等。
1 作主语
Such is my friend,a hard-working girl.这就是我的朋友’一个勤奋好学的女孩。
Such is our plan.这就是我们的计划。
2 作定语
I don’t like such a book.我不喜欢这样的书。(such a修饰单数可数名词)
It’s such a nice day!这是多么晴朗的一天啊!
Such water is quite clean.这样的水很干净。(such修饰不可数名词)
I had never seen a man with such long arms.
我从未见过有人长着这么长的胳膊。(such修饰复数名词)
3 作表语(常与as和that从句连用)
The birds were such as I never saw before.这样的鸟’我从未见过。
The problems are such that we can’t solve by ourselves.
这样的问题’我们自己是解决不了的。
4 作宾语
If you act like a child’you will be treated as such.
你要是表现得像个孩子’别人就会把你当孩子看待。
2 the same在句中的作用
(1)作定语
She and I were in the same school.她和我在同一所学校。
(2)作主语
The same may be said of her brother.她弟弟的情况也是如此。
(3)作表语
The two pictures look the same to me.I can’t tell them apart.
这两幅画在我看来是一样的,我无法区分它们。
(4)作宾语
Our English teacher asked you to do the same.
我们的英语老师要求你做同样的事。
2.6 疑问代词
疑问代词有who,whom,what,whose和which,它们都是用来构成特殊疑问句的。其用法如下。
1 在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语
Who took away my MP3?谁把我的MP3拿走了?(作主语)
Whom did you see at the party?在聚会上你看到谁了?(作宾语)
Which do you prefer,swimming or bowling?游泳和保龄球,你更喜欢哪个?(作宾语)
Excuse me.What’s the time by your watch?打扰了,请问你的表几点了?(作表语)
Whose schoolbag is this?这是谁的书包?(作定语)
2 口语中whom可用who代替,但是若whom之前有介词,则只能用whom
试比较:
Who are you talking about?
Whom are you talking about?
你们在说谁?
Who did you go with?
With whom did you go?
你和谁一道去?
3 用whose,which,what提问时,其后一般必须接名词或代词
Whose pen is this?这是谁的钢笔?
Which train will you take?你搭哪一班火车?
What time shall we meet again?我们几点钟再碰头?
2.7 关系代词
关系代词常用来引导定语从句。关系代词一方面在定语从句中担任一个成分,如:主语、宾语、表语或定语;另一方面又指代定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,也就是通常所说的先行词。
主要关系代词有:
who主格,“某人” whose属格,“某人的”
whom宾格,“某人” that多指事物,有时指人
which指代事物 as用在“such...as”结构中
1 who,whom,whose的用法
who和whom指代人,在定语从句中作主语时用who,作宾语时用whom。非正式场合有时也用who代替whom,但介词后面一定要用whom。
The foreigner who visited our school yesterday is from Canada.
昨天来参观我们学校的那位外宾是加拿大人。(who在从句中作主语)
The person to whom you just talked is Mr Li.刚才跟你谈话的那个人是李先生。
(whom在从句中作talked to的宾语,由于介词to提前,所以只用whom而不用who)
whose意为“某人的”,在从句中作定语。
The only true great man is the man whose heart is beating for all people.
心为一切人跳动的人,才是真正的伟人。
2 which的用法
which指物,在定语从句中作主语和宾语,作宾语时,在限制性定语从句中可以省略。
They planted the trees which didn’t need much water.
他们种了一些不太需要水的树。(which在定语从句中作主语)
The fish(which)we bought was not fresh.
我们买来的那鱼不新鲜。(which在定语从句中作宾语)
This is the story from which we learned a lot.
这就是那个故事,我们从中受益匪浅。(which作介词from的宾语)
3 that的用法
that可以指人,也可以指物,在定语从句中作主语、表语和宾语。指物时与which大体相同。
Have you seen the sign that says“NO PHOTOS”?你看见写着“禁止拍照”的指示牌了吗?
(作定语从句的主语)
He is no longer the man that he was.他已经不是过去的他了。(作定语从句的表语)
The girl(that/who/whom)we saw yesterday was Jim’s sister.
我们昨天看到的那个女孩是吉姆的姐姐。(作定语从句的宾语)
4 当关系代词指物时,常用that而不用which的情况
(1)当先行词是everything,nothing,something,anything,all,little,much等不定代词时。
Everything that I have seen in the room is in good order.
我在屋里看到的一切都摆放得井井有条。
All that glitters is not gold.─Shakespeare闪闪发光物,未必是黄金。───莎士比亚
(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等词修饰时。
There is little time that we can spare.我们抽不出时间。
Man is the only animal that can laugh and blush.─Mark Twain
人是唯一会大笑和脸红的动物。───马克.吐温
(3)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
It is the first American film of this kind that I’ve ever seen.这是我看过的第一部这类美国影片。
This is the best hotel that I know.这是我知道的最佳旅馆。
(4)在there be句型引导的定语从句中或关系代词作表语的定语从句中。
There is a seat in the corner that is still free.角落里仍有一个空位。
(5)当先行词既有人又有物,或是两个不同的人或物时。
Scientists are also developing new fuels and engines that let us travel without worrying about
whether we are polluting the environment.
科学家们还开发了新型燃料和新式发动机,使我们旅行时不必担心会污染环境。
Robots can only respond to things and ways that have been programmed by humans.
机器人只能对由人用程序编好的东西和方式做出反应。
5 关系代词指代事物时,常用which而不用that的情况
(1)在非限制性定语从句中。
In 2OO9,Mr Li rewrote his A Practical English-Chinese Dictionary of Synonyms&Antonyms,which quickly became a best-seller.
2OO9年李先生修订了他写的《实用英汉同义词反义词词典》,这本词典很快成了畅销书。
He offered to get a doctor for me,which was very kind of him.
他提出去给我请大夫,他真是太好了。
(2)关系代词前有介词时。
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
那些年轻人参加的比赛进行得很艰苦。
(3)关系代词后有插入语时。
This is the book which,as I have told you,will help you improve your English.
这就是我跟你说过的能帮你学好英语的那本书。
6 关系代词指人时,常用who而不用that的情况
(1)先行词为one,ones,anyone或those时。
Anyone who breaks the rules will be punished.任何违反规章制度的人都会受到处罚。
Those who work deserve to eat;those who do not work deserve to starve.
劳动者应该享受美食,不劳动者应该忍饥挨饿。
(2)在以there be开头的句子中。
There is a man who wants to see you.有位男士要见你。
(3)当先行词后有较长的修饰语时。
I met a foreigner in the park yesterday who could speak Chinese fluently.
昨天我在公园里遇见一个汉语说得很流利的外国人。
7 关系代词作定语从句的宾语时
关系代词作定语从句的宾语时,若介词前置,则不能用that,而只能用whom指人,用which指物;若介词后置则不受这种限制。
They are the boys(whom/who/that)I went to school with.
They are the boys with whom I went to school.(介词前置)
他们是曾经与我一块去上学的男孩们。
The room(that/which)they live in is not large.
The room in which they live is not large.(介词前置)
他们住的房子不大。
8 关系代词的省略
(1)在限制性定语从句中,如果关系代词在从句中作宾语,则可以省略;但在非限制性定语从句中不可省略。
Football is a sport(that/which)he likes.足球是他喜欢的一种运动。
The runner(who/that)you are looking for is over there.你正在找的那位赛跑选手在那边。
This poem,which almost everybody knows,was written by Li Bai.(√)
This poem,almost everybody knows,was written by Li Bai.(x)
这首几乎人人皆知的诗,是李白写的。
(2)能在定语从句中作表语的只有that,可指人或物,通常可以省略。
She is not the beautiful young girl(that)she was before.
她不再是过去那个年轻漂亮的女孩了。
但that在定语从句中作主语时,不可省略。
A plane is a machine that can fly.飞机是一种能飞的机器。
9 关系代词as的用法
(1)as引导非限制性定语从句时,从句可在主句前,也可在主句后。
As often happens,a great many buildings were destroyed in the earthquake.
正如经常发生的那样,大量建筑物在地震中遭到了破坏。
She is a liar,as anybody can see.任何人都能看出,她是个骗子。
(2)关系代词as引导定语从句时通常构成such...as或the same...as固定搭配。as指代其前的名词,并可在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语。
This is the same dish as we had yesterday.
这样的菜我们昨天就吃过了。(as作从句中had的宾语,指代dish)
He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.
他不是那种做事半途而废的人。(as在从句中作主语,指代man)
He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as在从句中作表语,指代man)
2.8 连接代词
连接代词可连接主句和从句,并在从句中充当一定的句子成分;有格的变化和指人与指物的区别。连接代词的形式如下:
1 连接代词引导主语从句
What I want to talk about is this.我想谈的事情就是这个。
(what引导的从句作整个句子的主语,是主语从句,what相当于the thing which
It is not decided who may go first.
谁可以先走还未决定。(It是形式主语,真正的主语是who引导的从句)
2 连接代词引导宾语从句
Do you know whose book it is?
你知道这是谁的书吗?(whose引导的从句作know的宾语,是宾语从句)
I can’t tell which picture is more beautiful.
我没法说哪张画更漂亮。(which引导的从句作tell的宾语,是宾语从句)
3 连接代词引导表语从句
That’s what we are going to do this evening.
那就是今晚我们要做的。(what引导表语从句,what相当于the thing which)
The problem is who(m)we should ask.
问题是我们应该问谁。(who/whom引导表语从句)
4 连接代词还可引导从句作插入语
She shouted loudly and,what was rare,ran wildly in the field.
她大声叫喊,更少有的是,她还疯狂地在田野里奔跑。
(what引导的从句作插入语,what指代后面提到的情况)
举一反三
who(m),which和what还可以与ever构成合成词,用于引导各类从句,起强调作用,有“一切”“任何”这类意思。
Whoever breaks the school windows will be punished.无论谁打破学校窗户都会受到惩罚。
Richer countries must do whatever they can to help poorer ones.
富国必须尽可能地帮助穷国。
Call whomever you want.你愿意给谁打电话都行。
2.9 不定代词
1 不定代词概述
不指明替代任何特定名词或形容词的代词称为不定代词。它可分为三类:
(1)普通不定代词
some(somebody,someone,something)
any(anybody,anyone,anything)
no(nobody,no one,nothing)
one,none
(2)个体代词
all other neither everybody
every another both everyone
each either half everything
(3)数量代词
many,much,few,little,a few,a little
2 some和any的用法
(1)some一般用于肯定句中,表示“一些”“一点儿”等意思。它也可以用于疑问句中,表示请求、建议、命令、邀请并期望得到肯定答复。
─Can you give me some idea of the cost?你能告诉我费用大概是多少吗?
─No,I’m afraid I haven’t any idea.真遗憾,我一点儿都不知道。
Some parts of the country are quite mountainous.该国有些地方是多山地区。
Why not send that girl some flowers?为什么不送给那个女孩一些花呢?
Have you got some money you could lend me?I left my wallet at home.
你能借我些钱吗?我把钱包忘在家里了。
There must be some reason for what he’s done.
他这么做必定有某种理由。(此处some表示“某种”)
(2)any一般用于疑问句、否定句或条件从句中,表示“什么”“一些”或“一点儿”等意思。
Have you got any money?你有钱吗?
He never gives me any help.他从未帮助过我。
There’s hardly any meat left in the fridge.冰箱里没剩下什么肉了。
Come and see me if you have any time.你若有空就来看我。
(3)any有时也可以用于肯定句中,表示“任何”“无论哪一个”的意思,起强调作用。
She’s younger than any other student in her class.她比班上任何其他学生都要小。
You can use this printer with any computer.用任何一台电脑,你都能使用这台打印机。
3 many,much,few,a few,little,a little的用法
many,a few,few用于可数名词;much,a little,little用于不可数名词。a few,a little在意义上是肯定的;few,little在意义上是否定的。many,much主要用在疑问句和否定句中,也常用于肯定句句首,作定语、主语、宾语等。
New drivers have twice as many accidents as experienced drivers.
新驾驶员所出的事故是老驾驶员的两倍。
I’ve got too much work to do.我有太多的工作要做。
She bought a few eggs and a little milk.她买了几个鸡蛋和一点儿牛奶。
There’re so few that I can’t give you one.没有多少了,我不能给你一个。
I have so little time to enjoy myself.我很少有时间玩。
Little did they do to help the refugees.他们没做什么去帮助那些难民。
4 both,either,neither的用法
(1)both指代两个人或事物,意为“两者都”,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语等。
─I don’t know which to buy.我不知道该买哪一个。
─Why not buy both of them?何不两个都买下来呢?
Both sides are keen to reach an agreement.双方都很想达成协议。
She and her husband both like dancing.她和丈夫都喜欢跳舞。
There are trees on both sides of the street.街道两旁都有树。
(2)either表示“两者中的任何一个”。它和both一样表示肯定意义。
You can park on either side of the street.这条街两边都可以停车。
You can keep one of the photos.Either of them,whichever you like.
你可以保留一张照片。两张里任选一张,挑你喜欢的。
She’s the kind of person you either love or hate.她是那种让你不是爱就是恨的人。
Here are two shirts.You can take either of them.这儿有两件衬衫,你拿哪件都可以。
(3)neither是either的否定形式,表示“两者都不”。
Neither of the answers is right.=Neither answer is right.两个答案都不正确。
I agree with neither of you.你们两人的意见我都不赞同。
定格透析 none,no,no one的用法
1 none指三个或三个以上的人或事物“全不”“都不”。若代替不可数名词,其谓语动词用单数形式;若代替可数名词,其谓语动词用单、复数形式均可。
None of us have(has)got a ticket.我们谁都没有票。
I liked none of the books.这些书我都不喜欢。
回答how many开头的问句时,可以用none。
─How many students are there in the classroom?教室里有多少学生?
─None.一个也没有。
None of the rubbish is carried out.所有的垃圾都没有被清理走。
2 no常用作定语,此时no相当于not any或not a。但no用在句首否定主语时不能用not any代替。
I have no(don’t have any)money.我没有钱。
There is no(not a)book on the desk.桌上没有书。
No man is born wise.没有人天生英明。(此处不能用not any代替)
此外,no所修饰的名词前不可有定冠词、物主代词和指示代词,否则应用none of。句中用
了any,enough,much时也不能用no。
She hasn't got enough money to buy the house.她没有足够的钱买房子。
There is not much milk in the jar.罐子里的牛奶不多了。
3 no one等同于nobody,表示“没有人……”。回答who开头的问句时,可以用no one。
No one(Nobody)knows about it.没有人知道此事。
─Who is in the room?谁在房间里?
─No one(Nobody).没人。
5 other,others,the other,the others,another的用法
(1)other作定语。
other可以修饰单数名词,也可以修饰复数名词;other前常有the,some,any,one,every,all,no等限定词。
The post office is on the other side of the street.邮局在这条街的那一边。
She’s cleverer than any other girl in her class.她比班上的其他女孩都聪明。
Of the three foreign guests,one is from London;the other two(guests)are from Paris.
三位外宾中,一位来自伦敦,另外两位来自巴黎。
We can do as well as other people,I believe.我相信我们能做得和别人一样好。
I have no other friends but Amy.除艾米之外,我没有别的朋友。
(2)others是other的复数形式,表示“两个和两个以上的其他人或物”。使用该词有四点要注意:
others可以单独使用,常见于“some...others...”句型;
others前常加定冠词the;
others前有时也用其他限定词(如some,any等)修饰;
others不能用作定语。
Some people like to stay at home on Sunday,but some others like to go shopping.
星期天,一些人喜欢待在家里,另外一些人喜欢去购物。
Some of them are red;others are brown.有些是红色的,另外一些是褐色的。
We must think of others and do good to others.我们应该为他人着想,并善待他人。
Jerry is here.But where are the others?杰里在这里。但是其他人在哪儿?
(3)the other单独使用,表示“二者中的另一个”,the不能省略。
He has two daughters.One is a teacher,and the other is a doctor.
他有两个女儿。一个是教师,另一个是医生。
One of my brothers is named Tony,and the other is John.我的一个兄弟叫托尼,另一个叫约翰。
(4)the others特指一定范围内所剩下的人或事物。
She’s cleverer than(any of)the others in her class.她比班里其他人都聪明。
Six of them are mine;the others are my sister’s.其中六个是我的,其他的是我姐姐的。
Twenty of the class are boys;the others are girls.该班有2O名男生,其余的是女生。
(5)another(由an+other构成)表示“另一个(泛指)”,其前不能加冠词。another作不定代词时只表示单数概念,作限定词时可修饰数词和复数可数名词。
I don’t like this one.Can you show me another?我不喜欢这个,你能把另一个给我看看吗?
There are three pens on the desk.One is red;another is yellow and the third is black.
桌上有三支钢笔,一支是红色的,另一支是黄色的,还有一支是黑色的。
Would you like another drink?你再来一杯吗?
Some delegates of the ping-pong team will stay in Croatia for another seven days.
有些乒乓球队代表成员在克罗地亚要再待一周。
6 each和every的用法
(1)使用each时请注意:
each of后面直接接人称代词复数(us,them,you等)。
each of后面不能直接接名词,必须在复数名词前加限定词(定冠词the或my,his,her,our等物主代词)。
Each of us has got something to say.我们每个人都有些话要讲。
Each of my sisters has a storybook.我的每个妹妹都有一本故事书。
each在句中可作主语、定语、宾语、同位语。
Each has something to say.每个人都有话要讲。(作主语)
Each child was given a Christmas gift.每个孩子都得到了圣诞礼物。(作定语)
You should give 2O dollars to each.你应该给每人2O美元。(作宾语)
We each have our own ambitions.我们每个人都有自己的理想。(作同位语)
(2)every“每个”,不像each那样具有“个别”的意味,而是强调共同性。和all的意义相近,有“全体、一切”的意思,只能作定语。
Every minute is important to us.每一分钟对我们都是重要的。
He returned home once every week.他每星期回家一次。
I read English every morning.我每天早晨读英语。
(3)each和every的比较。
each可用作名词和形容词,every只用作形容词。二者用作形容词时,意义相同,但each侧重指个别,every侧重指整体。
Nowadays each student has his own MP3.如今每个学生都有自己的MP3。(强调个人)
You can learn something useful from every person.
你可以从每个人那里学到有用的东西。(强调整体)
each有时可表示两个或更多的人,every一般指两个以上的人或物。
Two girls came in.Each wore a red skirt.两个女孩走进来了,每人穿一条红裙子。
Every student has a new yellow sweater.每个学生都有一件新的黄色羊毛衫。
7 none表示全部否定;all,both等与not连用表示部分否定
(1)none单独作主语时,谓语动词用单数、复数形式均可。
(2)none of后面接名词时,如果是不可数名词,谓语动词用单数形式;如果是可数名词或代词,谓语动词用单数或复数形式皆可。
(3)none表示全部否定。
Although these were good students,none had the score above 7O.
虽然这些都是好学生,但没有一个得分超过7O分。
None of them want(wants)to come.他们没人想来。
None of the students are good at English.所有学生的英语都学得不好。
all...not...,not...all表示部分否定,译作“不都”。这里的all还可用everybody,everything,whole,both等词替换,也表示部分否定。
Not all the students are good at English.不是所有学生的英语都学得好。
Both of his children are not college students.他的两个孩子不都是大学生。
Everybody wouldn't like him.不是所有人都会喜欢他。
8 复合不定代词
由some,any,no,every加上-body,-one,-thing构成的不定代词称为复合不定代词(表示不确定的人或事)。使用时须注意以下几点:
(1)这些词作主语时,后面的动词要用第三人称单数。
(2)由some和every构成的复合不定代词一般用于肯定句,而由any构成的复合不定代词则用于否定句、疑问句或条件从句。由no构成的复合不定代词本身即表示否定。
(3)形容词或动词不定式修饰这些不定代词时,必须后置,即放在这些代词的后面。
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事要告诉你。
─Next week I will go to Beijing.Have you anything to be taken to your parents?
下周我去北京,你有什么要带给你父母吗?
─No,nothing.Thank you.没有,什么也不带。谢谢。
Is there anything important in today’s newspaper?今天的报纸上有什么重要消息吗?
Someone has taken my pen.It was here just now.有人拿走了我的钢笔。它刚才还在这里呢。
定格透析 复合不定代词的用法
1复合不定代词都表示单数概念,只有名词性质,一般不作定语。
修饰复合不定代词的成分应放在它们后面(如someone[that]I know我认识的人,
something important重要的事[但也有:mysterious something神秘的东西],anything
worth doing值得做的任何事)。与some,any,no的用法相似,some-开头的合成代词一般
用于肯定句;any-构成的合成代词一般用于否定句、疑问句、条件从句;no-构成的合成代
词一般用于肯定句表示否定意义。但表示请求、建议、反问的问句也用some-构成的合成
词;any-构成的合成词有时也用于肯定句中。
Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门。
I have something important to tell you.我有要事相告。
Is there anything you don’t understand?你有什么不懂的吗?
Nobody else is here.这儿没别的人。
Do you need anything else?你需要别的什么吗?
There is something wrong with the MP3.这部MP3出故障了。
Is anybody absent?有人缺席吗?(说话人认为无人缺席)
Is somebody absent?有人缺席吗?(说话人认为有人缺席)
2 somebody,something和nobody,nothing还可分别表示“有出息的人,重要人物”和“无
关紧要的人,小人物”。
Actually, he is nothing in that office.实际上’他在办公室里是个小人物。
He was just anybody in that company, but he wanted to become somebody later.
他在那家公司只是个无名小卒’但他希望日后成为有出息的人。
2.10 相互代词
相互代词是表示相互关系的代词,只有each other和one another两个,可在句中作宾语、定语或同位语。
Do you agree with one another?你们都同意彼此的意见吗?(作宾语)
They gave each other a present.他们彼此赠送礼物。(作宾语)
We are old friends and we know one another’s liking.
我们是老朋友了,相互知道各自的爱好。(作定语)
We each other learn a lot.我们互相学了好多东西。(作同位语)
2.11 one,ones,it,that,so,not表示替代
1 为了避免重复,常用one,ones替代可数名词,指代与前文同类的东西
one替代单数名词,ones替代复数名词。
Have you any books on farming?I’d like to borrow one(one=a book on farming).
你们有关于农业的书吗?我想借一本。
I’ve got several books;which ones would you like?我有好几本书,你喜欢哪几本?
2 one前面不能直接用a,an修饰
但one前有形容词或其他修饰语时,可以使用不定冠词或物主代词等。
You have so many pencils.Would you give me a green one?
你有这么多铅笔,给我一支绿色的,行吗?
I don’t like this hat.Show me a bigger one.我不喜欢这顶帽子,拿顶大点儿的给我看看。
Your car isn’t fast enough.Let’s take his new one.你的车不够快,我们乘他那部新车吧!
3 one和ones不能替代不可数名词
如果遇到不可数名词,可重复一下该名词,或者去掉不要。
Don’t get artificial silk.We must have real silk.不要买人造丝绸,我们要真丝。(重复silk)
If you haven’t got fresh milk,I’ll take some tinned.(或tinned milk)
如果你们没有鲜牛奶,我要点儿罐装的。
4 it指代可数或不可数名词,复数为them
常用来替代前文提及的“the+名词”或“物主代词/所有格+名词”形式,表示“同一个”。
─Have you returned the book?(the+n.)你把书还了吗?
─Yes,I have.I’ve just returned it.还了,我刚还的。
5 that替代前面提到的可数或不可数名词 复数是those
,
表示特指,以避免重复,在比较句型中较突出。替代可数名词单数时可换用the one。
The population of China is larger than that of India.中国的人口比印度的人口多。
TV sets made in China are as good as those made in Japan.
中国产的电视机和日本产的电视机一样好。
6 so和not常替代that从句或某种情况的全部
用在某些表示委婉语气的动词之后,以替代一个that从句或某种情况的全部。
(1)believe,think,expect,suppose等词的否定形式有两种:I think not或I don’t think so。但hope和be afraid的否定形式只有一种,即I hope not和I’m afraid not。
─It will rain tomorrow.明天会下雨。
─I hope not.我希望不要(下雨)。
─I’m afraid not.恐怕不会(下雨)。
(2)动词do后用so或it均可,表示一个已经发生的动作。
─Please tell him to come to the meeting on time.请告诉他准时来开会。
I have done so/it.我已经这么做了
2.12 it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法
1 it作形式主语
it常用作动词不定式、v.-ing形式或一个句子的形式主语,放在句首,而真正的主语(句子、动词不定式、v.-ing形式)放在后面。
(1)作动词不定式的形式主语。
Is it possible for us to fly to the moon in a spaceship soon?
我们不久后能乘宇宙飞船去月球吗?
It’s not easy to get him to change his mind.让他改变想法不容易。
It’s difficult to understand what he means.很难弄懂他的意思。
Apparently it’s more expensive to fly than go by train.显然,乘飞机比坐火车贵。
It’s necessary for us to learn a foreign language.我们学习一门外语是必要的。
It’s important for you to come as early as possible.对你来说,尽早来是很重要的。
(2)作v.-ing形式的形式主语。
It is no use learning without thinking.学而不思则罔。
It is dangerous playing with fire.玩火是危险的。
It was nice seeing you.见到你,真高兴。
(3)作that,whether,when等引导的句子的形式主语。
It’s a pity(that)you couldn’t come.你来不了,真遗憾。
It appears that the two leaders are holding secret talks.看来两位领导人正在进行秘密会谈。
It doesn’t matter to me whether he goes or not.他去不去与我无关。
It doesn’t matter when you arrive.你什么时候到没有关系。
It's said that the game has been put off.据说那场比赛已经推迟了。
2 it作形式宾语
当复合宾语中的宾语是动词不定式、v.-ing形式、宾语从句时,往往把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语的后面,而把形式宾语it放在谓语动词后,其后接宾语补足语。
I consider it possible to pass the driving test.我认为有可能通过驾照考试。
I find it strange that she doesn’t want to go.她居然不想去,这让我觉得奇怪。
He thinks it no use talking to her about it.他认为和她谈这事没有用。
They kept it quiet that the President had passed away.他们对总统去世的消息加以保密。
练习题
1.—I can’t find the magazine I bought this morning.
—Well,Jack is reading____over there.Why not go and see if it is yours?
A.it B.that C.one D.some
2.—There are four bedrooms in the house,____with its own shower.
—That’s what I want.I’ve got a few kids.
A.either B.neither C.each D.none
3.—Jane,is this your umbrella?
—No,it’s not____.I didn’t take one this morning.
A.me B.my C.mine
4.—How do you like the famous actor,Tong Dawei?
—Wonderful!I like____very much.
A.he B.his C.him D.himself
5.—The East Lake is not far from the Yellow Crane Tower,so you can easily visit____ in a day.
—Fantastic!I can’t wait for it.
A.none B.both C.all D.either
6.Miss Smith is very kind.We all like____.
A.it B.her C.him D.them
7.—____T-shirt is this?
—I think it’s Tom’s.(2O15广东卷)
A.Whose B.Which C.What D.Who
8.My brother likes painting.It’s one of____hobbies.
A.my B.her C.his D.your
9.—Which of the two magazines will you take?
—I’ll take____though I find of the are very useful to me.
A.all;both B.either;either C.either;neither D.either;both
1O.It’s possible to get$1OO a day in this company,and some days you can get____.A.much B.more C.little D.fewer
11.I have a big brother.____name is Paul.
A.His B.Her C.He D.Your
12.—Which of the two T-shirts would you like?
—.____I don’t like their styles.
A.Either B.Both C.None D.Neither
13.—Would you like tea or coffee?
—____,thanks!I’d prefer a coke.
A.Both B.Neither C.All D.Some
习题解答
1.C考查代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.it指代上文提到的唯一的事物;B.that指代上文提到的某样物品;C.one指同类物品中的任何一个;D.some表示“一些”或“某一个”。Jack正在读的一份,是同类物品的中的任意一个,没有特指。所以选one。
句意:——我没找到今天早上买的那本杂志。——啊,杰克正在那里读着一本,何不去看看是不是你的那本?
2.C考查代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.either两者择一;B.neither两者都不;C.each每个,各自;D.none一个也不。这里用代词指代每个房间,所以用each(每个,各自)。
句意:——这座房子里有四间卧室,每个房间都有自己的淋浴间。——这就是我想要的,我有几个孩子。
3.C考查代词用法。三个选项分别是:A.me我(宾格);B.my我的(形容词性物主代词);C.mine我的(名词性物主代词)。纵观上下文语境,此处应用mine。
句意:——简,这是你的雨伞吗?——不,这不是我的雨伞,我今天早上没带雨伞。
4.C考查代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.he他(主格);B.his他的;C.him他(宾格);D.himself他自己(反身代词)。此句缺少宾语,所以选C项。
句意:——你觉得著名男演员佟大为怎么样?——棒极了。我特别喜欢他。
5.B考查不定代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.none一个也不;B.both两者都;C.all三者或三者以上都;D.either两者择一。根据语境,可知答案是B。
句意:——东湖离黄鹤楼不远,一天里两处都能游览完。——太棒了!我都等不及了。
6.B考查不定代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.it它(人称代词主格/宾格);B.her她(人称代词宾格);她的(形容词性物主代词);C.him他(人称代词宾格);D.them他们(人称代词宾格)。此句缺少宾语,又因为上句所提是史密斯小姐,故选her。
句意:——史密斯小姐很和蔼。——我们大家都喜欢她。
7.A考查疑问代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.whose谁的;B.which哪一个;C.what什么;D.who谁。依据语境,特别是答语可知疑问代词whose(谁的)符合句意。
句意:——这是谁的T恤衫?——我想它是汤姆的。
8.C考查代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.my我的;B.her她的;C.his他的;D.your你的。依据语境,说的是哥哥,显然C项正确。
句意:我哥哥喜欢画油画。这是他的一项业余爱好。
9.D考查不定代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.all;both全部;两个都;B.either;either两者中任何一个;两者中任何一个;C.either;neither两者中任何一个;两者都不;D.either;both两者中任何一个;两个都。依据上下文语境,答案显然是D。
句意:——这两本杂志你打算买哪本?——我打算买其中一本,尽管我发现两本对我都挺有用。
1O.B考查代词用法。根据连词and可知,前后分句都应是肯定句,所以选项C、D错误;空格处指的是前面的$1OO,所以应用much修饰不可数名词;前后分句之间存在着明显的比较关系,所以此处应用more。故选B项。
句意:在这家公司每天挣1OO美元是很有可能的事情,过些天你能挣更多。
11.A考查代词用法。主要区分人称代词与形容词性物主代词的功能,人称代词可作主语和宾语;形容词性物主代词相当于形容词作定语。四个选项分别是:A.His他的;B.Her她的;C.He他;D.Your你的。依据上下文语境,答案选A。
句意:我有一个哥哥,他的名字叫保罗。
12.D考查不定代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.Either两者中任何一个;B.Both两个都;C.None没有任何物或人;D.Neither两者都不。依据语境,答案选D。
句意:——两件T恤衫中你喜欢哪一件?——都不喜欢,我不喜欢它们的款式。
13.B考查不定代词用法。四个选项分别是:A.Both两者都;B.Neither两者都不;C.All全部;
D.Some一些。依据语境,答案应是B。
句意:——你想喝茶还是咖啡?——两样都不要,谢谢。我更喜欢可口可乐。