2026届高考英语二轮复习：句子成分及句型 课件（共58张PPT)

(共58张PPT)
PartI句子的构成
句子成分
句子成分
主语 subject
谓语 predicate
宾语 object
表语 predicative
宾补 object complement
定语 attribute
状语 adverbial
同位语 appositive
组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分包括主语、
谓语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语、状语和同位语。
主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须
有主语和谓语）。
预备知识点一：词类概述
词类 英语名称 作用 例词
名词 n. 表示人或事物的名称 man,dog, tree, book
冠词 art. 用在名词前，起修饰或限定作用 a, an, the
代词 pron. 代替名词或数词 I, you, that, this, some, a few
数词 num. 表示数量或顺序 one, two, first
形容词 adj. 修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征 red, beautiful, young, old
副词 adv. 修饰动词、形容词或其它副词 very, quickly, often, here
动词 v. 表动作或状态 walk, run, study, be
介词 prep. 用在名词、代词或数词前，表示和句中其它词的关系 in, on, at, behind, from
连词 conj. 用来连接词与词或句与句 and, but, if, or
感叹词 interj. 表示说话时的感情或口气 oh, hello, hi, er
1. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.
↓
主语
↓
谓
语
↓
定语
↓
宾
语
↓
同位语
↓
状
语
判断划线部分句子成分
地
点
状
语
时
间
状
语
㈠主语
Jane is good at playing the piano.
She went out in a hurry.
Four plus four is eight.
To see is to believe.
Smoking is bad for health.
The young should respect the old.
What he has said is true.
主语: 句子的主题，要说明的人或物。可以作主语的成分有名词, 代词,动词不定式, 动名词,句子等等。主语一般在句首，注意it形式主语。
名词
主格代词
数词
动词不定式
动名词
the + 形容词，一类人，相当于名词
句子：主语从句
重点：
句子成分与词类的关联
㈡谓语
谓语: 用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态。简单谓语由动词或动词词组构成, 一般在主语之后（注意倒装句）。有时态、语态、语气的变化，受主语人称和数的影响。
I saw the flag on the top of the hill
He looks after two children.
复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词;
He can speak English well.
She has finished the homework.
I do hope to hear from you. (do 帮助实义动词hope构成强调句）
谓语分类：
①行为动词（实义动词）：及物动词+宾语
不及物动词+介词+宾语
②系动词：be/感官动词/表变化动词/表状态
动词 （口诀：保证是感官变了）
③助动词：do/does/did/have/has/had
④情态动词: can/could/may/might/shall/should/will/would/must/need/ought to
情态动词不能单独作谓语，要加行为动词（原形）一起构成谓语部分）
1. The sun rose.
2. What he said does not matter.
3. Who knows the answer
4. He has refused to help them.
5. He enjoys reading.
6. He said "Good morning."
7. Does he get up early today
8. I can't speak English fluently.
找谓语
●I like my job.
●I love you.
●He wanted to leave here.
●They enjoyed playing computer games.
●He asked where he was.
（三）宾语
宾语：动作的接受者，一般在谓语后面。可以作宾语的成分有名词, 代词,动词不定式, 动名词,句子等等。
名词
代词
动词不定式
动名词
宾语从句
句子
宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人. （间人直物）
He gave me some books.
↓
间接
宾语
↓
直接
宾语
●Please pass me the book.
●He bought me some flowers.
=Please pass the book to me.
=He bought some flowers for me.
(四)宾语补足语
宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后，对宾语作出补充说明的成分（补充宾语怎么了）。
I found the book interesting.
Do you hear Tom singing
He made himself understood.
She asked me to lend her a hand.
Please make yourself at home.
Please keep the dog out.
We must keep it a secret.
形容词
现在分词
过去分词
动词不定式
介词短语
副词
名词
(五)定语
He is a clever boy.
They are building a stone bridge.
There are 56 students in our class.
Do you know Betty’s sister
He bought some sleeping pills.
There is a sleeping baby in bed.
His spoken language is good.
I met a friend on my way home.
(形容词)
(名词)
(数词)
(名词的所有格)
(动名词)
(现在分词)
(过去分词)
(副词)
前置定语
定语是用来修饰名词或代词的。单个词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词之前。
Tip:作定语，动名词表达被修饰名词的用途、功能；
现在分词表示被修饰名词的动作状态
The girl in red is his sister.
We have a lot of work to do.
The girl standing under the tree is his daughter.
The window broken is in our classroom.
Do you know the man who spoke just now
There is nothing interesting in this book.
The people present are all my friends.
(介词短语)
(动词不定式)
(现在分词)
(定语从句)
(形容词后置)
后置定语
(过去分词)
1.短语或从句作定语时，放在被修饰的名词后面。
2.当定语修饰不定代词时，如：something,nothing,everything...定语在不定代词后面。
adj. 在场的，出席的
（六）状语
说明动作或状态之特征的句子成分。
用于修饰形容词,副词,动词,介词短语或句子.可表示时间,地点,原因,结果,目的,方式,伴随,条件,程度,让步,频率,比较等.
I will be back in a while.
They are playing on the playground.
（时间状语）
（地点状语）
（原因状语）
（结果状语）
He was late because he got up late.
He got up so late that he missed the train.
I waited to see you.
He often went to school by bus.
His parents died,leaving him an orphan.
Please call me if it is necessary.
This book is very interesting.
He went to school in spite of his illness.
He always comes late to school.
I am taller than he is.
（目的状语）
（方式状语）
（伴随状语）
（条件状语）
（程度状语）
（让步状语）
（频率状语）
（比较状语）
He went.
He went there.
He went there yesterday.
He went there to see his mother yesterday.
He went there to see his mother by bike yesterday.
句子扩充:翻译
（七）表语
在系动词后的部分就是表语：说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的词或从句。
常由名词、形容词、副词，介词短语、动名词、不定式来充当。
常见的系动词有6类:
状态系动词be动词 (am, is, are)
感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, taste, look
变化系动词 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come,run (变得)
持续系动词 keep, remain, stay, stand.
表象系动词 seem似乎, look看上去, appear 显得
终止系动词 prove, turn out 证实，结果是
口诀：保证是感官变了
The war was over.
They seem to know the truth.
Time is precious.
Who was the first
He is out of condition.
The book is what I need.
7. My job is teaching.
8. I'm a teacher.
身体不好
结束
（副词）
（动词不定式）
（形容词）
（数词）
（介词短语）
（句子：表语从句）
（动名词）
（名词）
可与主语互换
八、同位语
We students should study hard.
We all are students.
I am Miss. Zhang, your English teacher.
同位语: 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在
同等位置时, 对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，
通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任。
(students是we的同位语, 都是指同一批“学生”)
(all是we的同位语, 都指同样的“我们”)
补充：
插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to be honest , I think (suppose, believe---)等，如：
To be frank, I don’t quite agree with you.
Practice(写出下列加黑词的句子成分)
1．[2023·全国甲卷，书面表达]Zhang Qian, a well-known figure in Chinese history, was one of the pioneers of the Silk Road.____________
2．[2023·浙江卷1月，读后续写]When I opened my hand，the bird did not fly away.____________
3．[2022·新高考Ⅰ卷]I was deeply convinced that if he wanted, he could run.____________
4．[2023·新课标Ⅰ卷，读后续写]Hearing that I had won the contest, I was surprised and excited.____________
同位语
状语
表语
分词作状语
5．[2022·全国甲卷，满分作文]In addition, we should call on people around us to take action, too.____________
6．[2020·浙江高考，满分作文]We sincerely wish you a quick recovery and an early return to China．____________
7．[2022·全国乙卷，书面表达] According to a survey, most students being interviewed choose to listen to English songs.____________
8．[2024·汕头市三模] It's well known that Chinese people attach great importance to labour．____________
谓语
宾语补足语
定语
主语
PartII句型
什么是句子？
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位。句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有．？ ！
I am a teacher.
Are you a student
How beautiful the girl is !
PartII 句型
句子分类
简单句
复合句
并列复合句
主从复合句
有两个或两个以上的简单句用连词连接而成。
如：and, but, or, so等
定语从句
状语从句
名词性从句
由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）组成的句子。如:
Tom and Mike are American boys.
She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the newspaper.
由主句和从句构成，且主从句分别有不同的主谓结构。
五大基本句型
主语+谓语+宾语
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
动词
系动词
不及物动词
及物动词
主语+系动词+表语
主语+谓语
S+V+P
S+Vi
S+Vt+O
S+Vt+Oi+Od
S+Vt+O+C
1.Theywent.主+谓2.The flowerisbeautiful.主+系+表3.Plantsneedwater.主+谓+宾4.Hegivesmea gift.主+谓+间宾+直宾5.Weshould keepour classroomclean.主+谓+宾+宾补For example
谓语:不及物动词(vi.)没有宾语, 能表达完整句意
形成主谓结构。
如: We come. / They went.
Ｓ│Ｖ(不及物动词)
1. The sun rose.
2. Who cares
3. What he said does not matter.
4. They talked for half an hour.
5. The pen writes smoothly
句型一：主+谓 （S+ Vi）说明“某人或某物如何动作”，
或者“某人或某物自身怎样运动”。
句型二：主+系+表（ S+Link.V+P ):说明主语的状态或特征
1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
2. The dinner smells good.
3. He fell ill.
4. Everything looks different.
5. He is growing tall and strong.
6. Our well has gone dry.
7. His face turned red.
8. My dream came true.
此句型的特点是：谓语动词都是及物动词,必须
跟有一个宾语, 即动作的承受者, 才能使意思完整。
Ｓ│Ｖ(及物动词)│Ｏ(宾语)
1. Who│knows│the answer
2. He │has refused│to help them.
3. He│enjoys│reading.
4. He│said│“Good morning.”
5. He│admits│that he was wrong.
句型三：主+谓+宾 （S+ Vt + O）
说明“某人或某物做什么事情”或者表达“某人或某物发出了动作，
并且其动作涉及到另一个人或物”。
句型四：主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语 （S+ Vt + IO+ DO）
说明“某人为谁做某事”，或者说“某人或物的运动涉及到两个
对象，其中一个间接对象为人，另一个为物”。
有些及物动词可以有两个宾语, e.g.
give, pass, bring, show, tell, help, teach，
ask, see, order等。这两个宾语
通常一个指人(间接宾语); 一个指物(直接宾语)。
--Give me a cup of tea please.
--Give a cup of tea to me please.
give sb sth= give sth to sb
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw等，例如：
He sent the novel to William yesterday.
For: make, buy, sing,cook等，例如：
She bought a gift for her mother.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：
They elected him their monitor.
Ｓ│Ｖ(及物)│ｏ(多指人)│Ｏ(多指物)
She bought herself a new dress.
2. He brought you a dictionary.
3. I showed him my pictures.
4. I told him that the bus was late.
5. He showed me how to run the machine.
间人直物
句型五：主+谓+宾+宾补 （S+ Vt+ O+ OC）：
表达“某人/某物要求/使/让某人做什么”或“某人感觉
某人/某物怎么样”。
此句型的特点是: 动词虽然是及物动词, 但是只跟一个
宾语还不能表达完整的意思, 必须加上一个补充成分
来补足宾语, 才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语: 位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。
可以用作宾语补足语的有名词, 形容词, 不定式,
动名词, 分词, 介词短语等。
The war made him a soldier.
New methods make the job easy.
I often find him at work.
The teacher ask the students to close
the windows.
I saw a cat running across the road.
He made himself understood.
Please keep the lights off.
名词
形容词
介词短语
动词不定式
现在分词
过去分词
副词
For example
用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。
即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：
注意：
I found it easy to learn English.
I think it no use telling a lie.
They find it strange that she didn’t come this morning.
以下动词常与it形宾搭配使用：认知类：think, find, feel, consider, believe; 使役动类：make, regard, take; 情感类： hate, like, enjoy, appreciate(后接if/when从句）
句型六：there be句型 (There be + 主语 + 地点状语 + 时间状语)
该句型在近几年的高考写作中是很重要的一个句型，表示某地有某人或某物。(不与have连用)
1. There are many admirable people around us.
2.There stands a tall building across the river over there.
There be 句型中谓语动词be的单复数遵循就近原则。
翻译：(2019年全国Ⅲ卷)在我们学校将有一场学校音乐节。
There will be a music festival in our school.
填空：There ________(be) many things we can do to learn English well. [2022·全国乙卷，满分作文]
are
a. Ｓ Ｖ b. Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ c. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ
d. Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ e. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ
1. He told us the truth. _______
2. She smiled. ______
3. His job is to train swimmers. _____
4. He noticed a man enter the room. _____
5. Please look at the picture. _____
d 主谓双宾
a 主谓
b 主系表
e 主谓宾宾补
c 主谓宾
练一练：
一) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
④ How many new words did you learn last class
⑤ Some of the students in the school want
to go swimming.
⑥ The old man (sitting at the gate) said he was ill.
Practice
(二) 挑出下列句中的表语
-- The old man was feeling very tired.
-- The leaves have turned yellow.
-- Soon they all became interested in the subject.
系表结构
(三) 挑出下列句中的定语
1. What is your full name
2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!
紧跟被修饰词
(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
② He asked her to take the boy out of school.
③ She found it difficult to do the work.
④ They call me Lily sometimes.
⑤ I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.
紧跟宾语
(五) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
⑥ She loves the library because she loves books.
⑦ I am afraid that if you've lost it, you must pay for it.
⑧ The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.
并列句
定 义
用 法
并列句是由and, but, or, so等并列连词把两个或两个以上意义有关的简单句连在一起而构成的句子。其结构为:简单句1+并列连词+简单句2。
定义
定义
一、联合并列句
并列连词: and(和、并且), 其中and意为“和、然后”，表示动作并列或递进或顺承，not only...but also...(不但……而且……)neither... nor...(既不……也不……) both...and... not...but...等。
Jim finished his homework and he went to bed.
吉姆写完作业,就上床睡觉了。
Not only do I come to school early, but also my teacher does. 不但我到校早,而且我的老师也是如此。
※ and在表示条件时，可与if引导的肯定条件句转换
Work hard , and you'll pass the exam.
=If you work hard, you'll pass the exam.
二、转折并列句
并列连词:but(但是),yet(但是),while(而,然而)等。其中but意为“但是、可是、然而、不过”，表意思转折 。
She’s good at English, but her Chinese isn’t good.
她擅长英语,但语文不好。
He worked hard, yet he failed. 他努力地干,然而失败了。
Tom is tall while his brother is short.
汤姆个儿很高,而他的兄弟却很矮。
I’d like to go with you, however, my hands are full.
我想和你一块儿去,可是我忙不过来。
however(adv. 然而)
特别提醒: though, although(虽然，尽管)不能
与 but(但是)连用。
虽然他很累,但是他没有停止工作。
误:Although he is very tired, but he doesn’t stop working.
正:Although he is very tired, he doesn’t stop working.
正:He is very tired, but he doesn’t stop working.
三、选择并列句
并列连词:or(或者;否则,要不然),either...or...(或者……或者……)等。
You must tell the truth, or you will be punished.
你必须说真话,否则你将会受到惩罚。
Either you can do it by yourself, or you can ask
someone else to do it. 你或者自己做,或者让别人去做。
提醒:“祈使句+or+简单句”也是一个固定句型,此句型中的祈使句在意义上相当于一个if引导的条件状语从句 。
Listen carefully, or you’ll miss the key point.
(=If you don’t listen carefully, you’ll miss the key point.)
（如果）你不认真听讲，你就会错过重点。
四、因果并列句
并列连词:for(因为),表示因果关系，起解释说明的作用。
so(所以)等。其中so为“所以、结果”，表因果关系。
That was our first lesson, so she didn’t know all our names.
那是我们第一堂课,因此她并不知道我们所有人的名字。
The road is wet in the morning , for it rained last night.
早上，马路是湿的，因为昨晚下了雨。
提醒: so与because不能连用。
因为我有钱,所以我能给自己买很多东西。
误:Because I’m rich, so I can buy myself lots of things.
正:Because I’m rich, I can buy myself lots of things.
正:I’m rich, so I can buy myself lots of things.
1. Work hard, _______ you will pass the driving test.
A. or B. but C. because D. and
2. Call a taxi, _______ you will miss the train.
A. and B. though C. because D. or
3. I came to see her, ________ she wasn’t at home.
A. but B. for C. or D. and
D
D
A
Practice
. 连词and, but, or, so直接连接句子。
. 副词however，therefore, besides，otherwise 需要用“,”隔开，再连接句子。
tips:
句子的分类 （按用途划分）：
陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
练习：将上四个例句变成否定陈述句。
句子的分类 （按用途划分）：
陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句
（一）陈述句：用来陈述一件事情，说明一个事实，表述说话
人的看法、和态度的句子。常用结构：主语+谓语+其它。
句末通常是句号。
Eg. 1. Tom can speak good English. 汤姆英语说的很好。
2. He is a student. 他是一个学生。3. I like football. 我喜欢足球。
4. Tom gets up early every day. 汤姆每天都起得很早。
1. Tom can not speak good English.
2. He is not a student.
3. I don’t like football.
4. Tom doesn’t get up early every day.
分类 特点 例句
一般 疑问句
特殊 疑问句 　
反义 疑问句
选择 疑问句
（二）疑问句：用来提出问题。分为以下四类：
1. 句首是be动词、助动词do或have(包括did/does,has/had)或情态动词， 句末是问号。
2. 用yes 和no进行回答。
Are you Students 你们是学生吗？
Do you like football 你喜欢足球吗？
Can you speak English 你能说英语吗？
Have you fininshed your work
你已经完成工作了吗？
1. 句首是疑问代词或疑问副词，句末是问号。直接对疑问代词或疑问副词进行回答
2. 常用结构：
疑问词（在句中不充当主语）+一般疑问句；疑问词（在句中充当主语）+谓语+其它+？
What do you like 你喜欢什么？
Where is Tom Tom在哪里？
How can I help you 我怎样才能帮你？
Who likes football 谁喜欢足球？
跟在陈述句后，对它所说的事实提出疑问。
用Yes或no进行回答。
He is a student, isn’t he
他是一个学生，不是吗？
He doesn’t like football, does he
他不喜欢足球，是吗？
以or连接提问的两个部分，以供选择。
Is he a student or a worker
他是学生还是工人？
将这四个一般疑问句变成陈述句：
You are students.
2. You like football.
3. You can speak English.
4. You have finished your work.
陈述句变一般疑问句方法：
1. 行为动词和除be动词
以外的系动词，变一般疑问句直接在句首加do或does或did。
2. be动词、助动词和情态动词变一般疑问句，直接将这些词提前。
（三）祈使句：用来表示命令或请求，说话的对象是第二人称you,
但常常被省略 。常用动词原形开头。否定祈使句在句首加Don’t
或Never
Eg. Sit down, please! 请坐下！
Give me a piece of paper! 给我一张纸！
Don’t waste your time! 不要浪费你的时间!
Let’s go! 我们走吧！
补充考点： 祈使句的反义疑问句
1. 肯定祈使句，反义疑问部分用will you 或won’t you
Give me a piece of paper, will you (或won’t you )
2. 否定祈使句，反义疑问部分只用will you
Don’t waste your time, will you
句型
结构
（eg. 1 . How beautiful she is!）
eg.2. What a clever boy he is!
eg.3. What clever students they are!
eg.4 What bad news it is!
1.How +
2. What +
形容词/副词
+主语
+谓语动词
+其它
名词或名词词组
+主语
+谓语动词
+其它
（四）感叹句：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等强烈情感的句子。常用what或how（表多么）引导，句末用“！”。
可数名词单数、复数名词或不可数名词
感叹句练习：
用what或how 填空
1._____ warm it is in winter in Hong Kong!
2. _____ a wonderful performance we had last night!
3. _____ clever students they are!
4. _____ delicious food!
5. _____ a lovely day we are having today!
6. _____ bad news it is!
7. _____ hard the students of Class One are working on
the farm!
8._____ a wonderful time we had last night!
How
What
What
What
What
What
How
What