中考英语语法 - 情态动词
一、情态动词的定义与分类
1.1 定义
情态动词是表示说话人的语气、态度或情感(如能力、许可、义务、推测、意愿等)的动词,具有以下核心特征:
1.不能单独作谓语,需与动词原形共同构成谓语(如:can speak, must finish);
2.没有人称和数的变化(如:He can swim / They can swim,无需变 “can” 为 “cans”);
3.否定形式通常在其后加 “not”(如:can→can't, must→mustn't)。
1.2 分类(中考高频类别)
类别 核心特征 中考高频情态动词 否定形式 中考高频例子
表能力 能 / 不能做某事 can, could can't, couldn't He can play basketball.(他会打篮球) She couldn't ride a bike last year.(去年她不会骑车)
表许可 可以 / 不可以做某事 may can could may not, can't You may use my pen.(你可以用我的笔) Could I borrow your book (我可以借你的书吗?)
表义务 / 必要 必须 / 不必 / 应该做某事 must have to should mustn't(禁止), don't have to, shouldn't We must follow the rules.(我们必须遵守规则) You don't have to come early.(你不必早来)
表推测 对事实的判断(肯定 / 否定) must, may, might, can't —— He must be at home.(他一定在家)That can't be a cat.(那不可能是猫)
表意愿 / 请求 愿意做某事 / 请求他人做某事 will, would, shall won't, wouldn't I will help you.(我愿意帮你)Would you please open the door (请你开门好吗?)
表需要 需要 / 不必做某事 need(情态) needn't You needn't worry.(你不必担心)
can,may,must是三个最重要的情态动词,它们的基本句型如下所示:
肯定句:主语+can,may,must+动词原形+……
否定句:主语+can,may,must+not+动词原形+……
疑问句:Can,May,Must+主语+动词原形+……?
二、情态动词的核心用法(中考高频考点)
2.1 can / could
用法 具体说明 例句 易错提示
表能力 can=“能,会”(现在时);could=“能,会”(过去时) = be able to(可以用于各种时态) He can(is able to) speak three languages.(现在) She could(was able to)dance well when she was 5.(过去) 表 “过去有能力但未做” 用 “could have done”, 如:I could have finished it, but I was busy.(我本可以完成,但我当时很忙)
表许可 can/could=“可以” (could 语气更委婉,不表过去) Can I go out (我可以出去吗?) Could you pass the salt (请递下盐好吗?) 回答 “Could I... ” 时,用 “can” 不用 “could”, 如:—Could I use your phone —Yes, you can.(不是 you could)
表推测 仅用于否定句和疑问句(“不可能 / 可能吗”) That can't be Tom. He's in Beijing.(不可能是汤姆) Can it be raining outside (外面可能在下雨吗?) 不能用于肯定句表推测,如:×He can be tired.(应为 He may be tired.)
2.2 must / have to
两者均表 “必须”,但核心区别是主观 vs 客观,是中考高频易错点:
对比维度 must(主观) have to(客观)
含义 说话人主观认为 “必须做”(强调意愿或规定) 因客观条件 “不得不做”(如规则、环境)
时态变化 无过去时(过去时用 had to) 有过去时(had to)、将来时(will have to)
否定形式 mustn't=“禁止”(绝对不能做) don't have to=“不必”(没必要做)
例句 You must study hard. 你必须努力学习 —— 我认为 I have to go now. My mom is waiting. (我得走了 —— 妈妈在等,客观)
疑问句回答 —Must I finish it now —No, you needn't /don't have to.(不必) —Do I have to wear a uniform —Yes, you do. / No, you don't.
2.3 should / ought to
均表 “应该”,语气较委婉,强调 “责任、建议或常理”:
should + 动词原形(更常用);ought to + 动词原形(语气略强,否定为 ought not to)。
表建议You should drink more water.(你应该多喝 )We ought to help each other.(我们应该互相帮助)
表 “本应该做却没做”(虚拟)You should have told me.(你本应该告诉我 —— 但没说) |
2.4 may / might
用法 具体说明 例句
表许可 may=“可以”(正式);might=“可以”(更委婉,不表过去) May I ask a question (我可以问个问题吗?)Might I use your laptop (我能用下你的电脑吗?)
表推测 用于肯定句 / 否定句(“可能 / 可能不”,might 可能性更低) It may rain tomorrow.(明天可能下雨)She might not come.(她可能不来)
易错提示 否定 “may not” 是 “可能不”,不是 “禁止”(禁止用 mustn't) ×You may not smoke here.(应为 You mustn't smoke here.)
2.5 need(情态动词 vs 实义动词)
need 既可以作情态动词,也可以作实义动词,用法不同,是中考易错点:
词性 结构 否定形式 例句
情态动词 need + 动词原形 needn't(不必) You needn't hurry.(你不必着急)
实义动词 need + to do sth don't need to do You don't need to hurry.(同上,更口语)
实义动词(表 “需要被做”) need + doing(= need to be done) —— The room needs cleaning.(房间需要打扫)= The room needs to be cleaned.
三、情态动词表推测的用法(中考核心难点)
情态动词表推测时,需根据肯定程度和时态选择,是单选、完形的高频考点:
推测肯定程度 情态动词 适用场景 (肯定 / 否定 / 疑问) 对 “现在 / 将来” 的推测(结构:情态动词 + do) 对 “过去” 的推测(结构:情态动词 + have done)
90% (一定是) must 仅肯定句 He must be a teacher.(他一定是老师) She must have seen the film.(她一定看过这部电影)
50%-70% (可能是) may/might/could 肯定句 / 否定句(may not = 可能不) They may go to the park.(他们可能去公园) It might not snow. (可能不下雪) He could have missed the bus.(他可能没赶上公交)
0% (不可能) can't 否定句 / 疑问句 That can't be a dog.(那不可能是狗) You can't have eaten all the food.(你不可能吃完了所有食物)
易错提示:can 表推测仅用于否定句和疑问句,肯定句表推测用 may/must;could 表推测时不表过去,仅表 “可能性较低”。
He can’t be a bad man.他不可能是坏人。(can表示怀疑或不肯定时,用于否定句及疑问句中)
He couldn’t be a bad man.他不大可能是坏人。(could有时只表示怀疑、推测程度,不表示时态)
四、中考常见易混情态动词辨析
易混组 核心区别 正确示例 错误示例
must vs have to must:主观 “必须”; have to:客观 “不得不” I must learn English.(我认为必须学) I have to learn English.(学校要求学) ×I must go now, because my train is leaving.(应为 have to,客观原因)
can vs may(表许可) can:口语化; may:更正式 Can I sit here (口语) May I enter (正式,如会议室) ×May you help me (表请求用 Can/Would,应为 Can you help me )
mustn't vs needn't mustn't:“禁止”; needn't:“不必” You mustn't touch it.(禁止碰) You needn't touch it.(不必碰) ×—Must I go —No, you mustn't.(应为 needn't)
can't vs may not can't:“不可能”(100% 否定); may not:“可能不”(50% 否定) He can't be late.(他不可能迟到) He may not be late.(他可能不迟到) ×That may not be a bird.(若确定不是,应为 can't)
五、情态动词在句中的作用
情态动词需与动词原形共同构成谓语,在句中主要表达以下功能(结合句子结构):
5.1作谓语(核心功能)
结构:主语 + 情态动词 + 动词原形 + 其他
例:She can sing English songs.(她会唱英文歌 —— 表能力,can sing 作谓语)
We must finish homework first.(我们必须先完成作业 —— 表义务,must finish 作谓语)
5.2表疑问(提至主语前)
结构:情态动词 + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他
例:Can you speak Chinese (你会说中文吗?)
Must we hand in the paper today (我们今天必须交卷吗?)
5.3表否定(加 not)
结构:主语 + 情态动词 + not + 动词原形 + 其他
例:He can't play the piano.(他不会弹钢琴)
You shouldn't eat too much sugar.(你不应该吃太多糖)
六、语法小练
1.—______ I use your dictionary I forgot mine at home.
—Sure, here you are.
A. Must B. Should C. May D. Need
答案:C(表许可,“我可以用你的字典吗?”,may 符合语境;must “必须”、should “应该”、need “需要” 均不符)
2.You ______ be quiet in the library. It's a rule here.
A. can B. must C. may D. could
答案:B(图书馆安静是 “规定”,主观要求 “必须”,用 must;can “能”、may “可以”、could “能” 均不符)
3.—Must I return the book this week
—No, you ______. You can keep it for two weeks.
A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. shouldn't
答案:C(must 提问的否定回答用 “不必”,needn't 正确;mustn't “禁止”、can't “不可能”、shouldn't “不应该” 均不符)
4.The ground is wet. It ______ rained last night.
A. must have B. may have C. can have D. should have
答案:A(地面湿是证据,“一定下过雨”,对过去的肯定推测用 must have done;may have “可能下过” 语气弱,不符合 “地面湿” 的强证据)
七、经典例题
例题 1:情态动词表能力 + 时态
—______ you ______ to play the guitar when you were 10
—Yes, I could, but I can't now.
A.Can; learn B. Could; learn C. Could; learned D. Can; learned
答案:B
解析:
考点定位:could 表过去能力 + 情态动词后接动词原形(中考基础考点)。
关键分析:根据 “when you were 10”(过去时间),排除 A、D(can 是现在时);情态动词后需接动词原形,排除 C(learned 是过去式);故选 B。
规则链接:表过去能力用 “could + 动词原形”,不用 “can”。
例题 2:must vs have to(主观 vs 客观)
My parents are out, so I ______ stay at home to look after my little sister.
A.must B. have to C. may D. can
答案:B
解析:
考点定位:have to 表客观 “不得不”(中考易错考点)。
关键分析:“父母外出” 是客观原因,导致 “不得不留在家”,用 have to;must 表主观 “必须”(如 “I must study”),不符合 “客观原因” 语境;may “可以”、can “能” 均不符;故选 B。
规则链接:由客观条件(如他人要求、环境限制)导致的 “必须”,用 have to。
例题 3:情态动词表推测(对过去的判断)
—Why didn't Tom come to the party
—He ______ ill, or he would have been here.
A.must be B. must have been C. may be D. may have been
答案:B
解析:
考点定位:对过去事实的肯定推测(must have done,中考核心难点)。
关键分析:根据 “didn't come”(过去未参加),推测 “过去可能生病”,需用 “情态动词 + have done”,排除 A、C(表现在推测);“or he would have been here”(否则他会来)表强肯定语气,用 must have been(一定生病了),may have been(可能生病了)语气弱,不符;故选 B。
规则链接:对过去事实的推测,结构为 “情态动词 + have done”,肯定程度用 must/may 区分。
例题 4:need(情态 vs 实义)
You ______ worry about me. I'm old enough to take care of myself.
A.needn't B. don't need C. need D. needn't to
答案:A
解析:
考点定位:need 作情态动词的用法(中考易错考点)。
关键分析:空后是动词原形 “worry”,需用情态动词 need(结构:needn't + 动词原形),排除 B(don't need 是实义动词,后需接 to do,即 don't need to worry)、D(needn't 后不加 to)、C(need “需要”,与句意 “不必担心” 相反);故选 A。
规则链接:need 作情态动词时,后接动词原形,否定为 “needn't”;作实义动词时,后接 “to do”,否定为 “don't need to do”。
例题 5:情态动词表许可(委婉请求与回答)
—______ you please pass me the pencil-box
—Sure, here you are.
A.Must B. Should C. Would D. Need
答案:C
解析:
考点定位:would 表委婉请求(中考高频考点)。
关键分析:“请求递文具盒” 需委婉语气,用 “Would you please + 动词原形”(固定句型);must “必须”、should “应该”、need “需要” 均无 “委婉请求” 用法;故选 C。
规则链接:表委婉请求的常用句型:Would you please... / Could you... (回答用 can,不用 could/would)。