Unit 3 Sea Exploration 课件(共50张PPT)人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册
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| 名称 | Unit 3 Sea Exploration 课件(共50张PPT)人教版（2019）选择性必修第四册 |  | |
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| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-10-12 01:30:23 | ||
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(共50张PPT)
UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION
Learning About Language (2)
人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册
Review useful structures
·To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion...（S）
· Marco Polo’s tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.（OC）
· Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals...（Ad）
· To reach out across the sea remains a strong desire today.（S）
· The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade...（P）
· Trading has grown greatly...and will continue to do so in years to come. （O；Attr）
· ...which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange.（O）
· ...there are still many other places left to explore.（Attr）
· ...China has joined other nations on several expeditions to explore the Arctic.（Attr）
· ...there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects.（Attr；Ad）
· ...the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future.（Attr；Attr；OC）
Activity 1
Find all the sentences containing infinitives in the reading passage. Then
mark their functions.
1 As the subject（S） 2 As the predicative（P） 3 As the object（O）
4 As the object complement（OC） 5 As the attributive（Attr） 6 As the adverbial（Ad）
EXAMPLE
It is fun/visit an aquarium/in summer →It is fun to visit an aquarium in summer.（S）
Activity 2
Join the words to make sentences using infinitives. Then decide the function of each infinitive.
1 He/encouraged me/participate in the surfing competition →
2 The storm/seems/be getting closer →
3 Magellan/was the first person/sail around the world →
4 The UN peacekeeping force/aims/maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts →
He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition.（OC）
The storm seems to be getting closer.（P）
Magellan was the first person to sail around the world.（Attr）
The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts.（O）
EXAMPLE
It is fun/visit an aquarium/in summer →It is fun to visit an aquarium in summer.（S）
Activity 2
Join the words to make sentences using infinitives. Then decide the function of each infinitive.
5 The crowd/stood/applaud /scientists/for their important ocean research work →
6 It is a good idea/tax /plastic bottles/so that people use them less →
7 The Jiaolong manned submersible /is said/be able/reach 7 km underwater →
8 It remains/be seen/whether or not his capsule can work →
The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work.（Ad）
It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.（S）
The Jiaolong manned submersible is said to be able to reach 7 km underwater. （O；O）
It remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work.（P）
Far out in the ocean，where the water is as clear as glass，lives the Sea King. The ocean is too deep
（measure）. We may imagine there is nothing except yellow sand under the sea，but actually it is not rare （see）the most unique flowers and plants （dance）in the fast-moving water. In the deepest spot of all stands the Sea King’s castle，which has walls of coral and a roof （form）of beautiful shells. The mother of the king，a wise woman who is proud
（be）born into the royal family，takes care of his six daughters. Among the six sea-princesses， the youngest is the prettiest. Although she has delicate skin like a rose-leaf and eyes as blue as the deepest sea，she has no feet but a fish tail just like her sisters. The most common way for the princesses （play）all day long is （swim） in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls，feeding and touching the fish （ swim）up to their hands through the windows. They seem （not worry） about anything，except for the youngest，who...
Activity 3
Read the beginning of The Little Mermaid and use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks. What do you think happens next
to measure
to see
dancing
formed
to have been
to play
swimming/to swim
swimming
not to worry
who wants to see what life is like on land. She swims all the way to the surface and sees a large ship. It travels toward her at great speed and terrifies her. She swims below the surface of the water and just manages to swim away from the big ship. She now realises that it is a scary world outside of the ocean，and she decides to stay with her family and friends under the sea.
They seem not to worry about anything，except for the youngest，who...
Complete the dialogues with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
1 A: Will your parents be back from their holiday tomorrow
B: No, they decided ___________ (extend) their trip.
2 A: Have you got the test result on the new medicine
B: Yes, it has proved ___________ (be) somewhat effective, but further testing remains ___________ (do).
3 A: Wow! I didn’t expect Pete ________ (be) such a good swimmer!
B: _______________(spend) the past summer practising almost every day, he is now able ___________ (swim) much faster than before.
4 A: What happened You were supposed _________________________ (be) in Beijing by now!
B: I overslept and rushed to the airport, only ___________ (find) that the check-in counter had closed.
5 A: Which season do you like most
B: Winter. Because the city looks very beautiful when ___________ (cover) with snow.
6 A: Who is considered ___________ (be) the father of the computer: Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, John Vincent Atanasoff, or John von Neumann
B: Well, they are all believed _______________ (make) important contributions to computer science.
Activity 4
(WORKBOOK P76 EX. 1)
to extend
to be
to be done
to be
Having spent
to swim
to have been（to be）
to find
covered
to be
to have made
1 To be or not to be, that is the question.
2 It is better to give than to take.
3 You’re never too old to learn.
4 To know everything is to know nothing.
5 To save time is to lengthen life.
Activity 5
(WORKBOOK P76 EX.2)
Tell the function of the infinitive in each sentence. Then translate them into Chinese.
1 To be or not to be，that is the question.（S）生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。
2 It is better to give than to take.（Ad；Ad）施比受有福。
3 You’re never too old to learn.（Ad）活到老学到老。
4 To know everything is to know nothing.（S；P）什么都知道等于什么都不知道。
5 To save time is to lengthen life.（S；P）节约时间就是延长生命。
Named after a mythical dragon, Jiaolong is China’s first manned deep-sea research submersible. It
was developed by Chinese designers _________ (start) from 2002 and entered service in 2010,
_________ (make) China the fifth country in the world with deep-sea exploration technology.
In 2017, during a 138-day expedition that _________(start) in February, the submersible’s mother ship, Xiangyanghong 09 sailed nearly 34,000 km into the South China Sea, the northwestern Indian Ocean, and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Jiaolong conducted 30 dives _________ (make) scientific investigations and ___________(collect) samples. The submersible made five dives in the Mariana Trench and the Yap Trench, both in the western Pacific Ocean. These operations have enabled scientists _____________________ (better understand) geographical and biological conditions deep under the oceans.
Activity 6
(WORKBOOK P76 EX.3)
Complete the news report below with the appropriate forms of the
verbs in brackets. What else do you know about Jiaolong
starting
making
started
making
collecting
to better understand
Right now, Jiaolong is undergoing maintenance before _________ (start) its next adventure.
In 2020, Jiaolong will begin its first global deep-sea scientific exploration mission. It will have a
new mother ship, which is _________ (name) Deep Sea No. 1 . This grand mission is intended
______________ (strengthen) China’s capacity in _________ (survey) deep-sea environments and will increase the nation’s influence in this field.
Activity 6
(WORKBOOK P76 EX.3)
Complete the news report below with the appropriate forms of the
verbs in brackets. What else do you know about Jiaolong
starting
named
to strengthen
surveying
It is named after a Chinese water dragon. It was designed by a former professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University，and it has the second-greatest depth range of any manned research vehicles in 2012.
1 动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的时态共有四种：一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。不定式的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。具体形式如下表所示（以 do 为例）：
单元语法
复习不定式
（1）一般式（to do/to be done）
动词不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生；to be done 表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者。
I saw him go out with the sponsor. 我看见他和赞助者出去了。
（see 后跟不带to 的不定式作宾补）［词汇复现］
It’s a privilege to be invited to play golf with you. 受邀与您一起打高 尔夫球是一种荣幸。
（省略的逻辑主语me 与不定式是被动关系， 在to be invited 之前可以加上for me）［词汇复现］
（2）进行式（to be doing）
动词不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，而且正在进行。
They are said to be visiting a grand house. 据说他们正在参观一座大房子。［词汇复现］
（3）完成式（to have done/to have been done）
动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；to have been done 同时还表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者。
I’m very sorry to have kept you from getting the bonus.
很抱歉让您无法获得奖金。（keep 发生在 be sorry 之前）［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
“ planned/hoped/expected/meant/thought/intended/promised/wanted/ wished/desired to have done”表示未曾实现的愿望或计划。
I meant to have read the science fiction last week. 我本打算上周读完这本科幻小说。［词汇复现］
（4）完成进行式（to have been doing）
动词不定式的完成进行式强调不定式表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。
The chairwoman is said to have been living in London for twenty years.
据说这位女董事长在伦敦已经住了 20 年。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）My father has decided （give）up smoking，which makes us greatly surprised.
（2）［词汇复现］I have no time to visit the monument， for a lot of work remains （do）.
（3）When I came in，some babies were asleep. To my amusement，little John pretended _________________（read） with his eyes half-closed.
（4）When I told him the good news，he pretended （hear） of it，not looking excited.
（5）The man you want to see isn’t here，as he seems （fire）. You can figure it out by asking the boss.
（6）The novelist intended （adapt） the book for a TV play，but he didn’t make it.
（7）He is said （live） with his uncle since his parents left him to work in a faraway city.
to give
to be done
to be reading
to have heard
to have been fired
to have adapted
to have been living
完成句子
（8）He said that he saw her （进入房间） just now.
（9）I am glad （带妹妹去……） the country.
（10）He would like his son （被派去工作） in a big company.
（11）They seem （在谈论我），for they stopped at the sight of me.
（12）［词汇复现］All of us considered him （偷了钱），but it turned out to be another person.
（13）The boy’s parents are said （遇害） in a serious accident.
enter the room
to take my sister to
to be sent to work
to be talking about me
to have stolen the money
to have been killed
2 动词不定式的分类
（1）带 to 的动词不定式：一般情况下，不定式要带to。
They are not building a state to continue the conflict with Israel，but to end it.
他们不是在建立一个国家来继续同以色列冲突，而是要结束这场冲突。［词汇复现］
（2）省略to 的动词不定式
①使役动词和感官动词后作宾补的不定式：这类动词有 make， have，let，feel，hear，listen to，see，look at，watch，observe，notice 等。但用于被动语态时，不定式要带to。
She makes her husband fetch the kids from school every day.
→ Her husband is made to fetch the kids from school every day. 她让丈夫每天从学校接孩子。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】 巧记后接不带to 的不定式作宾补的动词
一感：feel 二听：hear，listen to 三让：make，have，let
五看：see，look at，watch，observe，notice
半帮助：help（to 可带可不带）
（2）would rather do...than do... 宁愿……也不愿……
I would rather go to work in the supermarket than take over my father’s company.
我宁愿去超市工作也不愿接管我父亲的公司。［词汇复现］
（3）Why do... 为什么做某事呢？（表示不满或委婉的批评）
Why not do... 为什么不做某事呢？（表示建议）
Why break the appointment on purpose 为什么故意不赴约？［词汇复现］
Why not suspend the new system 为什么不暂缓新制度？［词汇复现］
（4）cannot but/cannot choose but/cannot help but do... 只好，不得不
I cannot choose but adopt my niece’s advice at present. 眼下我别无选择只得采纳我侄女的建议。［词汇复现］
（5）介词 but，except 后的动词不定式：如果这些介词之前有行为动词do 或do 的某种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式省略to，否则要带to。
The premier could do nothing but appoint a committee to consider the plans.
总理除了安排一个委员会去考虑这些计划外别无选择。［词汇复现］
I have no choice but to take up a temporary job. 我别无选择，只能从事一份临时工作。［词汇复现］
（6）并列不定式：当多个动词不定式具有同样的功能时，to 只用在第一个不定式之前，以避免重复。
The boy decided to stay in the bakery and work hard as before.
这个男孩决定留在面包店里，像以前一样努力工作。［词汇复现］
（7）had better（not）do sth. 最好（别）做某事
I think you had better stop shouting such slogans.
我认为你们最好别喊这样的口号。［词汇复现］
（8）主语部分有do 时，作表语的动词不定式可以省略to，也可不省略。
All you need to do is （to）test out the system.
您需要做的就是测试这个系统。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】 动词不定式中动词的省略：
在 expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try 以及be afraid， be glad，be happy，would like，would love 等后面，为避免重复，动词不定式常常省略，只保留不定式符号to，to have 或 to have been （be 不省略）。
I haven’t conducted an interview，but I wish to（conduct an interview）.
我没主持过面试，但我希望（去主持）。
—Did you go to the party 你去参加聚会了吗？
—No，I’d like to have（gone to the party），but I was busy.
没，我想去，但我那时太忙了。
—Did the teacher praise you 老师表扬你了吗？
—No，but I’d like to have been（praised）. 没有，但我想（被表扬）。
单句语法填空
（1）Don’t forget （give） your students a little encouragement at any time.
（2）The police observed a man （go） into the bank ten minutes ago.
（3）A man was observed （go） into the bank ten minutes ago.
（4）I would rather become a salesman work in that factory.
（5）Why not （turn） off the light when you sleep，since you can’t fall asleep when the light is on
（6）I can’t help wonder if these consumers will buy most of the goods being advertised.
（7）We couldn’t do anything but （watch） him being put in prison.
to give
go
to go
than
turn
but
watch
（8）We had no choice but （watch） him being put in prison.
（9）［词汇复现］What the government has to do is （declare） a state of emergency.
（10）There will be no problems as long as you do as the teacher tells you .
（11）My sister likes to be at home while I would not like to .
（12）I forgot to close the window but I really hoped to ，as the rain destroyed one of my favorite books.
（13）Lily was upset that she wasn’t invited to the party. Meanwhile，I was glad to have .
to watch
（to）declare
to
be
have
been
完成句子
（14）［词汇复现］He refused （买词典）with a leather cover.
（15）When I （注意到他们进来），I stood up immediately and gave them a warm welcome.
（16）I （宁愿解决） my problems alone than ask him for help.
（17）I （只好） agree to his decision.
（18）The boss had no choice but （解雇他）.
（19）［词汇复现］I would not like （接管） the company and ____________
（失去自由）.
（20）［词汇复现］You had better （不要传播谣言）.
to buy a dictionary
noticed them come in
would rather solve
cannot （choose/help） but
to dismiss/fire him
to take over
lose freedom
not spread the rumour
3 动词不定式的句法功能
（1）作主语（常用it 作形式主语）
To make fun of the disabled is not right. 嘲笑残疾人是不对的。
It is ridiculous to imagine that the recovery will be quick and easy.
认为会迅速轻易地恢复的想法是荒谬的。［词汇复现］
（2）作宾语
①常接不定式作宾语的动词：decide/determine，learn，want，expect/ hope，refuse，manage，wish，pretend，offer，promise，choose，plan， agree，ask，help 等。
The strong man managed to pull out the tree trunk. 那个壮汉把树干拔了出来。［词汇复现］
②复合结构中常用it 作形式宾语，不定式（短语）放在宾语补足语之后。常接这样复合结构的动词有6 个：make，feel，find， consider，believe，think。
The dog found it difficult to jump over the fence. 这条狗发现很难跳过这道篱笆。［词汇复现］
③不定式作宾语与动名词作宾语的区别
regret to do sth. 遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记已做过某事
remember to do sth. 记得要做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
I regret to say that you failed to obtain a driving license. You must be regretting not training more. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有获得驾驶执照。你一定后悔没有多训练。
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
can’t help （to）do sth. 不能帮着做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
try to do sth. 努力/ 企图做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事
（3）作宾语补足语和主语补足语
He asked me to help him learn biology. （宾语补足语）
→ I was asked to help him learn biology. （主语补足语）
他请我帮助他学习生物。［词汇复现］
believe/consider sb. to have done sth. （宾补）认为某人做了某事
be believed/considered to have done sth. （主补）被认为做了某事
be said/reported to have done sth. （主补）据说/ 据报道做了某事
（4）作定语
①如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或被修饰词是不定式动作发生的地点或借助的工具时，不定式后面要有相应的介词；如果不定式所修饰的名词是 time，place 或way 时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。
Jack is a pleasant fellow to work with. 杰克是个很好共事的人。
He had no money and no place to live（ in） . 他没有钱，也没有地方住。
②被修饰词前有the first/second/last/very/only 时常用不定式作定语。
She is always the first person to come and the last to leave.
她总是第一个来而最后一个走。
③下列名词后常用不定式作定语，说明名词的内容：decision， chance，plan，ability，right（权利），way 等。
I’m sure of his ability to cope with this. 我肯定他有能力应对此事。
④to be done 作定语多表将来的被动动作（将要被）
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. 明天开的会很重要。
（5）作状语（表示目的、结果、原因等）
She resigned her position to look after her children. 为了照顾孩子，她辞去了工作。（表目的）
To enjoy a more spectacular sight，you must climb to a greater height.
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。（表目的）
The candidate reached the company，only to find the interview over.
那个申请人到达了公司，结果发现面试已经结束了。（表出乎意料的结果）
We were in high spirits to hear the words of our teacher’s encourage-ment.
听到老师鼓励的话，我们情绪高涨。（表原因）
【学法点拨】
（1）不定式to do 表目的，可以放在句子中间，可以用in order to 和so as to 代替表示强调；也可放在句首，此时只可以用in order to 代替表强调。
（2）不定式作结果状语常与only 连用，表示出乎意料的结果；现在分词作结果状语，表示句子内容导致的自然而然的结果。
The glass fell to the ground，breaking into pieces. 玻璃杯掉在地上，摔成碎片。
（6）作表语
My job is to make leather boots. 我的工作是制作皮靴。（说明主语的内容） ［词汇复现］
The new robot is to be tested out next week.
新机器人将于下周进行测试。（不定式表将来）
（7）作独立成分（作句子状语）
to tell the truth 说实话 to be exact 确切地说
to conclude 总而言之 to be frank 坦白地说
to be brief 简言之 to begin/start with 首先
to make things worse 更糟糕的是
To tell you the truth，your claim is quite absurd.
说实话，你的要求很荒谬。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
疑问词+ 不定式“who/which/when/where/how/what + to do”在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、宾语、表语等。
How to arouse the students’ interest in labour is very important.
如何激发学生的劳动兴趣很重要。（作主语）［词汇复现］
I know where to find the young man who behaves with integrity.
我知道到哪里去找那个行为正直的年轻人。（作宾语）［词汇复现］
The question is when to raise the salary. 问题是什么时候涨工资。（作表语）［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［2020 新高考全国Ⅰ 卷］The objective of most speeches is （benefit）the audience.
（2）［2020 天津卷］Greatness comes from a lasting desire （explore）.
（3）［2020 全国Ⅲ 卷］Our tour also includes a chance （walk）in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin.
（4）［2020 全国Ⅰ卷］Nothing is too small （celebrate）.
（5）［2020 全国Ⅰ 卷］China has become the first country （land） a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.
（6）To climb the mountain is hard work but is great fun to go down the mountain.
（7） （make） up for lost time is impossible，so it is necessary to treasure every second in your life.
（8）I’m very happy that my father has promised （go） diving when the summer holiday vacation comes.
（9）He made a rule to read English aloud every morning.
to benefit
句意：大多数演讲的目的都是使听众受益。
to explore
句意：伟大来自持久的探索欲望。
to walk
句意：我们的旅行还包括一次跟随凡·高和高更脚步的机会。
to celebrate
句意：没有什么小事不值得庆祝。
to land
句意：中国已成为首个将宇宙飞船着陆在月球远侧的国家。
it
To make
to go
it
（10）I had meant （go） to London. Missing this flight means （wait） another two hours.
（11）The teacher encourages us （study） hard every day with encouraging words.
（12）He was the only person （know） the truth，but to our sadness，he was killed in the conflict with a rude thief.
（13）If you think the decision was improper，you have the right （appeal） to a higher court.
（14）The system has the ability （run） more than one program at the same time.
（15）The building （build） next year will be used as a dormitory building for students.
（16）She gave him some money （let） him leave at once.
（17）We hurried to the station，only （tell） that the train had left.
（18）His ambition is （set） up schools for children of poor families.
to go
waiting
to study
to know
to appeal
to run
to be built
to let
to be told
to set
（19）After graduation，my elder brother chose （出国） for further study.
（20）Every student in the class consider it his or her own responsibility ___________________________（保持教室清洁）.
（21）Seeing my tired mother，I （禁不住感到）sad. Meanwhile，I （不能帮着做） the housework.
（22）Visitors （不允许） take photographs.
（23）The ban is reported （被抢劫） of a large amount of cash.
（24）Please give me a knife （用来切东西）.
（25）Everybody thinks Lily is the last person （考试作弊）.
to go abroad
to keep the classroom clean
couldn’t help feeling
couldn’t help（to）do
are not permitted/allowed to
to have been robbed
to cut with
to cheat in the exam
（26）He made every effort to get the chance （提升） and finally achieved his dream.
（27）The question （将在会上讨论的） tomorrow is very important.
（28） （为了让）him leave at once，she gave him some money.
（29）He said quietly that he came here （为了跟我道别）.
（30） （坦白地说），I really worried about this.
（31） （简言之），they must understand the importance of teaching and spend more time with their children.
（32）［ 词汇复现］What is the most important is （怎样阻止） the rumour from spreading.
to be promoted
to be discussed at the meeting
To let/ In order to let
to/in order to/so as to say goodbye to me
To be frank
To be brief
how to stop/ keep/prevent
4 动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义
（1）不定式作定语，与被修饰词是被动关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语，是主动关系。
今天我们有很多工作要做。
We have a lot of work to do today. （强调“做”是否由主语we完成）
We have a lot of work to be done today. （不强调“做”是否由主语 we 完成）
（2）
be + 性质形容词+to do
动词+ 宾语+ 性质形容词+ to do
The water is not suitable to drink. 这水不适合喝。
The teacher made the question easy to answer.
老师使这个问题容易回答。
（3） be to blame 应负责任，该受责备
be to let 出租
The young man felt he was to blame for this traffic accident.
那个年轻人觉得他应对这起交通事故负责任。
This car is to let. 此车出租。
（4）with 复合结构
With a lot of work to do，I won’t go out. 有这么多工作要做，我不会 出去。
（do 与work 之间为被动关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语I，是主动关系）
（5）“疑问词+ 不定式”结构
We don’t know what to expect. 我们不知道会发生什么。
（expect与what 之间为被动关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语we，是主动关系）
【学法点拨】
当不定式的逻辑主语不清楚或不是句子的主语时，主动和被动结构都可用，而且在语意上并没有多大区别。
There is much to do/to be done when the prime minister takes office. 首相上任后有很多事情要做。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）He has a sister （look） after， which takes up a large amount of energy.
（2）He didn’t know the fact that the air is difficult （breathe） at high altitudes.
（3）He told me that his friend’s house was （let） and that he was （blame） for the delay.
（4）He is the very man （choose） for the work.
完成句子
（5）When in trouble，he always depends on him-self，as he has no friends ___________________（依靠）.
（6）We are glad that computers make English （容易学）.
（7） （有很多钱花）， the boy was spoiled，which made his parents’ heart broken.
（8）They have experience so they know （要期待什么）.
to look
to breathe
to let
to blame
to choose/to be chosen
to depend on
easy to learn
With much money to spend
what to expect
Language points
教材原句p.29 He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition.
他鼓励我参加冲浪比赛。
1 participate in 参与，参加（= take part in）
A handful of students in our class participated actively in bungee jumping.
我们班有几个学生积极参加了蹦极运动。［词汇复现］
【词语辨析】 不一样的“参加”：
participate in/take part in the sports meeting 参加运动会
join the army/League/Party 参军/ 入团/ 入党
join in the conversation/discussion 参与交谈/ 讨论
attend the meeting/ceremony/wedding 出席会议/ 出席典礼/ 参加 婚礼
attend school/class 上学/ 上课
I’m sure you’ll all join me in wishing Ted and Laura a very happy marriage.
我相信大家会愿意与我一起共祝特德和劳拉喜结良缘。
【词语积累】 participant n. 参与者，参加者 participation n. 参与，参加
题组练·领悟方法
核心词汇
选词填空（participate in/join/attend）
①Though disabled，he often some social activities in the community.
②To his satisfaction，his son the navy in the end.
③The meeting is on the fifth and we’re hoping everyone will .
单句语法填空
④If possible，more people should participate elections.
⑤He has been an active （participate） in the discussion.
⑥A back injury prevented my active （participate） in any sports for a while.
participates in
joined
attend
in
participant
participation
教材原句p.29 The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work.
人们起立为科学家们重要的海洋研究工作鼓掌。
2 applaud vt. & vi.
（1）vt. & vi. 鼓掌
He began to applaud，but the others stepped backwards.
他开始鼓掌，但其他人都后退了。［词汇复现］
Everyone applauded him when he finally got his driving license.
他终于获得了驾驶执照，大家都为他鼓掌。［词汇复现］
（2）vt. 称赞；赞赏
搭配：applaud sb. for sth. 为某事称赞某人
Do you expect me to applaud his inaction 你以为我会对他的不作为拍手叫好吗 ［词汇复现］
The teacher applauded him for his calculating speed. 老师称赞他计算速度快。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
①She （applaud） for a full five minutes after her speech.
②His efforts to improve the situation are to be （applaud）.
③He should be applauded his courage.
完成句子
④The crowd rose （为演讲者鼓掌）.
⑤ We （称赞这家人的决定） to remain silent over the issue.
was applauded
applauded
for
to applaud the speaker
applaud the family’s decision
教材原句p.29 It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.
对塑料瓶征税是个好主意，这样人们就会少用些。
3 tax vt. & n.
（1）vt. 对……征税；使纳税
He declared his aim was to tax the rich. 他宣布他的目的是向富人征税。［词汇复现］
（2）n. 税；税款（+on）
raise/cut taxes 增加 / 削减税收
tax increases/cuts 税款的增加 / 削减
changes in tax rates 税率的变化
avoid/escape tax 逃税
profits before/after tax 税前 / 税后利润
a tax on cigarettes 香烟税
Our company pays taxes on a regular basis and never escapes taxes.
我们公司定期纳税，从不逃税。［词汇复现］
完成句子
①The state does not （对食品征税） or clothing.
②What do you earn after you have （纳税） on the money you earn
③The government will pay for the new schools by （增加……的税收） luxury goods.
④［词汇复现］It’s absurd for some famous figures （逃税）.
tax food
paid tax
increasing the tax on
to avoid/escape tax
教材原句p.29 It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.
对塑料瓶征税是个好主意，这样人们就会少用些。
【句式分析】本句是复合句，so that引导结果状语从句。
1 so that
（1）所以，结果（表示结果，从句动作已经发生）
He adjusted his pace，so that his son caught up with him.
他调整了步伐，所以儿子赶上了他。［词汇复现］
（ 2）为了，以便（表示目的，相当于 in order that，从句中常有 will， would，can，could，may，might 等情态动词，从句动作未发生）
He put on his glasses so that/in order that he could find a getaway on the map.
为了在地图上找到适合度假的地方，他戴上了眼镜。［词汇复现］
重点句式
完成句子
（1）［2020 江苏卷］They decide to have more workers for the project _（以便）it won’t be delayed.
（2） （为了） we could get to the company on time，the boss took some measures.
（3）［词汇复现］He grasped her arm （为了） she could avoid falling off the ladder.
so that
In order that
so that/in order that
教材原句p.29 Far out in the ocean，where the water is as clear as glass，lives the Sea King.
在遥远的大海里，那里的水像玻璃一样清澈，住着海王。
【句式分析】本句是完全倒装句，把作状语的介词短语 far out in the ocean 放到句首，而把谓语lives 提到主语的前面。
2 完全倒装
表示地点的介词词组位于句首，主语是名词，谓语是be，stand， sit，lie，live 等动词的句子，用完全倒装结构。
Among the frogs was the ugliest one，who is entitled “prince”.
在所有的青蛙中，最丑陋的一只叫“王子”。［词汇复现］
【归纳拓展】 常考的完全倒装结构还有：
（ 1）there/here，now/then，up/down，in/out，away/off + be/come/go/ run/rush/fly/follow/fall + 主语（名词）
Here come my students，shouting slogans loudly.
我的学生们来了，大声喊着口号。［词汇复现］
（2）过去分词/ 现在分词/ 作表语的形容词+ be + 主语（名词）
Present at the session are some famous scientists. 出席会议的是一些著名科学家。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）Among the crises that face humans （be） the lack of natural resources.
（2）At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River （lie） one of the ten largest cities in China.
（3）Hearing the dog barking fiercely，away （flee） the thief.
翻译句子
（4）在山顶有一座庙。
__________________________________________________________________
（5）坐在前面的是学校领导。
__________________________________________________________________
is
lies
fled
On the top of the hill stands a temple.
Seated/Sitting in the front are the leaders of the school.
THE END
UNIT 3 SEA EXPLORATION
Learning About Language (2)
人教版高中英语选择性必修第四册
Review useful structures
·To complete the great map of the world was a strong passion...（S）
· Marco Polo’s tales inspired European explorers to search for sea routes from west to east.（OC）
· Here，merchants from China and many other places met to negotiate trade deals...（Ad）
· To reach out across the sea remains a strong desire today.（S）
· The aim of this initiative is to encourage cooperation and trade...（P）
· Trading has grown greatly...and will continue to do so in years to come. （O；Attr）
· ...which will help to greatly develop the whole area for the benefit of future trade and cultural exchange.（O）
· ...there are still many other places left to explore.（Attr）
· ...China has joined other nations on several expeditions to explore the Arctic.（Attr）
· ...there is an urgent need to study the Arctic in order to understand climate change and its effects.（Attr；Ad）
· ...the need to trade and the desire to enhance relationships will drive China to reach out across the sea far into the future.（Attr；Attr；OC）
Activity 1
Find all the sentences containing infinitives in the reading passage. Then
mark their functions.
1 As the subject（S） 2 As the predicative（P） 3 As the object（O）
4 As the object complement（OC） 5 As the attributive（Attr） 6 As the adverbial（Ad）
EXAMPLE
It is fun/visit an aquarium/in summer →It is fun to visit an aquarium in summer.（S）
Activity 2
Join the words to make sentences using infinitives. Then decide the function of each infinitive.
1 He/encouraged me/participate in the surfing competition →
2 The storm/seems/be getting closer →
3 Magellan/was the first person/sail around the world →
4 The UN peacekeeping force/aims/maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts →
He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition.（OC）
The storm seems to be getting closer.（P）
Magellan was the first person to sail around the world.（Attr）
The UN peacekeeping force aims to maintain peace and prevent armed conflicts.（O）
EXAMPLE
It is fun/visit an aquarium/in summer →It is fun to visit an aquarium in summer.（S）
Activity 2
Join the words to make sentences using infinitives. Then decide the function of each infinitive.
5 The crowd/stood/applaud /scientists/for their important ocean research work →
6 It is a good idea/tax /plastic bottles/so that people use them less →
7 The Jiaolong manned submersible /is said/be able/reach 7 km underwater →
8 It remains/be seen/whether or not his capsule can work →
The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work.（Ad）
It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.（S）
The Jiaolong manned submersible is said to be able to reach 7 km underwater. （O；O）
It remains to be seen whether or not his capsule can work.（P）
Far out in the ocean，where the water is as clear as glass，lives the Sea King. The ocean is too deep
（measure）. We may imagine there is nothing except yellow sand under the sea，but actually it is not rare （see）the most unique flowers and plants （dance）in the fast-moving water. In the deepest spot of all stands the Sea King’s castle，which has walls of coral and a roof （form）of beautiful shells. The mother of the king，a wise woman who is proud
（be）born into the royal family，takes care of his six daughters. Among the six sea-princesses， the youngest is the prettiest. Although she has delicate skin like a rose-leaf and eyes as blue as the deepest sea，she has no feet but a fish tail just like her sisters. The most common way for the princesses （play）all day long is （swim） in the halls of the castle or among the flowers growing out of the walls，feeding and touching the fish （ swim）up to their hands through the windows. They seem （not worry） about anything，except for the youngest，who...
Activity 3
Read the beginning of The Little Mermaid and use the proper forms of the verbs in brackets to fill in the blanks. What do you think happens next
to measure
to see
dancing
formed
to have been
to play
swimming/to swim
swimming
not to worry
who wants to see what life is like on land. She swims all the way to the surface and sees a large ship. It travels toward her at great speed and terrifies her. She swims below the surface of the water and just manages to swim away from the big ship. She now realises that it is a scary world outside of the ocean，and she decides to stay with her family and friends under the sea.
They seem not to worry about anything，except for the youngest，who...
Complete the dialogues with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
1 A: Will your parents be back from their holiday tomorrow
B: No, they decided ___________ (extend) their trip.
2 A: Have you got the test result on the new medicine
B: Yes, it has proved ___________ (be) somewhat effective, but further testing remains ___________ (do).
3 A: Wow! I didn’t expect Pete ________ (be) such a good swimmer!
B: _______________(spend) the past summer practising almost every day, he is now able ___________ (swim) much faster than before.
4 A: What happened You were supposed _________________________ (be) in Beijing by now!
B: I overslept and rushed to the airport, only ___________ (find) that the check-in counter had closed.
5 A: Which season do you like most
B: Winter. Because the city looks very beautiful when ___________ (cover) with snow.
6 A: Who is considered ___________ (be) the father of the computer: Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, John Vincent Atanasoff, or John von Neumann
B: Well, they are all believed _______________ (make) important contributions to computer science.
Activity 4
(WORKBOOK P76 EX. 1)
to extend
to be
to be done
to be
Having spent
to swim
to have been（to be）
to find
covered
to be
to have made
1 To be or not to be, that is the question.
2 It is better to give than to take.
3 You’re never too old to learn.
4 To know everything is to know nothing.
5 To save time is to lengthen life.
Activity 5
(WORKBOOK P76 EX.2)
Tell the function of the infinitive in each sentence. Then translate them into Chinese.
1 To be or not to be，that is the question.（S）生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题。
2 It is better to give than to take.（Ad；Ad）施比受有福。
3 You’re never too old to learn.（Ad）活到老学到老。
4 To know everything is to know nothing.（S；P）什么都知道等于什么都不知道。
5 To save time is to lengthen life.（S；P）节约时间就是延长生命。
Named after a mythical dragon, Jiaolong is China’s first manned deep-sea research submersible. It
was developed by Chinese designers _________ (start) from 2002 and entered service in 2010,
_________ (make) China the fifth country in the world with deep-sea exploration technology.
In 2017, during a 138-day expedition that _________(start) in February, the submersible’s mother ship, Xiangyanghong 09 sailed nearly 34,000 km into the South China Sea, the northwestern Indian Ocean, and the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Jiaolong conducted 30 dives _________ (make) scientific investigations and ___________(collect) samples. The submersible made five dives in the Mariana Trench and the Yap Trench, both in the western Pacific Ocean. These operations have enabled scientists _____________________ (better understand) geographical and biological conditions deep under the oceans.
Activity 6
(WORKBOOK P76 EX.3)
Complete the news report below with the appropriate forms of the
verbs in brackets. What else do you know about Jiaolong
starting
making
started
making
collecting
to better understand
Right now, Jiaolong is undergoing maintenance before _________ (start) its next adventure.
In 2020, Jiaolong will begin its first global deep-sea scientific exploration mission. It will have a
new mother ship, which is _________ (name) Deep Sea No. 1 . This grand mission is intended
______________ (strengthen) China’s capacity in _________ (survey) deep-sea environments and will increase the nation’s influence in this field.
Activity 6
(WORKBOOK P76 EX.3)
Complete the news report below with the appropriate forms of the
verbs in brackets. What else do you know about Jiaolong
starting
named
to strengthen
surveying
It is named after a Chinese water dragon. It was designed by a former professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University，and it has the second-greatest depth range of any manned research vehicles in 2012.
1 动词不定式的时态和语态
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式的时态共有四种：一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。不定式的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。具体形式如下表所示（以 do 为例）：
单元语法
复习不定式
（1）一般式（to do/to be done）
动词不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生；to be done 表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者。
I saw him go out with the sponsor. 我看见他和赞助者出去了。
（see 后跟不带to 的不定式作宾补）［词汇复现］
It’s a privilege to be invited to play golf with you. 受邀与您一起打高 尔夫球是一种荣幸。
（省略的逻辑主语me 与不定式是被动关系， 在to be invited 之前可以加上for me）［词汇复现］
（2）进行式（to be doing）
动词不定式的进行式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，而且正在进行。
They are said to be visiting a grand house. 据说他们正在参观一座大房子。［词汇复现］
（3）完成式（to have done/to have been done）
动词不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前；to have been done 同时还表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者。
I’m very sorry to have kept you from getting the bonus.
很抱歉让您无法获得奖金。（keep 发生在 be sorry 之前）［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
“ planned/hoped/expected/meant/thought/intended/promised/wanted/ wished/desired to have done”表示未曾实现的愿望或计划。
I meant to have read the science fiction last week. 我本打算上周读完这本科幻小说。［词汇复现］
（4）完成进行式（to have been doing）
动词不定式的完成进行式强调不定式表示的动作从过去某一时刻起一直持续到某一时刻，强调动作的持续性，不强调结果。
The chairwoman is said to have been living in London for twenty years.
据说这位女董事长在伦敦已经住了 20 年。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）My father has decided （give）up smoking，which makes us greatly surprised.
（2）［词汇复现］I have no time to visit the monument， for a lot of work remains （do）.
（3）When I came in，some babies were asleep. To my amusement，little John pretended _________________（read） with his eyes half-closed.
（4）When I told him the good news，he pretended （hear） of it，not looking excited.
（5）The man you want to see isn’t here，as he seems （fire）. You can figure it out by asking the boss.
（6）The novelist intended （adapt） the book for a TV play，but he didn’t make it.
（7）He is said （live） with his uncle since his parents left him to work in a faraway city.
to give
to be done
to be reading
to have heard
to have been fired
to have adapted
to have been living
完成句子
（8）He said that he saw her （进入房间） just now.
（9）I am glad （带妹妹去……） the country.
（10）He would like his son （被派去工作） in a big company.
（11）They seem （在谈论我），for they stopped at the sight of me.
（12）［词汇复现］All of us considered him （偷了钱），but it turned out to be another person.
（13）The boy’s parents are said （遇害） in a serious accident.
enter the room
to take my sister to
to be sent to work
to be talking about me
to have stolen the money
to have been killed
2 动词不定式的分类
（1）带 to 的动词不定式：一般情况下，不定式要带to。
They are not building a state to continue the conflict with Israel，but to end it.
他们不是在建立一个国家来继续同以色列冲突，而是要结束这场冲突。［词汇复现］
（2）省略to 的动词不定式
①使役动词和感官动词后作宾补的不定式：这类动词有 make， have，let，feel，hear，listen to，see，look at，watch，observe，notice 等。但用于被动语态时，不定式要带to。
She makes her husband fetch the kids from school every day.
→ Her husband is made to fetch the kids from school every day. 她让丈夫每天从学校接孩子。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】 巧记后接不带to 的不定式作宾补的动词
一感：feel 二听：hear，listen to 三让：make，have，let
五看：see，look at，watch，observe，notice
半帮助：help（to 可带可不带）
（2）would rather do...than do... 宁愿……也不愿……
I would rather go to work in the supermarket than take over my father’s company.
我宁愿去超市工作也不愿接管我父亲的公司。［词汇复现］
（3）Why do... 为什么做某事呢？（表示不满或委婉的批评）
Why not do... 为什么不做某事呢？（表示建议）
Why break the appointment on purpose 为什么故意不赴约？［词汇复现］
Why not suspend the new system 为什么不暂缓新制度？［词汇复现］
（4）cannot but/cannot choose but/cannot help but do... 只好，不得不
I cannot choose but adopt my niece’s advice at present. 眼下我别无选择只得采纳我侄女的建议。［词汇复现］
（5）介词 but，except 后的动词不定式：如果这些介词之前有行为动词do 或do 的某种形式，那么这些介词后的不定式省略to，否则要带to。
The premier could do nothing but appoint a committee to consider the plans.
总理除了安排一个委员会去考虑这些计划外别无选择。［词汇复现］
I have no choice but to take up a temporary job. 我别无选择，只能从事一份临时工作。［词汇复现］
（6）并列不定式：当多个动词不定式具有同样的功能时，to 只用在第一个不定式之前，以避免重复。
The boy decided to stay in the bakery and work hard as before.
这个男孩决定留在面包店里，像以前一样努力工作。［词汇复现］
（7）had better（not）do sth. 最好（别）做某事
I think you had better stop shouting such slogans.
我认为你们最好别喊这样的口号。［词汇复现］
（8）主语部分有do 时，作表语的动词不定式可以省略to，也可不省略。
All you need to do is （to）test out the system.
您需要做的就是测试这个系统。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】 动词不定式中动词的省略：
在 expect，hope，wish，mean，prefer，forget，want，try 以及be afraid， be glad，be happy，would like，would love 等后面，为避免重复，动词不定式常常省略，只保留不定式符号to，to have 或 to have been （be 不省略）。
I haven’t conducted an interview，but I wish to（conduct an interview）.
我没主持过面试，但我希望（去主持）。
—Did you go to the party 你去参加聚会了吗？
—No，I’d like to have（gone to the party），but I was busy.
没，我想去，但我那时太忙了。
—Did the teacher praise you 老师表扬你了吗？
—No，but I’d like to have been（praised）. 没有，但我想（被表扬）。
单句语法填空
（1）Don’t forget （give） your students a little encouragement at any time.
（2）The police observed a man （go） into the bank ten minutes ago.
（3）A man was observed （go） into the bank ten minutes ago.
（4）I would rather become a salesman work in that factory.
（5）Why not （turn） off the light when you sleep，since you can’t fall asleep when the light is on
（6）I can’t help wonder if these consumers will buy most of the goods being advertised.
（7）We couldn’t do anything but （watch） him being put in prison.
to give
go
to go
than
turn
but
watch
（8）We had no choice but （watch） him being put in prison.
（9）［词汇复现］What the government has to do is （declare） a state of emergency.
（10）There will be no problems as long as you do as the teacher tells you .
（11）My sister likes to be at home while I would not like to .
（12）I forgot to close the window but I really hoped to ，as the rain destroyed one of my favorite books.
（13）Lily was upset that she wasn’t invited to the party. Meanwhile，I was glad to have .
to watch
（to）declare
to
be
have
been
完成句子
（14）［词汇复现］He refused （买词典）with a leather cover.
（15）When I （注意到他们进来），I stood up immediately and gave them a warm welcome.
（16）I （宁愿解决） my problems alone than ask him for help.
（17）I （只好） agree to his decision.
（18）The boss had no choice but （解雇他）.
（19）［词汇复现］I would not like （接管） the company and ____________
（失去自由）.
（20）［词汇复现］You had better （不要传播谣言）.
to buy a dictionary
noticed them come in
would rather solve
cannot （choose/help） but
to dismiss/fire him
to take over
lose freedom
not spread the rumour
3 动词不定式的句法功能
（1）作主语（常用it 作形式主语）
To make fun of the disabled is not right. 嘲笑残疾人是不对的。
It is ridiculous to imagine that the recovery will be quick and easy.
认为会迅速轻易地恢复的想法是荒谬的。［词汇复现］
（2）作宾语
①常接不定式作宾语的动词：decide/determine，learn，want，expect/ hope，refuse，manage，wish，pretend，offer，promise，choose，plan， agree，ask，help 等。
The strong man managed to pull out the tree trunk. 那个壮汉把树干拔了出来。［词汇复现］
②复合结构中常用it 作形式宾语，不定式（短语）放在宾语补足语之后。常接这样复合结构的动词有6 个：make，feel，find， consider，believe，think。
The dog found it difficult to jump over the fence. 这条狗发现很难跳过这道篱笆。［词汇复现］
③不定式作宾语与动名词作宾语的区别
regret to do sth. 遗憾要去做某事
regret doing sth. 后悔做了某事
forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事
forget doing sth. 忘记已做过某事
remember to do sth. 记得要做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
I regret to say that you failed to obtain a driving license. You must be regretting not training more. 我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有获得驾驶执照。你一定后悔没有多训练。
mean to do sth. 打算做某事
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事
can’t help （to）do sth. 不能帮着做某事
can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事
try to do sth. 努力/ 企图做某事
try doing sth. 试着做某事
（3）作宾语补足语和主语补足语
He asked me to help him learn biology. （宾语补足语）
→ I was asked to help him learn biology. （主语补足语）
他请我帮助他学习生物。［词汇复现］
believe/consider sb. to have done sth. （宾补）认为某人做了某事
be believed/considered to have done sth. （主补）被认为做了某事
be said/reported to have done sth. （主补）据说/ 据报道做了某事
（4）作定语
①如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或被修饰词是不定式动作发生的地点或借助的工具时，不定式后面要有相应的介词；如果不定式所修饰的名词是 time，place 或way 时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。
Jack is a pleasant fellow to work with. 杰克是个很好共事的人。
He had no money and no place to live（ in） . 他没有钱，也没有地方住。
②被修饰词前有the first/second/last/very/only 时常用不定式作定语。
She is always the first person to come and the last to leave.
她总是第一个来而最后一个走。
③下列名词后常用不定式作定语，说明名词的内容：decision， chance，plan，ability，right（权利），way 等。
I’m sure of his ability to cope with this. 我肯定他有能力应对此事。
④to be done 作定语多表将来的被动动作（将要被）
The meeting to be held tomorrow is of great importance. 明天开的会很重要。
（5）作状语（表示目的、结果、原因等）
She resigned her position to look after her children. 为了照顾孩子，她辞去了工作。（表目的）
To enjoy a more spectacular sight，you must climb to a greater height.
欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。（表目的）
The candidate reached the company，only to find the interview over.
那个申请人到达了公司，结果发现面试已经结束了。（表出乎意料的结果）
We were in high spirits to hear the words of our teacher’s encourage-ment.
听到老师鼓励的话，我们情绪高涨。（表原因）
【学法点拨】
（1）不定式to do 表目的，可以放在句子中间，可以用in order to 和so as to 代替表示强调；也可放在句首，此时只可以用in order to 代替表强调。
（2）不定式作结果状语常与only 连用，表示出乎意料的结果；现在分词作结果状语，表示句子内容导致的自然而然的结果。
The glass fell to the ground，breaking into pieces. 玻璃杯掉在地上，摔成碎片。
（6）作表语
My job is to make leather boots. 我的工作是制作皮靴。（说明主语的内容） ［词汇复现］
The new robot is to be tested out next week.
新机器人将于下周进行测试。（不定式表将来）
（7）作独立成分（作句子状语）
to tell the truth 说实话 to be exact 确切地说
to conclude 总而言之 to be frank 坦白地说
to be brief 简言之 to begin/start with 首先
to make things worse 更糟糕的是
To tell you the truth，your claim is quite absurd.
说实话，你的要求很荒谬。［词汇复现］
【学法点拨】
疑问词+ 不定式“who/which/when/where/how/what + to do”在句中起名词的作用，可充当主语、宾语、表语等。
How to arouse the students’ interest in labour is very important.
如何激发学生的劳动兴趣很重要。（作主语）［词汇复现］
I know where to find the young man who behaves with integrity.
我知道到哪里去找那个行为正直的年轻人。（作宾语）［词汇复现］
The question is when to raise the salary. 问题是什么时候涨工资。（作表语）［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）［2020 新高考全国Ⅰ 卷］The objective of most speeches is （benefit）the audience.
（2）［2020 天津卷］Greatness comes from a lasting desire （explore）.
（3）［2020 全国Ⅲ 卷］Our tour also includes a chance （walk）in the footsteps of Van Gogh and Gauguin.
（4）［2020 全国Ⅰ卷］Nothing is too small （celebrate）.
（5）［2020 全国Ⅰ 卷］China has become the first country （land） a spacecraft on the far side of the moon.
（6）To climb the mountain is hard work but is great fun to go down the mountain.
（7） （make） up for lost time is impossible，so it is necessary to treasure every second in your life.
（8）I’m very happy that my father has promised （go） diving when the summer holiday vacation comes.
（9）He made a rule to read English aloud every morning.
to benefit
句意：大多数演讲的目的都是使听众受益。
to explore
句意：伟大来自持久的探索欲望。
to walk
句意：我们的旅行还包括一次跟随凡·高和高更脚步的机会。
to celebrate
句意：没有什么小事不值得庆祝。
to land
句意：中国已成为首个将宇宙飞船着陆在月球远侧的国家。
it
To make
to go
it
（10）I had meant （go） to London. Missing this flight means （wait） another two hours.
（11）The teacher encourages us （study） hard every day with encouraging words.
（12）He was the only person （know） the truth，but to our sadness，he was killed in the conflict with a rude thief.
（13）If you think the decision was improper，you have the right （appeal） to a higher court.
（14）The system has the ability （run） more than one program at the same time.
（15）The building （build） next year will be used as a dormitory building for students.
（16）She gave him some money （let） him leave at once.
（17）We hurried to the station，only （tell） that the train had left.
（18）His ambition is （set） up schools for children of poor families.
to go
waiting
to study
to know
to appeal
to run
to be built
to let
to be told
to set
（19）After graduation，my elder brother chose （出国） for further study.
（20）Every student in the class consider it his or her own responsibility ___________________________（保持教室清洁）.
（21）Seeing my tired mother，I （禁不住感到）sad. Meanwhile，I （不能帮着做） the housework.
（22）Visitors （不允许） take photographs.
（23）The ban is reported （被抢劫） of a large amount of cash.
（24）Please give me a knife （用来切东西）.
（25）Everybody thinks Lily is the last person （考试作弊）.
to go abroad
to keep the classroom clean
couldn’t help feeling
couldn’t help（to）do
are not permitted/allowed to
to have been robbed
to cut with
to cheat in the exam
（26）He made every effort to get the chance （提升） and finally achieved his dream.
（27）The question （将在会上讨论的） tomorrow is very important.
（28） （为了让）him leave at once，she gave him some money.
（29）He said quietly that he came here （为了跟我道别）.
（30） （坦白地说），I really worried about this.
（31） （简言之），they must understand the importance of teaching and spend more time with their children.
（32）［ 词汇复现］What is the most important is （怎样阻止） the rumour from spreading.
to be promoted
to be discussed at the meeting
To let/ In order to let
to/in order to/so as to say goodbye to me
To be frank
To be brief
how to stop/ keep/prevent
4 动词不定式的主动形式表被动意义
（1）不定式作定语，与被修饰词是被动关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语，是主动关系。
今天我们有很多工作要做。
We have a lot of work to do today. （强调“做”是否由主语we完成）
We have a lot of work to be done today. （不强调“做”是否由主语 we 完成）
（2）
be + 性质形容词+to do
动词+ 宾语+ 性质形容词+ to do
The water is not suitable to drink. 这水不适合喝。
The teacher made the question easy to answer.
老师使这个问题容易回答。
（3） be to blame 应负责任，该受责备
be to let 出租
The young man felt he was to blame for this traffic accident.
那个年轻人觉得他应对这起交通事故负责任。
This car is to let. 此车出租。
（4）with 复合结构
With a lot of work to do，I won’t go out. 有这么多工作要做，我不会 出去。
（do 与work 之间为被动关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语I，是主动关系）
（5）“疑问词+ 不定式”结构
We don’t know what to expect. 我们不知道会发生什么。
（expect与what 之间为被动关系，但与其逻辑主语，即句子主语we，是主动关系）
【学法点拨】
当不定式的逻辑主语不清楚或不是句子的主语时，主动和被动结构都可用，而且在语意上并没有多大区别。
There is much to do/to be done when the prime minister takes office. 首相上任后有很多事情要做。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）He has a sister （look） after， which takes up a large amount of energy.
（2）He didn’t know the fact that the air is difficult （breathe） at high altitudes.
（3）He told me that his friend’s house was （let） and that he was （blame） for the delay.
（4）He is the very man （choose） for the work.
完成句子
（5）When in trouble，he always depends on him-self，as he has no friends ___________________（依靠）.
（6）We are glad that computers make English （容易学）.
（7） （有很多钱花）， the boy was spoiled，which made his parents’ heart broken.
（8）They have experience so they know （要期待什么）.
to look
to breathe
to let
to blame
to choose/to be chosen
to depend on
easy to learn
With much money to spend
what to expect
Language points
教材原句p.29 He encouraged me to participate in the surfing competition.
他鼓励我参加冲浪比赛。
1 participate in 参与，参加（= take part in）
A handful of students in our class participated actively in bungee jumping.
我们班有几个学生积极参加了蹦极运动。［词汇复现］
【词语辨析】 不一样的“参加”：
participate in/take part in the sports meeting 参加运动会
join the army/League/Party 参军/ 入团/ 入党
join in the conversation/discussion 参与交谈/ 讨论
attend the meeting/ceremony/wedding 出席会议/ 出席典礼/ 参加 婚礼
attend school/class 上学/ 上课
I’m sure you’ll all join me in wishing Ted and Laura a very happy marriage.
我相信大家会愿意与我一起共祝特德和劳拉喜结良缘。
【词语积累】 participant n. 参与者，参加者 participation n. 参与，参加
题组练·领悟方法
核心词汇
选词填空（participate in/join/attend）
①Though disabled，he often some social activities in the community.
②To his satisfaction，his son the navy in the end.
③The meeting is on the fifth and we’re hoping everyone will .
单句语法填空
④If possible，more people should participate elections.
⑤He has been an active （participate） in the discussion.
⑥A back injury prevented my active （participate） in any sports for a while.
participates in
joined
attend
in
participant
participation
教材原句p.29 The crowd stood to applaud scientists for their important ocean research work.
人们起立为科学家们重要的海洋研究工作鼓掌。
2 applaud vt. & vi.
（1）vt. & vi. 鼓掌
He began to applaud，but the others stepped backwards.
他开始鼓掌，但其他人都后退了。［词汇复现］
Everyone applauded him when he finally got his driving license.
他终于获得了驾驶执照，大家都为他鼓掌。［词汇复现］
（2）vt. 称赞；赞赏
搭配：applaud sb. for sth. 为某事称赞某人
Do you expect me to applaud his inaction 你以为我会对他的不作为拍手叫好吗 ［词汇复现］
The teacher applauded him for his calculating speed. 老师称赞他计算速度快。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
①She （applaud） for a full five minutes after her speech.
②His efforts to improve the situation are to be （applaud）.
③He should be applauded his courage.
完成句子
④The crowd rose （为演讲者鼓掌）.
⑤ We （称赞这家人的决定） to remain silent over the issue.
was applauded
applauded
for
to applaud the speaker
applaud the family’s decision
教材原句p.29 It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.
对塑料瓶征税是个好主意，这样人们就会少用些。
3 tax vt. & n.
（1）vt. 对……征税；使纳税
He declared his aim was to tax the rich. 他宣布他的目的是向富人征税。［词汇复现］
（2）n. 税；税款（+on）
raise/cut taxes 增加 / 削减税收
tax increases/cuts 税款的增加 / 削减
changes in tax rates 税率的变化
avoid/escape tax 逃税
profits before/after tax 税前 / 税后利润
a tax on cigarettes 香烟税
Our company pays taxes on a regular basis and never escapes taxes.
我们公司定期纳税，从不逃税。［词汇复现］
完成句子
①The state does not （对食品征税） or clothing.
②What do you earn after you have （纳税） on the money you earn
③The government will pay for the new schools by （增加……的税收） luxury goods.
④［词汇复现］It’s absurd for some famous figures （逃税）.
tax food
paid tax
increasing the tax on
to avoid/escape tax
教材原句p.29 It is a good idea to tax plastic bottles so that people use them less.
对塑料瓶征税是个好主意，这样人们就会少用些。
【句式分析】本句是复合句，so that引导结果状语从句。
1 so that
（1）所以，结果（表示结果，从句动作已经发生）
He adjusted his pace，so that his son caught up with him.
他调整了步伐，所以儿子赶上了他。［词汇复现］
（ 2）为了，以便（表示目的，相当于 in order that，从句中常有 will， would，can，could，may，might 等情态动词，从句动作未发生）
He put on his glasses so that/in order that he could find a getaway on the map.
为了在地图上找到适合度假的地方，他戴上了眼镜。［词汇复现］
重点句式
完成句子
（1）［2020 江苏卷］They decide to have more workers for the project _（以便）it won’t be delayed.
（2） （为了） we could get to the company on time，the boss took some measures.
（3）［词汇复现］He grasped her arm （为了） she could avoid falling off the ladder.
so that
In order that
so that/in order that
教材原句p.29 Far out in the ocean，where the water is as clear as glass，lives the Sea King.
在遥远的大海里，那里的水像玻璃一样清澈，住着海王。
【句式分析】本句是完全倒装句，把作状语的介词短语 far out in the ocean 放到句首，而把谓语lives 提到主语的前面。
2 完全倒装
表示地点的介词词组位于句首，主语是名词，谓语是be，stand， sit，lie，live 等动词的句子，用完全倒装结构。
Among the frogs was the ugliest one，who is entitled “prince”.
在所有的青蛙中，最丑陋的一只叫“王子”。［词汇复现］
【归纳拓展】 常考的完全倒装结构还有：
（ 1）there/here，now/then，up/down，in/out，away/off + be/come/go/ run/rush/fly/follow/fall + 主语（名词）
Here come my students，shouting slogans loudly.
我的学生们来了，大声喊着口号。［词汇复现］
（2）过去分词/ 现在分词/ 作表语的形容词+ be + 主语（名词）
Present at the session are some famous scientists. 出席会议的是一些著名科学家。［词汇复现］
单句语法填空
（1）Among the crises that face humans （be） the lack of natural resources.
（2）At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River （lie） one of the ten largest cities in China.
（3）Hearing the dog barking fiercely，away （flee） the thief.
翻译句子
（4）在山顶有一座庙。
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（5）坐在前面的是学校领导。
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is
lies
fled
On the top of the hill stands a temple.
Seated/Sitting in the front are the leaders of the school.
THE END