高中英语语法——动词的时态、语态和主谓一致 课件（共60张）

(共60张PPT)
第一节　动词的时态、语态和主谓一致
第一讲 动词
2026届高考二轮专题复习
考点1　动词的时态
1.一般现在时和一般过去时
(1)一般现在时
a.表示经常或习惯性的动作或存在的状态。常与频度副词(always，often，usually，sometimes，every day/week/month/year，frequently，once/twice a week)或表示现在的时间状语连用。
We all respect her because she always tries new ways to make her classes lively and interesting.
我们都尊敬她，因为她总是尝试新的方法使她的课生动有趣。
Tom always goes jogging in the morning and he usually does push-ups to keep in shape.
汤姆早上总是慢跑，他通常做俯卧撑来保持体形。
b.表示客观事实、普遍真理或名言警句。
Distance tests a horse’s strength.Time reveals a person’s character.
路遥知马力，日久见人心。
[点拨]　在主从复合句中，即使主句时态为一般过去时，从句时态仍用一般现在时。
Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across this open sea，which is the Pacific，and we met no storms.
数月前，我们在公海——太平洋——上航行了1 000英里，没有遇到任何风暴。
c.少数表示位置移动的动词，如come，go，leave，arrive，start，begin，take place，take off等，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。
The flight takes off in twenty minutes—we will never make it.
飞机还有20分钟就要起飞了，我们赶不上了。
d.在时间、条件、让步以及方式状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
You will surely succeed if you try your best.
如果你尽力，你一定会成功的。
Whatever happens，you should keep cool-headed.
不论发生什么，你都应该保持冷静。
(2)一般过去时
a.表示在过去某一时刻、某一时间段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示过去的时间状语(yesterday，last year，last night，the other day，just now，then，two days ago，in 1999，at that time)连用。
We had a grand view of a sea of clouds when we climbed to the top of the Yellow Mountain.
我们爬上黄山之巅时，看到了云海的壮观景象。
b.表示过去经常、反复发生的动作，常与always，often，sometimes，as usual等连用。
When I was a child，I often played basketball with my friends.
我小时候经常和朋友们一起打篮球。
c.在时间状语从句、条件状语从句或让步状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作。
He said that he would tell his mother the good news as soon as he came back.
他说他一回来就会告诉他的母亲这个好消息。
d.want，wonder，think，hope等少数几个动词可用一般过去时来表示“过去原本……”。
We thought he was an honest man.
我们原以为他是个老实人。
e.一般过去时的常用固定句式
·It is (high/about) time that...意为“是……的时候了”，从句中可用一般过去时，也可用“should＋动词原形”，且 should不可省略。
It is about time that the kids went/should go to school.　孩子们该去上学了。
·since引导时间状语从句时，从句时态常用一般过去时。
Mary hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin.
玛丽自从去了柏林还没有打来过电话。
·It was ＋时间段＋before….意为“过了多长时间后才……”从句时态用一般过去时。
It was three years before he found his lost boy.
过了三年他才找到失踪的儿子。
①The world always ____________(make) way for the dreamer.
②Look at the timetable.Hurry up! Flight 4026 ____________(take) off at 18：20.
③When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary artist，they smiled and ____________ (point) down the river.
④It’s said that not getting enough sleep ____________(lead) to poor judgment，lack of creativity，and even depression.
单句语法填空
makes
takes
pointed
leads
⑤When the grass ____________(die) back in autumn，these flowers will fade.
⑥Wherever he ________________(travel) in those years，he wrote down what he saw and heard.
dies
travelled/traveled
2.现在完成时、过去完成时和现在完成进行时
(1)现在完成时
a.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时刚刚完成的动作。常与recently，lately，up to/till now，so far，in the past/last few months/years...等连用。
I have already finished the task.
我已经完成了这项任务。
b.表示从过去开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”“since...”表述的时间状语连用。
His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的第一部小说自从上个月出版以来获得了很多好评。
[点拨]　在条件和时间状语从句中，用现在完成时表示将来完成时。
c.现在完成时的常用固定句式
·“This/It is the first/second...time ＋ that...”句型中，从句用现在完成时。
This is the first time that I have spoken at the meeting.这是我第一次在会上发言。
·“This/It is the＋形容词最高级＋名词＋that...”句型中，从句用现在完成时。
This is the best song that I have ever heard.
这是我听过的最好听的一首歌曲。
·“It is/has been＋时间段＋since…”句型中，since引导的从句用一般过去时(注意从句动词翻译)。
It has been/is five years since he began to smoke.(从句谓语动词为非延续性动词或动词词组)
自从他开始吸烟已经5年了。
It has been/is five years since he smoked.(从句谓语动词为延续性动词或动词词组)
他不抽烟已经5年了。
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
一般过去时 现在完成时
时间 状语 不同 可与表示过去的具体时间状语连用，如yesterday，an hour ago，two days ago，last week/month/year，in 2019。 可与笼统的表示过去的时间状语连用，如already，yet，recently，lately，never，ever，before，in the past/last few years。
侧重 点不 同 只限于表示过去的动作本身，与现在的结果无关。 They went to London last week.他们上周去了伦敦。(强调去伦敦发生在上周) 表示过去发生并延续到现在的动作或状态，或过去发生且已结束的动作，但对现在造成了一定影响，强调现在的结果。
They have just gone to London.
他们刚去了伦敦。(强调现在已经去了)
(2)过去完成时
a.表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前完成的动作或存在的状态，即过去的过去。
By the end of yesterday，we had received over 1，000 letters from all over the world.
到昨天为止，我们已经收到了来自世界各地的1 000多封信。
b.在“hardly/scarcely...when...”“no sooner...than...”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，且常用部分倒装，从句用一般过去时，意为“刚……就……”。
Hardly had I gone through my homework when the telephone rang.
我刚做完作业，电话铃就响了。
c.某些词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有：expect，hope，plan，suppose，think，intend，mean，want等。
I had hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage，but I couldn’t manage it.
我本想在彼得结婚时送他一件礼物祝贺，但我没能做到。
d.在“It/This was the first(second，etc.) time＋that从句”句型中，从句谓语动词用过去完成时。
It was the first time I had taken part in such a meaningful activity.
那是我第一次参加这样有意义的活动。
一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
一般过去时 过去完成时
时间 状语 不同 有yesterday，the day before yesterday，an hour ago，last week/month/year，in 2018等。 通常是与by或before有关的短语，如by that time，by the end of yesterday等。
针对 的时 间点 不同 针对现在而言，描述发生在过去的动作。 I saw a doctor last week.我上周去看医生了。(see的动作发生在过去) 针对过去某一时刻而言，表示“过去的过去”。
He had learnt Japanese before he went to Japan.他去日本之前已经学过日语了。(go的动作发生在过去，learn的动作发生在go之前，即过去的过去)
(3)现在完成进行时
a.表示开始于过去某个时间，一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成，也可能继续进行下去。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性，多用于延续性动词。常与these days，recently，lately，in the past/last＋时间段； since＋时间点； for＋时间段等连用。
I’m very tired.I have been correcting the students’ papers all the morning.
我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。
b.表示重复性动作，有时其所表示的动作并不是一直在进行，而是时断时续、反复发生，此时可用终止性动词。
You have been saying that for 5 years. 这话你已经说了有五年了。
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
用法 例句
区别1 现在完成时强调过去某个动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果 I have thought it over.我已经仔细考虑过这件事了。
现在完成进行时强调动作的未完成性 I have been thinking it over.我一直在仔细考虑这件事。
区别2 现在完成时不表示动作的反复 Have you met him recently 你最近见过他吗？
现在完成进行时表示动作的反复 Have you been meeting him recently
你最近经常见他吗？
区别3 现在完成时往往只说明一个事实、一种影响或结果，不带有感彩 I have waited for you for three hours.
我已等了你三个小时。(说明一个事实)
现在完成进行时可以表示某种感彩 I have been waiting for you for three hours.我已经等了你三个小时了。(暗含不满的语气)
①Since the establishment of the forest farm，over 20 couples ________________ (guard)the watchtower，and there has been no fire reported in the farm.
②The beautiful scenery and various traditional customs ________________ (bring) great resources to the local tourism industry in the past decade.
③I ________________(put) away my cell phone before my father came back.
④I ________________(hope) to go home from work ahead of time.
单句语法填空/完成句子
have guarded
have brought
had put
had hoped
⑤All these years they ____________________(contribute) articles to our magazine.
⑥It is the most interesting novel that I _____________________________.
这是我所读过的最有趣的小说。
⑦In the past few years，_________________________________________.
在过去的几年里，我的家乡发生了巨大变化。
have been contributing
have ever read
great changes have taken place in my hometown
3.现在进行时、过去进行时和将来进行时
(1)现在进行时
a.表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作。
Now I am planning our schedule for the trip.
现在我正在计划我们的旅行日程。
b.某些表示位置移动的动词，如go，come，leave，arrive，start，move等，可用现在进行时表示即将发生或计划要做的动作。
Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water，indicating drought is arriving.
有些树在没有足够的水时会发出咔嚓声，表示干旱即将来临。
[点拨]
(2)过去进行时
a.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间需用时间状语表示)。与过去进行时相对应的时间状语有：then，at that time，at this time yesterday等。
He was writing a book last year，but I don’t know if he has finished it.
他去年在写一本书，但我不知道他是否已经完成。
b.表示过去计划或安排在将来会发生的动作(只限于plan，come，go，leave，arrive，start，move，sail，fly，travel，stay等)。
She arrived just as we were leaving.
她到的时候我们正要离开。
(3)将来进行时
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作。常与at 8：00 am tomorrow，in the next two months等时间状语连用。
He will be negotiating with the other company at this time next Tuesday.
下周二这个时候他正与另一家公司谈判。
①That promise may be years away from realization but rapid typing enabled by bioprinting at present ________________ (push) medical advances forward at pace.
②She ________________(play) with the cell phone when her boss walked into the office.
③Today we ________________(face) a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do.
④Next Friday I will go to another concert.They ________________(play) something by Mozart at that time.
单句语法填空
is pushing
was playing
are facing
will be playing
4.一般将来时和过去将来时
(1)一般将来时
a.表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow，in the future，before long，tomorrow evening，next week/month/year，in＋时间段，after＋时间点等连用。
I will go to school tomorrow.我明天要去上学。
b.一般将来时的其他表达形式及含义
表达形式 意义 例句
be going to do 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做的事 They are going to hold a meeting tomorrow.他们打算明天开个会。
表示有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生的事 It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去好像要下雨了。
be about to do 表示快要做某事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用 The plane is about to take off，and we must hurry up.
飞机就要起飞了，我们必须快点儿。
表达形式 意义 例句
be to do 表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作 He is to be married next week.
他下周结婚。
表示职责、义务、意图、可能性等 Their plan is to be a failure.他们的计划注定要失败。
现在进行时表将来 少数瞬间动词如go，come，leave，arrive，begin的现在进行时常与表将来的时间状语连用，表示预计即将发生的动作 They are arriving in Guangzhou
early tomorrow
morning.他们明天一早就到达广州了。
表达形式 意义 例句
一般现在时表将来 表示将来确定会发生的动作(已安排或计划好的动作) The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天早上六点离开。
在条件、时间、让步状语从句中 When she comes，I will tell her the truth.她来时我就把真相告诉她。
c.一般将来时的常用固定句式
·It will be＋一段时间＋before...意为“要过多久才……”，从句用一般现在时。
It will be a long time before we meet them again.
我们还需要很长时间才能再次见到他们。
·祈使句＋and/or/otherwise＋陈述句(通常用一般将来时)
Close the door of fear behind you，and you will see the door of faith open before you.
关上你身后的恐惧之门，你就会看到信心之门在你面前打开。
(2)过去将来时
a.表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用在宾语从句或间接引语中。
I asked whether he would go to the theater with me.
我问他是否愿意和我一起去电影院。
b.过去将来时也有一些其他表达形式及含义。
表达形式 意义 例句
was/were going to do 可表示过去本打算或本认为会发生的事，事实上却未发生。 I thought the dancers were going to be beautiful.我还以为这些舞者会很漂亮。
was/were about to do 表示过去将来的某个时间会发生的事，可与when连用。构成常用句式“was/were about to do sth when...”，意为“正要做某事，就在这时……”。 ·The bus was about to leave.
公共汽车马上就要开了。
·I was about to go out when someone knocked at the door.我正要出去，这时有人敲门。
was/were to do 表示按过去的计划、安排该在某个过去的将来会发生的事。 We were to finish the work in four days.我们原打算4天内完成任务。
①The curtains are about to open，and in a few minutes the action and dialogue ____________ (tell) you the story.
②Albert Einstein was born in 1879.As a child，few people guessed that he ________________(be) a famous scientist whose theories ________________ (change) the world.
单句语法填空
will tell
would be
would change
考点2　动词的语态
1.各种时态中被动语态的构成
时态 一般式 进行式 完成式
现在时 am/is/are＋过去分词 am/is/are＋being＋过去分词 have/has＋been＋过去分词
过去时 was/were＋过去分词 was/were＋being＋过去分词 had＋been＋过去分词
将来时 shall/will be＋过去分词 shall/will＋have been＋过去分词
2.被动语态的用法
(1)不知道或没有必要指明动作的执行者
Attention，please! A meeting will be held in the office at 8：00 am tomorrow.Everyone is expected to attend on time.
请注意！明天上午八点在办公室召开会议。望大家准时参加。
(2)强调或突出动作的承受者
The woman was taken to hospital.那位女士被送进了医院。
(3)动作执行者被较长的修饰语修饰。
The idea was supported by those who wished to make much money.
想挣许多钱的人们支持那个主意。
[点拨]
不能使用被动语态的几种情况
①不及物动词(短语)不用于被动语态，如happen，occur，fail，remain，spread，take place，break out，come true等。
The disease spreads easily.这种疾病容易传播。
②某些动词(短语)不用于被动语态，如benefit，fit，lack，contain，join，last，arrive at/in，agree with，look like，consist of，suffer from，succeed in等。
This drink doesn’t contain any alcohol.这种饮料不含任何酒精。
③表示归属的动词(短语)不用于被动语态，如have，own，belong to等。
The red pen belongs to me.
这支红色的钢笔属于我。
④宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，谓语动词用主动语态，不用被动语态。
We often help each other.我们经常互相帮助。
主动形式表示被动意义的4种情况
系动词，如：smell，taste，feel，look，sound，prove等后接形容词作表语，用主动形式表示被动意义。 This kind of wool shirt feels soft.这种羊毛衫摸起来很软。
表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词，如：read，write，sell，wash，clean等，常与well，badly，easily，smoothly等副词连用，用主动形式表示被动意义。 Have you bought the book that sells well these days？你买了最近销售得很好的那本书了吗？
某些与can’t，won’t等连用的不及物动词，如open，shut，move等，用主动形式表示被动意义。 The door won’t shut.
这扇门关不上。
少数不及物动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动意义，如print，cook，sell等。 The meat is cooking.
肉正在炖着。
①To our relief，a great many measures ________________(take) to protect the ocean from being polluted.
②The hero’s story ________________(report) differently in the newspapers and we didn’t really know the truth.
③In the near future，more advances in the robot technology ________________(make) by scientists.
④An accident ____________(happen) on the road last night and five people were killed.
⑤Junk food ____________(taste) delicious but it doesn’t contain enough nutrition.
单句语法填空
have been taken
was reported
will be made
happened
tastes
考点3　主谓一致3原则
1.语法一致原则
(1)动名词(短语)、不定式(短语)、从句、不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。
Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.
忙碌一天之后，听音乐使我感到很放松。
[点拨]　what引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式，但如果从句表示复数意义，则谓语动词用复数形式。
What he says and does does not concern me.他的言行与我无关。
What he says and does do not agree.他的言行不一致。
(2)主语后跟with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than等连接的短语时，谓语动词的数要与连接词前面的主语保持一致。
The teacher as well as his students was very excited.
老师和学生们都非常激动。
(3)and，both...and...连接两个不同的主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；但是如果由and连接的两个名词表示同一个人或物时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The singer and dancer is to attend our evening party.
那位歌舞演员将参加我们的晚会。
(4)定语从句中关系代词作主语时，从句中的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。
My friend showed me around the town，which was very attractive.
我的朋友带我参观了这个小镇，这个小镇非常迷人。
(5)“many a/more than one＋单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。each，every，no所修饰的名词作主语时，即使由and连接，谓语动词仍用单数。
Many a parent has had to go through this same painful process.
很多父母亲不得不经历同样的痛苦过程。
Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.
每个男孩和女孩都希望参加周日举行的聚会。
(6)“the＋形容词”表示一类人，在句中作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
The sick have been cured and the missing have been found.
患病的人被治愈，同时失踪的人也被找到了。
(7)表示时间、距离、重量、金额等的复数名词或短语通常作为一个整体看待，谓语动词通常用单数形式。
Two thousand miles is a long distance.
两千英里是一段很长的距离。
2.意义一致原则
(1)集体名词作主语时，若被看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式；若被看作构成集体的一个个成员，谓语动词用复数形式。常见的集体名词有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。
The whole class were told to stay behind after school.
全班的学生被告知放学后留下。
(2)“分数/百分数/the majority＋of＋名词”作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of后名词的数以及其表示的意义；all，some，half，most，the rest等作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于主语实际表达的意义。
About one third of the books were written by him.
这些书中大约有三分之一是他写的。
3.就近一致原则
(1)由or，either...or...，neither...nor...，not only...but also...，not...but...等连接的名词(短语)或代词作主语时，谓语动词的数常与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or one of your classmates is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.你或者你同学中的一位要去参加明天召开的会议。
(2)由there，here引起的主语不止一个时，谓语动词的数通常和最邻近的主语保持一致。
There are three chairs，a desk and a computer in the room.
房间里有三把椅子、一张桌子和一台电脑。
①The teacher and poet often ____________(give) lectures around the city.
②They say having a large variety of plants also ____________ (help) to protect against possible crop diseases and future crises.
③As far as I know，his family ____________ not very large but the family ____________ all music lovers.(be)
④As a result，as the number of qubits (量子位) ____________ (increase)，the computing ability of quantum computers rises too.
⑤Not only the teacher but also the students ____________ (be) in favor of the decision.
单句语法填空
gives
helps
is
are
increases
are
【典例】　Later，Nelson ____________ (award) the Presidential Medal of Freedom in recognition of his work.
答案　was awarded　[句意：后来纳尔逊被授予总统自由勋章，以表彰他的工作。句中的时间状语Later表明这里叙述的是过去的动作，应用一般过去时；Nelson与award为动宾关系，应用被动语态；主语为Nelson，谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式，故填was awarded。]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2024·湖南衡阳二模)Up to now，the two episodes of Three Bodies released ____________ (gain) more than 100 million views on the website.
2.(2024·湖南衡阳一模)Young Chinese people ________________ (raise) when the country’s economy was taking off，so they tend to have strong confidence in their national identity and culture.
have gained
were raised
3.(2024·吉林白山一模)Huang Yifan，a student from Shandong Province，____________ (like) observing ants and has discovered many funny secrets behind their behaviors.
4.(2024·江苏南京二模)The history of penjing ____________ (date) back to the Tang Dynasty.
5.(2024·江苏南通二模)In spring，local hillsides ________________ (fill) with tea workers sowing seeds on their land.
6.(2024·江苏盐城一模)Many wildlife that ____________ (disappear) previously are returning to their homes thanks to the park.
likes
dates
are filled
disappeared
7.(2024·江西九校二模)Huguosi Street was one of Beijing’s busiest commercial roads in the olden days.It also ____________ (house) the residence of Peking Opera master Mei Lanfang (1894-1961).
8.(2024·江西二模)I strongly suggest that teens all should go abroad to see their peers’ life.They’ll find later that this ________________ (shape) their ways of thinking and doing.
housed
will shape
9.(2024·山东潍坊3月检测)Song ____________________________ (work) in the restoration division for ancient books at the National Library of China in Beijing for eight years.
10.(2024·江苏苏北七市二模)In the past decades，efforts ________________ (make) by Mentougou District to preserve this signature folk dance culture.
has been working/has worked
have been made
Ⅱ.语法与写作
1.The following weeks _____________________________________________ each day determined to earn a penny.
在接下来的几个星期里，我每天从学校飞奔(dash)回家，决心挣一个便士。
2.I ___________________ all the way home，ashamed of my neglect.Maybe they __________________________________________ as my neighbors.
回家的路上我哭(sob)得很厉害，为自己的疏忽感到羞愧。也许他们和我的邻居有同样的遭遇。
saw me dashing home from school
was sobbing terribly
were suffering from the same scene
3.Fortunately，they spotted the flashing headlights of Joe’s truck and ________________________________approaching them with a long rope.
幸运的是，他们发现了乔的卡车闪烁的前灯，并瞥见了他的粗壮的(stout)身影，带着一根长绳子接近他们。
4.Joe finally reached the couple.“Catching the rope.” he __________________________.
乔终于找到了这对夫妇。“抓住绳子。”他大声地喊道。
caught a glimpse of his stout figure
yelled at the top of his lungs
5.Having received Joe’s message，Charlie and Jane ___________________ and clutched the rope tightly.
收到乔的信息后，查理和简扭动着身子，紧紧抓住绳子。
6.On spotting the wolf swallowed by the road，Mac，bathed in perspiration，__________________________________________________.
马克看见狼消失在路上，浑身是汗，松了口气，坐到后座上。
twisted their figures
sighed with relief and sank down to the back seat
Ⅲ.语篇提能练
My best friend Kaiya is like me.She 1.____________(remind) me of myself.In the past，I 2.____________(be) never confident because of my appearance.People always laughed at my weight，my height，my hairstyle，etc.At that time，I was the shortest student in my class.I started getting depressed.However，someone told me something that I will always remember.
It was in March.Surrounded by a group of girls who 3.____________ (point) at me and laughed at me，I couldn’t help crying.The tears rolled down my face like a rushing river.To my surprise，someone lifted my head up and wiped the tears from my eyes.
reminds
was
pointed
I then knew it was our English teacher，Miss Li.She said，“You 4.____________ (be) perfect the way you are.You should never change or hate yourself.People 5.____________(accept) you for who you 6.____________ (be).But if you cannot accept yourself，then how will other people accept you？” I 7.____________(inspire) by her words.Over the past few months，I 8.__________________(learn) that no one is perfect and that we all have flaws.Now I have wonderful friends who 9.____________(love) me for who I am.
Now，seeing Kaiya cry，I decide to tell her the same thing Miss Li 10.____________(tell) me.
are
will accept
are
was inspired
have learned/learnt
love
told