(共27张PPT)
Unit 1 Life Choices
Lesson 1 Lifestyles
Grammar
Grammar Revision: part of speech
Parts of speech are descriptions of words according to their denotations.
Jake posted the poster on the billboard to let people know about the show.
noun
verb
article
noun
article
preposition
noun
verb
noun
verb
preposition
article
noun
具 有 定 意 义 但 不 构 成 从 句 或 句 的 组 词 , 叫 做 短 语 ( p h r a s e ) 。 短 语 的 种 类 很 多 , 除 了 名 词 短 语 、 动 词
短 语 、 形 容 词 短 语 、 副 词 短 语 外 , 还 有 不 定 式 短 语 ( I n f i n i t i v e P h r a s e ) 、 动 名 词 短 语 ( G e r u n d i a l P h r a s e ) 、 分 词
短 语 ( P a r t i c i p i a l P h r a s e ) 、 介 词 短 语 ( P r e p o s i t i o n a l P h r a s e ) 、 独 短 语 ( A b s o l u t e P h r a s e ) 等 。
Jake posted the poster on the billboard to let people know about the show.
Grammar Revision: phrases
n.
v.
art.
n.
prep.
art.
n.
v.
n.
v.
prep.
art.
n.
NP
NP
NP
Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Verb Phrase
verb phrase
verb phrase
sentence
Grammar Revision: parts of the sentences
Parts of the sentence are descriptions of phrases according to their syntactic function.
Jake posted the poster on the billboard to let people know about the show.
subject
predicate verb
object
adverbial状语
(of place地点状语)
object complement宾语补足语
object
non-predicate verb
adverbial
(of purpose目的状语)
Grammar Revision: parts of the sentence in English
Subject主语
Predicate谓语
Object宾语
Attributive定语
Adverbial状语
Predicative表语
Complement补语
句子
谓 语 动 词 是 句 必 要 的 成 分 之 。 由 于 动 词 有 5 种 不 同 的 种 类 , 故 构 成 5 种 不 同 的 基 本 句 型 ( B a s i c Patterns of Sentences).
1 . 主 语 + 谓 语 动 词 ( 不 及 物 动 词 )
E v e r y m i n u t e c o u n t s . 分 秒 必 争 。
2 . 主 语 + 谓 语 动 词 ( 及 物 动 词 ) + 宾 语
N o b o d y c o u l d a n s w e r t h e q u e s t i o n . 没 有 可 以 回 答 这 个 问 题 。
3 . 主 语 + 系 动 词 + 表 语
T r u t h i s t h e d a u g h t e r o f t i m e . 时 间 真 理 。
4 . 主 语 + 谓 语 动 词 + 间 接 宾 语 + 直 接 宾 语
M a r y l e n t m e h e r c a r . 玛 丽 把 她 的 车 借 给 了 我 。
5 . 主 语 + 谓 语 动 词 + 宾 语 + 宾 语 补 语
A l l w o r k a n d n o p l a y m a k e s J a c k a d u l l b o y . 只 功 不 玩 耍 , 聪 明 的 孩 也 变 傻 。
句子的成分
必 须 的 成 分 : 主 语 、 谓 语
可 能 有 的 成 分 : 宾 语 、 补 语 、 修 饰 语 ( 定 语 、 状 语 、 同 位 语 )
1 . 主 语
( 1 ) 主 语 ( S u b j e c t ) 般 在 句 开 头 , 是 句 的 “ 陈 述 对 象 ” , 通 常 由 名 词 、 代 词 、 不 定 式 、 动 名 词 、 相 当 于 名
词 的 词 组 或 从 句 、 引 充 当 。 如 :
They go to school by bus.(他们乘公共汽车上学。)
Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes.(看太多电视对你的眼睛是有害的。)
What we need is a good rest.(我们需要的是好好休息一下。)
(2)形式主语与真实主语(Formal Subject and Real Subject):主语是不定式短语、动名词短语或分句时,常放在句尾,用it代替其原位置,it为形式主语,句尾原主语为真实主语,例如:
It is very hard to get to sleep.(入睡很难。)(不定式短语为真实主语,it为形式主语)
It's a pity that you can't come.(你不能来真是件遗憾的事。)(句子为真实主语,it为形式主语)
2. 宾语
(1)宾语(Object)是行为动作的对象,分动词宾语和介词宾语,可由名词、代词、名词化的形容词、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语或句子充当,例如:
I bought a ticket for Milan.(我买了一张去米兰的车票。)
I enjoyed talking to you.(我和你谈话很高兴。)
They decided to close the border.(他们决定封闭边境。)
(2)直接宾语与间接宾语(Direct Object and Indirect Object):英语中授与动词(Dative Verb,有“给予”“告知”“拒绝”等意义)接双宾语,即直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语指所给予或告知的“事物”,间接宾语指接受或被告知事物的“人”,间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后,前加介词to或for,例如:
Please show me your passport.(请把护照给我看一下。)(me为间接宾语,your passport为直接宾语)(show your passport to me)
The arrangement saved lots of time for us.(这个安排省了我们很多时间。)(lots of time为直接宾语,us为间接宾语)
(3)形式宾语与真实宾语(Formal Object and Real Object):作宾语的短语或从句后接宾语补语时,需将短语或从句放在补语之后,用it代替原位置,it为形式宾语,补语后宾语为真实宾语,例如:
I think it wrong to waste time.(我认为浪费时间是不对的。)(不定式短语是真实宾语,it是形式宾语,wrong是宾语补语)
3. 表语
表语(Predicative)位于系动词之后,与系动词构成句子谓语,说明主语的身份、特征或状态,可由名词、代词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语或句子充当,例如:
They are brother and sister.(他们是兄妹。)
What I want to say is this.(我想说的就是这个。)
This is what I want to say.(这是我想说的。)
Her father is sixty-five.(她父亲65岁。)
The proof of the pudding is in the eating.(布丁好不好,吃了才知道。)
4. 补语
补语(Complement)起补充说明作用,弥补主语或宾语意义不足,分主语补语(Subject Complement)和宾语补语(Object Complement),可由名词、动名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式、分词充当,例如:
They considered that a downright lie.(他们认为那是彻头彻尾的谎言。)(宾语that的补语)
I found everything in good condition.(我看到一切都井然有序。)(宾语everything的补语)
That man has never been seen to smile.(从没见那个人笑过。)(主语that man的补语)
Foreigners are called Lao Wai.(外国人被称为“老外”。)(主语Foreigners的补语)
*注意:后跟名词作宾语补语的动词有call、name、think、make、choose等;后跟形容词作宾语补语的谓语动词有keep、find、get、think、make等;动词不定式作宾语补语时,若谓语动词为感官动词(如feel、see、hear、notice、watch、observe、listen to、look at等)、使役动词(如let、have、make等),不定式不带to。
5. 定语
定语(Attribute)修饰限定名词或代词,分前置定语和后置定语,可由名词、形容词、代词、数词、分词、不定式、介词短语、从句等充当,例如:
His father is a doctor.(他父亲是一名医生。)
Mr. Green has two sons.(格林先生有两个儿子。)
The girl under the tree is Kate.(在树底下的那个女孩是凯特。)
The man downstairs couldn't sleep well.(楼下的那个人不能睡好觉。)
That's the way to do it.(那正是做此事的方法。)
6. 状语
状语(Adverbial)修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句,按作用分时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、程度和伴随状语等,例如:
I often get up at 5:30 in the morning.(我常常在早上5:30起床。)时间状语
Pandas only live in China.(熊猫仅生活在中国。)地点状语
You should put the book where it was.(你应该把这本书放回原来的地方。)地点状语
We'll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday.(这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。)目的状语for a picnic;时间状语this Sunday
It rained heavily, causing severe flooding.(大雨滂沱,造成洪水泛滥。)结果状语
7. 同位语
两个指同一事物的句子成分处于同等位置,起说明、解释作用的成分是同位语(Appositive),一般紧跟所说明名词之后,可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、分词、介词短语和句子等充当,例如:
His brother John is a famous musician.(他的哥哥约翰是一个有名的音乐家。)
Are you three all ill (你们三个好了吗?)
Their plan, going abroad, did not come true.(他们出国的计划没有实现。)
We heard the news that our team had won.(我们听到消息说我们队赢了。)
Your last question, "Why didn't he speak to us " can best be answered by you.(你的最后一个问题——他为什么不和我们说话?——最好由你来回答。)
Grammar: Infinitives
Find the infinitives in the following sentences.
My mum keeps telling me to go out with my school friends instead.
It’s important to meet friends in person from time to time, not just on social media.
When I set out to do something, I do my best to achieve it.
My target is to prepare myself for my degree in biology at university.
Li Ying is the first person to join the volunteering club in her class.
If you want to have a good grade, you must work harder than before.
Grammar: Infinitives
Parts of the sentence of the infinitives.
My mum keeps telling me to go out with my school friends instead.宾语补足语
It’s important to meet friends in person from time to time, not just on social media.主语
When I set out to do something, I do my best to achieve it.目的状语
My target is to prepare myself for my degree in biology at university.表语
Li Ying is the first person to join the volunteering club in her class.后置定语
Infinitives with to ( to do动词不定式
to signify purpose (in order to, so as to…)表目的
I went to France to study French.
to signify that an event is going to happen in the future.表示某事在未来将会发生
I’d like to have a cup of tea.
I want to leave here.
to signify non-real past event表示并非真实发生的过去事件
I would have liked to watch the movie.
我原本是想去看那部电影的
some set phrases.一些固定短语
It takes 3 minutes to cook the potato.
It is difficult to learn English.
I was about to leave the room when he came in.
What we need to hand in tomorrow is not clear.
…
五、句子类型
(一)四种句子结构类型
1.简单句(Simple Sentence):只有一个主语部分和一个谓语部分,例如:Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.(自信是迈向成功的第一步。)(主语Confidence in yourself,系动词is,表语the first step...)
2.并列句(Compound Sentence):含两个或两个以上简单句,中间常由并列连词连接,例如:Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.(隔墙有耳。)(and连接两个简单句)
3.复合句(Complex Sentence):由主句(Main/Principal Clause)和从句(Subordinate Clause)构成,含一个或多个从句。主句能独立存在且表达完整意思,从句依附主句,充当句子成分,由连词、关系代词或关系副词引导。从句可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语等,主要从句类型:
主语从句(Subject Clause):What he needs is that book.(他需要的是那本书。)(从句充当主语
表语从句(Predicative Clause):Fame and personal gain is what they're after.(他们追求的是名利。)
宾语从句(Object Clause):Have you decided whom you are to nominate as your candidate (你们已经决定了提名谁当候选人吗?)
定语从句(Attributive Clause):This is the thing (that)I want to say.(这就是我要说的。)
状语从句(Adverbial Clause):Strike while the iron is hot.(趁热打铁。)时间状从
同位语从句(Appositive Clause):Word came that he had been abroad.(据说他已经出国了。)
二)按说话人目的分类
1. 陈述句(Declarative Sentence):叙述事实或表达意见,句尾用句号,例如:
I saw him just now.(我刚才看见他了。)(肯定)
History will not repeat itself.(历史不会重演。)(否定)
2. 疑问句(Interrogative Sentence):提出疑问,句尾用问号,例如:Did you see him just now (你刚才见到他了吗?)
3. 祈使句(Imperative Sentence):用无to不定式作动词,表请求、命令、允许等,句尾通常用句号,有时用感叹号表指令不可违抗。主语是you时常省略,也可说出主语表区分,谓语动词不加s,例如:
Please come in.(请进来。)(表允许)
Don't touch it.(不要动它。)(表命令)
Everybody stand up.(每一个人请起立。)(stand不可用stands)
Nobody move!(不许动。)(move不可用moves)
4. 感叹句(Exclamatory Sentence):表强烈感情或情绪,句尾常用感叹号!常用结构:what(a/an)+adj.+n.(+主语+谓语+其他成分);how+adj./adv.(+主语+谓语);也可用how dare/dared(+主语+谓语)表愤怒,口语中还可用陈述句、祈使句、疑问句表达感叹,例如:
What a beautiful voice she has!=How beautiful a voice she has!(她嗓子多好啊!)
How smart she is!(她多么聪明啊!)
How dare you open my letters!(你竟敢拆我的信!)
Homework:
Find all the infinitives with to from the passages on pp. 8-9, copy the sentences, underline the infinitives and write down their parts of sentences.从第 8 页至第 9 页的文段中找出所有带有“to”的不定式,抄下这些句子,将不定式标出并写出它们在句子中的位置。作业本
Complete the sentences and describe your school life by using infinitives with to.作业本
My English teacher requires me to…
My expectation is to…
To achieve the goal, I plan to…
Exercise 10 on Textbook p.11. 书11页第10题