2026届高三英语说明文阅读理解常见词汇与强化练学案（含答案）

高三二轮复习——说明文阅读理解
文本概述：说明阅读是全国卷每年必考的内容，通常是阅读部分的CD篇），内容是解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能的文章,说明文的说明对象包含研究报告，新事物，新做法和社会现象。
考查能力：说明文主要考查点涉及主旨要义、最佳标题、段落大意、写作意图、细节理解和猜测词义等题型。
命题特点：主旨要义题分文章大意和段落大意，考查学生对文章或段落的主要内容的理解；写作意图考查学生对文章文体特征和说明方法；细节理解和猜词题：考查学生对关键细节信息理解，以及上下文语境理解和逻辑关系理解。
每题按段落顺序由上至下命题，几乎不在同一个段落重复出题。注意，命题段落不一定试题顺序一致，有些段落可能不设题。命题者常常会用“词汇转换”法设置正确选项。
常见题干：
主旨要义：What is the first paragraph mainly about 第一段主要是关于什么？
What is the main idea of the passage 这篇文章主要是关于什么？
What is the purpose of the last part of the text 文章最后一部分有什么目的？
文章结构：How is the passage organized 这篇文章是如何组织？
How does the author start the passage 作者是如何开篇文章？
观点态度：Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author
以下哪个选项最能描述作者的态度？
What does the author think of... 作者怎样认为……？
文章标题：What is the best title of this passage/text 这篇文章最好的标题是什么？
What can be a suitable title for the text 这篇文章合适的题目是什么？
推理判断：What can we learn from ... 我们从.......可以学习到什么？
What can be implied from....我们可以从....可以得到什么暗示？
What can we infer about...我们可以从....推断出什么？
Why does the author mention.... 作者为什么要提及......
词义猜测：What does the underlined phrase “…” in paragraph 2 refer to？
第二段中划线的短语指代什么？
What does the underlined word “…” in paragraph 2 probably mean
第二段中划线的单词可能是什么意思？
Which of the following can best replace the phrase “…” in Paragraph 1
文章类型与出处：
What type of writing is this text 这篇文章是什么写作类型？
Where is this text most likely from 这篇文章可能出自哪里？
常见词汇：
（一）研究报告类
1.关键词
study（研究）
research（研究）
investigation（调查）
survey（调查）
experiment（实验）
analysis（分析）
report（报告）
findings（发现）
2.研究背景/目的：
aim to V（旨在...）
purpose / objective / goal（目的/目标）
seek to V（试图...）
in order to（为了...）
background（背景）
previous studies（先前的研究）
3.研究方法：
conduct / carry out（进行）
method / approach（方法/途径）
participant / subject（参与者/实验对象）
data / evidence（数据/证据）
collect / gather（收集）
analyze / examine（分析/检查）
questionnaire（问卷调查）
interview（访谈）
observe / observation（观察）
control group（控制组）
experimental group（实验组）
variable（变量）
4.研究结果：
find / discover / reveal（发现/揭示）
result / outcome（结果）
indicate / show / demonstrate / suggest（表明/显示/证明/暗示）
It was found that...（研究发现...）
The data shows that...（数据显示...）
statistically significant（统计学上显著的）
5.讨论与结论：
conclusion（结论）
in conclusion / to conclude（总之）
implication（启示/含义）
limitation（局限性）
further research is needed（需要进一步研究）
support the hypothesis（支持假设）
consistent with（与...一致）
contradict（与...矛盾）
(二)、现象说明类
1.描述现象：
phenomenon（现象）
trend（趋势）
situation（情况）
condition（条件/状况）
occur / happen / take place（发生）
increasing / growing / rising（增长的）
decreasing / declining（下降的）
widespread / prevalent（普遍的/流行的）
2.阐述原因：
cause / reason / factor（原因/因素）
lead to / result in / contribute to（导致/促成）
due to / owing to / because of（由于）
as a result of（作为...的结果）
root cause（根本原因）
3.分析影响：
effect / impact / influence（影响）
positive / negative（积极的/消极的）
benefit / advantage（好处/优点）
drawback / disadvantage / harm（缺点/弊端/危害）
have an effect on（对...有影响）
as a consequence（因此）
4.举例说明：
for example / for instance（例如）
such as / like（比如）
take ... as an example（以...为例）
a case in point（一个恰当的例子）
(三)、问题解决类
1.提出问题：
problem / issue / challenge（问题/挑战）
difficulty / crisis（困难/危机）
face / encounter（面临/遇到）
arise / emerge（出现）
2.分析问题：
cause / origin / source（原因/起源/来源）
result from / stem from（源于...）
complicated / complex / serious（复杂的/严重的）
3.提出解决方案：
solution / measure / step（解决方案/措施/步骤）
solve / address / tackle / deal with（解决/处理）
propose / put forward / suggest（提出/建议）
method / approach / way（方法/途径/方式）
take action（采取行动）
strategy（策略）
4.评估方案：
effective / ineffective（有效的/无效的）
feasible / practical（可行的/实际的）
advantage / disadvantage（优点/缺点）
evaluate / assessment（评估）
potential（潜在的）
(四)、新事物/新措施类
1.引入新事物：
new / novel / innovative（新的/新颖的/创新的）
invention / innovation（发明/创新）
development / advance / breakthrough（发展/进步/突破）
technology / technique（技术/技巧）
device / tool / equipment（设备/工具/装备）
system / platform（系统/平台）
policy / regulation / rule（政策/规定/规则）
2.描述功能与用途：
function / feature（功能/特点）
purpose / use（用途）
be used to V / be designed to V（被用来.../被设计用来...）
enable / allow / permit（使能够/允许）
application（应用）
3.阐述优势与前景：
benefit / advantage / strength（好处/优点/优势）
efficient / effective（高效的/有效的）
convenient（方便的）
improve / enhance / promote（改进/提升/促进）
potential / prospect（潜力/前景）
revolutionize / transform（革命性改变/转变）
4.提及挑战与担忧：
challenge / concern（挑战/担忧）
risk / drawback / limitation（风险/缺点/局限性）
debate / controversy（争论/争议）
ethical（伦理的）
(五)、通用高频逻辑连接词
表示顺序： firstly, secondly, finally, then, next
表示递进： furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides
表示转折： however, nevertheless, on the other hand, yet, but
表示因果： therefore, thus, as a result, consequently, hence
表示总结： in summary, to sum up, in a word, overall
【强化练一】问题解决类：2025年全国1卷C
While safety improvements might have been made to our streets in recent years, transport studies also show declines in pedestrian(行人) mobility, especially among young children. Many parents say there's too much traffic on the roads for their children to walk safely to school, so they pack them into the car instead.
Dutch authors Thalia Verkade and Marco te Br mmelstroet are bothered by facts like these. In their new book Movement: How to Take Back Our Streets and Transform Our Lives, they call for a rethink of our streets and the role they play in our lives.
Life on city streets started to change decades ago. Whole neighbourhoods were destroyed to make way for new road networks and kids had to play elsewhere. Some communities fought back. Most famously, a Canadian journalist who had moved her family to Manhattan in the early 1950s led a campaign to stop the destruction of her local park. Describing her alarm at its proposed replacement with an expressway, Jane Jacobs called on her mayor(市长) to champion “New York as a decent place to live, and not just rush through.” Similar campaigns occurred in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s as well.
Although these campaigns were widespread, the reality is that the majority of the western cities were completely redesigned around the needs of the motor car. The number of cars on roads has been increasing rapidly. In Australia we now have over twenty million cars for just over twenty - six million people, among the highest rate of car ownership in the world.
We invest a lot in roads that help us rush through, but we fail to account for the true costs. Do we really recognise what it costs us as a society when children can't move safely around our communities The authors of Movement have it right: it's time to think differently about that street outside your front door.
What phenomenon does the author point out in paragraph 1
A. Cars often get stuck on the road. B. Traffic accidents occur frequently.
C. People walk less and drive more. D. Pedestrians fail to follow the rules.
What were the Canadian journalist and other campaigners trying to do
A. Keep their cities livable. B. Promote cultural diversity.
C. Help the needy families. D. Make expressways accessible.
What can be inferred about the campaigns in Australia in the late 1960s and 1970s
A. They boosted the sales of cars. B. They turned out largely ineffective.
C. They won government support. D. They advocated building new parks.
What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Why the Rush B. What's Next
C. Where to Stay D. Who to Blame
【强化练二】研究报告类：2025年全国1卷D
Microplastics have become a common source of pollution across the Earth — they have settled in the deep sea and on the Himalayas, stuck inside volcanic rocks, filled the stomachs of seabirds and even fallen in fresh Antarctic snow. They are even appearing inside humans.
Now, new research suggests that a simple, cheap measure may significantly reduce the level of microplastics in water from your tap(水龙头): boiling and filtering(过滤) it. In a study published Wednesday in Environmental Science & Technology Letters, researchers from China found that boiling tap water for just five minutes — then filtering it after it cools — could remove at least 80 percent of its microplastics.
Crucially, this process relies on the water containing enough calcium carbonate(碳酸钙) to trap the plastics. In the study, boiling hard water containing 300 milligrams of calcium carbonate led to an almost 90 percent drop in plastics. But in samples with less than 60 milligrams of calcium carbonate, boiling reduced the level of plastics by just 25 percent. Additionally, the research didn't include all types of plastics. The team focused only on three common types — polystyrene, polyethylene and polypropylene — and they didn't study other chemicals previously found in water such as vinyl chloride.
Still, the findings show a potential path forward for reducing microplastic exposure — a task that's becoming increasingly difficult. Even bottled water, scientists found earlier this year, contains 10 to 1,000 times more microplastics than originally thought.
Scientists are still trying to determine how harmful microplastics are — but what they do know has raised concerns. The new study suggests boiling tap water could be a tool to limit intake. “The way they demonstrated how microplastics were trapped through the boiling process was nice," Caroline Gauchotte - Lindsay, an environmental engineer at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who was not involved in the research, tells New Scientist. “We should be looking into upgrading drinking water treatment plants so they remove microplastics.”
How does the author present the issue in the first paragraph
A. By quoting an expert. B. By defining a concept.
C. By giving examples. D. By providing statistics.
What determines the effectiveness of trapping microplastics in water
A. The hardness of water. B. The length of cooling time.
C. The frequency of filtering. D. The type of plastic in water.
What does the author try to illustrate by mentioning bottled water in paragraph 4
A. The importance of plastic recycling. B. The severity of the microplastic problem.
C. The danger in overusing pure water. D. The difficulty in treating polluted water.
What is Gauchotte - Lindsay's suggestion about
A. Choice of new research methods. B. Possible direction for further study.
C. Need to involve more researchers. D. Potential application of the findings.
【强化练三】研究报告类：2024年全国1卷D
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable ”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
【强化练四】现象说明类：2025年全国2卷C
When Sonja Detrinidad opened her online shop selling houseplants, she didn't have high hopes for it. But the opposite happened: She was flooded, shipping out 1, 200 orders in June of2020 alone. In the past year, Detrinidad sent out more than 70, 000 plants. Her success is just one example of increased time at home leading to an explosion in the houseplant industry.
“Plants are in fashion right now, ” says Dr. Melinda Knuth, a researcher from the University of Florida. “People who live in plant-rich environments report a higher life satisfaction rating, ” she says. “Adding more nature to our environment can change our mood and how we think.” Plants can improve our state of mind in a few ways but the biggest is by decreasing our level of cortisol, the stress hormone（激素） in our body.
“Students who are around plants perform better academically than students who are in a classroom without plants, ” says Knuth. “This productivity also translates into the workplace for adults. Our study showed that there was a 30% decrease in sick leave for people who were in plant-rich workplaces. ”
If you're among the groups of people who are enjoying the mental and physical health benefits of surrounding yourself with plants, don't beat yourself up if one （or a few!） doesn't make it. “Doctors practice medicine and lawyers practice law and you should allow yourself the practice it takes to sustain a plant. Tending to plants is an exercise in patience and learning. Be invested in taking care of it, but if it dies, go get another one, ” Detrinidad says.
28. How was Detrinidad's business when it started
A. It faced tough competition. B. It suffered a great loss.
C. It got lots of financial support. D. It went surprisingly well.
29. What is one of Knuth's findings about plants
A. They appeal more to students. B. They purify the environment.
C. They raise the cortisol level. D. They enhance productivity.
30. What does Detrinidad try to explain by mentioning doctors and lawyers
A. The necessity of social skills. B. The meaning of sustainability.
C. The importance of repeated efforts. D. The value of professional opinions.
31. What can be a suitable title for the text
A. Time to Replace Houseplants B. Plants Boost Your Mood
C. Tips on Choosing Houseplants D. Plants Brighten Your Home
【强化练五】新措施类：2025年全国2卷D
Does your soul die a little every time you throw away unused food Mine does. Maybe that feeling comes from growing up in South Africa, where the phrase “there are children starving in Africa” was more of an uncomfortable reminder of fact than a prayer at dinner time.
Food waste is a growing concern in the restaurant, supermarket, and supply chain industries. From technological solutions to educational campaigns, food producers and sellers are looking for ways to use more of what we're already growing. But last month, one popular New York City restaurant tried a different way: It changed its menu to exclusively （专门）offer food that would otherwise be thrown away.
For two weeks in March, Greenwich Village's Blue Hill restaurant was renamed wastED, and served items like fried skate cartilage, a juice pulp burger, and a dumpster diver's vegetable salad. Each dish was tailor-made to raise awareness regarding food waste.
A study by the Food Waste Alliance determined that the average restaurant generates 33pounds of food waste for every S1, 000 in revenue （收入）, and of that waste only 15. 7% is donated or recycled. Up to 84. 3% is simply thrown out. Restaurants like Silo in the UK have experimented with zero-waste systems, but wastED took the concept to its logical conclusion.
It should be noted that none of the items on wastED's menu was technically made from garbage. Instead, all the ingredients （配料） used were examples of meat cuts and produce that most restaurants would never consider serving. Things like kale ribs, fish collars, rejected sweet potatoes, and cucumber butts were all re-appropriated and, with the help of a number of good chefs, turned into excellent cuisine.
Though wastED received enthusiastic reviews, it was designed from the start as a short-lived experiment; Blue Hill has since returned to its regular menu. Nevertheless, it serves as a reminder that there are many ways to address problems of sustainability, and that you can make an amazing meal out of almost anything.
32. What can be inferred about the author's early life
A. He witnessed food shortage. B. He enjoyed the local cuisine.
C. He donated food to Africans. D. He helped to cook at home.
33. Why did Blue Hill carry out the experiment
A. To customize dishes for guests. B. To make the public aware of food waste.
C. To test a food processing method. D. To improve the UK's zero-waste systems.
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Why the ingredients were used. B. Which dishes were best liked.
C. What the dishes were made of. D. Where the ingredients were bought.
35. What can we learn about wastED
A. It has ended as planned. B. It is creating new jobs.
C. It has regained popularity. D. It is criticized by top chefs.
【强化练六】新事物类：2024全国2卷C
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However, most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey, Babylon Micro-Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally, it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital, restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically, it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud, BMF is remotely monitored. Also, there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated, it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil, the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest, users simply replace the plants with a new pre-seeded pod (容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover, having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions (排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition, there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office, they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single-use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste, carbon and chemicals in our environment,” said a BMF employee.
28. What can be learned about BMF from paragraph 1
A. It guarantees the variety of food. B. It requires day-to-day care.
C. It cuts the farm-to-table distance. D. It relies on farmer’s markets.
29. What information does the convenient app offer
A. Real-time weather changes. B. Current condition of the plants.
C. Chemical pollutants in the soil. D. Availability of pre-seeded pods.
30. What can be concluded about BMF employees
A. They have a great passion for sports.
B. They are devoted to community service.
C. They are fond of sharing daily experiences.
D. They have a strong environmental awareness.
31. What does the text mainly talk about
A. BMF’s major strengths. B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence. D. BMF’s technical standards.
【强化练七】新事物类：2024全国2卷D
Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).
In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse.
Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI—the technology companies and world leaders—so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall.
AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it.
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic.
33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text
A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style.
C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals.
34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development
A. Observe existing regulations on it.
B. Reconsider expert opinions about it.
C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control.
D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down.
35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
参考答案
强化练一：CABA
强化练二：CABD
强化练三：BCCD
强化练四：DDCB
强化练五：ABCA
强化练六：CBDA
强化练七：CBCA