人教版（2019）必修 第一册UNIT 4　NATURAL DISASTERS（讲义，共7份）

Section Ⅰ　Listening and Speaking
Ⅰ.选出黑体部分发音与其他三项不同的单词
1．A.breathe　　　 B．length
C．death D．thank
2．A.sport B．percent
C．pipe D．tap
3．A.affect B．erupt
C．whistle D．effect
4．A.cheap B．ache
C．watch D．child
5．A.cleaned B．worked
C．washed D．helped
答案：1～5　AACBA
Ⅱ.在含有所给音标发音的单词下面画线
1．/p/　Peter was sleeping on the pillow.
2．/f/　It's very difficult for us to finish it before five.
3．/b/　Bob will be back before six o'clock.
4．/d/　Every dog has his day.
5．/t/　Time and tide wait for no man.
6．/Id/　We visited the museum where there are some painted pictures.
答案：1.Peter was sleeping on the pillow．
2．It's very difficult for us to finish it before five．
3．Bob will be back before six o'clock.
4．Every dog has his day．
5．Time and tide wait for no man.
6．We visited the museum where there are some painted pictures.
Ⅲ.教材听力二次利用
Listen to the news reports on Page 48 of your textbook and choose the best answer.
1．What do the police advise people to do according to News Report 3
A．To avoid the tornado area.
B．To face the tornado bravely.
C．To rebuild four destroyed homes.
2．What caused the landslide according to News Report 4
A．Overflow of a river.
B．The destruction of a river.
C．A heavy rain.
3．What do these news reports have in common
A．Earthquakes.
B．Natural disasters.
C．Floods.
答案：1～3　ACB
1．rescue n．& vt.营救；救援( rescuer n．救助者；救援人员)　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①A brave rescuer(rescue) succeeded in saving two tourists trapped in the mountain.
②汤姆在回家的路上英勇地从河里救了一个男孩。
Tom bravely rescued a boy from the river on his way home.(读后续写之动作描写)
③幸运的是，发现我们被困在废墟中时，士兵们立刻赶来救援。
Luckily，finding us trapped in the ruins，the soldiers immediately came to our rescue．
(1)come/go to one's rescue　来/去援救某人
a rescue team 救援队
(2)rescue...from...把……从……营救出来
2．damage vt.损害；破坏 n．损坏；损失　
[练透]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①In the flood，many of the houses were damaged (damage)，leaving over 100 people homeless.
众所周知，吸烟会损害我们的健康。
②It is well-known that smoking can damage our health．(damage vt.)
③As we all know，smoking can do/cause damage to our health．(damage n．)
(1)damage one's health　损害某人的健康
(2)cause/do damage to... 对……造成损害
pay for the damage 赔偿损失
3．affect vt.影响；(疾病)侵袭；深深打动　
[练透]——写出下列句中affect的含义/完成句子
①In my opinion，following others' advice without thinking will affect our own decision.　 影响
②The baby was affected by a high fever and had to be sent to the hospital immediately. (疾病)侵袭
③他在工作中的表现受到了他近期疾病的影响。
His performance at work was affected by his recent illness．
be affected with...　患疾病；被……感染
be affected by... 被……打动/影响
4．shelter n．避难处；居所；庇护 vt.保护；掩蔽 vi.躲避(风雨或危险)　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①Rescue workers put up many tents in the open air to shelter (shelter) survivors of the earthquake.
②我们搭建了一个帐篷，以保护自己露营时免受阳光的伤害。
We built a tent to provide shelter from the sun while camping.
③父母总是努力保护他们的孩子免受伤害。
Parents always try to shelter their children from harm．
(1)take shelter from...　　　躲避……
(2)shelter...from... 保护……免受……的伤害
shelter from... 躲避……
课时规范训练(一)
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
In February 2023, the world watched in shock as a great earthquake struck Turkey and Syria, killing more than 50，000 people and causing widespread destruction.
Among those watching was 13-year-old Bosnian Benjamin Mehanovic.After seeing the news of the disaster on television with his family, Benjamin decided he wanted to do something to help.
Benjamin started his own aid campaign in the best kid-way possible — by setting up a small tea stand on the streets of his hometown, Sarajevo.His goal To raise money for the babies affected by the earthquake.Armed with a small table, a homemade sign, and his huge heart to keep him warm, Benjamin braved the cold for 4 hours a day, selling tea for 50 cents a cup.He raised more than $100 in two days.He then used the money to buy much needed baby products.
Benjamin's efforts didn't go unnoticed. His selfless act of kindness caught the attention of the International University of Sarajevo (IUS).The university invited the young boy to the campus and gave him a full scholarship.The head of IUS said of Benjamin, “He is a little boy who has a big heart.He is an example of what humankind should do in difficult moments.”
Benjamin plans on putting the scholarship toward a medical degree, hoping to become a doctor.“I would like to be a medical student because I like to help people，” he said.
For now, he is only 13 years old but he's already making a difference in the lives of those who are suffering.While many of us think about doing something, Benjamin didn't hesitate to take action.He saw a need and did what he could to help fill it at once.He shows that we all have the power to help each other no matter how young or old we are.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了一位13岁的波斯尼亚少年在看到土耳其和叙利亚地震的新闻后，决定采取行动帮助受影响的婴儿的故事。
1．What can we infer from Benjamin's efforts to help
A．He had relatives in Turkey or Syria.
B．He was deeply touched by the disaster.
C．He wanted to be famous through helping.
D．His family forced him to do so.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，本杰明被这场灾难深深触动了。故选B。
2．Why did Benjamin choose to sell tea
A．Because tea was very popular in his hometown.
B．Because he could make more money by selling tea.
C．Because it was an easy way for a kid to start raising money.
D．Because his family owned a tea business.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第三段中“Benjamin started his own aid campaign in the best kid-way possible — by setting up a small tea stand on the streets of his hometown, Sarajevo.”可知，本杰明选择卖茶因为这是一个孩子开始筹集资金的简单方法。故选C。
3．What does sentence “Benjamin's efforts didn't go unnoticed” in paragraph 4 mean
A．Nobody noticed how much effort he put in.
B．He didn't try very hard, but somehow got attention.
C．His efforts got recognized by some people.
D．His hard work was completely ignored by everyone.
解析：C　句意理解题。根据第四段中“His selfless act of kindness caught the attention...campus and gave him a full scholarship.”可知，画线句的意思是他的努力得到了一些人的认可。故选C。
4．What does the story of Benjamin mainly tell us
A．Children should always follow their parents' advice.
B．We should be brave enough to face difficulties.
C．Studying hard can bring us unexpected rewards.
D．Even young people can make a positive impact with kindness.
解析：D　主旨大意题。根据最后一段中“For now, he is only 13 years old but he's already...take action.”可知，本杰明的故事主要告诉我们即使是年轻人也可以通过善良产生积极的影响。故选D。
B
Some experts suggest that humanity cannot survive far into the future if we stay on Earth.If some disasters were to wipe_out life on Earth, other worlds could carry on our civilization.For example, if a large asteroid struck Earth, a settlement on Mars would be unaffected.
A future off Earth is not only about avoiding disasters.More homes for humanity would also mean more opportunities for innovation.What if when we go to Mars, we don't have rubbish Resources would be so scarce on Mars that the people living there would have to find creative ways to reuse their waste.These innovations could then help solve the rubbish problem here on Earth.As we expand our civilization into space, we must make sure that we avoid repeating humanity's past mistakes.Some world leaders pursue space as a way to increase their power and status.The explorers who travelled various parts of Earth during the 15th to 19th centuries had similar goals.
As far as we know, nothing today lives on the Moon or Mars.But does that make it OK for one person or group to decide to build a base All of humanity should have a say in how we explore space.Some cultures see the Moon as a sacred place that shouldn't be changed.Their voices matter.So do the voices of scientists, explorers, and artists.Your voice matters, too.So think before you act.
Scientists point out that our future off Earth is not just about what kind of habitat we'll build, or what type of spaceship we'll need.“How do we want to live together？” they ask.“How can we live in ways that allow everyone to thrive？” These types of questions are important to ask.We will need to answer them whether we stay on Earth or journey out into the distant reaches of our solar system and beyond.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕人类是否应该在地球之外建立定居点展开讨论。
5．The underlined phrase “wipe out” in paragraph 1 probably means “ ________”．
A．change　　　 B．consume
C．destroy D．reduce
解析：C　词义猜测题。根据后文的例子“For example, if a large asteroid struck Earth, a settlement on Mars would be unaffected.”可知，灾难使地球上的生命灭绝，由此推知wipe out是“灭绝；毁灭”之意，和C项意思相近。
6．What is one potential benefit for building settlements on other planets
A．To give world leaders more power and higher status.
B．To find innovative methods of reusing waste on Earth.
C．To colonize various parts of the world for resources.
D．To prevent natural disasters from happening on Earth.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第二段中“Resources would be so scarce on...rubbish problem here on Earth.”可知，在其他星球建立定居点可能会鼓励地球上废物再利用的创新。
7．According to paragraph 3, what is a focus regarding building a base on the Moon or Mars
A．The certainty of building a base in space.
B．The risk of disastrous strikes by large asteroids.
C．The challenge of living in a new habitat off Earth.
D．The various opinions on settling on other planets.
解析：D　推理判断题。根据第三段可知，关于在月球或火星上建立基地，有不同的意见。
8．What's the best title for the passage
A．Should Humanity Build Settlements off Earth
B．How can we Solve Earth's Environmental Problems
C．How can we Avoid the Dangers of Settling on Other Planets
D．Should World Leaders be Criticized for Their Space-related Goals
解析：A　标题归纳题。根据第一段以及纵观全文可知，文章围绕人类是否应该在地球之外建立定居点展开讨论，既提到了在地球外建立定居点的好处，也提到了相关的担忧，所以A项“人类应该在地球之外建立定居点吗？”最能概括文章主旨。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.__1___ But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.Climate change can cause extreme events like wildfires and floods.__2__
How does climate change make you feel The news of melting glaciers and oil spills may seem overwhelming and can make you feel angry, frightened, hopeless or upset.This is called climate anxiety.__3__ If you feel worried about what's happening to the world, it's good for you.It's normal to be upset when things you care about are getting hurt.
__4__ There are lots of things you can do to help society take better care of the world.Turn your fear into power by doing something.Breaking the problem into bite-sized chunks is a good way to start.Think of something you feel passionate about, such as protecting ocean life or saving forests, and join a community group or charity that supports that cause.
Positive action can inspire others too.Sisters Kim and Stella King from the charity Fights Against Plastic have picked up 90, 000 pieces of plastic.They ask schools, businesses and organizations to follow their lead.Remember, it's important to get support from people around.__5___
A．Why is there climate anxiety
B．And it is a normal, healthy response.
C．This risks the lives of humans, animals and plants.
D．Melting glaciers contribute to a third of sea-level rise.
E．No one can fix climate change on their own but we can all play a part.
F．These shifts may be natural, such as through variations in the solar cycle.
G．So, tell friends and family what you're up to and encourage them to join in.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了气候变化可能带来极端危害，以及每个人可以行动起来更好地照顾这个世界。
1．解析：F　根据下文可知此处说的是气候变化原本是自然活动。F项承接下文，符合语境。
2．解析：C　根据上文“Climate change can cause extreme events like wildfires and floods.”可知此处说的是极端天气事件的危害。C项符合语境。
3．解析：B　根据下文可知此处说的是对关心的事情感到担忧是健康正常反应。B项符合语境。
4．解析：E　根据下文可知此处说的是对于气候变化我们应采取的行动。E项符合语境。
5．解析：G　根据本段主旨句“积极的行动也能激励他人” 可知，此处说的是激励他人加入。G项符合语境。Section Ⅱ　Reading and Thinking
Task Ⅰ 框架宏观建构——整体理解
1.What's the main idea of the text
A．A terrible earthquake of Tangshan.
B．Before the earthquake of Tangshan.
C.During the earthquake of Tangshan.
D．Damages of the earthquake of Tangshan.
答案：A
2．Read the text quickly and then fill in the blanks.
Before the earthquake Many (1)strange things happened.The water in the wells rose and fell.Deep (2)cracks appeared in the well walls.Bright lights were seen in the sky...
When the earthquake happened Everything began to (3)shake．It seemed as if the world were coming to an end！The earthquake caused many deaths or injuries.A large city lay in (4)ruins．
The great damage Everywhere survivors looked，there was (5)nothing but ruins.Nearly everything in the city was (6) destroyed．
After the earthquake Help came soon to dig out the people (7)trapped and bury the dead.Slowly，the city began to (8) breathe again.
Task Ⅱ 文本微观剖析——细节探究
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．Why were people asleep as usual before the earthquake
A．Because they didn't notice anything strange happening.
B．Because they knew well about earthquakes.
C．Because something strange happened in many places.
D．Because they realized the arrival of an earthquake.
2．Why does the author use the figures in paragraphs 2 and 3
A．To stress the damage levels of the earthquake.
B．To explain the details of the earthquake.
C．To show the speed of the earthquake.
D．To describe the people's helplessness.
3．What does the last sentence “Slowly，the city began to breathe again.” in paragraph 4 mean
A．People who were trapped came to life.
B．The trees turned green.
C．The animals began to breathe.
D．The city returned to normal gradually.
4．What is the mood of this text
A．Calm.
B．Pessimistic.
C．Serious but hopeful.
D．Heartbroken but cautious.
答案：1～4　AADC
Task Ⅲ 难句密码破解——理解提升
1.Eleven kilometres directly below the city，one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century had begun，a quake that even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing.
[句式分析]　 Eleven kilometres directly below the city(地点状语), one of the most deadly earthquakes of the 20th century(主语) had begun(谓语)，a quake that(引导限制性定语从句) even caused damage more than 150 kilometres away in Beijing．
[尝试翻译]　 在城市正下方的11千米处，20世纪伤亡最严重之一的一场地震爆发了，这场地震甚至对远在150多千米以外的北京造成了破坏。
2．Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
[句式分析]　 Soon after the quakes(时间状语), the army(主语) sent(谓语) 150，000 soldiers(宾语) to Tangshan(宾语补足语) to dig out those who(引导定语从句) were trapped and to bury the dead(动词不定式短语作目的状语).
[尝试翻译]　 地震发生后不久，部队派出了15万名士兵奔赴唐山，将受困群众从废墟中挖出，并掩埋死者。
3．Tangshan city has proved to China and the rest of the world that in times of disaster，people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
[句式分析]　 Tangshan city(主语) has proved(谓语) to China and the rest of the world that(引导宾语从句) in times of disaster，people must unify and show the wisdom to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future(动词不定式短语作定语).
[尝试翻译]　 唐山市向中国以及全世界证明，在灾难来临之时，人们必须团结一致，并展现人类的智慧，保持乐观，重建一个更为璀璨的未来。
Task Ⅳ 课文语法填空
Many strange things happened before Tangshan earthquake happened.The well walls had deep cracks.Some 1.smelly(smell) gas came out of wells.Chickens and even pigs were too nervous to eat.At 3：42 a．m.2.on 28 July 1976，everything began to shake.It seemed as if the world 3.were_coming(come) to an end.Hard hills of rock became rivers of dirt.In less than one minute，the whole city lay in 4.ruins(ruin).Two thirds of the people died or were injured.Nearly everything in the city was destroyed.People 5.were_shocked(shock) at this and wondered how long the disaster would last.
The army organized teams to dig out those 6.who were trapped and to bury the dead.Workers built shelters for 7.survivors(survivor).Fresh water and food were taken to the city.8.Slowly(slow)，the city began to breathe again.With strong support from the government and the tireless efforts of the city's people，9.a new Tangshan was built upon the earthquake ruins.It has proved that in times of disaster，people must unify and show the 10.wisdom(wise) to stay positive and rebuild for a brighter future.
[板块一　单词短语——点点清]
层级一　高频词汇精讲
1．ruin n．& vt.破坏；毁坏　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①He returned home only to find that his house had been ruined (ruin)by the flood.
②他犯了一个大错，失去了得到那份工作的机会。
He made a big mistake, ruining his chance of getting the job．
③地震后，整个城市成了一片废墟，军队像箭一样赶到城市营救幸存者。(读后续写之场景描写)
The whole city was/lay in ruins after the earthquake and the army hurried to the city like an arrow to rescue survivors.
(1)be/lie in ruins　　成为废墟；毁灭
(2)ruin one's hope/health/plan...
毁掉/破坏某人的希望/健康/计划
2．shock n．震惊；令人震惊的事；休克 vt.(使)震惊( shocked adj.震惊的 shocking adj.令人震惊的)　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①The news of his sudden death is so shocking that everyone is very shocked at it.(shock)
②简发现自己在森林里迷了路，大吃一惊，不禁哭了起来。(读后续写之情绪描写)
Jane was rather shocked to find that she was lost in the forest and she couldn't help crying.
③我对他的失败感到很震惊，我愣住了，一动不动地站着。
I was shocked at/by his failure and I froze，standing rooted to the spot.
④当他终于苏醒过来时，他震惊地看着我们，对事故一无所知。
When he finally came to himself，he looked at us in shock，knowing nothing about the accident.
(1)in shock　　 震惊；吃惊；休克
(2)be shocked at/by 对……感到震惊
be shocked to do sth/that... 对做某事感到震惊
(3) It is shocking that... 令人吃惊的是……
3.bury vt.埋葬；安葬　
[练透]——完成句子/句式升级
①当她听到那个坏消息时，她掩面而泣。(读后续写之情绪描写)
She buried her face in her hands and wept when she heard the bad news.
②Because she was buried in her graduation paper，Mary has no time to do a part-time job.
→ Buried in her graduation paper，Mary has no time to do a part-time job.
→ Burying herself in her graduation paper，Mary has no time to do a part-time job.
(1)be buried under/in...　被埋在……
bury one's face/head in one's hands
双手掩面/捂头
(2)埋头于/专心于……
4．effort n．努力；艰难的尝试；尽力　
[练透]——完成句子
①我将尽全力帮助处在困境中的那些同学。
I will make every effort to help those students who are in trouble.
②为了记住这座大教学楼里的方向，伊娃用了她的意念技巧，她的努力终于得到了回报。
In an effort to memorize the directions in this big teaching building，Eva used her mind trick and her efforts finally paid off.
③面对这场灾难，很多人，包括医生、护士和科学家都不遗余力地与之斗争。
Faced with the disaster，many people including doctors，nurses and scientists spared no effort to fight against it．
be worth the effort　值得努力
make efforts/an effort/every effort to do sth 尽一切努力做某事
spare no effort to do sth 不遗余力地做某事
with/without effort 费力地/毫不费力地
in an effort to do sth 为了做成某事；努力做某事
5．suffer vt.遭受；蒙受 vi.(因疾病、痛苦、悲伤等)受苦( suffering n．苦难，痛苦 sufferer n．受难者)　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①The survivor never talked about his suffering(s) (suffer) in the disaster.
②She received many letters of support from some cancer sufferers (suffer).
③得知我的搭档得了重病，我焦虑得像热锅上的蚂蚁。
Learning that my partner was suffering from a serious illness，I was as anxious as an ant on a hot pan.
④很明显，我们的地球正在遭受严重的破坏。
It is obvious that our earth is suffering serious damage．
(1)suffer from...
患……病；因……而受苦
suffer from cold and hunger忍饥挨冻
(2)suffer losses/pains遭受损失/痛苦
层级二　中频词汇练透
1．trap vt.使落入困境；使陷入圈套 n．陷阱；险境　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①The police trapped him into telling the truth.
②徒步旅行时，我不仅被困在山上，而且还受伤了，我是如此无助，泪水模糊了我的眼睛。(读后续写之情绪描写)
When hiking，I was not only trapped in the mountain but also got injured and I was so helpless that tears clouded my eyes.
be trapped in　困在……中；陷在……中
trap sb into (doing) sth 诱使某人(做)某事
2．breathe vi.& vt.呼吸( breath n．呼气；呼吸 breathless adj.气喘吁吁的)　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①Breathe in deeply from the nose and breathe out slowly from the mouth.
②游了几分钟后，他喘不过气来，立刻游回岸边。(读后续写之动作描写)
After swimming for a few minutes，he was out of breath/lost his breath and immediately swam back to the bank.
③感觉到有什么东西朝我走来，我屏住呼吸，心狂跳。
Sensing that something was coming towards me，I held my breath，with my heart beating wildly.
(1)breathe in　　　吸气
breathe out 呼气
(2)take a deep breath 深呼吸
out of breath 上气不接下气
hold one's breath 屏住呼吸
lose one's breath 喘不过气来
[板块二　重点句式——句句通]
句型公式：as if引导表语从句　
(教材原句)It seemed as if the world were coming to an end!
仿佛世界末日即将来临！
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①The captain treats me as if I were (be)his own daughter.
②他非常沮丧，似乎他已陷入悲伤的海洋中。
He was quite upset and it seemed as if/though he had been thrown into an ocean of sadness.
③开满樱花的乡村，看起来犹如铺满了粉红的雪。(读后续写之环境描写)
The country，covered with cherry blossoms，looks as if/though it were covered with pink snow．
④如果你真对中国文化感兴趣，我建议你申请北京大学，中国最好的大学之一。
It seems as if you are really interested in Chinese culture.So I recommend you to apply for Peking University，one of the best universities in China.
as if的用法
(1)从句用陈述语气，表示从句描述的情况是真实的或极有可能发生的。
(2)从句用虚拟语气的三种情况：
①与现在事实相反用一般过去时；
②与过去事实相反用过去完成时；
③与将来事实相反用would/could/might do形式。
课时规范训练(二)
层级一　基础知识自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．I was doing an experiment in the lab when the electricity was off.
2．Hearing the bad news，she buried her face in her hands and cried.
3．The rescue team were trapped (困住) in the burning building.
4．As far as I know，she is a woman of great wisdom (智慧).
5．The accident did damage (损坏) to my car，but luckily it was nothing serious.
6．When I was just 20 months old，I suffered(遭受)serious burns in a big fire.
7．When I was walking in the street，I saw a man sliding (滑动)on a skateboard.
8．Although he knew Mary had cancer，the news of her death came as a shock (令人震惊的事).
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．On arriving home，they were shocked (shock) to find the house completely destroyed(destroy).
2．I'd like you all to share your wisdom (wise) and experience with us.
3．Buried (bury) in her study，she paid no attention to what was happening.
4．The terrible storm flooded the area, ruining (ruin) our trip.
5．Those rescue workers made every effort to help (help) those who survived the earthquake.
6．Luckily，the long and boring lecture is coming to an end.
7．These problems are difficult to solve (solve)，so I am writing to turn to you for help.
8．By the end of last week，the soldiers had rescued (rescue) 100 people.
Ⅲ.完成句子
1．我容易相处，我深信我是最合适的人选。
I am easy to get along with，so I strongly believe that I am the most suitable person.
2．观众被这个感人的故事打动了，眼里涌出了泪水。
The audience were affected by the moving story，with tears welling up in their eyes.
3．人们经受许多困境，他们的家园将成为废墟。
People will go through many hardships and their homes will be in ruins．
4．幸运的是，政府不遗余力地帮助那些正在遭受灾难的人。
Luckily，the government spares no effort to help those who are suffering from disaster．
层级二　素养能力提升
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
As a shift in the polar vortex swept across much of the US, many people in the country were hit with a sudden snap of cold.Heavy ice and snow coupled with fallen trees caused the outages in major cities, with companies unable to tell their customers when power will be back on.
Polar vortices were noticed long ago.But the first known use of the term “polar vortex” was in a magazine in 1853.Polar vortices are present year-round, but we don't hear about them until they cause problems.They maintain freezing temperatures at the North and South poles by moving in tight counter-clockwise patterns.Polar vortices grow stronger in winter and weaken in summer.They are kept in place at the poles by another atmospheric current called the jet stream.However, when the jet streams weaken, the cold winds of the polar vortex are pushed southwards and it is during this time that people begin to pay attention!
In Texas, roads froze over, causing six traffic deaths, and many schools were shut down.People are not the only Earthlings to struggle with the cold.Crops and animals are also freezing.This could have major consequences, especially if herds of cattle die.If snow blocks cattle, the animals can't reach basic necessities like food and fresh water.
On a brighter note, some Texas cities were more prepared than others.For instance, Amarillo, which is located in North Texas, so they are more accustomed to colder temperatures.Amarillo is outstanding because the city was redesigned to stand up to strong winter storms.Officials have spread out fire stations to increase coverage of first responders, employed modified dump trucks for clearing ice, and upgraded civic centers to provide protection during storms.Hopefully, other Texas cities will follow the good example set by Amarillo!
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。极地涡旋会给人类的生命财产带来巨大的威胁，但是好在人类已采取有效措施抵御冬季风暴。
1．What does the underlined word “outages” refer to
A．Traffic jams.　　 B．Snow removal.
C．Power cuts. D．Traffic accidents.
解析：C　词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句中的“with companies unable to tell their customers when power will be back on”可知，严重的冰雪加上倒下的树木导致了主要城市的停电，outages意为“断电”和C项意思相近。
2．What can we learn about polar vortices
A．They grow stronger in summer.
B．They are affected by jet streams.
C．They were first observed in 1853.
D．They move in a clockwise direction.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据第二段“However, when the jet streams weaken, the cold winds of the polar vortex are pushed southwards”可知，极地涡旋受到急流的影响。
3．What is paragraph 3 mainly about
A．The definition of the polar vortex.
B．The characteristics of the polar vortex.
C．The ways to deal with the polar vortex.
D．The serious impact made by the polar vortex.
解析：D　段落大意题。第三段主要讲的是极地涡旋造成的严重影响。
4．Why is Amarillo impressive
A．Because it is located in the north of Texas.
B．Because it sets an example for other cities.
C．Because it has been upgraded and modernized on a regular basis.
D．Because it has taken effective measures to resist winter storms.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据最后一段第三句可知，阿马里洛引人注目是因为它已采取有效措施抵御冬季风暴。
Ⅱ.完形填空
On July 28，2022, Nathan Day's morning was nothing special.He was helping his son get ready for work when he received a __1__ from a neighbor asking him to save her grandchildren from the floodwaters.
Day, a former coal miner in Hindman, Knott County, said he didn't __2__ what was happening in the neighborhood until he went outside.A lot of people screamed and begged for anyone to __3__．He knew his community suffered from a terrible flood no one had seen before.
Since they didn't have a __4__， Day and his wife, Krystal, waded through the flood waters to rescue the five children and two mothers who were __5__ on the roof of their home.
Once Day rescued the children and women, he __6__ that two of his former high school teachers, Ella Prater and Irma Gayheart, lived nearby and began __7__ their safety.
“I just kept pacing back and forth because I saw the water __8__ and I knew my two former teachers were probably trapped in their houses，” Day said.“It was __9__．”
__10__， with the help of his neighbors, Day rescued the two women and reconnected them to their worried __11__， who were waiting for any updates about their whereabouts.
“These are two of the most __12__ women you'll meet in your life, and when they show you __13__ they show you true love.They truly care about everyone who's around them and that __14__ in my mind，” Day said when asked the reason why he __15__ his life to rescue his teachers.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了Nathan Day在洪水中救人的英勇事迹。
1．A.gift　　　　　　　 B．promise
C．message D．word
解析：C　根据后文的“asking him to save her grandchildren from the floodwaters”可知，邻居给Nathan Day发的是信息，让他救救她的孙子们。
2．A.forget B．realize
C．control D．explore
解析：B　根据后文的“what was happening in the neighborhood until he went outside”可知，此处应指Nathan Day走到外面后才“意识到”附近发生了什么事情。
3．A.return B．quit
C．escape D．help
解析：D　根据第一段的“asking him to save her grandchildren from the floodwaters”和前文的“A lot of people screamed and begged for anyone to”可知，此处为事故现场，很多人尖叫着，此时恳求别人做的事应是“帮忙”。
4．A.ticket B．boat
C．bike D．car
解析：B　根据前文的“Since they didn't have a”以及后文的“waded through the flood waters”可知，因为他们没有船，所以要蹚过洪水。
5．A.trapped B．crashed
C．attracted D．saved
解析：A　根据前文的“flood waters”以及后文的“on the roof of their home”可知，此处指他们“被困”在屋顶上。
6．A.warned B．advised
C．remembered D．reminded
解析：C　此处指Nathan Day救了孩子和女士后，“记起”他以前的高中老师Ella Prater和Irma Gayheart就住在附近。
7．A.worrying about B．shouting at
C．communicating with D．working out
解析：A　此处指Nathan Day想到两位老师也住在附近，便开始“担心”他们的安全。
8．A.falling B．heating
C．rising D．boiling
解析：C　Nathan Day判断两位老师可能被困在房子里了，所以他看到的水位应是“上升的”。
9．A.hardworking B．time-saving
C．long-lasting D．heartbreaking
解析：D　Nathan Day知道他的两位老师可能被困在屋子里了，可能会遭遇不测，所以此处应指太“令人难过”了。
10．A.Immediately B．Finally
C．Formally D．Naturally
解析：B　根据后文的“with the help of his neighbors, Day rescued the two women”可知，在邻居的帮助下，Nathan Day终于救出了这两位老师，强调历经困难后的结果。
11．A.co-workers B．neighbors
C．friends D．relatives
解析：D　根据前文的“worried”和后文“who were waiting for any updates about their whereabouts”可知，此处指这两位老师的亲人们，她们焦急地等待被困亲人的消息。
12．A.independent B．smart
C．special D．humorous
解析：C　根据后文的“when they show you________they show you true love”可知，此处指这两位老师真诚有爱，对Day而言是很特别很难得的。
13．A.fun B．love
C．energy D．courage
解析：B　本空呼应后文的“they show you true love”，故此处这两位老师展示的是“爱”。
14．A.describes B．affects
C．sticks D．stresses
解析：C　根据前文的“They truly care about everyone who's around them”以及后文的“in my mind”可知，此处指这两位老师真正关心她们周围的每一个人，这一点深深地烙印在Nathan Day的脑海里；短语stick in one's mind指“经久不忘，铭记在心”。
15．A.risked B．considered
C．revived D．practiced
解析：A　根据前文描述救老师的情节以及空格前的“why he”可知，此处Day被问及的应是为什么要“冒险”去救自己的老师。Section Ⅲ　Discovering Useful Structures
限制性定语从句(1)
观察下列句子并思考黑体部分的功能与构成
1．There were deep cracks that appeared in the well walls.
2．Two thirds of the people who lived there were dead or injured.
3．The number of people who were killed or badly injured in the quake was more than 400，000.
4．Soon after the quakes，the army sent 150，000 soldiers to Tangshan to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead.
5．Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed.
[我的感悟]
(1)定语从句由关系代词who、which、that、whose引导，修饰名词或代词，置于被修饰词的后面。
(2)关系代词which、that、who在定语从句中可以作主语或宾语；关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。
一、关系代词who、whom、whose引导的定语从句
1．who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语或宾语。先行词为指人的词(包括人名)、拟人化的动物和指人的人称代词或不定代词all、those、few、one等。
The number of people who were killed in the disaster was over 100.
在那次灾难中丧生的人数超过了100。
Danny was the man (who) we rescued from the ruins.
丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的那个人。
2．whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，若在从句中作介词的宾语，介词可用于whom之前，也可以位于句末。
Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.
罗丝是你应该关心的人。
There are many people with whom you can share your feelings.
你可以与很多人分享自己的感受。
3．whose既可以指人，也可以指物，表示“所属”关系。whose在定语从句中作定语，常与它所修饰的名词一起出现在从句的句首。
I know the person whose house was destroyed in the earthquake.
我认识那个在地震中被摧毁了房子的人。
He lives in a house whose garden is attractive.
他住在一个有着美丽花园的房子里。
[即时演练1]　用关系代词填空
①Those who want to join in the activity sign up，please.
②A doctor with whom my father worked last year has gone abroad.
③Any student whose family is too poor to let him go to school can get help from the government.
④I'd really like to find a friend whom/who I can trust completely.
二、which和that引导的定语从句
1．which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语，或在从句中作介词的宾语。先行词为表事物、动物或职业的名词。
The young man was very happy to find the gold ring (which) he had lost.
那个年轻人找到了丢失的金戒指，非常高兴。
Everywhere I saw，there were buildings which had been destroyed by the earthquake.
我看到到处都是被地震毁掉的建筑。
The gold medal(which) she won has been given to her old school.
她获得的那块金牌已经被送给她的母校了。
2．that既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。作宾语时可以省略。先行词是表人(不包括人名)、事物或动物的名词。习惯上指人多用who/whom，指物多用which。
He is the only student that understands English well.(that指人，作主语)
他是唯一一位会英语的学生。
There is one thing that keeps me worried.(that指物，作主语)
有一件事一直使我不安。
[提醒]　(1)关系代词指代先行词，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或定语，因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所替代的名词或代词。
误：The film (that/which) we saw it last night is very frightening.
正：The film (that/which) we saw last night is very frightening.
(2)关系代词在从句中作主语时不能省略，作宾语时可以省略。
Is that the girl(whom/who/that) you referred to the other day
那就是你前几天所提到的女孩吗？
[即时演练2]　用关系代词填空
①The old town has narrow streets and small houses that/which are built close to each other.
②There are some athletes who/whom/that I want you to meet.
③Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three months ago
三、关系词只用that而不用which的情况
1．当先行词为all、everything、nothing、anything、much等不定代词时。
Nothing that has been learnt is ever completely forgotten.
任何学过的东西绝不会全部忘记。
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都做了。
2．当先行词是序数词、形容词最高级或被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
The first place that they visited in Beijing was the Forbidden City.
在北京他们参观的第一个地方是故宫。
This is the best way that is used to solve the problem.
这是用来解决这个问题最好的办法。
3．当先行词被all、every、no、any、the only、the very、the last等修饰时。
I have returned all the books that I borrowed from the library.
我已经归还了所有我从图书馆借的书。
The only thing that she could do was turn to others for help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助他人。
It is the very book that I want to read.
这正是我想读的书。
4．当先行词既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。
She took photos of the persons and things that she was interested in.
她把她所感兴趣的人和物拍摄下来了。
[即时演练3]　完成句子
①这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。
This is the most beautiful park that_I_have_visited．
②李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
Have you taken down everything that_Mr.Li_said
③聊天是她唯一感兴趣的事。
Chatting was the_only_thing_that interested her.
课时规范训练(三)
层级一　基础知识自测
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．We chose not to live in the house whose window was damaged by the hurricane.
2．I'd like to express my thanks to the rescue workers whom I have turned to.
3．The research finds that people who/that keep fit are more likely to be positive about life.
4．All the things that he saw in the earthquake came as a shock to me.
5．A study shows the students who take part in extra-curricular activities are happier than those who do not.
6．At the party we talked about the people and schools that we visited last month.
7．The little boy wrote a thank-you note to the firefighters by whom he was rescued.
8．It's impossible to beat a person who/that never loses heart!
9．Moved by the story of the girl whose eyesight was affected by the disease，all the students were in tears.
10．I got in touch with Michael whom/that/who I have been losing contact with for one year.
11．The flood destroyed all the books that were put on the first floor.
12．I'm not interested in the story that/which is about the trip to the moon.
Ⅱ.用定语从句合并句子
1．My grandparents live in a house.The house is more than 100 years old.
→ My grandparents live in a house which/that is more than 100 years old.
2．I live next door to a couple.The couple's children often make a lot of noise.
→ I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.
3．I will remember the day forever.We spent it together in the city.
→ I will remember the day forever that/which we spent together in the city.
4．The old temple is now under repair.Its roof was damaged in a rainstorm.
→ The old temple whose roof was damaged in a rainstorm is now under repair.
5．The CCTV reporter is interviewing a lady.The lady survived the flood.
→ The CCTV reporter is interviewing a lady who/that survived the flood.
6．The female volunteer will remember the soldier.The female volunteer worked with the soldier during the quake.
→ The female volunteer will remember the soldier whom she worked with during the quake.
Ⅲ.用定语从句完成下面短文
The shopping mall，1.whose environment was enjoyed by many people(很多人喜欢它的环境)，was on fire last week because the gas pipes 2.which/that were used for too long(使用太长时间的)cracked.Those 3.who were shopping in it(正在里面购物的) were trapped.Many goods 4.which/that were on sale (正在销售的)were destroyed.This was the biggest fire 5.that people had ever seen(人们曾看到的).Luckily，the firefighters 6.who/that received the emergency call (收到紧急电话的)came at once.They did all 7.that they could do(他们能做的) to put out the fire.To our relief，no one was injured or dead.
Ⅳ.用适当的关系代词完成下面短文
Do you know the man 1.who/that wrote this book？He was Jason，one of the engineers 2.who/that came from Russia in the 1950s.He worked in the same factory where my father once worked.When he came to China，the first thing 3.that he did was to visit the factory 4.which/that did research on trolleybuses and found out the reason why China was so backward in it.Then he spent every minute 5.that he could spare to help China develop transportation.As is mentioned above，Jason was a foreigner 6.who/that made great contributions to our country and was a kind man to 7.whom we should say thanks.
层级二　素养能力提升
Ⅰ.阅读理解
What would you do if this happened to you Imagine that you are a man working in your cornfield.You hear deep, long, continuous noises, which sound like thunder, but are unusually frightening.You look up, but the sky is clear.Suddenly, you feel vibrations under your feet.The next thing you know, a crack opens up in the ground right before you.It gives off an awful smell — like bad eggs.Then, to your shock, the ground moves upward.A volcano is being born right before your eyes!
This sounds like a made-up story, but it actually happened to a man named Dionisio Pulido in 1943.He lived with his wife near the village of Paricutin, about 200 miles from Mexico City.
Mr.Pulido watched smoky dust rise from the crack in the field.He and his family escaped to Paricutin.Within just 24 hours, material from the crack moved upward and created a hill-like object 164 feet high! For the next few days, the Earth sent tons of material to the surface.A soup-like mixture of dust and rock had begun to rain down on the village.But the volcano that formed in a cornfield was just getting started.Its power grew.
A stream of lava began to make its way to Paricutin.Luckily, it took four months to reach the village.This allowed the people to escape in time.They went to the larger village nearby, but in a few weeks found that they had to escape from there as well.In the next few months, all that was left of these villages were two church towers sticking out of the tons of lava.
The Paricutin volcano was active for the next nine years.Then, almost as suddenly as it began, the eruption stopped.What was once Dionisio Pulido's cornfield was now a 1，400 foot-high mountain.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。1943年的一天，墨西哥的一块玉米田里突然形成了一座火山。
1．What were the earliest worrying signs found by Pulido
A．Unusual sounds. B．Thick clouds.
C．Awful smells. D．Strong vibrations.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据第一段中的“You hear deep, long, continuous noises, which sound like thunder, but are unusually frightening.”可知，Pulido 最早发觉的不好的迹象是奇怪的声音。
2．What happened a few days after the Pulidos escaped to Paricutin
A．The crack became much smaller.
B．Dust began to come out of the crack.
C．The volcano began to show its power.
D．It rained heavily in Paricutin.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据第三段中“For the next few days, the Earth sent tons of...cornfield was just getting started.Its power grew.”可知，在Pulido一家逃到帕里库廷村的几天之后，该火山就开始显示出了它的威力。
3．What do we know about the lava coming out of the volcano
A．It moved very fast.
B．It covered two villages.
C．It killed hundreds of villagers.
D．It remained active for several weeks.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第四段中的“In the next few months, all that was left of...sticking out of the tons of lava.”以及上下文可推知，该火山喷射出的岩浆吞没了两个村庄(帕里库廷村和它附近的一个大村庄)。
4．What is the text mainly about
A．A volcano born in a cornfield.
B．A man living next to a large volcano.
C．An active volcano having existed for ten years.
D．An awful dust storm happening near a volcano.
解析：A　主旨大意题。通读全文特别是最后一段可知，本文讲述了帕里库廷火山于1943年在墨西哥的一块玉米田里形成的过程，所以A项最符合文意。
Ⅱ.阅读七选五
For outdoor lovers, it is important to be prepared for any kind of natural disasters in the open air.That means having a disaster response plan.__1__ And it also should include what resources should be taken on your trip.
Different types of disasters are likely to occur in different areas.Desert areas are more likely to be affected by droughts；coastal regions are more likely to see hurricanes; avalanches may occur in mountainous areas in winter and landslides in summer.__2__ This can help you find the right survival ways in different conditions.
__3__ Any disaster that may separate you from other people for a period of time will require you to provide your own food, water, and shelter for at least a few days.It's also a good idea to bring light sources.For disasters that may wet your equipment, flameless light sources are a must.What you bring should be suited to the disaster you might face.
Once you complete your survival plan, it's better to review it periodically.When a natural disaster strikes, you probably won't have time to go over a document or go online to seek advice.__4__
If a natural disaster strikes while you are in the wild, you should put your survival plan into effect immediately.First of all, stay calm, act decisively, and begin working to keep yourself alive.__5__ Do not wait around to see if the disaster is really that serious, do not panic, and do not easily abandon your plan.
A．Then contact others for help.
B．It includes the types of disasters that may occur.
C．Therefore, always do some research ahead of time.
D．So, revising it frequently is strongly recommended.
E．But you can turn to some experts for help in person.
F．These disasters can lead to extremely serious consequences.
G．While planning, the most important thing to consider is what to pack.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章就在自然灾害到来之前制定生存计划提出一些建议。
1．解析：B　根据上文“这意味着要有一个灾难应对计划”和下文“它还应该包括你在旅行中应该带什么资源”可知，空处承上启下，说明灾难应对计划的具体内容。B选项符合语境，故选B。
2．解析：C　根据上文可知，不同地区会发生不同的灾害，因此一定要提前做一些研究。后文中“This”指代C项内容，C选项符合语境，故选C。
3．解析：G　本段主要讨论在规划时，最重要的是要考虑打包什么。G选项符合语境，故选G。
4．解析：D　根据上文“Once you complete your...document or go online to seek advice.”可知，空处和上文形成因果关系，因为完成生存计划以后可能没有时间浏览文件或寻求建议，空处引出结果措施。D选项符合语境，故选D。
5．解析：A　根据上文“First of all, stay calm, act decisively, and begin working to keep yourself alive.”可知，一旦发生自然灾害，首先保持冷静，果断行动，开始努力让自己活下去，空处承接上文，说明接下来该怎么办。A选项符合语境。故选A。
Ⅲ.语法填空
The China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR)1.________(form) in 2001 and is now made up of several hundred rescue workers and about 20 sniffer dogs.The team brings help and hope to those 2.________ lives are changed by a storm, food, earthquake, or any other natural disaster.
After long and careful training, the team went on its first international rescue missions in 2003.That year the Chinese team helped save lives after earthquakes in Algeria and Iran.It was the first time that a Chinese team had worked outside China and the team won high praise 3.________ their bravery and skill.Since then, the CISAR 4.________(complete) many missions.The list of people to whom help has been given is long.The team treated more than 3，000 people 5.________(injure) in the 2006 earthquake in Indonesia and spent 3 months 6.________(give) aid to over 25，000 victims of the 2010 floods in Pakistan.
Rescue workers are trained to find people, treat injuries, and hand out food, water, and other supplies.They have to be able to do work that is difficult under conditions which can be 7.________(danger).Even they also bury 8.________dead.Rescue workers must have big 9.________(heart), too.10.________ takes a lot of love and courage to risk one's own life to save someone else's.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国国际搜寻救援队的一些情况。
1．解析：was formed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。The China International Search and Rescue Team (CISAR)与form为被动关系，且由in 2001 可知，这里时态应用一般过去时，主语为第三人称单数形式。故填was formed。
2．解析：whose　考查定语从句。先行词those，在从句中作定语，所以应用关系代词whose。故填whose。
3．解析：for　考查介词。win praise for，表“因……赢得赞誉”，为固定搭配。故填for。
4．解析：has completed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。the CISAR与complete为主动关系，再由Since then可知，这里时态应用现在完成时，主语为第三人称单数。故填has completed。
5．解析：injured　考查非谓语动词。分析句子可知，这里考查非谓语， 3，000 people与动词injure为被动关系，再由句意可知，这里应用过去分词作后置定语。故填injured。
6．解析：giving　考查非谓语动词。spend time (in) doing sth，表“花时间做某事”，为固定句型。故填giving。
7．解析：dangerous　考查形容词。分析句子可知，此空应填形容词作表语。故填dangerous。
8．解析：the　考查冠词。这里考查“the＋形容词”，表一类人，the dead，表“死者”。故填the。
9．解析：hearts　考查名词的数。救援人员也必须心胸开阔。heart“心”为可数名词，且由Rescue workers可知，这里应用名词复数形式作宾语。故填hearts。
10．解析：It　考查代词。此空应填it作形式主语，真正主语为后面不定式 to risk one's own life to save someone else's，且单词位于句首时首字母应大写。故填It。阶段测评(四)
(时间：100分钟　满分：120分)
第一部分　阅读(共两节，满分50分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Northern Sumatra, Indonesia
Magnitude—8.6, Date—March 28, 2005
An earthquake happened at Sumatra Islands in the touristy month of March.Being an island area, the earthquake gave rise to a tsunami wave and spread to areas as far as Sri Lanka.The number of deaths is about 1, 500 with more than 400 people getting injured.
Rat Islands, Alaska
Magnitude—8.7, Date—April 02, 1965
This earthquake only happened inside water and all the losses were because of the tsunami waves caused by it.The quake gave rise to a huge tsunami causing a loss of thousands of dollars.The good news in this quake was that no human loss or injuries were reported in these islands.
Bio Bio, Chile
Magnitude—8.8, Date—February 27, 2010
This quake happened to take the lives of more than 500 people.The tsunami caused by this quake added to the effects by forcing hundreds of thousands of people to leave their home, of which about 50 are still missing.The number of injured people reached a level of 12，000, thus making one of the worst earthquakes of the human history.
Sumatra, Indonesia
Magnitude—9.1, Date—December 26, 2004
Having its name twice in the list, it is clear that Sumatra comes in the area that is most prone to earthquakes.Just 3 months before the earthquake of 8.6 magnitude, this quake caused much more loss of life and wealth than the later one！The earthquake gave rise to a huge tsunami killing about 300 thousand people all around the countries of South Africa and South Asia.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了历史上发生的几次地震以及其带来的危害。
1．The earthquake during which nobody was injured happened in________．
A．2005　　　　　　 B．1965
C．2010 D．2004
解析：B　细节理解题。根据Rat Islands, Alaska部分中的“The good news in this quake...in these islands.”可知， 没有人员伤亡的地震发生在1965年。
2．Which area is most likely to be hit by an earthquake
A．Sumatra. B．Rat Islands.
C．Bio Bio. D．South Asia.
解析：A　细节理解题。根据Sumatra, Indonesia部分中的“it is clear that Sumatra comes in the area that is most prone to earthquakes”可知， Sumatra是最容易发生地震的地区。
3．Where did one of the worst earthquakes of the human history happen
A．Rat Islands. B．Bio Bio.
C．South Asia. D．Sumatra.
解析：B　细节理解题。根据Bio Bio, Chile部分中的“The number of injured people...of the human history.”可知， 史上危害最严重的地震之一发生在Bio Bio。
B
It's not quite often when we see architects devoted to creating buildings as more than art, expression, or technological creation.Shigeru Ban is one of the most clever architects who knows how to recognize pressing problems and come up with the best solutions for them.
Shigeru Ban is a Japanese architect born in Tokyo in 1957, he founded Shigeru Ban Architects in 1985 and has since then expanded branches from Tokyo to New York and Paris.His career has spanned over various architectural fields from commercial spaces to museums, but his disaster relief work shines the most.
He set a new standard for socially-aware and emergent architecture and paved the way for teaching the whole world how building skills can help in times of crises.His unique method earned him the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2014, where he was honored for his devotion to designing shelters for disaster-stricken areas.He is highly praised for showing how architecture can be a tool for positive social change, particularly in his attention to using materials and attending to social needs.
In a 2017 interview, Shigeru Ban was asked about what guided him towards being involved with disaster relief architecture.His replies detailed that there seemed to be a lack of social responsibility among architects in Japan regarding this matter, so he felt the urge to take action.After the Kobe earthquake in 1995, Ban saw the poor living conditions related to evacuation centers and wanted to make a change with architecture.
Following this event, he established the Voluntary Architects' Network (VAN) to provide support to disaster-affected areas worldwide.When asked whether his initiatives were inspired by Japan's continuous risk for earthquakes and volcano eruptions, he explained that his motivation comes from a desire to improve living conditions for disaster victims rather than Japan's geographic risks.He's a man with a skill for identifying problems and finding solutions.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍了日本建筑师Shigeru Ban的生平事迹，重点强调了他在救灾建筑方面的贡献以及他设立的新标准。
4．What does the underlined word “expanded” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A．Organized. B．Enlarged.
C．Strengthened. D．Tracked.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句可知，Shigeru Ban初创于东京，后来在纽约和巴黎建立了分支机构，即他的公司规模变大了，故画线词expanded意思是“扩大”，与B项同义。
5．What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about
A．The new standard Ban set for architecture.
B．The creative use of materials in Ban's design.
C．The achievements of Ban's disaster relief work.
D．The reasons Ban designed shelters for the homeless.
解析：C　段落大意题。本段主要介绍了Ban在救灾建筑方面的成就，包括设立新标准、获得普利兹克建筑奖以及受到的高度赞扬，所以本段主要介绍了Ban在救灾建筑方面的工作成就。
6．What was Ban's motivation for disaster relief work
A．His skills in dealing with natural disaster.
B．His terrible suffering in a natural disaster.
C．His concern about Japan's geographic risks.
D．His desire to improve the life of those in need.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据最后一段中“he explained that his motivation comes from a desire to improve living conditions for disaster victims rather than Japan's geographic risks”可知，Ban参与救灾工作的动力是改善灾难受害者的生活条件。
7．Which of the following can best describe Shigeru Ban
A．Caring and creative.
B．Responsible but impolite.
C．Selfless but careless.
D．Talented and outgoing.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第四段中“His replies detailed that there seemed to be a lack of social responsibility among architects in Japan regarding this matter, so he felt the urge to take action.”和最后一段“He's a man with a skill for identifying problems and finding solutions.”可推知，Shigeru Ban是一个有社会责任感，关心社会的人，也是一个善于发现问题并找到解决方案，有创造力的人。
C
Check out our tsunami facts and learn some interesting information related to these great walls of water that can cause so much destruction.Find out what causes tsunamis and read about some notable recent examples of tsunamis that have occurred around the globe.
Tsunamis are huge waves of water that are usually caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
As a tsunami approaches the shore, water may move back from the coast.If it is shallow enough, the water may be pulled back hundreds of meters.If you are in the area, observing this is a good indication that a tsunami is on the way.
Regions in tsunami danger zones often have warning systems in place to give people as much time to evacuate as possible.
When tsunamis hit shallow water (often near the coast), they slow down but increase in height.
An earthquake in the Indian Ocean off Indonesia in December 2004 caused a tsunami that killed over 200，000 people in 14 countries.
In March 2011, the Tohoku earthquake off the eastern coast of Japan caused a tsunami that was a major factor in the death of over 15, 000 people.
The tsunami waves created by the Tohoku earthquake reached heights of over 40 metres (131 feet) in mine areas, wiping out coastal towns and causing a number of nuclear accidents.
The Japanese word “tsunami” literally means “harbour wave”．
Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as tidal waves but this term has fallen out of favour because tsunamis are not related to tides.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。作者介绍了海啸发生的原因并通过例子来描述海啸给人类所带来的危害。
8．Which of the following shows a tsunami is coming soon
A．An earthquake takes place.
B．The water marches towards the coast.
C．The water near the shore is pulled back.
D．The water near the shore is very shallow.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“As a tsunami approaches the shore...may be pulled back hundreds of meters.”可知水向海岸行进显示海啸即将到来。
9．In the Tohoku earthquake, over 15，000 people died mainly because of________．
A．the earthquake itself
B．the lack of warming systems
C．the tsunami caused by the earthquake
D．the nuclear accidents caused by the tsunami
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第七段“In March 2011...in the death of over 15, 000 people.”可知，是地震引发了海啸才导致一万五千多人死亡。
10．What can we learn from the passage
A．The word “tsunami” is from British English.
B．The term “tidal wave” is used more often than “tsunami”．
C．Some nuclear accidents happened after Indonesia tsunami.
D．More people died in Indonesia tsunami than in Tohoku tsunami.
解析：D　细节理解题。根据第六段以及第七段可知，在印度尼西亚海啸中死亡的人比在东日本大海啸中死亡的人多。
11．The passage is developed mainly by ________．
A．listing some facts
B．making some comparison
C．providing some numbers
D．making some conclusions
解析：A　写作手法题。根据最后几段可知，作者主要是通过列举事实展开文章。
D
People across Western Europe are experiencing a heat wave this week, with the worst still to come on Thursday. Officials sounded high temperature health warnings on Wednesday, mindful that some heat waves before had caused thousands of deaths across an area where people are not used to such weather and few homes have air conditioning.
René Pierron, 51, a street cleaner at Paris City Hall, was not lucky, and said it was difficult to work outdoors under such conditions. “The buildings and roads here take the heat in during the day and act like radiators (散热器)—it's unbearable，”he said while taking a break near the Avenue des Champs lysées.
Kate Simmonds, also 51, who works in a restaurant in central London, could commiserate (同情).“It's so hot—we can't work like this，”she said on Wednesday. But she said business was good this week, with plenty of people buying cold drinks and ice cream.
Nation after nation have given health?related warning for people becoming tired and weak in the heat. Belgium gave its highest warning since its weather warning system was put in place 20 years ago, and Germany placed the whole country under a heat warning.
Britain's weather service, the Met Office, placed five of England's nine areas, including London, on a “Level Three” heat health watch, one level short of a national emergency.Liz Bentley, the chief executive of Britain's Royal Meteorological Society, warned：“While a country like Britain is not used to heat waves, they could become more common because of the changing climate.If you live in a Mediterranean country, the population adapts to these temperatures. But we'll see the number of deaths go up in the next coming days.”
Grace Knee, 29, was an exception, loving the heat.“I love this weather，” she said, adding that she had applied strong sunscreen before staying under the sun. “I just like getting a tan (晒黑的皮肤).”
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇新闻报道。热浪席卷欧洲大陆，各国纷纷拉响警报。
12．What did René Pierron think of the weather
A.It created some business chances.
B.It made his work more difficult.
C.It might lead to people dying.
D.It would end soon.
解析：B　推理判断题。根据第二段中的“said it was difficult to work outdoors under such conditions. ‘The buildings and roads here take the heat in during the day and act like radiators—it's unbearable’”可知，René Pierron认为此次高温使他的户外工作变得很困难。
13．How did Germany deal with the heat wave
A.It had carried out many helpful actions.
B.It suggested people stay away from work.
C.It warned the whole country of the heat.
D.It provided air conditioning for poor people.
解析：C　细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Germany placed the whole country under a heat warning”可知，德国向全体国民发出了高温警告。
14．What do Liz Bentley's words mean
A.Such weather will appear more frequently.
B.The weather has little influence on Britain.
C.Thousands of people will die because of the weather.
D.People have fully realized the danger of the weather.
解析：A　推理判断题。根据第五段中的“While a country like Britain is not used to heat waves, they could become more common because of the changing climate. If you live in a Mediterranean country, the population adapts to these temperatures.”可知，Liz Bentley认为，由于气候变化的原因，此类天气会出现得更加频繁。
15．What is the best title for this text
A.Heat wave spreads across Europe
B.Heat wave makes things bad for human beings
C.Europe tries to find ways to deal with heat wave
D.Heat wave calls for people to protect the environment
解析：A　标题归纳题。本文是一篇新闻报道。该报道指出，欧洲各国受热浪影响，气温屡创新高，各国针对这一现象，纷纷拉响高温警报。此次热浪严重影响了人们的正常生活。因此，A项为本文的标题。
第二节(共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)
阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Prepare for and Survive a Flood
Flooding is a common natural disaster around the world.__16__ If so, quickly review these flood safety guidelines to increase your chances of survival and protect your possession.
Pay close attention to the radio, television, community announcements or your cellphone for official flooding updates.__17__ A flood watch means a flood is possible in your area. A flood warning means flooding is already occurring or will occur soon—and you should be prepared to leave the flood area.
__18__ Put at least three days of supplies for everyone in it, including water (one gallon per person per day), non perishable (不需要保质期的) food, a flashlight, battery powered radio, solar powered phone chargers, extra batteries, a 7 day supply of medications.
If you have time before you leave, secure your home. Bring in outdoor furniture. Move necessary items to the highest part of the upper floor of your home. Turn off all the appliances (家电) like TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner.__19__
Do not walk through moving water. Six inches of moving water can sweep you off your feet. If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not moving.__20__ If you come upon a flowing stream where water is above your ankles, stop, turn around and go another way. People underestimate (低估) the force and power of water.
A.Have an emergency survival kit on hand.
B.Are you in a frequently flood stricken area
C.How to ensure your safety in a serious flood
D.Take as many useful furniture as possible when you leave.
E.Know the difference between a flood “watch” and “warning”．
F.Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.
G.Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了洪水到来时应该采取的一些措施。
16．解析：B　根据下文“ If so, quickly review these flood safety guidelines to increase your chances of survival and protect your possession.”中的 If so可知，空格处应是一个一般疑问句。B项“Are you in a frequently flood stricken area？”承上启下，符合语境。故选B项。
17．解析：E　根据下文“A flood watch means a flood is possible in your area. A flood warning means flooding is already occurring or will occur soon—and you should be prepared to leave the flood area.”可知，下文分别介绍洪水预警和洪水警报。E项“Know the difference between a flood ‘watch’ and ‘warning’．”引出下文，符合语境。故选E项。
18．解析：A　空格处是本段主旨句。根据下文“Put at least three days of supplies for everyone in it, including water (one gallon per person per day), non perishable (不需要保质期的) food, a flashlight, battery powered radio, solar powered phone chargers, extra batteries, a 7 day supply of medications. ”可知，下文介绍洪水到来时需准备的逃生物品。A项“Have an emergency survival kit on hand.”最能概括本段主旨。故选A项。
19．解析：G　根据上文“Turn off all the appliances (家电) like TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditioner.”可知，上文讲到要关掉家用电器。G项“Do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water.”承接上文，electrical equipment与appliances是同义词复现，符合语境。故选G项。
20．解析：F　根据上文“If you have to walk in water, walk where the water is not moving.”可知，上文讲到在水中走时的注意事项。F项“Use a stick to check the firmness of the ground in front of you.”进一步补充在水中行走应注意什么，符合语境。故选F项。
第二部分　语言运用(共两节，满分30分)
第一节(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
One man's selfless gesture on a flight to Washington has touched the hearts of many.A flight attendant recently shared a heartwarming story, and it's one that is __21__ worth telling.
As the passengers were __22__， a weak 94-year-old woman tried very hard to find her seat.She appeared confused and had trouble __23___ the narrow aisle.The flight attendant noticed her __24__ and was about to help when a gentleman seated in first class asked, “Can you please get her and put her in my seat？” Without __25__， the man stood up and went with the flight attendant to the back of the plane, where the elderly woman was seated.When he __26__ his first class seat to her, she was extremely moved.
“ __27__ in my 94 years has someone done that for me，” she said, her voice trembling with gratitude.She gave him a big hug, tears __28__ up in her eyes.“Thank you, young man，” she added, clearly moved by the __29__ kindness.
The simple gesture had a ripple effect on the entire flight.The flight attendant __30__ how the mood on the plane changed as passengers witnessed the man's thoughtful act.
“It was __31__ how his thoughtful act changed the attitude of everyone on the flight，” said the attendant, “Wish we all looked for the little things we could __32__ to help others around us and show __33__ of kindness.”
This story is a beautiful __34__ that even the smallest acts of kindness can have a big impact.His selflessness not only made a 94-year-old woman's day but also left a strong __35__ on everyone who witnessed it.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。在飞机上，一位男士将头等舱的座位让给一位老人，他的无私举动触动了许多人的心。
21．A.hardly　　　　 B．truly
C．nearly D．possibly
解析：B　根据上文的“a heartwarming story”和下文讲述的一位男士的善意行为和其影响可知，这是一个真正值得讲述的故事。
22．A.arriving B．leaving
C．boarding D．wandering
解析：C　根据下文的“a weak 94-year-old woman tried very hard to find her seat”可知，乘客们正在登机，老人正在找她的座位。
23．A.going through B．concentrating on
C．cleaning up D．running into
解析：A　根据下文的“the narrow aisle”可知，老人正在穿过飞机上的狭窄过道。
24．A.anxiety B．responsibility
C．safety D．curiosity
解析：A　因为老人穿过狭窄的过道有困难，所以肯定表现出焦虑。
25．A.application B．solution
C．organisation D．hesitation
解析：D　根据下文的“the man stood up and went with the flight attendant to the back of the plane”可知，那位男士毫不犹豫地站起来给老人让座，without hesitation是固定短语。
26．A.rented B．compared
C．offered D．packed
解析：C　根据下文的“she was extremely moved”可知，男士将头等舱的座位让给了老人，所以老人很感动。
27．A.Sometimes B．Never
C．Once D．Often
解析：B　此处应该用副词never，否定词never放在句首，句子用部分倒装。
28．A.making B．welling
C．giving D．cutting
解析：B　根据空格前的tears可知，老人因为感动，泪水夺眶而出。
29．A.unexpected B．unnecessary
C．untouched D．uneasy
解析：A　根据上文内容可知，男士将头等舱的座位让给老人，这是老人没有想到的。
30．A.recommended B．recognised
C．believed D．felt
解析：D　根据下文的“how the mood on the plane changed as passengers witnessed the man's thoughtful act”可知，这是空乘人员感受到的情况。
31．A.challenging B．amazing
C．interesting D．frightening
解析：B　根据下文的“his thoughtful act changed the attitude of everyone on the flight”可知，他体贴的举动改变了飞机上每个人的态度，这肯定是了不起的，令人惊讶的。
32．A.quit B．discover
C．do D．schedule
解析：C　根据空格前的“little things”可知，此处指的是我们能做的小事。
33．A.arrangements B．movements
C．requests D．acts
解析：D　根据上文的“his thoughtful act”和下文的“the smallest acts of kindness”可知，此处指的是善举，善意的行为。
34．A.reminder B．designer
C．explorer D．master
解析：A　根据下文的“that even the smallest acts of kindness can have a big impact”可知，这是这个故事能让人们想到的内容。
35．A.confusion B．revision
C．impression D．expression
解析：C　根据文章第一句“One man's selfless gesture on a flight to Washington has touched the hearts of many.”和全文内容可知，男士的善举给每一个目击者留下了深刻的印象。
第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分)
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
When you think of winter storms, you likely think of 36.________ (wake) up in the morning to inches, even feet of snow! While snowstorms may be the more recognizable type of winter storm, there's another type that can cause as much, or even more damage：ice storms.
An ice storm is the result of 37.________ long-term cold rain event.While ice doesn't fall from the sky, an ice storm is characterized by cold rain that results 38.________ thick ice.Ice storms usually happen 39.________ the air temperature is at or just above freezing.
Ice storms can cause 40.________ (safe) issues.They can affect road conditions, making travel dangerous, and can damage your home.Thick ice increases the weight of branches and power lines, increasing the chances of big trees falling and losing electric service to your home.If they fall onto your houses, probably your roofs, nearby cars, etc.41.________ (destroy).
Worse still, it's difficult to know when 42.________ (power) ice storms come.And it is possible for freezing rain to fall in one location, rain in another and snow in a third.Ice storms can appear in any area 43.________ hardly ever experiences winter weather.So you must know how 44.________ (protect) your home from ice storms 45.________ (effective).
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了冰风暴的危害以及如何有效地保护你的家园。
36．解析：waking　考查非谓语动词。根据空前think of可知，空处应用动名词作宾语。故填waking。
37．解析：a　考查冠词。此处event为可数名词单数，应用不定冠词表泛指，且long-term的发音以辅音音素开头，故填a。
38．解析：in　考查介词。结合句意可知，虽然冰不会从天上掉下来的，但冰风暴的特点是冷雨导致厚厚的冰。result in“导致”为固定搭配。故填in。
39．解析：when　考查状语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导时间状语从句，应用表示“当……时候”的连词when引导。故填when。
40．解析：safety　考查名词。此处名词safety作定语，修饰名词issues，表示“安全问题”。故填safety。
41．解析：will be destroyed　考查动词的时态和语态。分析句子结构可知，空处作谓语，此处是if引导的条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时；动词destroy与主语之间是被动关系，所以应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be destroyed。
42．解析：powerful　考查形容词。修饰名词ice storms应用形容词。故填powerful。
43．解析：that　考查定语从句。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是area，且有any修饰，指代事物，用关系代词that引导从句，在从句中作主语。故填that。
44．解析：to protect　考查非谓语动词。此处为“how＋to do”作动词的宾语。故填to protect。
45．解析：effectively　考查副词。修饰动词protect应用副词。故填effectively。
第三部分　写作(共两节，满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
假定你是李华，你校将举办一场以“How to survive an earthquake”为主题的讲座。请你写一封邮件邀请你的外国朋友George参加，内容包括：
1．邮件的目的；
2．讲座的主要内容；
3．讲座的时间和地点。
注意：
1．写作词数应为80个左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
Dear George，
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
[参考范文]
Dear George，
I'm writing to invite you to attend a lecture about “How to survive an earthquake”，which will be held in our school hall next Monday.The relevant details are as follows.
To begin with，an earthquake video will be presented，making us know the horrible result of an earthquake.Then the specialist will give us some guidelines for surviving an earthquake，such as how to signal for help if we are trapped.Though we can't stop earthquakes，the harm they bring us can be reduced if we do the right things.
Looking forward to your coming.
Yours，
Li Hua
第二节(满分25分)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。
One day my grandfather gave me a gift — a piggy bank.It had an opening through which one could put money in, but the opening was not big enough to reach in.The only way to get at the money was to break the piggy bank open.My grandfather explained that was the whole idea: the piggy bank would help save my money so that, at the end of the year, I might have enough for that bike I dreamt about.He asked if I would put some of the money he gave me into the piggy bank.I agreed immediately and promised that I wouldn't break it open until I could afford my dream bike.
Whenever he gave me money, I saved some and put it in the piggy bank.I loved the feel of shaking the piggy bank and hearing the sound of the coins.As it became heavier, I grew more excited, dreaming about buying my new bike, and all the adventures I could have on it.
Whenever I wanted to take some money from the piggy bank to buy delicious ice-creams or beautiful pens, I would imagine riding my bike on the street, and thinking of that, my thoughts about ice-creams or pens faded away.So for almost six months, I only put money into the piggy bank without taking any out.I thought I wouldn't break my piggy bank for anything.But one day something unexpected happened.I saw a piece of news on the television that a serious earthquake had happened in a nearby province.As many houses were destroyed, a lot of children became homeless.Seeing their crying faces, I was sleepless that night.
注意：
1．续写词数应为150个左右；
2．请按如下格式作答。
I knew I should do something. _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
My grandfather was surprised by my behavior. __________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
[语篇解读]　本文主要讲述了爷爷送作者一个存钱罐，作者努力存钱，想要买自己心仪的自行车。当看到附近的一个省份发生了地震的电视新闻后，作者决定把钱捐给地震灾区的孩子们的故事。
[写作指导]
1．段落续写
(1)由第一段首句内容“我知道我应该做点什么。”可知，第一段可描写作者决定将自己的存钱罐打碎，将钱拿出来捐给地震受灾的孩子们。
(2)由第二段首句内容“我的行为让爷爷很惊讶。”可知，第二段可描写爷爷为作者的行为感到骄傲，决定给作者买一辆自行车。
2．续写线索
拿存钱罐，打算拿出钱——犹豫——想起灾区的孩子——摔了存钱罐——决定将钱捐给灾区——爷爷惊讶——为作者感到骄傲——决定给作者买一辆自行车
[参考范文]
I knew I should do something. I went to my piggy bank and was about to break it and withdraw money when my mind flashed back to the bike I had been looking forward to buying, and I hesitated.Thinking of the look in the eyes of the children hoping for help in the earthquake, I grabbed the piggy bank and threw it to the ground.Suddenly, the coins rolled all over the floor.“Yes, those children need help and need the money more.” I said to myself.
My grandfather was surprised by my behavior. When he realized what had happened, he fondly touched my head and said, “Good boy, you did the right thing.Grandpa is proud of you.”He continued, “My dear grandson, you deserve that bicycle.As a bonus, let's buy that bike together now.Then, go for a spring outing by bike.” “Thank you, Grandpa.” I was overwhelmed with happiness.Section Ⅳ　Reading for Writing
Task Ⅰ 文本微观剖析——细节探究
Read the text carefully and then choose the best answer.
1．Where can this text most probably be seen
A．A monthly magazine.
B．A daily newspaper.
C．A travel brochure.
D．A government website.
2．When did the tsunami happen
A．At 7：00 a．m.，27 December 2004.
B．At 7：00 p．m.，27 December 2004.
C．At 7：00 a．m.，26 December 2004.
D．At 7：00 p．m.，26 December 2004.
3．What caused the tsunami
A．A drought.
B．A flood.
C．A volcanic eruption.
D．An earthquake.
4．Why would it be difficult to deliver food and supplies to the tsunami-hit countries
A．There were no enough trucks.
B．It was still raining heavily.
C.The people in these areas were not willing to accept these food and supplies.
D．The roads to these areas were blocked.
答案：1～4　BCDD
Task Ⅱ 课文语法填空
On 26 December 2004，a tsunami caused by the most 1.powerful (power) earthquake in the past 40 years crashed 2.into coastlines across Asia，3.causing (cause) more than 6，500 deaths.The undersea quake 4.struck (strike) off the west coast of Indonesia's Sumatra Island，killing at least 1，870 people in that area.In Sri Lanka，about 2，498 people were killed and one million more 5.were_affected (affect) by the tsunami.As many as 1，900 people died along the southern coast in India.Another 254 were found 6.dead (die) and many more were hurt 7.or missing in Thailand.Thousands of people are still missing and the number of deaths is expected 8.to_grow (grow).The damage caused by the tsunami will make 9.it difficult to deliver food and supplies to 10.survivors(survive).
[板块一　单词短语——点点清]
1.calm adj.镇静的；沉着的 vt.使平静；使镇静　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①When he is anxious，he often breathes deeply to calm down．
②危急时刻，你应该保持镇静以解决问题。
In time of danger, you must keep calm to solve the problem．
③让你自己平静下来，没有必要为此事心烦。
Calm yourself down；there is no need to feel upset about it.
(1)calm down　　　平静下来
calm sb down 使某人镇定下来
(2)keep calm 保持镇静
2．aid n．援助；帮助；救援物资 vi.& vt.帮助；援助　
(1)first aid急救
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①I'd be very grateful if you could aid me with my English.
②我眼里涌出感激的泪水，我承诺以后我会帮助处在困境的人解决他们的困难。
With tears of gratitude welling up in my eyes，I promised that I would aid those in need to solve their difficulties/aid those in need in solving their difficulties．
③在我的英语老师的帮助下，我这学期取得了很大的进步。
With the aid/help of my English teacher，I have made great progress this term.
with the aid of sb在某人的帮助下
(2)帮助某人做某事
3．strike vi.&vt.(struck，struck/stricken) 侵袭；突击；击打 n．罢工；罢课；袭击　
[练透]——写出下列句中strike的含义/完成句子
①His competitor struck him on the head，making him badly injured. 击打
②A terrible earthquake struck the northern part of Peru on May 26，2019. 袭击
③A good idea struck me when I was reading the newspaper.突然想到
④The visitors were struck by the beauty of the West Lake.打动；迷住
⑤我突然想到，我应该去拜访我的老师。
It struck/hit me that I should pay a visit to my teacher.
(1)be struck with/by/on sb/sth　　被某人或某物打动
It strikes/struck sb that... 某人突然想起……
strike sb＋介词＋the＋身体部位击打某人的某处
(2)be/go on strike 在/开始罢工
4．deliver vt.& vi.递送；传达vt.发表( delivery n．投递；送货；分娩)　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①The supermarket offers customers a free home delivery (deliver)service.
②我想知道上周你为什么拒绝把我的信送到我家。
I am wondering why you refused to deliver my letters to my home last week.
③我很荣幸为大家做一个题为《携手共进，共创未来》的演讲。
It is a great honour for me to deliver a speech titled “Together for a shared future”．
deliver a speech　发表演讲/致辞
deliver...to... 把……运送到……
5．effect n．影响；结果；效果( effective adj.有效的；有影响的)　
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①In order to find more effective(effect) ways to protect the environment，we called on the government to put the law into effect.
②毫无疑问，读书对孩子们有好的影响。
There is no doubt that reading books can have a good effect on/upon the children．
③自从新的班规生效以来，我们的学习环境被极大地改善了。
Since the new class rules took effect/came into effect，our learning environment has been improved greatly.
have an effect on/upon...　　　对……产生影响
take effect/come into effect 生效
side effect 副作用
put/bring...into effect 使……生效；实行
[板块二　重点句式——句句通]
句型公式：be doing sth when...，意为“正在做某事，这时(突然)……”　
(教材原句)I was having breakfast with my three children when water started filling my home.
我和我的三个孩子正在吃早餐，这时海水突然开始灌入屋内。
[练透]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①She was on the point of saying something more when she noticed the angry look on his face.
②这些幸存者刚从被毁的房子里逃出来，这时房子就倒塌了。
These survivors had_just_escaped_from_the_destroyed_house_when it fell apart.
③他刚要放弃时，就被救援人员发现了。
He was_about_to_give_up_when/was_on_the_point_of_giving_up_when he was found by rescue workers.
④孩子们正在操场上踢足球，这时突然下起了雨。
The children were_playing_football_on_the_playground_when it began to rain.
when在句中是并列连词，表示“正在那时，这时”，常用句型还有：
be about to do...when...
＝ be on the point of doing...when...
正要做……，这时(突然)……
had just done...when...
刚做过……，这时(突然)……
课时规范训练(四)
层级一　基础知识自测
Ⅰ.单词拼写
1．At the moment，we heard a huge crash (撞击声) and then silence.
2．This book will be delivered (运送) to your house for free.
3．The dustman swept (打扫) up all the fallen leaves on this street from 6 to 8 that morning.
4．I waved (挥手)goodbye to my mother，with tears welling up in my eyes.
5．Would you like to give me a summary (概括) of the report
6．You should try to lend a hand to those in an emergency (紧急情况).
7．We set out quickly as soon as our PE teacher blew his whistle．
8．Medical workers rushed to give first aid immediately，which rescued the old man.
Ⅱ.单句语法填空
1．At this point，it suddenly struck (strike) me that I was wasting my time.
2．The powerful (power) earthquake has left many houses in ruins.
3．The plane crashed (crash) in the mountain last night，which made us shocked.
4．In the face of the disaster，she calmly (calm) arranged for a car to pick up her children.
5．Many houses were destroyed (destroy) and worse still，many people were injured or some even killed.
6．Buried (bury) in the newspaper，he didn't notice what was happening.
7．They are scheduled to reach Shanghai by June 6，making it possible for them to attend the meeting.
8．The man was sleeping when the frightening earthquake happened.
9．With the aid of rescue workers，they have all managed to rebuild their houses.
10．She prefers to walk in the open air for half an hour after supper.
Ⅲ.单句写作增分练——地震来袭
1．我们正在上数学课，这时我们感到地面在摇晃。
We were having math class when we felt the ground shaking.
2．我们突然意识到可能发生地震了。
It struck us that maybe an earthquake happened.
3．我们老师竭力使我们镇静下来。
Our teacher made every effort to calm us down．
4．在我们老师的帮助下，我们冲出了教室。
With the aid of our teacher，we rushed out of the classroom.
5．幸运的是，地震不严重，这使我们如释重负。
Luckily，the earthquake was not serious，which made us relieved.
层级二　素养能力提升
Ⅰ.阅读理解
It is hardly surprising that rivers have been an important part of human history: They provide food, freshwater, and rich land for growing crops.While water is crucial to life, it can be a destructive force, too.When rivers flood, the effects can be destructive.Flooding is one of the most common types of natural disasters, and it is often fatal.
While floods bring damage, they also bring nutrients and essential components for life.Seasonal floods can renew ecosystems, providing life-giving waters in more ways than one.Floods transport vital nutrients to the surrounding land.When the water flows away, it leaves nutrients behind on the floodplain.This rich, natural fertilizer improves soil quality and has a positive effect on plant growth, thus increasing productivity in the ecosystem.Ancient civilizations first arose along the deltas of seasonally flooded rivers, such as the Nile in Egypt, because they provided rich soil for farmlands.
Floods can supply underground water sources.Floodwater gets absorbed into the ground, and then _percolates_through layers of soil and rock, eventually reaching underground aquifers.These aquifers supply clean freshwater to springs, wells, lakes, and rivers.Ecosystems rely heavily on groundwater during dry spells when it may be the only supply of freshwater available.A good supply of groundwater has a great impact on soil health and leads to more productive crop and pasture lands.
Floods are a force of nature, and their results, both positive and negative, are strongly felt by affected ecosystems.Floods can be destructive to humans and the natural environment, but they also help to drive biodiversity and are essential to the functioning of many ecosystems.Whether you consider floods to be good or bad, one thing is for certain: The world would be a very different place without them.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了洪水对生态系统的破坏和复兴作用。
1．What directly causes the Nile to be one of the birthplaces of ancient civilizations
A．The nutrients on the floodplain.
B．The plant growth on the farmland.
C．The soil quality improved by fertilizer.
D．The groundwater sources in the ecosystem.
解析：C　推理判断题。根据第二段中“Ancient civilizations first arose along the...provided rich soil for farmlands.”可知，导致尼罗河成为古代文明发祥地的直接原因是土壤质量。
2．What does the underlined word “percolates” mean in paragraph 3
A．Lifts up.　　　 B．Flows into.
C．Runs over. D．Breaks down.
解析：B　词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Floodwater gets absorbed into the ground, and then”及下文“through layers of soil and rock, eventually reaching underground aquifers”可知，洪水要透过土壤和岩石层，最终到达地下蓄水层。由此可知，画线词percolates与flows into“流入”意思接近。
3．What is the author's attitude towards floods
A．Doubtful. B．Indifferent.
C．Objective. D．Agreeing.
解析：C　观点态度题。根据第一段中“Flooding is one of the most common types of natural disasters, and it is often fatal.”以及第二段中“While floods bring damage, they also bring nutrients and essential components for life.”可推知，作者提到了洪水的破坏和好处，说明对洪水的态度是客观的。
4．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．The Results of Floods on Agriculture
B．The History of Flooding in Ecosystems
C．Rivers: A Source of Natural Environment
D．Floods: A Force for Destruction and Renewal
解析：D　标题归纳题。根据第一、二段可知，文章主要说明了洪水会带来破坏，但同时带来了生命所需的营养和基本成分。由此可知，D项适合作本文最佳标题。
Ⅱ.完形填空
The wildfires advanced, heading straight for the town of Behchoko.People were told to __1__ their towns.At this time, Jason Card in the nearby town — Yellowknife, started a __2__ task to rescue the abandoned pets.
Upon learning the urgent situation from news, Jason determined to take __3__ action.He tried all means to gather various dog crates, with which he'd help __4__ the animals he would rescue.
With good __5__， Jason left for the heart of the fire zone.His teenage child and his father went with him.After a journey of 63 miles, the team of three arrived at their ___6__， where they found people were ___7___ seeking shelter from the upcoming flames.
Not discouraged by the surrounding chaos, they __8__ no time.By 8：00 p．m., their truck was full of pets.“Once people heard we were rescuing pets, they asked us to get their pets.We filled every crate we had，” Jason said.On that night, the __9__ unloaded crates filled with dogs in Yellowknife.Swiftly, they set off again, making a direct __10__ to Behchoko.This time, they successfully saved over 30 pets.However, something __11__ came — how to settle a great number of pets Michelle Tuma, a vet in Yellowknife, heard of Jason's rescue __12__．Without hesitation, she __13__ and provided temporary shelter for the animals.
Jason's act of __14__ highlighted the significance of caring for the most __15__ members of our communities, even in the face of disaster.
[语篇解读]　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了杰森得知贝奇科小镇即将被火灾吞噬，于是开始去拯救那些在危机中被遗弃的宠物。
1．A.rebuild　　　　　 B．leave
C．search D．protect
解析：B　根据上文“The wildfires advanced, heading straight for the town of Behchoko.”可知，火灾向贝奇科镇蔓延，市民被告知离开他们的城镇。
2．A.heartbreaking B．confidential
C．fortunate D．courageous
解析：D　根据下文“rescue the abandoned pets”可知，他要去拯救那些被遗弃在大火中的宠物，所以是勇敢的任务。
3．A.necessary B．immediate
C．direct D．tough
解析：B　根据上文“urgent situation from news”可知情况紧急，要立即采取行动。
4．A.adopt B．cure
C．transport D．raise
解析：C　根据上文“to rescue the abandoned pets”和“He tried all means to gather various dog crates”可知，笼子是用来运输救出的动物的。
5．A.preparations B．feelings
C．reasons D．expectations
解析：A　根据上文“He tried all means to gather various dog crates”可知，他做了充分准备。
6．A.workplace B．apartment
C．birthplace D．destination
解析：D　根据上文“After a journey of 63 miles”和下文“seeking shelter from the upcoming flames”可知，他们到达了灾区目的地。
7．A.curiously B．hurriedly
C．vainly D．painfully
解析：B　根据下文“seeking shelter from the upcoming flames”可知，人们匆忙地寻找避难所以躲避即将到来的大火。
8．A.wasted B．valued
C．saved D．seized
解析：A　根据上文“Not discouraged by the surrounding chaos, they”以及下文“By 8：00 p．m., their truck was full of pets.”可知，他们没有被周围的混乱吓倒，没有浪费时间，而是立即投入救援工作。
9．A.owners B．staff
C．citizens D．team
解析：D　呼应上文“the team of three”指三人组卸下了装满狗的箱子。
10．A.call B．hiking
C．return D．route
解析：C　他们这次成功救了30多只宠物，所以他们又立即返回贝奇科继续救援工作。
11．A.challenging B．disastrous
C．questionable D．strange
解析：A　根据后文“how to settle a great number of pets”可知，如何安置这些动物是有挑战性的事情。
12．A.plans B．members
C．efforts D．requests
解析：C　根据空前“heard of Jason's rescue”可知，此处说的是杰森救助这些动物所做出的努力。
13．A.turned around B．looked ahead
C．carried on D．reached out
解析：D　根据后文“and provided temporary shelter for the animals”可知，这名兽医伸出援手，提供了帮助。
14．A.will B．heroism
C．faith D．generosity
解析：B　杰森不顾危险去往火灾区救出了很多动物，他的行为体现了英雄主义。
15．A.intelligent B．grateful
C．helpless D．sensitive
解析：C　他救出了面临火灾被遗弃的动物，这些动物是无助的。
Ⅲ.应用文写作
假定你是校英语报记者李华，今天你校开展了地震应急疏散演练活动，请你就此次活动写一篇新闻报道，内容包括：
1．活动目的；
2．活动过程；
3．你的感受。
注意：写作词数应为80个左右。
参考词汇：地震应急疏散演练earthquake emergency evacuation drill
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[参考范文]
To make us students know about how to protect ourselves during an earthquake, our school organized an earthquake emergency evacuation drill today.
Before the drill started, our teachers gave us some basic and useful instructions on what to do during an earthquake.When the alarm rang, students left the teaching building in order.Within a minute, all of the students gathered in the playground, for which we were praised by our headmaster.
This drill is really meaningful and helpful，from which we have learned some related skills in dealing with emergencies in an earthquake.开篇·把握单元目标
文化意识 了解国内外发生过的一些重大自然灾害，树立防灾意识和自我保护意识。
思维品质 能在实践中运用所学知识应对与灾难有关的困难，增强解决问题的意识和能力。
学习能力 能根据听力问题，预判听力内容并能提炼出关键信息。掌握在阅读中根据上下文猜测词义的策略。
语言 能力 单词 disaster，slide，flood，rescue，damage，destroy，death，affect，shelter，crack，gas，ruin，percent，shock，electricity，trap，bury，breathe，effort，unify，wisdom，suffer，erupt，supply，survive，power，whistle，emergency，calm，aid，crash，sweep，wave，strike，deliver，summary，effect，length
短语 in ruins，in shock，in the open air，first aid kit，on hand，sweep away
语法 限制性定语从句(1)
写作 概要写作
UNIT 4
NATURAL DISASTERS
A●
主题语境：人与自然一自然灾害Section Ⅴ　Writing——概要写作
[满分微讲坛——范式素材感悟·有章可循]
概要写作就是在整体把握原文的前提下，用自己简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文。
一、概要写作指导
1．概要写作应注意以下几点：
(1)客观性：概要写作其实是一种客观的复述，在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言真实地再现作者的思想，写作内容要全面，既不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容。
(2)简洁性：能简则简，避免繁复。概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除细节，减少例证，简化描述以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义完整。
(3)连贯性：概要写作并不是像写提纲那样只是罗列要点。写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。
2．写作步骤
(1)确定体裁，明确主题及结构
体裁 结构
记叙文 记叙文：人物、时间、地点、事件(起因—发展—结果) 夹叙夹议文：六要素＋寓意/启示
说明文 事物的性质功能类：对象＋性质功能 问题/现象＋解决方法类： 现象＋原因＋结果
议论文 论点＋论据＋结论
(2)确定主题句，找关键信息
画出每一段的主题句，抓住关键信息，忽略次要信息。
(3)改写关键信息，得出要点
使用意义相同或相近的单词、短语或句式，或使用不同的句子结构表达同样的意思。如改变语态，肯定变否定等。
(4)添加连接词，使行文连贯
要牢记各段落要点之间的逻辑关系和自然衔接，用恰当的关联词连贯全文。 常用的关联词有however、besides、in addition、therefore、instead 等等。
二、话题素材积累
1．描写某事物的性质功能。即“对象＋性质功能＋利弊”：(In the passage )The writer introduces...to us，especially its...，from which we know...
2．针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题＋解决方法”：The passage tells us...So the author tells us how to...including...
3．介绍某现象及其原因、结果。即“现象＋原因＋结果”：The author talks about...It is caused by...As a result(Consequently)...
[满分练到位——妙笔成篇训练·立竿见影]
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
The earthquake that hit San Francisco on April 18，1906 shook down hundreds of thousands of dollars' worth of walls and chimneys.But the fire that followed burned up hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of buildings and homes.Never before in history has a city been so completely destroyed.San Francisco is gone.The factories，the great stores and newspaper buildings，the hotels，and the great houses of the rich are all gone.
On Wednesday morning at a quarter past five came the earthquake.A moment later，the disaster was a fact.South of Market Street，in the working-class neighborhoods and in the factories，fires started.Within an hour after the earthquake，the smoke of San Francisco's fires could be seen 100 miles away.The sun was red in the dark sky.There was no stopping the fires.The firefighters to whom the task was given did their best but there was no way to organize or communicate.The steel railway tracks were now useless.And the great pipes for carrying water under the streets had burst.All of the ways man had made to keep the city safe were gone in the thirty seconds the earth moved.
By Wednesday afternoon，half of the heart of the city was gone.At that time，I watched the disaster from a ship on the bay.Out at sea it was calm.No wind came up.Yet from every direction—east，west，north，and south—strong winds blew upon the unlucky city and those whose homes had once stood in its green hills.Wednesday night saw the destruction of the very heart of the city.Man himself had to make ruins of some of the city's best buildings so that they would not be a danger to those in the streets.Tens of thousands who had lost their homes left the city to look for shelter from the fire.Some were dressed only in blankets and carried the things that they had been able to rescue from the fires.But there were no fights and no pushing or shoving.Somehow this worst of disasters brought out the best in the survivors.Never in all San Francisco's history were her people so kind as on that terrible night.
[谋篇布局]
[遣词造句]
1．一场大地震在1906年4月18日袭击了旧金山。
A great earthquake struck San Francisco on April 18th，1906.
2．这场地震使这座城市被完全破坏。(leave)
The earthquake left the city completely destroyed．
3．当夜晚降临的时候，无家可归的人们看到了可怕的破坏。(destruction)
When night fell, homeless people saw the awful destruction．
4．无家可归的人们逃离这座城市寻找避难之处。
Homeless people escaped the city to find shelter.
[词句升级]
5．用现在分词作结果状语连接句1、句2
A great earthquake struck San Francisco on April 18th，1906，leaving the city completely destroyed.
6．用现在分词作时间状语连接句3、句4
When night fell，seeing the awful destruction，homeless people escaped the city to find shelter.
[妙笔成篇]
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[参考范文]
A great earthquake struck San Francisco on April 18th，1906，leaving the city completely destroyed.(要点1)It was at 5：12 a．m. that the quake began，and later fires started in South of Market Street and the city was left without means of communication or transportation.(要点2)By the afternoon，half of the heart of the city had disappeared.(要点3)When night fell，seeing the awful destruction，homeless people escaped the city to find shelter.(要点4)Although in disaster，people had shown their greatest kindness.(要点5)