阅读理解 文体分类练5 说明文之新概念类--2026高考英语第二轮专题复习练（含答案与解析）
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| 名称 | 阅读理解 文体分类练5 说明文之新概念类--2026高考英语第二轮专题复习练（含答案与解析） |  | |
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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2026高考英语第二轮专题复习
文体分类练(五) 说明文之新概念类
Passage 1(2025山东实验中学一模)
主题:心理学之认知科学 词数:332
难易度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟
Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information.This is belief perseverance at work.Interestingly,these beliefs don’t necessarily stem from personal experience;for instance,children might believe “all lawyers are untrustworthy” merely because an older sibling said so,and then ignore any trustworthy lawyers they encounter later,categorizing them as exceptions.
Often confused with confirmation bias,belief perseverance is distinct.While confirmation bias involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological barrier around one’s existing views.
This bias emerges in multiple forms.In terms of self-perception,someone might persistently view themselves as bad at public speaking despite receiving applause for presentations,attributing success to luck.Socially,initial judgments can linger:assuming a reserved classmate is unfriendly,even after friendly interactions.Societally,stereotypes about groups — be it racial,gender-based,or political — frequently endure,resisting factual counter arguments.
Research backs this up.In one study,students given false feedback on analyzing suicide notes continued to believe in their “accuracy” or “inaccuracy” even after learning the feedback was fabricated(伪造的).Another experiment showed that beliefs connecting risk-taking to firefighting effectiveness persisted,regardless of discredited supporting data.
Several psychological factors contribute to belief perseverance.The availability heuristic(启发法) makes people rely on easily recalled examples,like assuming all doctors are impatient after one negative encounter.Illusory correlation creates false associations,such as linking a team’s loss to the color of their uniforms.Selective attention further reinforces bias,as individuals tend to notice evidence that confirms their beliefs while overlooking contradictory signs.
Overcoming this bias requires self-awareness.Strategies like counter-explanation — prompting individuals to consider reasons for opposing beliefs — can aid in relaxing the grip of firmly established mindsets.While complete removal may be unrealistic,recognizing belief perseverance is a crucial step towards more objective thinking in a world filled with information.
1.What is belief perseverance mainly about
A.Seeking information actively.
B.Accepting new evidence easily.
C.Checking exceptions frequently.
D.Sticking to beliefs despite proof.
2.How does belief perseverance differ from confirmation bias
A.It seeks supportive facts.
B.It changes views quickly.
C.It dismisses different ideas.
D.It relies on personal stories.
3.Which of the following shows belief perseverance
A.A student favors a teacher’s praise.
B.Someone assumes the worst after wins.
C.People follow popular opinions.
D.A child believes in parents’ advice.
4.What helps fight belief perseverance
A.Ignoring all opposing thoughts.
B.Trusting first impressions deeply.
C.Considering reasons from another angle.
D.Relying on past successful experiences.
Passage 2(2025山东潍坊二模)
主题:自我概念惰性 词数:362
难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟
Have you ever found yourself really wanting to change yet somehow remaining stuck in the same patterns The answer might not be in your behaviors,but in your beliefs — specifically,the beliefs you have about yourself and who you are.This is what psychologists call self-concept inertia(惰性).
Self-concept inertia is the psychological resistance to changing our identity.Our self-concept is influenced by our narrative identity,which is made up of the stories we tell about ourselves.These narratives can go beyond simply describing who we are today — they can restrict us from being who we believe we’re capable of becoming in the future.This means that even if we want to change,as long as we hold onto our old identities,we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the “new” version of ourselves.
Our self-concept doesn’t yield easily,even to our conscious desires.When your behaviors contradict your self-image,you experience a state of psychological discomfort.For example,if you’ve always seen yourself as “not a morning person”,successfully waking up at 5 a.m.creates tension with your established identity.So your brain has two options:Update your self-concept(hard) or abandon the new behavior(easier).As Carol Dweck discusses in her book Mindset:The New Psychology of Success,people with “fixed mindsets” tend to avoid challenges that might contradict their self-concept.
Yet your self-concept is malleable by design.Notice when you use a phrase like “I’m just not a person”.The absolute statement signals that few changes will happen.Instead of “I’m not an organized person”(identity),try “I haven’t developed strong organizational systems yet”(behavior).Identity statements feel permanent,but behavior statements feel changeable.Identifying these habits also gives you insight into a solution you can practice and improve.
Self-concept inertia weakens when we hold our identities lightly.When we see ourselves as works in progress rather than finished products,we create the psychological space needed for genuine transformation.The question isn’t whether you can change — it’s whether you’re willing to let go of familiar limitations to discover what lies beyond them.
5.How does our narrative identity affect us
A.It defines our better future.
B.It changes our self-concept.
C.It limits our behavior choices.
D.It improves our previous selves.
6.What does the example of waking up at 5 a.m.illustrate
A.The difficulty in getting rid of tension.
B.The benefits of becoming an early riser.
C.The conflict between behavior and self-identity.
D.The importance of following a strict daily routine.
7.What does the underlined word “malleable” mean in paragraph 4
A.Predictable. B.Available.
C.Sustainable. D.Adjustable.
8.What does the author advise people to do
A.Make perfect products.
B.Avoid labelling yourself.
C.Monitor psychological changes.
D.Attach importance to self-image.
Passage 3(2025江西鹰潭二模)
主题:意识起源 词数:366
难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟
With 86 billion neurons(神经元) and 100 trillion connections between them,our brain gives us our capacity for free will — our consciousness.Consciousness is difficult to describe,and scientists still debate how it arises.In Then I Am Myself the World,neuroscientist Christ of Koch offers the latest entry into the long list of books attempting to uncover the origins of our inner lives.While the topic can be a head-scratcher,Koch’s use of comparisons and entertaining stories makes the book an interesting and surprisingly light read.
Koch challenges some common understandings of consciousness,in which the brain is like a computer,where consciousness is software that’s programmed into the hardware of our neurons.This concept,he writes,dominates many movies where humans are similar to self-aware robots like Rachael in Blade Runner.
Instead of separating software and hardware,Koch argues that the brain is the structure of consciousness,which is the idea he draws from the integrated information theory,or IIT,a consciousness model first proposed by neuroscientist Giulio Tononi in the early 2000s.It suggests that consciousness is the act of a brain’s system of neurons integrating sensory,emotional,and cognitive information,and because of this,the neurons’ electrochemical activity can influence conscious experiences.In turn,consciousness can affect brain networks because what we feel or remember impacts these networks in real time.
Besides,Koch argues consciousness is not limited to the human brain and is present in other animals,too.However,while both humans and other animals experience consciousness,the scope of that consciousness differs.“For dogs,they don’t worry about what’s going to happen next weekend,but they have states of pain and joy.So humans,whose brain networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity,have more expanded consciousness than dogs,” Koch says.
Although AI learns more information and performs more difficult tasks,Koch says,it still cannot reach human-level consciousness.A computer’s network of transistors,which controls the flow of electrical signals within the machine,doesn’t have the power necessary to give rise to human-level consciousness.Each transistor connects to only a handful of other transistors,whereas one neuron can interact with thousands of others.
9.What does the underlined part “a head-scratcher” probably mean in paragraph 1
A.Controversial. B.Puzzling.
C.Inspiring. D.Straightforward.
10.What can be implied from the integrated information theory
A.The mind-brain connection is interactive.
B.Consciousness is a byproduct of brain activity.
C.The neurons’ functions are always overestimated.
D.Consciousness can be preprogrammed into the brain.
11.Why does Koch compare humans and dogs when discussing consciousness
A.To confirm that animals have basic consciousness.
B.To claim human consciousness is still evolving.
C.To argue that humans and animals share similar neural complexity.
D.To show that consciousness varies with neural interconnectivity.
12.What makes AI fail to replace the human brain according to Koch
A.The mechanical control of electrical signals.
B.The progression of the human brain.
C.The limitation of computer hardware.
D.The inability to choose conscious experiences.
答案：
Passage 1
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了信念固执这一现象,包括其定义、与确认偏误的区别、表现形式、研究实例、成因以及应对方法。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information.This is belief perseverance at work.”以及第二段中的“While confirmation bias involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological barrier around one’s existing views.”可知,信念固执指的是尽管有证据证明自己的信念有误,却仍然坚持自己的信念。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While confirmation bias involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological barrier around one’s existing views.”可知,信念固执与确认偏误的区别在于,信念固执会拒绝不同的想法,而确认偏误会寻求支持性事实。
3.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In terms of self-perception,someone might persistently view themselves as bad at public speaking despite receiving applause for presentations,attributing success to luck.”可知,信念固执在自我认知方面的表现是,尽管在演讲中获得了掌声,但有人可能会一直认为自己不擅长公开演讲,将成功归因于运气,即有人可能在取得成功后仍然往最坏处想。
易错点拨:本题易错选D项。虽然孩子相信父母的建议可能涉及对权威的信任,但这不直接体现“信念固执”(belief perseverance)。信念固执的核心是顽固拒绝相反证据,而D项未体现孩子面对反驳信息时的坚持。
4.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Overcoming this bias requires self-awareness.Strategies like counter-explanation — prompting individuals to consider reasons for opposing beliefs — can aid in relaxing the grip of firmly established mindsets.”可知,考虑反对信念的原因有助于克服信念固执。
提分干货
高频 词汇 1.convince vt.使信服 2.encounter v.偶遇,邂逅 3.distinct adj.截然不同的 4.evidence n.证据 5.barrier n.障碍 6.multiple adj.多种的 7.resist vt.抵制 8.association n.联想 9.contradictory adj.相互矛盾的 10.removal n.去除
熟词 生义 process (生) vt. 处理 (熟)n.过程
重点 短语 1.for instance 例如 2.be confused with 与……混淆 3.involve doing sth 包括做某事 4.in terms of 就……而言;在……方面 5.attribute...to...把……归因于…… 6.regardless of 不顾;不管
难句 分析 Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information. 分析:本句为主从复合句。that challenge their long-held opinion为that引导的定语从句;only to find them dismissing or processing the information为动词不定式短语在句中作结果状语。 译文:试想一下,当你用事实去挑战某人长期持有的观点时,却发现他们要么直接无视这些信息,要么以某种方式将其“消化处理”。
Passage 2
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自我概念惰性这一心理现象,即人们心理上抗拒改变自我身份,阐述了叙事身份对我们的影响,以及如何应对自我概念惰性。
5.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Our self-concept is influenced by our narrative identity...we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the ‘new’ version of ourselves.”可知,叙事身份不仅描述当下的我们,还会限制我们成为我们认为自己未来有能力成为的人,也就是限制我们的行为选择。
6.C 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“When your behaviors contradict your self-image...Update your self-concept (hard) or abandon the new behavior (easier).”可知,当行为与自我形象冲突时,大脑面临更新自我概念 (困难) 或放弃新行为 (容易) 的选择。由此可推知,以早上5点起床为例,是为了说明行为与自我身份之间的冲突。
易错点拨:本题易错选A项。虽然原文提到早起行为会导致心理不适(psychological discomfort),但该例子旨在说明行为与自我认知的冲突(“when your behaviors contradict your self-image”),而非强调“消除不适的难度”。A项偏离了例子的核心论证目标。
7.D 词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“Notice when you use a phrase like ‘I’m just not a person’.The absolute statement signals that few changes will happen.Instead of ‘I’m not an organized person’(identity),try ‘I haven’t developed strong organizational systems yet’(behavior).Identity statements feel permanent,but behavior statements feel changeable.”可知,作者建议把身份表述,如“我不是一个有条理的人”,转化为行为表述,如“我还没有建立起强大的组织体系”。因为身份表述感觉是固定的,而行为表述感觉是可以改变的,这表明自我概念是可以改变的,也就是具有可调整性的。因此,malleable的意思是“可调整的”。
8.B 推理判断题。根据第四段内容和最后一段中的“When we see ourselves as works in progress rather than finished products,we create the psychological space needed for genuine transformation.The question isn’t whether you can change — it’s whether you’re willing to let go of familiar limitations to discover what lies beyond them.”可知,作者建议人们不要用绝对的身份表述来限制自己,而应该用可改变的行为表述,并且把自己看作是正在进行中的作品,也就是不要给自己贴标签。
提分干货
高频 词汇 1.specifically adv.具体来说;确切地说 2.resistance n.抵抗 3.identity n.身份 4.restrict vt.限制 5.conscious adj.有意识的 6.desire n.欲望 7.contradict adj.相抵触;相矛盾 8.genuine adj.真正的 9.transformation n. 转变
重点 短语 1.be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事 2.hold onto 保住 3.in progress 在进行中 4. let go of放弃
难句 分析 This means that even if we want to change,as long as we hold onto our old identities,we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the “new” version of ourselves. 分析:本句为主从复合句。 that引导宾语从句,even if we want to change 为even if引导的让步状语从句,as long as we hold onto our old identities为as long as引导的条件状语从句, we know we need to make to become the “new” version of ourselves为定语从句,修饰先行词changes。 译文:这意味着即便我们渴望改变,只要仍固守旧的自我认知,就会不自觉地抗拒那些明知必须做出的、能让我们成为“新版”自己的改变。
Passage 3
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了Christ of Koch关于意识起源的理论,尤其是整合信息理论(IIT)。
9.B 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Consciousness is difficult to describe,and scientists still debate how it arises.”可推知,意识研究是复杂且令人困惑的。故画线词的意思是“令人困惑的”。
10.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“It suggests that consciousness is the act of a brain’s system of neurons integrating sensory,emotional,and cognitive information,and because of this,the neurons’ electrochemical activity can influence conscious experiences.In turn,consciousness can affect brain networks because what we feel or remember impacts these networks in real time.”可推知,整合信息理论暗示大脑和意识之间的联系是相互的。
11.D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“‘For dogs,they don’t worry about what’s going to happen next weekend,but they have states of pain and joy.So humans,whose brain networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity,have more expanded consciousness than dogs,’ Koch says.”可推知,Koch在讨论意识时比较人类和狗是为了表明意识随着神经互联性的不同而不同。
易错点拨:本题易错选A项。虽然Koch确实提到动物(如狗)具有意识(“consciousness is present in other animals”),但比较人类与狗的核心目的并非单纯“确认动物有意识”,而是为了对比意识范围的差异(“the scope of that consciousness differs”),并强调这种差异源于神经网络的互联程度(“brain networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity”)。因此,A项仅捕捉到表面信息,未触及比较的深层意图。
12.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“A computer’s network of transistors,which controls the flow of electrical signals within the machine,doesn’t have the power necessary to give rise to human-level consciousness.Each transistor connects to only a handful of other transistors,whereas one neuron can interact with thousands of others.”可知,在Koch看来,计算机硬件的限制让人工智能无法取代人类的大脑。
提分干货
高频 词汇 1.capacity n.能力 2.arise vi.产生;出现 3.origin n.起源 4.entertaining adj.有趣的 5.dominate vt.主宰;支配 6.expand vt. 扩展
重点 短语 1.attempt to do sth 企图做某事 2.in turn反过来 3.interact with与……互动
难句 分析 Koch challenges some common understandings of consciousness,in which the brain is like a computer,where consciousness is software that’s programmed into the hardware of our neurons. 分析:本句为主从复合句。in which the brain is like a computer是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,修饰先行词consciousness;where consciousness is software为where引导的定语从句,修饰先行词computer;that’s programmed into the hardware of our neurons为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词software。 译文:Koch挑战了关于意识的一些普遍认知——这些认知将大脑比作计算机,而意识则是被编程植入我们神经元硬件的软件。
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2026高考英语第二轮专题复习
文体分类练(五) 说明文之新概念类
Passage 1(2025山东实验中学一模)
主题:心理学之认知科学 词数:332
难易度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟
Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information.This is belief perseverance at work.Interestingly,these beliefs don’t necessarily stem from personal experience;for instance,children might believe “all lawyers are untrustworthy” merely because an older sibling said so,and then ignore any trustworthy lawyers they encounter later,categorizing them as exceptions.
Often confused with confirmation bias,belief perseverance is distinct.While confirmation bias involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological barrier around one’s existing views.
This bias emerges in multiple forms.In terms of self-perception,someone might persistently view themselves as bad at public speaking despite receiving applause for presentations,attributing success to luck.Socially,initial judgments can linger:assuming a reserved classmate is unfriendly,even after friendly interactions.Societally,stereotypes about groups — be it racial,gender-based,or political — frequently endure,resisting factual counter arguments.
Research backs this up.In one study,students given false feedback on analyzing suicide notes continued to believe in their “accuracy” or “inaccuracy” even after learning the feedback was fabricated(伪造的).Another experiment showed that beliefs connecting risk-taking to firefighting effectiveness persisted,regardless of discredited supporting data.
Several psychological factors contribute to belief perseverance.The availability heuristic(启发法) makes people rely on easily recalled examples,like assuming all doctors are impatient after one negative encounter.Illusory correlation creates false associations,such as linking a team’s loss to the color of their uniforms.Selective attention further reinforces bias,as individuals tend to notice evidence that confirms their beliefs while overlooking contradictory signs.
Overcoming this bias requires self-awareness.Strategies like counter-explanation — prompting individuals to consider reasons for opposing beliefs — can aid in relaxing the grip of firmly established mindsets.While complete removal may be unrealistic,recognizing belief perseverance is a crucial step towards more objective thinking in a world filled with information.
1.What is belief perseverance mainly about
A.Seeking information actively.
B.Accepting new evidence easily.
C.Checking exceptions frequently.
D.Sticking to beliefs despite proof.
2.How does belief perseverance differ from confirmation bias
A.It seeks supportive facts.
B.It changes views quickly.
C.It dismisses different ideas.
D.It relies on personal stories.
3.Which of the following shows belief perseverance
A.A student favors a teacher’s praise.
B.Someone assumes the worst after wins.
C.People follow popular opinions.
D.A child believes in parents’ advice.
4.What helps fight belief perseverance
A.Ignoring all opposing thoughts.
B.Trusting first impressions deeply.
C.Considering reasons from another angle.
D.Relying on past successful experiences.
Passage 2(2025山东潍坊二模)
主题:自我概念惰性 词数:362
难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟
Have you ever found yourself really wanting to change yet somehow remaining stuck in the same patterns The answer might not be in your behaviors,but in your beliefs — specifically,the beliefs you have about yourself and who you are.This is what psychologists call self-concept inertia(惰性).
Self-concept inertia is the psychological resistance to changing our identity.Our self-concept is influenced by our narrative identity,which is made up of the stories we tell about ourselves.These narratives can go beyond simply describing who we are today — they can restrict us from being who we believe we’re capable of becoming in the future.This means that even if we want to change,as long as we hold onto our old identities,we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the “new” version of ourselves.
Our self-concept doesn’t yield easily,even to our conscious desires.When your behaviors contradict your self-image,you experience a state of psychological discomfort.For example,if you’ve always seen yourself as “not a morning person”,successfully waking up at 5 a.m.creates tension with your established identity.So your brain has two options:Update your self-concept(hard) or abandon the new behavior(easier).As Carol Dweck discusses in her book Mindset:The New Psychology of Success,people with “fixed mindsets” tend to avoid challenges that might contradict their self-concept.
Yet your self-concept is malleable by design.Notice when you use a phrase like “I’m just not a person”.The absolute statement signals that few changes will happen.Instead of “I’m not an organized person”(identity),try “I haven’t developed strong organizational systems yet”(behavior).Identity statements feel permanent,but behavior statements feel changeable.Identifying these habits also gives you insight into a solution you can practice and improve.
Self-concept inertia weakens when we hold our identities lightly.When we see ourselves as works in progress rather than finished products,we create the psychological space needed for genuine transformation.The question isn’t whether you can change — it’s whether you’re willing to let go of familiar limitations to discover what lies beyond them.
5.How does our narrative identity affect us
A.It defines our better future.
B.It changes our self-concept.
C.It limits our behavior choices.
D.It improves our previous selves.
6.What does the example of waking up at 5 a.m.illustrate
A.The difficulty in getting rid of tension.
B.The benefits of becoming an early riser.
C.The conflict between behavior and self-identity.
D.The importance of following a strict daily routine.
7.What does the underlined word “malleable” mean in paragraph 4
A.Predictable. B.Available.
C.Sustainable. D.Adjustable.
8.What does the author advise people to do
A.Make perfect products.
B.Avoid labelling yourself.
C.Monitor psychological changes.
D.Attach importance to self-image.
Passage 3(2025江西鹰潭二模)
主题:意识起源 词数:366
难度:★★★★☆ 限时:7分钟
With 86 billion neurons(神经元) and 100 trillion connections between them,our brain gives us our capacity for free will — our consciousness.Consciousness is difficult to describe,and scientists still debate how it arises.In Then I Am Myself the World,neuroscientist Christ of Koch offers the latest entry into the long list of books attempting to uncover the origins of our inner lives.While the topic can be a head-scratcher,Koch’s use of comparisons and entertaining stories makes the book an interesting and surprisingly light read.
Koch challenges some common understandings of consciousness,in which the brain is like a computer,where consciousness is software that’s programmed into the hardware of our neurons.This concept,he writes,dominates many movies where humans are similar to self-aware robots like Rachael in Blade Runner.
Instead of separating software and hardware,Koch argues that the brain is the structure of consciousness,which is the idea he draws from the integrated information theory,or IIT,a consciousness model first proposed by neuroscientist Giulio Tononi in the early 2000s.It suggests that consciousness is the act of a brain’s system of neurons integrating sensory,emotional,and cognitive information,and because of this,the neurons’ electrochemical activity can influence conscious experiences.In turn,consciousness can affect brain networks because what we feel or remember impacts these networks in real time.
Besides,Koch argues consciousness is not limited to the human brain and is present in other animals,too.However,while both humans and other animals experience consciousness,the scope of that consciousness differs.“For dogs,they don’t worry about what’s going to happen next weekend,but they have states of pain and joy.So humans,whose brain networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity,have more expanded consciousness than dogs,” Koch says.
Although AI learns more information and performs more difficult tasks,Koch says,it still cannot reach human-level consciousness.A computer’s network of transistors,which controls the flow of electrical signals within the machine,doesn’t have the power necessary to give rise to human-level consciousness.Each transistor connects to only a handful of other transistors,whereas one neuron can interact with thousands of others.
9.What does the underlined part “a head-scratcher” probably mean in paragraph 1
A.Controversial. B.Puzzling.
C.Inspiring. D.Straightforward.
10.What can be implied from the integrated information theory
A.The mind-brain connection is interactive.
B.Consciousness is a byproduct of brain activity.
C.The neurons’ functions are always overestimated.
D.Consciousness can be preprogrammed into the brain.
11.Why does Koch compare humans and dogs when discussing consciousness
A.To confirm that animals have basic consciousness.
B.To claim human consciousness is still evolving.
C.To argue that humans and animals share similar neural complexity.
D.To show that consciousness varies with neural interconnectivity.
12.What makes AI fail to replace the human brain according to Koch
A.The mechanical control of electrical signals.
B.The progression of the human brain.
C.The limitation of computer hardware.
D.The inability to choose conscious experiences.
答案：
Passage 1
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了信念固执这一现象,包括其定义、与确认偏误的区别、表现形式、研究实例、成因以及应对方法。
1.D 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information.This is belief perseverance at work.”以及第二段中的“While confirmation bias involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological barrier around one’s existing views.”可知,信念固执指的是尽管有证据证明自己的信念有误,却仍然坚持自己的信念。
2.C 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“While confirmation bias involves seeking out information that supports one’s preconceptions,belief perseverance is about actively rejecting evidence that could disprove those beliefs,building a psychological barrier around one’s existing views.”可知,信念固执与确认偏误的区别在于,信念固执会拒绝不同的想法,而确认偏误会寻求支持性事实。
3.B 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“In terms of self-perception,someone might persistently view themselves as bad at public speaking despite receiving applause for presentations,attributing success to luck.”可知,信念固执在自我认知方面的表现是,尽管在演讲中获得了掌声,但有人可能会一直认为自己不擅长公开演讲,将成功归因于运气,即有人可能在取得成功后仍然往最坏处想。
易错点拨:本题易错选D项。虽然孩子相信父母的建议可能涉及对权威的信任,但这不直接体现“信念固执”(belief perseverance)。信念固执的核心是顽固拒绝相反证据,而D项未体现孩子面对反驳信息时的坚持。
4.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Overcoming this bias requires self-awareness.Strategies like counter-explanation — prompting individuals to consider reasons for opposing beliefs — can aid in relaxing the grip of firmly established mindsets.”可知,考虑反对信念的原因有助于克服信念固执。
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高频 词汇 1.convince vt.使信服 2.encounter v.偶遇,邂逅 3.distinct adj.截然不同的 4.evidence n.证据 5.barrier n.障碍 6.multiple adj.多种的 7.resist vt.抵制 8.association n.联想 9.contradictory adj.相互矛盾的 10.removal n.去除
熟词 生义 process (生) vt. 处理 (熟)n.过程
重点 短语 1.for instance 例如 2.be confused with 与……混淆 3.involve doing sth 包括做某事 4.in terms of 就……而言;在……方面 5.attribute...to...把……归因于…… 6.regardless of 不顾;不管
难句 分析 Imagine trying to convince someone with facts that challenge their long-held opinion,only to find them dismissing or processing the information. 分析:本句为主从复合句。that challenge their long-held opinion为that引导的定语从句;only to find them dismissing or processing the information为动词不定式短语在句中作结果状语。 译文:试想一下,当你用事实去挑战某人长期持有的观点时,却发现他们要么直接无视这些信息,要么以某种方式将其“消化处理”。
Passage 2
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了自我概念惰性这一心理现象,即人们心理上抗拒改变自我身份,阐述了叙事身份对我们的影响,以及如何应对自我概念惰性。
5.C 推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Our self-concept is influenced by our narrative identity...we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the ‘new’ version of ourselves.”可知,叙事身份不仅描述当下的我们,还会限制我们成为我们认为自己未来有能力成为的人,也就是限制我们的行为选择。
6.C 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“When your behaviors contradict your self-image...Update your self-concept (hard) or abandon the new behavior (easier).”可知,当行为与自我形象冲突时,大脑面临更新自我概念 (困难) 或放弃新行为 (容易) 的选择。由此可推知,以早上5点起床为例,是为了说明行为与自我身份之间的冲突。
易错点拨:本题易错选A项。虽然原文提到早起行为会导致心理不适(psychological discomfort),但该例子旨在说明行为与自我认知的冲突(“when your behaviors contradict your self-image”),而非强调“消除不适的难度”。A项偏离了例子的核心论证目标。
7.D 词句猜测题。根据第四段中的“Notice when you use a phrase like ‘I’m just not a person’.The absolute statement signals that few changes will happen.Instead of ‘I’m not an organized person’(identity),try ‘I haven’t developed strong organizational systems yet’(behavior).Identity statements feel permanent,but behavior statements feel changeable.”可知,作者建议把身份表述,如“我不是一个有条理的人”,转化为行为表述,如“我还没有建立起强大的组织体系”。因为身份表述感觉是固定的,而行为表述感觉是可以改变的,这表明自我概念是可以改变的,也就是具有可调整性的。因此,malleable的意思是“可调整的”。
8.B 推理判断题。根据第四段内容和最后一段中的“When we see ourselves as works in progress rather than finished products,we create the psychological space needed for genuine transformation.The question isn’t whether you can change — it’s whether you’re willing to let go of familiar limitations to discover what lies beyond them.”可知,作者建议人们不要用绝对的身份表述来限制自己,而应该用可改变的行为表述,并且把自己看作是正在进行中的作品,也就是不要给自己贴标签。
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高频 词汇 1.specifically adv.具体来说;确切地说 2.resistance n.抵抗 3.identity n.身份 4.restrict vt.限制 5.conscious adj.有意识的 6.desire n.欲望 7.contradict adj.相抵触;相矛盾 8.genuine adj.真正的 9.transformation n. 转变
重点 短语 1.be capable of doing sth 有能力做某事 2.hold onto 保住 3.in progress 在进行中 4. let go of放弃
难句 分析 This means that even if we want to change,as long as we hold onto our old identities,we’ll unintentionally resist making the changes we know we need to make to become the “new” version of ourselves. 分析:本句为主从复合句。 that引导宾语从句,even if we want to change 为even if引导的让步状语从句,as long as we hold onto our old identities为as long as引导的条件状语从句, we know we need to make to become the “new” version of ourselves为定语从句,修饰先行词changes。 译文:这意味着即便我们渴望改变,只要仍固守旧的自我认知,就会不自觉地抗拒那些明知必须做出的、能让我们成为“新版”自己的改变。
Passage 3
【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了Christ of Koch关于意识起源的理论,尤其是整合信息理论(IIT)。
9.B 词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Consciousness is difficult to describe,and scientists still debate how it arises.”可推知,意识研究是复杂且令人困惑的。故画线词的意思是“令人困惑的”。
10.A 推理判断题。根据第三段中的“It suggests that consciousness is the act of a brain’s system of neurons integrating sensory,emotional,and cognitive information,and because of this,the neurons’ electrochemical activity can influence conscious experiences.In turn,consciousness can affect brain networks because what we feel or remember impacts these networks in real time.”可推知,整合信息理论暗示大脑和意识之间的联系是相互的。
11.D 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“‘For dogs,they don’t worry about what’s going to happen next weekend,but they have states of pain and joy.So humans,whose brain networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity,have more expanded consciousness than dogs,’ Koch says.”可推知,Koch在讨论意识时比较人类和狗是为了表明意识随着神经互联性的不同而不同。
易错点拨:本题易错选A项。虽然Koch确实提到动物(如狗)具有意识(“consciousness is present in other animals”),但比较人类与狗的核心目的并非单纯“确认动物有意识”,而是为了对比意识范围的差异(“the scope of that consciousness differs”),并强调这种差异源于神经网络的互联程度(“brain networks have the highest known level of interconnectivity”)。因此,A项仅捕捉到表面信息,未触及比较的深层意图。
12.C 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“A computer’s network of transistors,which controls the flow of electrical signals within the machine,doesn’t have the power necessary to give rise to human-level consciousness.Each transistor connects to only a handful of other transistors,whereas one neuron can interact with thousands of others.”可知,在Koch看来,计算机硬件的限制让人工智能无法取代人类的大脑。
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高频 词汇 1.capacity n.能力 2.arise vi.产生;出现 3.origin n.起源 4.entertaining adj.有趣的 5.dominate vt.主宰;支配 6.expand vt. 扩展
重点 短语 1.attempt to do sth 企图做某事 2.in turn反过来 3.interact with与……互动
难句 分析 Koch challenges some common understandings of consciousness,in which the brain is like a computer,where consciousness is software that’s programmed into the hardware of our neurons. 分析:本句为主从复合句。in which the brain is like a computer是“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,修饰先行词consciousness;where consciousness is software为where引导的定语从句,修饰先行词computer;that’s programmed into the hardware of our neurons为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词software。 译文:Koch挑战了关于意识的一些普遍认知——这些认知将大脑比作计算机,而意识则是被编程植入我们神经元硬件的软件。
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