Unit 4 Natural disasters Period3Discovering Useful Structures学案(含答案)2025-2026学年高中英语人教版(2019)必修第一册

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名称 Unit 4 Natural disasters Period3Discovering Useful Structures学案(含答案)2025-2026学年高中英语人教版(2019)必修第一册
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更新时间 2025-11-09 00:00:00

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高中英语语法之——限制性定语从句(地震灾难主题)
今天,我们来系统地学习一下高中英语语法中的限制性定语从句。这个语法点是高中英语语法的重点,也是难点,但只要遵循一定的规律去学习,就能完全掌握它。
下面,我将从限制性定语从句的基本概念、核心用法和特殊情况三个层面分别举例分析,再辅助典型练习来巩固加深印象,相信通过这样循序渐进地学习,你一定能够快速高效地掌握限制性定语从句的用法,从容应对相关考题!
第一部分:基本概念
1. 定义:
限制性定语从句,顾名思义,是用来限定、修饰主句中某个名词或代词的从句。它是整个句子的必要组成部分,如果去掉它,主句的意思就会不完整、不明确。
请看例句:
The teacher that/who teaches us English is from Canada.
中文:那个教我们英语的老师来自加拿大。
如果没有“that/who teaches us English”这个修饰成分,我们就不知道是“哪个”老师,句意就不完整。这个修饰部分就是“限制性”的。
2. 构成:
先行词(被修饰的词)+ 关系词(引导定语从句的词)
上面的例句可以分解为:
先行词:The teacher
关系词:that/who
定语从句:that/who teaches us English
第二部分:核心关系词的用法
1. 关系代词:who, whom, which, that, whose
规则1:指人时用 who / that(在从句中作主语)
例句: The scientist who/that predicted the earthquake is famous.
中文: 那位预测了地震的科学家很有名。
分析: "who/that" 在从句中作主语,指代 "the scientist"。
规则2:指物时用 which / that(在从句中作主语或宾语)
作主语: The magnitude of the earthquake which/that hit the city yesterday was 7.0.
中文: 昨天袭击这座城市的地震是7.0级。
分析: "which/that" 在从句中作主语,指代 "the earthquake"。
作宾语: The aftershocks (which/that) we felt were minor.
中文: 我们感受到的余震很轻微。
分析: "which/that" 在从句中作 "felt" 的宾语,此时可以省略。
规则3:在从句中作宾语(指人)时用 whom / that(通常可省略,或用who代替)
例句: The survivors (whom/who/that) the rescue team saved are in the hospital.
中文: 救援队救出的幸存者在医院里。
分析: "whom/who/that" 在从句中作 "saved" 的宾语,可以省略。
规则4:表示“……的”时用 whose(既可指人,也可指物)
指人: The boy whose parents were killed in the quake needs help.
中文: 那个父母在地震中遇难的男孩需要帮助。
指物: This is the city whose infrastructure was severely damaged.
中文: 这就是那个基础设施遭到严重破坏的城市。
2. 关系副词:when, where, why
规则5:表示时间用 when(在从句中作时间状语)
例句: I will never forget the day when the earthquake happened.
中文: 我永远不会忘记地震发生的那一天。
分析: "when" = on which,在从句中作时间状语。
规则6:表示地点用 where(在从句中作地点状语)
例句: The area where the epicenter was located is mountainous.
中文: 震中所处的区域是山区。
分析: "where" = in which,在从句中作地点状语。
规则7:表示原因用 why(在从句中作原因状语)
例句: That is the reason why we need an emergency plan.
中文: 这就是我们需要一个应急计划的原因。
分析: "why" = for which,在从句中作原因状语。
第三部分:特殊情况与难点
难点1:只用 that 的情况
在以下情况中,通常只用 that,而不用 which 或 who:
1. 先行词是不定代词时(all, much, little, everything, anything, nothing, none 等)。
例句: Everything that could be done has been done.
中文: 能做的一切都做了。
2. 先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。
例句: This is the most powerful earthquake that has ever been recorded here.
中文: 这是这里有记录以来最强烈的地震。
3. 先行词同时包含人和物时。
例句: The rescuers and the equipment that arrived yesterday are crucial.
中文: 昨天抵达的救援人员和设备至关重要。
难点2:介词 + 关系代词
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以把介词提前。
基本句: The emergency kit which we are looking for is in the car.
中文: 我们正在找的应急包在车里。
介词提前: The emergency kit for which we are looking is in the car. (比较正式)
更常见用法: The emergency kit (which/that) we are looking for is in the car. (省略关系词,最常用)
注意:
1.固定动词短语(如 look for, take care of)中的介词一般不提前,否则会破坏短语的完整性。
2.当介词提前时,指人只能用 whom,指物只能用 which。
例句: The man to whom you spoke is a seismologist. (你刚才和他说话的那个人是地震学家。)
第四部分:综合练习
一、选择题
1. The reason ______ many buildings collapsed was poor construction.
A. which
B. why
C. when
D. whose
2. Is this the emergency shelter ______ people gathered after the quake
A. that
B. which
C. where
D. whom
3. The geologist ______ predicted the disaster was on the news.
A. whom
B. which
C. who
D. whose
4. This is the most devastating earthquake ______ the country has experienced in a century.
A. which
B. when
C. that
D. where
5. The volunteers, ______ hard work was admirable, saved many lives.
A. who
B. whom
C. whose
D. that
二、用合适的关系词填空(可省略时用“/”表示)
1. The dog ______ found the trapped child is a hero.
2. The time ______ we should evacuate is now.
3. The supplies ______ we donated have been sent to the disaster area.
4. I know the woman ______ son is a rescue worker.
三、改错
1. This is the city where the earthquake destroyed it last year.
2. Everything which we need is in the emergency bag.
第五部分:练习答案
一、选择题
1. B (reason why ... 固定搭配,表示原因)
2. C (先行词 shelter 是地点,从句缺少地点状语,用 where)
3. C (先行词 geologist 是人,在从句中作主语,用 who)
4. C (先行词被最高级 "the most devastating" 修饰,只能用 that)
5. C (从句中 hard work 前面缺少“的”,表示所属关系,用 whose)
二、用合适的关系词填空
1. that / which (指物the dog,在从句中作主语)
2. when (先行词 time,在从句中作时间状语)
3. that / which / / (指物 the supplies,在从句中作 donated 的宾语,可省略)
4. whose (son 前面缺少“的”,表示所属关系)
三、改错
1. 错误: This is the city where the earthquake destroyed it last year.
改正: This is the city that/which the earthquake destroyed last year.
或改为:This is the city destroyed by the earthquake last year.
分析: "where" 是关系副词,在从句中只能作地点状语。而这个从句 "the earthquake destroyed it" 已经有了主语 (the earthquake) 和宾语 (it),句子成分完整。所以应该用关系代词 which/that 来指代 the city,并作 destroyed 的宾语,同时删掉多余的 "it"。
2. 错误: Everything which we need is in the emergency bag.
改正: Everything that we need is in the emergency bag.
分析: 当先行词是不定代词 (如 everything, anything, nothing) 时,关系代词只能用 that,不能用 which。
怎么样?是不是全部都做对了?那么恭喜你!已经掌握了限制性定语从句最核心的用法了!”