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Unit 3 The Earth
Oxford English
Grammar
What things are there on Earth
Lead-in
forests
sea
rivers
mountains
water
plants
air
light
food
animals
可数名词和不可数名词
Language points
名词
nouns.
可数名词
countable nouns
不可数名词
uncountable nouns
名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。
可以用数量来计算的名词为可数名词。反之为不可数。
(1)定义:是可以计数的名词
(2)可数名词前可以用a, an限定,表示一个…
（当一个可数名词是以元音音素开头的话用an）
a book一本书an egg一个鸡蛋an apple一个苹果
(3)可数名词前可以用one, two, three…限定。
one pear一个梨子 two students两个学生
(4)可数名词有复数形式。
可数名词countable nouns
一般是直接在名词后面加S
two oranges
some pears
一些梨子
many apples
许多苹果
three tomatoes
many
potatoes
许多土豆
some heroes英雄
英雄们(heroes)爱
吃西红柿(tamatoes)和
马铃薯(potatoes)。
以O结尾的有生命的名词复数加es
watches
boxes
buses
以 s, sh, x, ch结尾的，
变复数时在后加es
many strawberries
two dictionaries
dictionary
strawberry
以 辅音字母+y结尾的，变复数时改y为i加es
以f\ fe 结尾的，变复数时改fe为v再加es
some leaves
four knives
knife
leaf
名词特点 词尾加法 词尾读音方法 例词
一般情况 加-s 1.-s在清辅音后读[s] 2. -s在浊辅音后读[z] 3. -s在元音后读[z] 4. 以音素[ s, z, ]结尾的, 读[iz] desks
apples
trees
oranges
以-s, -x, -sh, -ch 结尾的 加-es -es读[iz] boxes
watches
以f 或 fe 结尾的 改f或fe为v再加-es -ves读[vz] knives
wives
可数名词复数形式的构成(1)
名词特点 词尾加法 词尾读音方法 例词
以辅音字母加y结尾的 改y为i 再加-es -ies读[iz] families
dictionaries
以元音字母加y结尾的 加-s -s读[z] boys
keys
以o 结尾的 有生命的事物加-es -es读[z] tomatoes
potatoes
无生命的事物加-s -s读[z] photos
radios
可数名词复数形式的构成(2)
不规则变化
孩子child---children 公牛ox--oxen
女人woman---women 男人man---men
脚foot---feet 牙齿tooth---teeth
天鹅goose--geese 老鼠mouse--mice
中国人Chinese---Chinese
日本人Japanese---Japanese
英国人Englishman--Englishmen
单复数同形：
鱼fish---fish 绵羊sheep---sheep
鹿deer--deer 瑞士人Swiss--Swiss
可数名词复数形式的构成(3)
Write the plural form of these
countable nouns.
boy _________ 2. story ________
3. watch ________ 4. wish _________
5. fox __________ 6. radio _________
7. tomato _______ 8. knife _________
9. shelf _________ 10. foot _________
11. woman________ 12. child ________
13. tooth _______ 14. sheep _______
boys
stories
watches
wishes
foxes
radios
tomatoes
knives
shelves
children
women
feet
teeth
sheep
Exercise
(1)定义:是指不能计数的名词。
(2)不可数名词前不可以用a , an...限定。
(3)不可数名词前不可以用one, two, three… 限定。
(3)不可数名词没有复数形式。
不可数名词uncountable nouns
(4)不可数名词量的表达
1. 用some(一些) 修饰不可数名词。
some tea一些茶,some bread一些面包,some meat一些肉
2. 用数量词+of+不可数名词，表示具体的量。
常用的词有cup(杯),glass(玻璃杯),bottle(瓶),piece(片)，bag（袋）等。
a bottle of orange一瓶橙汁,
two pieces of meat 两块肉
three bags of rice三袋米
a bowl of rice
three cups of coffee
a bottle of milk
a bag of apples
a glass of water
two boxes of eggs
Exercise
Describe the pictures below.
bottle glass bag bowl cup box
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
one animal, two animals some rubbish
I have a world map at home. There is an article about the Earth. All plants need light and water.
This plant is beautiful. These animals are dangerous. Air has no smell.
Water is important.
Try to find out the rules form these sentences. Pay more attention to the red words
可数名词和不可数名词
Work out the rule
(Countable/Uncountable) nouns can
have plurals.
We can use a or an before
(countable / uncountable) nouns.
Uncountable nouns only take
(singular/plural) verbs.
1 There is grass in a forest.
2 Do not throw rubbish into the river.
3 The air is fresh in the mountains.
4 The flowers are beautiful. Let me take a photo.
5 We should drink water every day.
Here is a glass for you.
Countable forest
Uncountable
river
mountains
flowers
photo
glass
grass
rubbish
air
water
Grammar Exercise
S1: What’s this
S2: It’s a bottle.
S1: What’s inside it
S2: Some milk.
S1: What are these
S2: They’re boxes.
S1: What’s inside them
S2: Some eggs.
1
2
bottle/milk
box/egg
A2 In pairs, ask and answer questions about each photo.
What can you see in this picture
I can see some forests and trees.
_____ ____ a beautiful world under the water.
There
is
Is it a beautiful world
Yes, it is.
Where is it
It’s under the water.
B We often use there is...or there are...to say that somthing exists somewhere.
What can you see in this picture
I can see some forests and trees.
Where are they
They are on Earth.
_____ ____ forests and mountains on Earth.
There
are
We use ____________ with a singular noun or an uncountable noun.
We use ____________ with a plural noun.
there is
there are
work out the rule
There be + 某物 / 某人 + 某地
表示：某地有某物或某人
1: There is a girl and two boys in the
picture.
2: There are two boys and a girl in the
picture.
就近原则
be动词单复数形式要与紧跟there be之后的主语保持一致，如果主语是单数或不可数名词用is，如果主语是复数are。
☆
☆
There be--- 的一般疑问句
There are some shoes under the bed.
Are there any shoes under the bed
Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
There is a radio on the desk.
Is there a radio on the desk
Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.
→
→
☆
规则：is/are要提前, some 变 any, 其他都不变。some“一些”用于肯定句
any“一些”用于疑问句和否定句
☆
Jane: (1)_______ pollution in the sea. What can we do to help protect the sea
Danny: (2)________ many things we can do. We can have a beach clean-up day. You see, (3)_________ always many bottles on the beaches. They pollute the sea.
Jane: That’s a good idea! What else can we do
Danny: We can ask people not to eat shark fin soup. (4)_______ a seafood restaurant near your home
Jane: No, (5)__________. (6)__________ any other things we can do to help
There is
There are
There are
Is there
there isn’t
Are there
Grammar Exercise
1. —Would you like some _______
—No, thanks. I’m not hungry at all. (2013 宁波)
water B. soup
C. orange D. bread
2. I’m so hungry. Please give me to eat. (2013 四川)
three bread
B. three pieces of bread
C. three pieces of breads
中考链接
3. —After P.E., I often feel very thirsty.
—Why not buy some ________ to drink (2014四川省达州)
A. bread B. noodles C. apple juice D. teas
4. Mum, it’s so hot. Could I have some ________ (2014黑龙江)
hamburgers B. bread
C. ice-cream
1. There __ a pencil in the pencil box.
2. There ____ some flowers on the desk.
3. There ____ four people in my family.
4. There __ a picture and two maps on
the wall.
5. A: __ there a cat under the tree
B: Yes, there __.
is
is
Is
is
Use is or are to finish these sentences.
are
are
Homework
Review the simple present tense.
Write ten sentences about your daily life. You can use the simple present tense.
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Unit3 The Earth
Grammar同步练习
一、名词的数：
名词按其所表示的事物的性质 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )可分为可数名词和不可数名词两类。可数名词有复数形式。不可数名词一般没有复数形式。可数名词的单数往往要与补丁冠词a或an连用，复数则使用其复数形式。21cnjy.com
（一）可数名词的单复数
1. 单数可数名词：表示名词的单数，要 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com" \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网 )在名词前加不定冠词a或an. a加在以辅音开头的名词前，an加在以元音开头的名词前。如： a book an apple【来源：21cnj*y.co*m】
2.复数可数名词
情况 构成方法 例词
一般情况 在词尾加s desk-desks girl-girls
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词 在词尾加-es bus-buses Fish-fishes
以辅音字母加y结尾的词 变y为i再加-es Families Party-parties
以元音字母加y结尾的词 在词尾加-s Day-days Key-keys
以f或fe结尾的词 变f或fe为v再加-es Knife-knives Wife-wives
以辅音字母加o结尾的词 在词尾加-es Potato-potatoes Hero-heroes英雄（heroes)爱吃西红柿(tomatoes)和土豆(potatoes）。
以元音字母加-o结尾的词 在词尾加-s Radio-radios Zoo-zoos
注意：
少数以辅音字母加o结尾的名词变为复数时只加-s。
如：photo-photos相片 piano-pianos钢琴 zoo-zoos radio-radios
一些名词的不规则变化
①元音发生变化
man-men男人 woman-women女人 foot-feet脚 tooth-teeth牙
②单复数形式相同
Deer-deer鹿 fish-fish鱼 sheep-sheep绵羊 Chinese-Chinese中国人
③词尾发生变化
Child-children孩子 ox-oxen公牛
④ 有些名词只有复数形式
Clothes衣服 trousers裤子 glasses眼镜 scissors剪子21教育网
（二）不可数名词
1.不可数名词的确切数量的表达方式
当表示不可数名词的确切数量时，通常可在不可数名词前面加上表示数量的单位词。
a glass of water一杯水 two glasses of water两杯水
A kilo of meat一公斤肉 two kilos of meat两公斤肉
2.不可数名词的不确切数量的表达方式
当表示不可数名词的各种大概、不确切的数量时，课运用下列单词和短语：
单词：not (any) / no没有； little几乎没有 ；a little / some一些；
most大部分； all全部
短语：a lot of / lots of /plenty of / much / a great deal of/.... 许多21·cn·jy·com
二、there be 句型基本认识
1、定义：There be句型表示“某处存在某物或某人”。
2、结构：(1) There is +单数可数名词/不可数名词 + 地点状语.
(2) There are +复数名词+地点状语.
注意事项： there是引导词，在句中不充当任何成分，翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语（某人或某物）的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时，根据就近原则，谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。
①：变成否定
There be句型的否定式的构成和含有be动词的其它句型一样，在be后加上not。
②：变成一般疑问句
There be句型的一般疑问句变化是把be动词调整到句首，再在句尾加上问号即可。但同时要注意：当肯定句中有some时，要将其改为any（否定变化也一样）。
注意事项：there be 句型与have句型的区别
(1) There be 句型和have都表示“有”的含义。区别如下：There be表示“某处存在某物或某人”；have表示“某人拥有某物/某人”，它表示所有、拥有关系。
当have表示“包括”、“存在”的含义时，There be 句型与其可互换。如：
eg. A week has seven days. =There are seven days in a week. 一个星期有七天。
【典型例题】
一、写出下列名词的复数形式
1. orange(复数) ______ 2. banana(复数)______
3. photo(复数)______ 4. family(复数)______
5. bus(复数)______ 6. watch(复数)______
7. woman(复数)______ 8. child(复数)______
9. monkey(复数) ______ 10. piano(复数)______
11. toy (复数)______ 12. foot(复数) ______
13. Japanese(复数) ______ 14. radio (复数)______
15. tomato (复数) ______
二、单项选择。
( ) 1. I have _____ and a cup of orange juice for supper.2·1·c·n·j·y
A. two bread B. two pieces of bread
C. two breads D. two pieces of breads
( ) 2. Everyone needs _____ and water to live on Earth.【来源：21·世纪·教育·网】
A. airs B. aires C. air D. an air
( ) 3. --- What's on the table
--- There are three _____ on the table.
A. cup of coffee B. cups of coffees
C. cups of coffee D. cup of coffees
( ) 4. _____ a table and two chairs in the room.
A. There is B. There being C. There are D. There be
( ) 5. The cat catches two _____ on my uncle's farm.21世纪教育网版权所有
A. mice B. dog C. tiger D. mouse
( ) 6. Benny saw three ______ climbing the walls.www-2-1-cnjy-com
A. thiefs B. thief C. thieves D. thieve
( ) 7. —Tom, what are those
—They are________.
A. deers B. a deer C. deer D. deeres
( ) 8. There ____ two books and a pen on the desk.21·世纪*教育网
A. is B. are C. be D. /
( ) 9. The boy is thirsty, and he would like _______.2-1-c-n-j-y
A. a cup of tea B. a bowl of rice
C. a box of chocolate D. a piece of bread
( ) 10. Maths _____ my favourite subject.
A. is B. am C. are D. be
三、根据句意，用适当的be动词填空，补全句子。
1. There _________ a book and two pens on the desk. 21*cnjy*com
2. There _________ many apples in the bag.
3. There _________ much water in the glass.
4. There _________ an egg on the table.
5. There _________ many animals in the zoo.
四. 将下列句子变成否定句和一般疑问句。
1.There is some water in the bottle.www.21-cn-jy.com
否定句：_________________________________________
一般疑问句：_________________________________________
2.There are many apples in the box.
否定句：_________________________________________
一般疑问句：_________________________________________
3.There are some rivers and pollution on Earth.
否定句：_________________________________________
一般疑问句：_________________________________________
Unit3 The Earth
Grammar同步练习
答案
一、1.oranges 2.bananas
3.photos 4.families
5.buses 6.watches
7. women 8.children
9.monkeys 10.pianos
11.toys 12.feet
13.Japanese 14.wives
15.tomatoes 16.teeth
二、1-5 BCCAA 6-10CCBAA
三、1.is 2.are 3.is 4.is 5.are
四、1.There isn’t any water in the bottle.
Is there any water in the bottle
2.There aren’t many apples in the box.
Are there many apples in the box
3.There are not any rivers and sea on Earth.
Are there any rivers and sea on Earth
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