(共62张PPT)
文体3:说明文
文体3:说明文
说明文类完形填空的文章一般是一篇完整的、意思表达清楚的、逻辑比较严密的短文。此类文体主要有时态、语言和主题三条主线。
(2022·全国乙卷改编)
高考真题
Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there’s something highly exciting about 1 someone else’s glance and making oneself unable to be seen.
However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably 2 at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies 3 .
For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was 4 as evidence that children are hopelessly “egocentric”(自我中心的) creatures. But our 5 research results in child developmental psychology 6 that idea.
We brought young children aged 2~4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 7 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 8 . We then asked the child if she could 9 or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn’t. The same thing happened when the adult covered her own mouth: Now children said that they couldn’t 10 to her.
A number of experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our young subjects 11 the questions and knew exactly what was asked of them. Their 12 to the questions reflected their true 13 that “I can see you only if you can see me, too.” They simply insist on mutual(相互的) recognition and regard. Our 14 suggest when a child “hides” by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of
egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method 15 when others use it.
2. A. clever B. bad C. scared D. quick
3. A. exposed B. examined C. untouched D. imbalanced
细研首句定方向
1. A. following B. taking C. escaping D. directing
4. A. supported B. guaranteed C. imagined D. interpreted
5. A. disappointing B. mixed C. surprising D. desired
6. A. explained B. confirmed C. contradicted D. tested
利用“逻辑分析法”解题
行文逻辑有标志
7. A. parent B. child
C. researcher D. doctor
利用“同义词复现”解题
信息复现
8. A. feet B. nose C. hands D. ears
利用“逻辑分析法”解题
9. A. see B. help C. reach D. fool
利用“逻辑分析法”解题
10. A. speak B. listen C. turn D. wave
利用“逻辑分析法”解题
围绕话题找意群,上下求索巧关联
11. A. comprehended B. predicted C. explored D. ignored
12. A. responses B. approaches C. contribution D. sensitivity
13. A. ability B. belief C. identity D. purpose
14. A. limitations B. requirements C. theories D. findings
15. A. tentative B. impressive C. creative D. effective
利用反义词复现解题
长难句分析:A number of experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.that引导宾语从句;what引导宾语从句
明确说
明对象 快速通读全文,明确作者通过什么角度和侧面对哪一个事物加以说明。
厘清段
落关系 把握每段的说明侧重点,厘清段落之间的逻辑关系,从而加深对事物的理解。
搞清说
明顺序 弄清楚作者是按照时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序还是认知顺序来展开说明的,掌握说明顺序就能准确把握文章脉络,加深对文章的理解。
把握作
者态度 抓住体现作者态度的关键词句,有利于掌握作者的写作情感和意图。
(1)通读全文,把握主旨要义。
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是,实验证明,孩子们捉迷藏时,只遮住自己的眼睛并不是自我中心主义的结果,而是孩子们坚持相互承认和尊重。
(2)细读文章,把握说明文顺序。
games of hide and seek→cover only their eyes→children are hopelessly “egocentric”→new idea→conclusion
(3)挖掘说明顺序,逐题分析试填。
1 下文 根据下文中的“making oneself unable to be seen”可推断,避开(escaping)别人的目光,使自己不被人看见,这是一件非常令人兴奋的事情。故选C项。
2 下文 根据下文中的“They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies 3 .”可知,他们常常只是用手遮住自己的眼睛,把身体其他部位暴露在外。由此可推断,他们不擅长隐藏。故选B项。
3 上文 根据上文中的“They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies”可知,他们常常只是用手遮住自己的眼睛,身体的其他部位是暴露在外的。故选A项。
4 下文 根据下文中的“as evidence that children... creatures”可知,这种无效的隐藏方法被认为(interpreted)
[熟词生义]interpret 熟义:v. 传译,口译 生义:v. 把……理解为,领会
是儿童是一种完全“以自我为中心”的生物的证据。故选D项。
5 上下文 上文讲到了长期以来人们都把孩子们这种无效的隐藏方法看作他们是“以自我为中心”的生物的证据,但是根据最后一段的“it is not a result of egocentrism”可知,研究结果与人们之前一直持有的看法相矛盾,因此是令人意外的。故此处表示我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊奇的(surprising)研究发现反驳了那个观点。故选C项。 [趋势解读]高考完形填空通过熟词生义、构词法、地道语块等增加试题难度的方法能有效地考查考生的学科基本知识和基本技能,也可以有效地考查考生的学习素养和学科思维能力。
6 下文 根据下文中的“In fact, children consider this method 15 when others use it.”可知,事实上,当其他人使用这种方法时,孩子们认为是有效的。所以此处表示,我们在儿童发展心理学方面令人惊奇的研究发现反驳(contradicted)了那个观点。故选C项。 [解题线索]由空前的But可知,后文与前文为转折关系,所以contradicted that idea(与这一看法矛盾)符合语境。
7 上文 由上句中的children可知,此处是指每个孩子(child)都与一名成人坐在一起。故选B项。 [解题线索]Each child指代上句中的young children,为同义词复现。
8 下文 由下句中的hear可推断出,此处选“ears”。故选D项。
9 上文 由上句中的eyes可推断出,此处选“see”。故选A项。
10 上文 由上文的mouth可推断出,此处选“speak”。故选A项。
11 上文 根据上文中的“A number of experiments ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked.”可知,孩子们理解(comprehended)这些问题,并且确切地知道他们被问到了什么。故选A项。
12 下文 根据下文中的“to the questions”可知,表示他们对这些问题的回答(responses)。故选A项。
13 上文 上文讲到孩子们理解这些问题,并且确切地知道他们被问到了什么,故此处表示他们对这些问题的回答反映了他们真实的看法(belief):“只有你也能看到我,我才能看到你。”故选B项。
14 上下文 上文讲到“我们”对孩子们进行了许多实验,因此,下文讲到的“when a child 'hides' by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism(当孩子在头上盖一条毯子”隐藏“时,这并不是自我中心主义的结果)”应该是研究结果(findings)。故选D项。
15 上文 设空处与上文中的“this ineffective hiding method”形成对比,表示事实上,当其他人使用这种方法时,孩子们认为它是有效的(effective)。故选D项。
“9技法”巧解难题(2)
技法6 细琢词汇画外音,褒贬语境话曲直
褒贬
语境 关注心理和神态描写。
揣摩感情倾向和意愿。
利用态度一致原则。
技法7 精析表达辨句式,平行结构有规律
平行
结构 通过标点符号体现。
通过连接平行结构的连词连接。意义相关,层次相同、句法功能相同的词组或句子。
技法8 广泛涉猎增见识,常识助你巧解题
生活
常识 考虑相关文化背景。
联系风俗习惯、文化历史等生活常识。
技法9 明显错误先排除,代入选项试翻译
代入
选项 排除法先排除明显错误选项。
代入法再将选项一一代入文章。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁:说明文 词数:242
话题:非言语交流 建议用时:15分钟
When working in person, most of us have a natural understanding of non-verbal(非言语的) signals. That is to say, all the ways in which we 1 without words work out.
2 , in the digital workspace, this kind of communication can seem less 3 . Many work 4 now happen via online chats, and even video meetings can go ahead with cameras off.
Parts of non-verbal communication have always 5 outside face-to-face interaction, of course. For example, these unnoticeable 6 could begin with a profile picture on your CV(简历); even deciding whether or not to add an emoji(表情符号) in a work group chat can change the 7 of the interaction.
Yet the new shift in where and how we work has 8 the world of non-verbal communication greatly. For instance, in video calls, the background can give all sorts of non-verbal 9 about co-workers’ lifestyles, 10 and level of professionalism. Let’s say, if a co-worker positions the camera below the chin(下巴), 11 others to look up, you begin to dislike him or her, almost 12 . Indeed, data have shown that during video calls, factors like camera angles, distance from the camera and ability to make eye contact all 13 how likeable people are noticed to be.
In a new world where 14 working is rapidly developing, being willing to engage non-verbally makes it 15 to understand others and to be understood.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。无论是在面对面工作中还是在互联网时代的远程工作中,非言语交流都很重要。以非言语的方式参与沟通会让你更容易理解别人,也更容易被别人理解。
1. A. unite B. communicate
C. recognize D. cooperate
答案:B
解析:文章首句“When working in person, most of us have a natural understanding of non-verbal(非言语的) signals.”指的是,当面对面工作时,我们大多数人对非言语信号有一种自然的理解。结合所给选项可推知,空处所在句应指,面对面交流时,我们所有不用语言的交流方式都能起到作用。unite“团结”;communicate“交流”;recognize“识别出”;cooperate“合作”。故选B。
2. A. Besides B. However
C. Otherwise D. Therefore
答案:B
解析:下文中的“in the digital workspace, this kind of communication can
seem less 3 ”与第一段内容构成转折关系。otherwise“否则”;
therefore“因此”。故选B。
3. A. important B. separable
C. adventurous D. flexible
答案:A
解析:下文中的“even video meetings can go ahead with cameras off”是对此处内容的佐证,所以推测在数字化工作场所中,这种交流似乎不那么重要了。important“重要的”;separable“可分开的”;adventurous“有冒险精神的”;flexible“灵活的”。故选A。
4. A. conditions B. conversations
C. seats D. paces
答案:B
解析:根据下文中的“via online chats, and even video meetings”可知,此处是说,现在许多工作对话都是通过在线聊天进行的,甚至视频会议也可以在关闭摄像头的情况下进行。condition“状况”;conversation“对话”;seat“座位”;pace“步速”。故选B。
5. A. survived B. proved
C. transformed D. existed
答案:D
解析:根据下文中的“a profile picture on your CV(简历); even deciding whether or not to add an emoji(表情符号) in a work group chat”可知,此处是说,部分非言语交流一直存在于面对面的互动之外。survive“存活下来”;prove“证明”;transform“使转变”;exist“存在”。故选D。
6. A. signals B. maps
C. journeys D. articles
答案:A
解析:下文中的“a profile picture on your CV(简历)”以及“emoji(表情符号) in a work group chat”都属于相互交流中给予对方的各种信号。signal“信号”;map“地图”;journey“旅行”;article“文章”。故选A。
7. A. milestone B. analysis
C. feel D. study
答案:C
解析:结合语境和常识可知,此处说的是“甚至在工作群聊天中决定是否添加表情符号也会改变互动的感觉”。milestone“里程碑”;analysis“分析”;feel“感觉”;study“研究”。故选C。
8. A. quitted B. expanded
C. failed D. reduced
答案:B
解析:根据常识和主语“the new shift”以及空后的宾语“the world of non-verbal communication greatly”可推测,此处表示“工作地点和工作方式上的新转变极大地扩展了非言语交流的范畴”。quit“离任”;expand“使扩大”;fail“使失望”;reduce“减少”。故选B。
9. A. information B. change
C. application D. concern
答案:A
解析:此处在举例说明工作地点和工作方式的新转变扩大了非言语交流的范畴。结合常识可知,在视频通话中,背景可以提供关于同事的生活方式、兴趣和专业水平的各种非言语信息。information“信息”;change“变化”;application“申请”;concern“关心”。故选A。
10. A. meetings B. suggestions
C. interests D. videos
答案:C
解析:参见上题解析。
11. A. inspiring B. forcing
C. permitting D. warning
答案:B
解析:根据上文中的“a co-worker positions the camera below the chin(下巴)”并结合常识可知,如果一个同事把镜头放在下巴以下,那肯定会迫使其他人抬头看。inspire“激发”;force“迫使”;permit“允许”;warn“警告”。故选B。
12. A. continuously B. willingly
C. carefully D. instantly
答案:D
解析:如果某个同事的行为导致其他人不舒服,那他会几乎马上招来其他人的反感。continuously“连续不断地”;willingly“心甘情愿地”;carefully“仔细地”;instantly“立刻”。故选D。
13. A. impact B. accomplish
C. report D. harm
答案:A
解析:根据上文可知,非言语交流影响着人们互动的感觉。由此可知,此处是说,在视频通话过程中,摄像头角度、与摄像头的距离以及眼神接触的能力等因素都会影响人们的受欢迎程度。impact“影响”;accomplish“完成”;report“报告”;harm“伤害”。故选A。
14. A. diligent B. crazy
C. remote D. abstract
答案:C
解析:上文提到的视频会议以及视频通话等都属于远程工作,再结合上文中的“In a new world”和常识可知,此处指的是“在一个远程工作迅速发展的新世界里”。diligent“勤奋的”;crazy“疯狂的”;remote“遥远的”;abstract“抽象的”。故选C。
15. A. easier B. harder
C. more traditional D. more exciting
答案:A
解析:根据上文可知,非言语交流在人际交往中起着非常重要的作用,愿意以非言语的方式进行互动会使彼此之间更容易相互了解。故选A。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①via prep. 凭借,通过 ②professionalism n. 职业化;专业水平 ③likeable adj. 可爱的,讨人喜欢的
[长难句分析]
(最后一段)In a new world where remote working is rapidly developing, being willing to engage non-verbally makes it easier to understand others and to be understood.
分析:where引导定语从句,修饰world;being willing to engage non-verbally为动名词短语作主语。
译文:在远程工作迅速发展的新世界中,愿意积极参与非言语交流使我们更容易理解他人,也更容易被理解。
Test 2
体裁:说明文 词数:232
话题:锻炼形式 建议用时:15分钟
Finding the right exercise for you depends on your motivations and preferences. If you’re looking to expand your social network, 1 a fitness class can be ideal as it allows you to bond with others 2 the same experience. If you’re worried about 3 , you can form a free running or walking group for free. Exercising with others has 4 benefits, too. A study found that people who exercised with others some or all of the time reported better physical and mental health than those who 5 exercised alone, even with less frequent exercise.
For those motivated by the body image, you can 6 whole-body activities like dancing, boxing, or mountain biking. These activities provide a comprehensive workout, offering various stress-relieving 7 all at once.
But if you 8 exercising alone, bodyweight exercises like push-ups can yield similar results. Insure you 9 exercises suitable for your age and fitness level.
Motivations, like improved 10 after serious illness, or increased happiness after a period of depression, are both 11 reasons to exercise regularly. And, activities like swimming, playing tennis, walking, or gardening can provide a 12 from busy days. While some may seem less 13 , any exercise is better than none. 14 , you can always adjust your 15 based on your changing needs.
Ultimately, the best exercise is the one that you enjoy and will consistently engage in.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了要根据动机和偏好找到适合自己的锻炼形式。
1. A. attending B. visiting
C. assessing D. instructing
答案:A
解析:根据下文的“a fitness class”可知,参加健身课是理想的。attend意为“参加”,符合语境。visit“访问”;assess“评估”;instruct“指导”。故选A。
2. A. staring at B. going through
C. searching for D. dreaming of
答案:B
解析:根据设空处所在句中的“as it allows you to bond with others 2
the same experience”可知,参加健身课让你有机会与有同样经历的人建
立联系。go through 意为“经历”,符合语境。stare at“盯着看”;
search for“搜索”;dream of“梦想”。故选B。
3. A. weather B. security
C. costs D. profits
答案:C
解析:根据空前的If及下文“you can form a free running or walking group for free”可知,设空处应该和“免费的”构成反义;再根据常识可知,参加健身课需要付费。cost意为“费用”,符合语境。weather“天气”;security“安全”;profit“利润”。故选C。
4. A. environmental B. additional
C. monthly D. economic
答案:B
解析:根据上文“expand your social network”可知,参加健身课和别人一起锻炼可以扩大社交网络;根据下文“people who exercised with others some or all of the time reported better physical and mental health than those...”可知,除了扩大社交圈,与他人一起锻炼还有另外的好处。additional意为“另外的;额外的”,符合语境。environmental“环境的”;monthly“每月的”;economic“经济的”。故选B。
5. A. seldom B. even C. only D. still
答案:C
解析:根据本句中的“people who exercised with others”及“those
who 5 exercised alone”可知,此处将“和他人一起锻炼的人”与
“只是单独锻炼的人(不和他人一起锻炼的人)”进行比较。only意为“只
是,仅仅”,符合语境。seldom“很少”;even“甚至”;still“仍
然”。故选C。
6. A. consider B. abandon
C. promote D. identify
答案:A
解析:根据设空处所在句“For those motivated by the body image, you
can 6 whole-body activities like dancing, boxing, or mountain
biking.”可知,对于那些希望塑型的人,可以考虑全身活动,比如跳
舞、拳击或山地骑行。consider意为“考虑”,符合语境。abandon“抛
弃”;promote“促进”;identify“识别”。故选A。
7. A. tests B. games C. plans D. effects
答案:D
解析:根据上文“These activities provide a comprehensive workout”可知,这些活动提供了全面的锻炼,这是这些活动带来的好的效果;结合上文“offering various stress-relieving”可知,此处的伴随状语也是活动带来的效果。effect意为“效果”,符合语境。test“测试”;game“游戏”;plan“计划”。故选D。
8. A. dislike B. practice
C. prefer D. suggest
答案:C
解析:根据下文“exercising alone, bodyweight exercises like push-ups can yield similar results”可知,在你喜欢单独锻炼的情况下,才会选择像俯卧撑之类的锻炼形式。prefer意为“更喜欢”,符合语境。dislike“不喜欢”;practice“练习”;suggest“建议”。故选C。
9. A. buy B. choose
C. borrow D. continue
答案:B
解析:根据上文“bodyweight exercises like push-ups can yield similar results”和下文“exercises suitable for your age and fitness level”可知,无论选择哪种锻炼形式,都要确保选择适合你年龄和身体状况的。choose意为“选择”,符合语境。buy“买”;borrow“借”;continue“持续”。故选B。
10. A. health B. intelligence
C. service D. comfort
答案:A
解析:根据本句中的“Motivations, like improved 10 after serious
illness”和常识可知,重病之后应是希望改善健康状况。health意为“健
康”,符合语境。intelligence“智力”;service“服务”;comfort“安
慰”。故选A。
11. A. similar B. wrong
C. common D. various
答案:C
解析:根据上文“Motivations, like improved 10 after serious
illness, or increased happiness after a period of depression”和常识可知,
重病之后改善健康状况、抑郁后提高幸福感等,都是常见的锻炼原因。
common意为“常见的”,符合语境。similar“类似的”;wrong“错误
的”;various“各种各样的”。故选C。
12. A. break B. signal
C. permit D. degree
答案:A
解析:根据常识可知,游泳、打网球等锻炼可以让你在忙碌的日子里休息一下。break意为“休息”,符合语境。signal“信号”;permit“许可证”;degree“程度;学位”。故选A。
13. A. frequent B. professional
C. appropriate D. active
答案:D
解析:根据上下文可知,虽然有些运动看起来活动量不是很大,但任何运动都比不运动好。active意为“(尤指体力上)活跃的”,符合语境。frequent“频繁的”;professional“专业的”;appropriate“合适的”。故选D。
14. A. Instead B. Otherwise
C. However D. Moreover
答案:D
解析:根据上文“any exercise is better than none”和下文可知,此处应该都是在讲锻炼的好处和方便之处。moreover意为“另外”,符合语境。instead“相反”;otherwise“否则”;however“然而”。故选D。
15. A. diet B. routine C. address D. topic
答案:B
解析:根据上文可知,还可以根据需求来调整你的日常运动安排。routine意为“日常安排”,符合语境。diet“日常饮食”;address“地址”;topic“话题”。故选B。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①motivation n. 动机;动力 ②expand v. 扩大;扩展 ③comprehensive adj. 综合的 ④yield n. 产量,产出 v. 产生,提供 ⑤consistently adv. 一贯地,始终如一地
[长难句分析]
(第一段最后一句)A study found that people who exercised with others some or all of the time reported better physical and mental health than those who only exercised alone, even with less frequent exercise.
分析:that引导宾语从句;第一个who引导定语从句,修饰people;第二个who引导定语从句,修饰those。
译文:一项研究发现,与那些只独自锻炼身体的人相比,那些经常和别人一起锻炼的人的身体和精神健康状况更好,即使锻炼的频率更低。