高考英语复习语境19自然科学研究成果课件（共46张）
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| 名称 | 高考英语复习语境19自然科学研究成果课件（共46张） |
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| 格式 | ppt | ||
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| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 通用版 | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2025-11-14 00:00:00 | ||
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(共46张PPT)
语境19 自然科学研究成果
语境19 自然科学研究成果
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Zoologists studied the nervous systems of insects to investigate principles of biological brain computation and possible effects on machine learning and artificial intelligence. Specifically， they analysed how insects learn to associate sensory information in their environment with a food reward， and how they can recall this information later in order to solve complex tasks such as the search for food.
Living organisms show remarkable abilities in coping with problems posed by complex and dynamic environments. They are able to generalize their experiences in order to rapidly adapt their behaviour when the environment changes. The zoologists investigated how the nervous system of the fruit fly controls its behaviour when searching for food.
Using a computer model， they simulated(模拟) and analysed the computations in the fruit fly’s nervous system in response to scents coming from the food source. They initially trained their model of the fly brain in exactly the same way as insects are trained in experiments. They presented a specific scent in the simulation together with a reward and a second scent without a reward.
“The model rapidly learns a strong representation of the rewarded scent after just a few scent presentations and is then able to find the source of this scent in a complex environment，” said computer scientist Dr Hannes Rapp， who created the model.
The model created is thus capable of generalizing from its memory and to apply what it has learned previously in a completely new and complex environment， while learning required only a very small database of training samples.
The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。昆虫的神经系统能获取并将感官性信息转换为记忆，控制其行为来完成如觅食这样的复杂任务，动物学家通过研究这一过程，寻求其对未来机器学习和人工智能的启发。
1. What is the aim of the research？
A. To analyse the application of biological brain computation principles.
B. To seek promotion of machine learning and artificial intelligence.
C. To shed light on how the nervous systems of insects work.
D. To uncover how insects apply sensory information in search of food.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Zoologists studied the nervous systems of insects to investigate principles of biological brain computation and possible effects on machine learning and artificial intelligence.(动物学家研究了昆虫的神经系统，以研究生物大脑计算的原理以及对机器学习和人工智能的可能影响。)”和最后一段“The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.(研究结果表明，将感觉信息转化为大脑中的记忆可以激励未来的机器学习和人工智能应用于解决复杂任务。)”可知，动物学家研究昆虫神经系统的目的是研究生物大脑计算的原理和对机器学习及人工智能的可能影响。故选B。
答案：B
2. Which statement about the research method is NOT true？
A. The researchers collected the data by using a computer model.
B. The researchers focused on how the fruit fly’s nervous system reacts to scents.
C. The researchers trained the model in the same way as training fruit flies.
D. The researchers presented two different scents to carry out a control experiment.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They presented a specific scent in the simulation together with a reward and a second scent without a reward.(他们在模拟中呈现了一种特定的气味以及奖励，而第二种气味则没有奖励。)”可知，研究过程中确实使用了两种气味，但研究方法并非对照实验，而只是测试该模型对于有奖励的气味的反应。因此，关于研究方法的说法不正确的是D项“研究人员提出了两种不同的气味来进行对照实验”。故选D。
答案：D
3. What do the results of the research imply？
A. Insects’ nervous systems are more sensitive to particular scents.
B. Artificial intelligence is significant to biological brain research.
C. Sensory information is widely applied in machine learning.
D. Research on insect brain can contribute to AI development.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.(研究结果表明，将感觉信息转化为大脑中的记忆可以激励未来的机器学习和人工智能应用于解决复杂任务。)”可知，研究结果表明，大脑中感官性信息转换为记忆能够启示未来机器学习和人工智能在解决复杂任务中的运用，因此，对昆虫大脑的研究能促进人工智能的发展。故选D。
答案：D
4. What is the main purpose of the text？
A. To present predictions about the future of machine learning.
B. To illustrate the method and findings of a scientific study.
C. To call on more research on insect brain and behavior.
D. To introduce a practical method of insect research.
解析：写作目的题。本文全文皆在介绍一项研究，从研究目的到研究方法，再到研究结果。根据第三段中的“Using a computer model， they simulated(模拟) and analysed the computations in the fruit fly’s nervous system in response to scents coming from the food source.(他们使用计算机模型模拟和分析了果蝇神经系统对食物来源气味的反应。)”以及最后一段“The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.(研究结果表明，将感觉信息转化为大脑中的记忆可以激励未来的机器学习和人工智能应用于解决复杂任务。)”可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是说明一项科学研究的研究方法和发现。故选B。
答案：B
B
Until recently， gravitational waves could have been the stuff of Einstein’s imagination. Before they were detected， these waves in space time existed only in the physicist’s general theory of relativity， as far as scientists knew. Now， researchers are on the hunt for more ways to detect the waves. “The study of gravitational waves is booming，” says astrophysicist Karan Jani of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. “This is just remarkable. No field I can think of in fundamental physics has seen progress this fast.”
Just as light comes in a variety of wavelengths， so do gravitational waves. Different wave lengths point to different types of origins of the universe and require different kinds of detectors. Gravitational waves with wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers－like those detected by the United States， Italy and Japan－come mostly from pairs of black holes 10 or so times the mass of the sun， or from collisions of dense cosmic blocks called neutron stars(中子星). These detectors could also spot waves from certain types of exploding stars and rapidly moving neutron stars.
In contrast， huge waves that span light－years are thought to be created by orbiting pairs of bigger black holes with masses billions of times that of the sun. In June， scientists reported the first strong evidence of these types of waves by turning the entire galaxy(星系) into a detector， watching how the waves make slight changes to the timing of regular blinks from neutron stars throughout the Milky Way.
Physicists now hope to dive into a vast， cosmic ocean of gravitational waves of all sorts of sizes. These waves could reveal new details about the secret lives of exotic objects such as black holes and unknown parts of the universe.
Physicist Jason Hogan of Stanford University thinks there are still a lot of gaps in the coverage of wavelengths. “But it makes sense to cover all the bases. Who knows what else we may find？” he says. The search for capturing the full complement of the universe’s gravitational waves exactly could take observatories out into the moon， to the atomic area and elsewhere.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对引力波相关研究的快速发展，以及对引力波研究时的发现和该研究的重要意义。
5. What does Karan Jani think of the current study on gravitational waves？
A. It is rapid and pioneering.
B. It is slow but steadily increasing.
C. It is interrupted due to limited detectors.
D. It is progressing as fast as any other field.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“'The study of gravitational waves is booming，' says astrophysicist Karan Jani of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. 'This is just remarkable. No field I can think of in fundamental physics has seen progress this fast.'(”对引力波的研究正在蓬勃发展。“纳什维尔范德比尔特大学的天体物理学家Karan Jani说，”这太了不起了。在基础物理学中，我想不出有哪个领域的进步如此之快。“)”可知，Karan Jani认为目前关于引力波的研究是快速且具有开拓性的。故选A。
答案：A
6. What do the detected gravitational waves mostly indicate？
A. The creation of different kinds of detectors.
B. Collisions of planets outside the solar system.
C. The presence of light in different wavelengths.
D. Activities involving black holes and neutron stars.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Gravitational waves with wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers－like those detected by the United States， Italy and Japan－come mostly from pairs of black holes 10 or so times the mass of the sun， or from collisions of dense cosmic blocks called neutron stars(中子星).(波长为几千公里的引力波——就像美国、意大利和日本探测到的那样——主要来自一对质量为太阳10倍左右的黑洞，或者来自被称为中子星的致密宇宙块的碰撞。)”可知，探测到的引力波主要表明黑洞和中子星的相关活动。故选D。
答案：D
7. How did scientists manage to find huge waves’ evidence？
A. By analyzing sunlight.
B. By locating the new galaxy.
C. By using the whole galaxy as a tool.
D. By observing the sun’s regular movement.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In June， scientists reported the first strong evidence of these types of waves by turning the entire galaxy(星系) into a detector， watching how the waves make slight changes to the timing of regular blinks from neutron stars throughout the Milky Way.(今年6月，科学家们通过将整个星系变成一个探测器，观察这些波如何对整个银河系中子星定期闪烁的时间产生细微变化，报告了这些波的第一个有力证据。)”可知，科学家通过将整个星系变为探测器来寻找巨大波存在的证据。故选C。
答案：C
8. What can be inferred about the future study according to the last paragraph？
A. It’ll exclude the atomic field.
B. It’ll focus exactly on the mapping of the galaxy.
C. It’ll require prioritizing certain wavelengths on the moon.
D. It’ll explore potential places to detect gravitational waves.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Physicist Jason Hogan of Stanford University thinks there are still a lot of gaps in the coverage of wavelengths. 'But it makes sense to cover all the bases. Who knows what else we may find？' he says. The search for capturing the full complement of the universe’s gravitational waves exactly could take observatories out into the moon， to the atomic area and elsewhere.(斯坦福大学的物理学家Jason Hogan认为，在波长的覆盖范围上还有很多空白。”但覆盖所有基础是有意义的。谁知道我们还会发现什么？“他说。为了准确捕捉到宇宙引力波的全部内容，天文台可以进入月球、原子区域和其他地方。)”可知，在波长覆盖的范围上还有很多空白，且覆盖所有基础是有意义的。由此推知，未来的研究将探索可能探测到引力波的地方。故选D。
答案：D
C
When it comes to thriving under pressure， microbes(微生物) have us solidly beat. New research reveals that Carno－bacterium， a genus often associated with spoiled meat， can successfully divide and reproduce across an enormous range of external pressures－from the equivalent of a very thin atmosphere to crushing ocean depths. This adaptability is unknown for any other life－forms on Earth， researchers report in Astrobiology. Such hardiness suggests a single organism could survive in totally different environments throughout the solar system.
Based on previous findings of various Carno－bacterium strains(菌群) growing well at high and low pressures， Wayne Nicholson， a microbiologist of the University of Florida， and his colleagues systematically examined 14 strains’ responses to a wide span of pressure conditions. The team focused on strains isolated not only from meat (including seafood， chicken， etc.) but also from Siberian permafrost， an Antarctic lake and deep within the North Pacific’s Aleutian Trench.
In the laboratory， Nicholson and his team exposed each strain to pressures ranging from 0.01 to 100 times Earth’s atmospheric pressure at sea level－corresponding to the pressures on the surface of Mars and inside the liquid water ocean of Jupiter’s moon Europa， respectively. The researchers found that 11 strains grew measurably at every pressure tested. Very few past studies focused on how well microbes tolerate a range of pressures， Nicholson says， but these results are nonetheless surprising given that most other organisms seem to be far more pressure－sensitive. “Humans have trouble breathing on Mount Qomolangma，” he notes， “and that’s about 30 percent of sea－level atmospheric pressure.”
Other bacteria have been shown to do well at comparably high pressures， says Felipe Gómez Gómez， an astrobiologist at the National Institute of Aerospace Technology in Madrid， who was not involved in the study. But these results are novel because they show that the same Carno－bacterium strains can endure so much pressure variation， he says， “What’s really challenging is the whole range.” These microbes’ ability means they could， for instance， theoretically survive at various depths in an alien ocean， Gómez Gómez adds. “This has far－reaching astrobiological implications.”
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种名为肉食杆菌的微生物可以在外部压力下成功分裂和繁殖，这种适应性在地球上的其他生物中是未知的。研究人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，这种坚韧性表明单个生物体可以在太阳系的不同环境中生存。
9. How did Wayne Nicholson and his colleagues carry out their research？
A. Doing a survey.
B. Listing examples.
C. Making a model.
D. Doing tests.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Based on previous findings of various Carno－bacterium strains(菌群) growing well at high and low pressures， Wayne Nicholson， a microbiologist of the University of Florida， and his colleagues systematically examined 14 strains’ responses to a wide span of pressure conditions.(佛罗里达大学的微生物学家Wayne Nicholson和他的同事们基于先前对各种在高、低压力下生长良好的肉食杆菌菌株的研究发现，系统地检查了14种菌株对广泛压力条件的反应。)”可知，Wayne Nicholson和他的同事们是通过测试压力条件下细菌的反应来进行他们的研究的。故选D。
答案：D
10. What can we learn from Paragraph 3？
A. The results were not surprising at all.
B. Researchers found that many strains could change during pressures.
C. Researchers hardly knew the organism’s toleration on pressure in old days.
D. The research showed why man can’t take a breath smoothly on Mount Qomolangma.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Very few past studies focused on how well microbes tolerate a range of pressures， Nicholson says， but these results are nonetheless surprising given that most other organisms seem to be far more pressure－sensitive.(Nicholson说，过去很少有研究关注微生物对一系列压力的耐受性，但考虑到大多数其他生物似乎对压力更为敏感，这些结果仍然令人惊讶。)”可知，过去很少有研究关注微生物对压力的耐受性，所以从第三段中我们得知，过去研究人员对微生物对压力的耐受性知之甚少。故选C。
答案：C
11. What’s Felipe Gómez Gómez’s attitude towards the research？
A. Objective. B. Positive.
C. Indifferent. D. Critical.
解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段“Other bacteria have been shown to do well at comparably high pressures， says Felipe Gómez Gómez， an astrobiologist at the National Institute of Aerospace Technology in Madrid， who was not involved in the study. But these results are novel because they show that the same Carno－bacterium strains can endure so much pressure variation， he says，'What’s really challenging is the whole range.' These microbes’ ability means they could， for instance， theoretically survive at various depths in an alien ocean， Gómez Gómez adds.
'This has far－reaching astrobiological implications.'(马德里国家航空航天技术研究所的天体生物学家 Felipe Gómez Gómez 说，其他细菌已经被证明在相当高的压力下表现良好，他没有参与这项研究。但这些结果是新颖的，因为它们表明，相同的肉食杆菌菌株可以承受如此大的压力变化，他说：”真正具有挑战性的是整个范围。“这些微生物的能力意味着它们理论上可以在外星海洋的不同深度生存，Gómez Gómez 补充说。”这具有深远的天体生物学意义。“)”中的novel及challenging等词可知，Felipe Gómez Gómez 对这项研究持积极的态度。故选B。
答案：B
12. Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A. Bacteria Can Survive at Different Depths
B. Microbes Withstand the Solar System’s Pressure
C. All Life－forms’ Adaptations in Pressure Are Proved
D. Carno－bacterium Strains Have Thrived at Great Pressures
解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“New research reveals that Carno－bacterium， a genus often associated with spoiled meat， can successfully divide and reproduce across an enormous range of external pressures－from the equivalent of a very thin atmosphere to crushing ocean depths.
This adaptability is unknown for any other life－forms on Earth， researchers report in Astrobiology.(新的研究表明，通常与腐肉有关的肉食杆菌属可以在巨大的外部压力下成功分裂和繁殖——从相当于非常薄的大气层到高压的海洋深处。研究人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，这种适应性在地球上的任何其他生命形式中都是未知的。)”可知，文章主要讲述了肉食杆菌属可以在巨大的外部压力下成功分裂和繁殖，这种适应性在地球上的任何其他生命形式中都是未知的。B项“微生物承受着太阳系的压力”适合作文章的最佳标题。故选B。
答案：B
Ⅱ.七选五
(2024·甘肃兰州期中)You’ve probably heard of a hybrid(杂交物种) in films or books. The centaurs in the Harry Potter films are hybrids of human and horse. 1
Hybridization occurs in both plants and animals. 2 What’s more， many plants that people eat， from strawberries to carrots， corn and potatoes， have been created by hybridization.
Cross－breeding(杂交) sometimes occurs when animals’ normal territory overlaps(部分重叠). 3 The grolar bear is a hybrid that happens when grizzly and polar bears mate. As the environment warms， grizzlies in Alaska and Canada wander further north， bringing them into contact with polar bears.
Artificial mixing often happens in zoos， where different species that don’t normally meet in the wild can be introduced to each other. Ligers (lion and tiger hybrids) are unlikely to occur in nature， because the only place that their habitats overlap is the Gir Forest in India.
4 Mixed species are more likely to be born with health issues than other animals. Most hybrids born in zoos are infertile， which means they are unable to have babies. However， many cross－breeds born in the wild， like the grolar bear， can have their own babies.
5 “It’s part of the evolutionary process， ” he says. Fertile hybrids can lead to the creation of a new species and increase the variety of living things.
A. Wildlife conservation is of significance.
B. Did you know hybridization is a biological process？
C. That’s due to habitat destruction or changing climate.
D. Did you know that hybrids appear in the natural world， too？
E. Jimmy believes species hybridization in nature is a good thing.
F. Many conservationists think that creating hybrids is a bad thing.
G. Living things， especially plants， will naturally hybridize in the wild.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动植物的杂交并且举例说明其发生条件以及结果。
答案：D
1.解析：根据上文“《哈利·波特》系列电影中的半人马是人和马的杂交物种。”以及下文“杂交在动植物界都会发生。”可知，空处起着承上启下的作用，D项(你知道自然世界里也有杂交物种吗？)符合语境。故选D。
答案：G
2.解析：下文提到许多植物都是通过杂交培育出来的，可知本段主要谈论植物的杂交，G项(生物，尤其是植物，会在野外自然杂交。)中“especially plants”与下文有对应关系，符合语境。故选G。
答案：C
3.解析：根据上文“杂交有时发生在动物的领地重叠的时候。”以及下文说到北极灰熊是杂交后代并指出气候变暖可知，C项(这是由于栖息地被破坏或气候变化。)中“That’s due to”指代上文“Cross－breeding(杂交)sometimes occurs”的发生条件，并引出下文举例说明发生领地重叠的原因，符合语境。故选C。
答案：F
4.解析：下文指出，混合物种出生时有可能带有健康问题，可推断此处是对杂交的消极看法，可知F项(许多环保主义者认为创造杂交物种是一件坏事。)中“a bad thing”与下文“health issues”有对应关系，符合语境。故选F。
答案：E
5.解析：下文提到有繁殖能力的杂交物种可以导致新物种的产生，并增加生物的种类，结合“he says”可知，此处是一个人对杂交的积极态度和看法，E项(Jimmy相信自然界中的物种杂交是一件好事。)中“a good thing”与下文的“lead to the creation”以及“increase the variety”形成对应关系，符合语境。故选E。
语境19 自然科学研究成果
语境19 自然科学研究成果
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Zoologists studied the nervous systems of insects to investigate principles of biological brain computation and possible effects on machine learning and artificial intelligence. Specifically， they analysed how insects learn to associate sensory information in their environment with a food reward， and how they can recall this information later in order to solve complex tasks such as the search for food.
Living organisms show remarkable abilities in coping with problems posed by complex and dynamic environments. They are able to generalize their experiences in order to rapidly adapt their behaviour when the environment changes. The zoologists investigated how the nervous system of the fruit fly controls its behaviour when searching for food.
Using a computer model， they simulated(模拟) and analysed the computations in the fruit fly’s nervous system in response to scents coming from the food source. They initially trained their model of the fly brain in exactly the same way as insects are trained in experiments. They presented a specific scent in the simulation together with a reward and a second scent without a reward.
“The model rapidly learns a strong representation of the rewarded scent after just a few scent presentations and is then able to find the source of this scent in a complex environment，” said computer scientist Dr Hannes Rapp， who created the model.
The model created is thus capable of generalizing from its memory and to apply what it has learned previously in a completely new and complex environment， while learning required only a very small database of training samples.
The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。昆虫的神经系统能获取并将感官性信息转换为记忆，控制其行为来完成如觅食这样的复杂任务，动物学家通过研究这一过程，寻求其对未来机器学习和人工智能的启发。
1. What is the aim of the research？
A. To analyse the application of biological brain computation principles.
B. To seek promotion of machine learning and artificial intelligence.
C. To shed light on how the nervous systems of insects work.
D. To uncover how insects apply sensory information in search of food.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Zoologists studied the nervous systems of insects to investigate principles of biological brain computation and possible effects on machine learning and artificial intelligence.(动物学家研究了昆虫的神经系统，以研究生物大脑计算的原理以及对机器学习和人工智能的可能影响。)”和最后一段“The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.(研究结果表明，将感觉信息转化为大脑中的记忆可以激励未来的机器学习和人工智能应用于解决复杂任务。)”可知，动物学家研究昆虫神经系统的目的是研究生物大脑计算的原理和对机器学习及人工智能的可能影响。故选B。
答案：B
2. Which statement about the research method is NOT true？
A. The researchers collected the data by using a computer model.
B. The researchers focused on how the fruit fly’s nervous system reacts to scents.
C. The researchers trained the model in the same way as training fruit flies.
D. The researchers presented two different scents to carry out a control experiment.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They presented a specific scent in the simulation together with a reward and a second scent without a reward.(他们在模拟中呈现了一种特定的气味以及奖励，而第二种气味则没有奖励。)”可知，研究过程中确实使用了两种气味，但研究方法并非对照实验，而只是测试该模型对于有奖励的气味的反应。因此，关于研究方法的说法不正确的是D项“研究人员提出了两种不同的气味来进行对照实验”。故选D。
答案：D
3. What do the results of the research imply？
A. Insects’ nervous systems are more sensitive to particular scents.
B. Artificial intelligence is significant to biological brain research.
C. Sensory information is widely applied in machine learning.
D. Research on insect brain can contribute to AI development.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.(研究结果表明，将感觉信息转化为大脑中的记忆可以激励未来的机器学习和人工智能应用于解决复杂任务。)”可知，研究结果表明，大脑中感官性信息转换为记忆能够启示未来机器学习和人工智能在解决复杂任务中的运用，因此，对昆虫大脑的研究能促进人工智能的发展。故选D。
答案：D
4. What is the main purpose of the text？
A. To present predictions about the future of machine learning.
B. To illustrate the method and findings of a scientific study.
C. To call on more research on insect brain and behavior.
D. To introduce a practical method of insect research.
解析：写作目的题。本文全文皆在介绍一项研究，从研究目的到研究方法，再到研究结果。根据第三段中的“Using a computer model， they simulated(模拟) and analysed the computations in the fruit fly’s nervous system in response to scents coming from the food source.(他们使用计算机模型模拟和分析了果蝇神经系统对食物来源气味的反应。)”以及最后一段“The results suggest that the transformation of sensory information into memories in the brain can inspire future machine learning and artificial intelligence applications to solving complex tasks.(研究结果表明，将感觉信息转化为大脑中的记忆可以激励未来的机器学习和人工智能应用于解决复杂任务。)”可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是说明一项科学研究的研究方法和发现。故选B。
答案：B
B
Until recently， gravitational waves could have been the stuff of Einstein’s imagination. Before they were detected， these waves in space time existed only in the physicist’s general theory of relativity， as far as scientists knew. Now， researchers are on the hunt for more ways to detect the waves. “The study of gravitational waves is booming，” says astrophysicist Karan Jani of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. “This is just remarkable. No field I can think of in fundamental physics has seen progress this fast.”
Just as light comes in a variety of wavelengths， so do gravitational waves. Different wave lengths point to different types of origins of the universe and require different kinds of detectors. Gravitational waves with wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers－like those detected by the United States， Italy and Japan－come mostly from pairs of black holes 10 or so times the mass of the sun， or from collisions of dense cosmic blocks called neutron stars(中子星). These detectors could also spot waves from certain types of exploding stars and rapidly moving neutron stars.
In contrast， huge waves that span light－years are thought to be created by orbiting pairs of bigger black holes with masses billions of times that of the sun. In June， scientists reported the first strong evidence of these types of waves by turning the entire galaxy(星系) into a detector， watching how the waves make slight changes to the timing of regular blinks from neutron stars throughout the Milky Way.
Physicists now hope to dive into a vast， cosmic ocean of gravitational waves of all sorts of sizes. These waves could reveal new details about the secret lives of exotic objects such as black holes and unknown parts of the universe.
Physicist Jason Hogan of Stanford University thinks there are still a lot of gaps in the coverage of wavelengths. “But it makes sense to cover all the bases. Who knows what else we may find？” he says. The search for capturing the full complement of the universe’s gravitational waves exactly could take observatories out into the moon， to the atomic area and elsewhere.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对引力波相关研究的快速发展，以及对引力波研究时的发现和该研究的重要意义。
5. What does Karan Jani think of the current study on gravitational waves？
A. It is rapid and pioneering.
B. It is slow but steadily increasing.
C. It is interrupted due to limited detectors.
D. It is progressing as fast as any other field.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“'The study of gravitational waves is booming，' says astrophysicist Karan Jani of Vanderbilt University in Nashville. 'This is just remarkable. No field I can think of in fundamental physics has seen progress this fast.'(”对引力波的研究正在蓬勃发展。“纳什维尔范德比尔特大学的天体物理学家Karan Jani说，”这太了不起了。在基础物理学中，我想不出有哪个领域的进步如此之快。“)”可知，Karan Jani认为目前关于引力波的研究是快速且具有开拓性的。故选A。
答案：A
6. What do the detected gravitational waves mostly indicate？
A. The creation of different kinds of detectors.
B. Collisions of planets outside the solar system.
C. The presence of light in different wavelengths.
D. Activities involving black holes and neutron stars.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Gravitational waves with wavelengths of a few thousand kilometers－like those detected by the United States， Italy and Japan－come mostly from pairs of black holes 10 or so times the mass of the sun， or from collisions of dense cosmic blocks called neutron stars(中子星).(波长为几千公里的引力波——就像美国、意大利和日本探测到的那样——主要来自一对质量为太阳10倍左右的黑洞，或者来自被称为中子星的致密宇宙块的碰撞。)”可知，探测到的引力波主要表明黑洞和中子星的相关活动。故选D。
答案：D
7. How did scientists manage to find huge waves’ evidence？
A. By analyzing sunlight.
B. By locating the new galaxy.
C. By using the whole galaxy as a tool.
D. By observing the sun’s regular movement.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“In June， scientists reported the first strong evidence of these types of waves by turning the entire galaxy(星系) into a detector， watching how the waves make slight changes to the timing of regular blinks from neutron stars throughout the Milky Way.(今年6月，科学家们通过将整个星系变成一个探测器，观察这些波如何对整个银河系中子星定期闪烁的时间产生细微变化，报告了这些波的第一个有力证据。)”可知，科学家通过将整个星系变为探测器来寻找巨大波存在的证据。故选C。
答案：C
8. What can be inferred about the future study according to the last paragraph？
A. It’ll exclude the atomic field.
B. It’ll focus exactly on the mapping of the galaxy.
C. It’ll require prioritizing certain wavelengths on the moon.
D. It’ll explore potential places to detect gravitational waves.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“Physicist Jason Hogan of Stanford University thinks there are still a lot of gaps in the coverage of wavelengths. 'But it makes sense to cover all the bases. Who knows what else we may find？' he says. The search for capturing the full complement of the universe’s gravitational waves exactly could take observatories out into the moon， to the atomic area and elsewhere.(斯坦福大学的物理学家Jason Hogan认为，在波长的覆盖范围上还有很多空白。”但覆盖所有基础是有意义的。谁知道我们还会发现什么？“他说。为了准确捕捉到宇宙引力波的全部内容，天文台可以进入月球、原子区域和其他地方。)”可知，在波长覆盖的范围上还有很多空白，且覆盖所有基础是有意义的。由此推知，未来的研究将探索可能探测到引力波的地方。故选D。
答案：D
C
When it comes to thriving under pressure， microbes(微生物) have us solidly beat. New research reveals that Carno－bacterium， a genus often associated with spoiled meat， can successfully divide and reproduce across an enormous range of external pressures－from the equivalent of a very thin atmosphere to crushing ocean depths. This adaptability is unknown for any other life－forms on Earth， researchers report in Astrobiology. Such hardiness suggests a single organism could survive in totally different environments throughout the solar system.
Based on previous findings of various Carno－bacterium strains(菌群) growing well at high and low pressures， Wayne Nicholson， a microbiologist of the University of Florida， and his colleagues systematically examined 14 strains’ responses to a wide span of pressure conditions. The team focused on strains isolated not only from meat (including seafood， chicken， etc.) but also from Siberian permafrost， an Antarctic lake and deep within the North Pacific’s Aleutian Trench.
In the laboratory， Nicholson and his team exposed each strain to pressures ranging from 0.01 to 100 times Earth’s atmospheric pressure at sea level－corresponding to the pressures on the surface of Mars and inside the liquid water ocean of Jupiter’s moon Europa， respectively. The researchers found that 11 strains grew measurably at every pressure tested. Very few past studies focused on how well microbes tolerate a range of pressures， Nicholson says， but these results are nonetheless surprising given that most other organisms seem to be far more pressure－sensitive. “Humans have trouble breathing on Mount Qomolangma，” he notes， “and that’s about 30 percent of sea－level atmospheric pressure.”
Other bacteria have been shown to do well at comparably high pressures， says Felipe Gómez Gómez， an astrobiologist at the National Institute of Aerospace Technology in Madrid， who was not involved in the study. But these results are novel because they show that the same Carno－bacterium strains can endure so much pressure variation， he says， “What’s really challenging is the whole range.” These microbes’ ability means they could， for instance， theoretically survive at various depths in an alien ocean， Gómez Gómez adds. “This has far－reaching astrobiological implications.”
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一种名为肉食杆菌的微生物可以在外部压力下成功分裂和繁殖，这种适应性在地球上的其他生物中是未知的。研究人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，这种坚韧性表明单个生物体可以在太阳系的不同环境中生存。
9. How did Wayne Nicholson and his colleagues carry out their research？
A. Doing a survey.
B. Listing examples.
C. Making a model.
D. Doing tests.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Based on previous findings of various Carno－bacterium strains(菌群) growing well at high and low pressures， Wayne Nicholson， a microbiologist of the University of Florida， and his colleagues systematically examined 14 strains’ responses to a wide span of pressure conditions.(佛罗里达大学的微生物学家Wayne Nicholson和他的同事们基于先前对各种在高、低压力下生长良好的肉食杆菌菌株的研究发现，系统地检查了14种菌株对广泛压力条件的反应。)”可知，Wayne Nicholson和他的同事们是通过测试压力条件下细菌的反应来进行他们的研究的。故选D。
答案：D
10. What can we learn from Paragraph 3？
A. The results were not surprising at all.
B. Researchers found that many strains could change during pressures.
C. Researchers hardly knew the organism’s toleration on pressure in old days.
D. The research showed why man can’t take a breath smoothly on Mount Qomolangma.
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Very few past studies focused on how well microbes tolerate a range of pressures， Nicholson says， but these results are nonetheless surprising given that most other organisms seem to be far more pressure－sensitive.(Nicholson说，过去很少有研究关注微生物对一系列压力的耐受性，但考虑到大多数其他生物似乎对压力更为敏感，这些结果仍然令人惊讶。)”可知，过去很少有研究关注微生物对压力的耐受性，所以从第三段中我们得知，过去研究人员对微生物对压力的耐受性知之甚少。故选C。
答案：C
11. What’s Felipe Gómez Gómez’s attitude towards the research？
A. Objective. B. Positive.
C. Indifferent. D. Critical.
解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段“Other bacteria have been shown to do well at comparably high pressures， says Felipe Gómez Gómez， an astrobiologist at the National Institute of Aerospace Technology in Madrid， who was not involved in the study. But these results are novel because they show that the same Carno－bacterium strains can endure so much pressure variation， he says，'What’s really challenging is the whole range.' These microbes’ ability means they could， for instance， theoretically survive at various depths in an alien ocean， Gómez Gómez adds.
'This has far－reaching astrobiological implications.'(马德里国家航空航天技术研究所的天体生物学家 Felipe Gómez Gómez 说，其他细菌已经被证明在相当高的压力下表现良好，他没有参与这项研究。但这些结果是新颖的，因为它们表明，相同的肉食杆菌菌株可以承受如此大的压力变化，他说：”真正具有挑战性的是整个范围。“这些微生物的能力意味着它们理论上可以在外星海洋的不同深度生存，Gómez Gómez 补充说。”这具有深远的天体生物学意义。“)”中的novel及challenging等词可知，Felipe Gómez Gómez 对这项研究持积极的态度。故选B。
答案：B
12. Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A. Bacteria Can Survive at Different Depths
B. Microbes Withstand the Solar System’s Pressure
C. All Life－forms’ Adaptations in Pressure Are Proved
D. Carno－bacterium Strains Have Thrived at Great Pressures
解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“New research reveals that Carno－bacterium， a genus often associated with spoiled meat， can successfully divide and reproduce across an enormous range of external pressures－from the equivalent of a very thin atmosphere to crushing ocean depths.
This adaptability is unknown for any other life－forms on Earth， researchers report in Astrobiology.(新的研究表明，通常与腐肉有关的肉食杆菌属可以在巨大的外部压力下成功分裂和繁殖——从相当于非常薄的大气层到高压的海洋深处。研究人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，这种适应性在地球上的任何其他生命形式中都是未知的。)”可知，文章主要讲述了肉食杆菌属可以在巨大的外部压力下成功分裂和繁殖，这种适应性在地球上的任何其他生命形式中都是未知的。B项“微生物承受着太阳系的压力”适合作文章的最佳标题。故选B。
答案：B
Ⅱ.七选五
(2024·甘肃兰州期中)You’ve probably heard of a hybrid(杂交物种) in films or books. The centaurs in the Harry Potter films are hybrids of human and horse. 1
Hybridization occurs in both plants and animals. 2 What’s more， many plants that people eat， from strawberries to carrots， corn and potatoes， have been created by hybridization.
Cross－breeding(杂交) sometimes occurs when animals’ normal territory overlaps(部分重叠). 3 The grolar bear is a hybrid that happens when grizzly and polar bears mate. As the environment warms， grizzlies in Alaska and Canada wander further north， bringing them into contact with polar bears.
Artificial mixing often happens in zoos， where different species that don’t normally meet in the wild can be introduced to each other. Ligers (lion and tiger hybrids) are unlikely to occur in nature， because the only place that their habitats overlap is the Gir Forest in India.
4 Mixed species are more likely to be born with health issues than other animals. Most hybrids born in zoos are infertile， which means they are unable to have babies. However， many cross－breeds born in the wild， like the grolar bear， can have their own babies.
5 “It’s part of the evolutionary process， ” he says. Fertile hybrids can lead to the creation of a new species and increase the variety of living things.
A. Wildlife conservation is of significance.
B. Did you know hybridization is a biological process？
C. That’s due to habitat destruction or changing climate.
D. Did you know that hybrids appear in the natural world， too？
E. Jimmy believes species hybridization in nature is a good thing.
F. Many conservationists think that creating hybrids is a bad thing.
G. Living things， especially plants， will naturally hybridize in the wild.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了动植物的杂交并且举例说明其发生条件以及结果。
答案：D
1.解析：根据上文“《哈利·波特》系列电影中的半人马是人和马的杂交物种。”以及下文“杂交在动植物界都会发生。”可知，空处起着承上启下的作用，D项(你知道自然世界里也有杂交物种吗？)符合语境。故选D。
答案：G
2.解析：下文提到许多植物都是通过杂交培育出来的，可知本段主要谈论植物的杂交，G项(生物，尤其是植物，会在野外自然杂交。)中“especially plants”与下文有对应关系，符合语境。故选G。
答案：C
3.解析：根据上文“杂交有时发生在动物的领地重叠的时候。”以及下文说到北极灰熊是杂交后代并指出气候变暖可知，C项(这是由于栖息地被破坏或气候变化。)中“That’s due to”指代上文“Cross－breeding(杂交)sometimes occurs”的发生条件，并引出下文举例说明发生领地重叠的原因，符合语境。故选C。
答案：F
4.解析：下文指出，混合物种出生时有可能带有健康问题，可推断此处是对杂交的消极看法，可知F项(许多环保主义者认为创造杂交物种是一件坏事。)中“a bad thing”与下文“health issues”有对应关系，符合语境。故选F。
答案：E
5.解析：下文提到有繁殖能力的杂交物种可以导致新物种的产生，并增加生物的种类，结合“he says”可知，此处是一个人对杂交的积极态度和看法，E项(Jimmy相信自然界中的物种杂交是一件好事。)中“a good thing”与下文的“lead to the creation”以及“increase the variety”形成对应关系，符合语境。故选E。