(共39张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题二 攻克阅读理解体裁
考点3 说明文
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·D篇)
高考真题
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct， researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today， most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos， videos， and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area， a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application，” said Barnabas Daru， who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本)， and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change， I wanted to know： Are they usable？”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants， insects， birds， and animals， Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data， like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation－only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover， these data are biased and favor certain regions， time periods， and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye－catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity？
“Quite a lot，” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places－and even species－that are not well－sampled. To improve the quality of observational data， biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now？
A. They are becoming outdated.
B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number.
D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on？
A. Threatened species.
B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data.
D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study？
A. Mistakes in data analysis.
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling.
D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps？
A. Review data from certain areas.
B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users.
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
第一步：文本解读
本文是说明文，主要探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出实证研究发现的问题，并提出提高数据质量的措施。
第二步：定位关键信息
题32：定位到第一段的“Today， most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos， videos， and other digital records.”
题33：定位到第二段的“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本)， and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change， I wanted to know： Are they usable？”以及第四段“'We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data， like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，' said Daru.”
题34：定位到第四段“'We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias(使有偏差) data， like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it，' said Daru.”以及第五段的“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.”
题35：定位到最后一段的“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places－and even species－that are not well－sampled. To improve the quality of observational data， biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
第三步：分析对比，确定答案
题32：现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。
题33：Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。
题34：导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式不当。故选C。
题35：Daru建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。
说明文通常是解释、阐述某一事物或观点的文章。题目设置主要集中在细节理解题、推断判断题、词句猜测题和主旨大意题。出题人经常在长难句上做文章。在做题时，我们应该注意以下几点：
1. 关注文章首尾段：首段往往提出文章的主题，在研究类说明文中，研究结果就是主题；尾段再次强调主题。
2. 梳理文章结构：整体叙述＋细节/过程说明＋概括评论；现象＋原因＋后果/启示/措施；研究发现/调查结果＋研究/调查过程。
3. 破解长难句：结合语境和利用所学语法知识将结构复杂的句子破解成小部分逐一理解，抓住句子的主干。长难句往往是命题的热点。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：说明文 词数：344
话题：《格林童话》 建议用时：8分钟
The greatest irony(讽刺) of the world－wide celebrations held in 2012 to honor the 200th anniversary(周年纪念) of the first edition of the Grimms’ Kinder－und Hausm rchen involves the discovery that most people really don’t know the original Grimms’ tales published in two volumes in 1812 and 1815.
If we return to take a closer look at the first edition， we’ll find it was this edition that inspired scholars of folk culture throughout Europe to gather tales from oral tradition and preserve them for future generations.
When Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm began collecting all kinds of folk tales and songs at the beginning of the 19th century， what attracted them to concentrate on old German literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture were located in the past， while modern literature， even though it might be remarkably rich， was artificial and thus could not express the genuine quality of folk culture that originated naturally from people’s experiences and bound the people together.
Broadly speaking， the Grimms sought to collect and preserve ancient things consisting of tales， songs and documents. They intended to demonstrate how natural language， originating from the needs and customs of the common people， created genuine bonds and helped form civilized communities.
Turning to the first edition， a reader might notice that， totally unlike the final edition of 1857， the first edition collects more genuine folk tales， keeping spoken and raw contents， despite the fact that the language is not as pleasing as that in later revised versions. For instance， Snow White’s mother， not her stepmother， wants to kill the beautiful girl out of envy. The storytellers do not beat about the bush and they tell the truths they know， engaging people to learn from symbols how to engage their realities， even though magic， incredible transformation and cruelty are involved.
Lastly， the Grimms’ little－known first edition reveals forgotten voices that are actually deep within us. Therefore， the irresistibility of the Grimms’ tales are that really not theirs， but ours.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了2012年举行的纪念《格林童话》出版200周年的活动揭开了很多不为所知的秘密。
1. According to the author， why should we rediscover the Grimms’ first edition？
A. To explore its origin.
B. To appreciate its significance.
答案：B
C. To honor its 200th anniversary.
D. To remember the Brothers Grimm.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“If we return to take a closer look at the first edition... preserve them for future generations.”可知，作者认为重新研究《格林童话》的初版可以让我们意识到这本书是如何鼓舞全欧洲的民间文化学者去收集口语传统中的故事并为后代保护它们的。换句话说，通过重新发现这本书可以意识到这本书的重要性，故选B。
2. What is Paragraph 3 of the text mainly about？
A. The quality of the folk culture.
B. The contents of the first edition.
C. The feature of the old German literature.
D. The motivation of the Grimms collecting tales.
答案：D
解析：段落大意题。根据第三段中的“what attracted them to concentrate on old German literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture were located in the past”和“They intended to demonstrate... form civilized communities.”可知，本段主要讲述了格林兄弟最初收集古老德国文学故事的原因和他们打算展现的内容，也就是他们的最初动机，故选D。
3. What can we learn about Snow White in the first edition？
A. It is loosely based on the folk tale.
B. It instructs readers to integrate into life.
C. It is appealing for its beautiful language.
D. It exposes envy and cruelty of the stepmother.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“they tell the truths they know... incredible transformation and cruelty are involved”可知，他们讲述他们所知道的真相，让人们从象征中学习如何融入现实，即使其中涉及魔法、难以置信的转变和残忍。由此可知，初版中的《白雪公主》指导读者融入生活，故选B。
4. What can we infer about the Brothers Grimm from the text？
A. They were collectors of antiques.
B. They kept their style in later editions.
C. They thought highly of modern literature.
D. They were pioneers in preserving folk culture.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“it was this edition that inspired scholars of folk culture throughout Europe to gather tales from oral tradition and preserve them for future generations”可知，《格林童话》的初版让我们意识到这本书是如何鼓舞全欧洲的民间文化学者去收集口语传统中的故事并为后代保护它们的。据此可以推断，格林兄弟是保护民间文化的先驱者，故选D。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①genuine adj. 真的，名副其实的；真诚的 ②demonstrate v. 证明，证实，说明 ③broadly speaking 大体上讲 ④out of envy 出于嫉妒 ⑤beat about the bush 旁敲侧击，转弯抹角
[长难句分析]
(第三段第一句)When Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm began collecting all kinds of folk tales and songs at the beginning of the 19th century， what attracted them to concentrate on old German literature was a belief that the most natural and pure forms of culture were located in the past， while modern literature， even though it might be remarkably rich， was artificial and thus could not express the genuine quality of folk culture that originated naturally from people’s experiences and bound the people together.
分析：When引导时间状语从句；what引导主语从句；第一个that引导同位语从句；even though引导让步状语从句；第二个that引导定语从句，修饰culture。
译文：当雅各布·格林和威廉·格林(格林兄弟)在19世纪初开始收集各种各样的民间故事和歌曲时，吸引他们专注于古老德国文学的是一种信念，即最自然和纯粹的文化形式存在于过去，而现代文学，即使它可能非常丰富，但它是人工的，因此不能表达自然源于人民的经验并将人民联系在一起的民间文化的真正特质。
Test 2
体裁：说明文 词数：363
话题：科学技术 建议用时：8分钟
A pair of researchers of Leibniz University Hannover has demonstrated the means by which robots might be programmed to experience something similar to pain in animals. As part of their demonstration at last week’s IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation held in Stockholm， Johannes Kuehn and Sami Haddadin showed how pain might be used in robots， by interacting with a BioTac fingertip sensor on the end of a Kuka robotic arm that had been programmed to react differently to differing amounts of pain.
The idea of developing an artificial robot nervous system may seem contrary to all expectations， but Kuehn says doing so could help mitigate damage in the same way that humans sense pain to protect themselves. “Pain is a system that protects us，” says Kuehn. “When we avoid the source of pain， it helps us not get hurt.” So when robots can feel and react to pain， they will become smart enough to avoid it. The more dangerous the robot registers the threat to be， the faster it will withdraw and avoid the source of danger. Additionally， Kuehn and Haddadin say humans working alongside robots that feel pain， especially those in heavy machinery， will be protected around them.
They have tested out some of their ideas using a robotic arm with a fingertip sensor that can detect pressure and temperature. It uses a robot－tissue patch(小片) modeled on human skin to decide how much pain should be felt and thus what action to take. For example， if the arm feels light pain， it slowly withdraws until the pain stops， and then returns to its original task. Severe pain， meanwhile， causes the arm to go into a kind of lockdown mode until it can get help from a human operator.
Such robots are likely to raise a host of questions， of course， if they become more common－if a robot acts the same way a human does when touching a hot plate， are we to believe it is truly experiencing pain？ Only time will tell of course， but one thing that is evident， Kuehn and Haddadin’s work could lead to robots that are more human－like than ever.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了科研人员为机器人开发了类似动物的“痛感”系统，以增强机器人的自我保护能力和安全性。文中还讨论了此研究的重要性和可能带来的问题。
1. What do we learn about the robots in the demonstration？
A. They can learn skills like animals.
B. They can communicate with people.
C. They have the ability to feel pain.
D. They respond differently to requests.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“showed how pain might be used in robots... to differing amounts of pain”可知，在演示中的机器人被编程以感受不同程度的“痛感”，类似于动物的痛感。由此可推断，演示中的机器人有感受疼痛的能力。故选C。
2. What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？
A. The significance of teaching robots to feel pain.
B. The principle of robots’ avoidance of injuries.
C. The analysis of the artificial robot nervous system.
D. The value of protecting human workers from injuries.
答案：A
解析：段落大意题。第二段解释了开发能够感受疼痛的机器人神经系统的重要性。Kuehn指出，“疼痛是一个保护我们的系统，当我们避开疼痛源头时，它帮助我们不受伤。”这说明了教机器人感受疼痛的重要性。故选A。
3. What can we learn from the example given in Paragraph 3？
A. The robot is smart enough to carry out different tasks.
B. The robot can hardly work as well as a human operator.
C. The robot can react differently based on degrees of pain.
D. The robot is tolerant of changes in pressure and temperature.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。第三段谈到了一个实际的例子：如果手臂感到轻微疼痛，它会缓慢撤回直到疼痛停止，然后返回到它原来的任务。同时，剧烈的痛感会导致手臂进入一种锁定模式，直到它能够得到操作员的帮助。由此可推断，机器人可以根据疼痛的不同程度作出不同反应。故选C。
4. What is the author’s attitude toward Kuehn and Haddadin’s study？
A. Dismissive. B. Doubtful.
C. Unclear. D. Optimistic.
答案：D
解析：观点态度题。在最后一段中，作者指出，只有时间才能告诉我们(答案)，但有一件事是显而易见的，Kuehn和Haddadin的工作可能会导致机器人变得比以往任何时候都更像人类。这表示作者对Kuehn和Haddadin的研究持乐观态度，认为这项工作扩展了机器人的能力，使它们更加接近人类。故选D。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①demonstration n. 证明；示范，示范表演，演示 ②interact v. 交流，沟通，合作；相互影响，相互作用 ③contrary adj. 与之相异的，相对立的，相反的；(在性质或方向上)截然不同的，完全相反的 ④expectation n. 预料，预期，期待；希望，盼望 ⑤register v. 登记，注册；记录 ⑥withdraw v. (使)撤回，撤离 ⑦test out 测试，对……进行彻底检验 ⑧model on 模仿，仿照 ⑨lead to 导致；通向
[长难句分析]
(第一段第一句)A pair of researchers of Leibniz University Hannover has demonstrated the means by which robots might be programmed to experience something similar to pain in animals.
分析：by which...为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰means。
译文：汉诺威莱布尼茨大学的两名研究人员展示了机器人可能被编程为体验类似动物疼痛的方法。(共38张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题二 攻克阅读理解体裁
考点2 记叙文
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·B篇)
高考真题
“I am not crazy，” says Dr. William Farber， shortly after performing acupuncture(针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive， it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians(兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine－combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture， chiropractic(按摩疗法) and herbal medicine.
Farber， a graduate of Colorado State University， started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle－relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture， an ancient Chinese practice， and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So， after studying the techniques for a couple of years， he began offering them to pets.
Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.
Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time， and if the past is any indication， he may be right： Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.”
24. What do some of Farber’s coworkers think of him？
A. He’s odd. B. He’s strict.
C. He’s brave. D. He’s rude.
25. Why did Farber decide to try acupuncture on pets？
A. He was trained in it at university.
B. He was inspired by another veterinarian.
C. He benefited from it as a patient.
D. He wanted to save money for pet owners.
26. What does Paragraph 3 mainly talk about？
A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment.
B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work.
C. Examples of rare animal diseases.
D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine.
27. Why does the author mention the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association？
A. To prove Farber’s point.
B. To emphasize its importance.
C. To praise veterinarians.
D. To advocate animal protection.
第一步：文本解读
本文是记叙文，主要介绍了美国兽医William Farber将西方传统疗法与针灸、按摩和草药结合，运用综合疗法给动物治病的故事。
第二步：定位关键信息
题24：定位到第一段的“If he seems a little defensive， it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods.”
题25：定位到第二段的“Then he tried acupuncture， an ancient Chinese practice， and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So， after studying the techniques for a couple of years， he began offering them to pets.”
题26：定位到第三段“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack， Tindale says， she was prepared to put him to sleep， but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse， Nappy， 'moves more easily and rides more comfortably' after a chiropractic adjustment.”
题27：定位到最后一段“Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time， and if the past is any indication， he may be right： Since 1982， membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. 'Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well，' he says. 'I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.'”
第三步：分析对比，确定答案
题24：Farber的同事们有时会嘲笑他不寻常的方法，他们认为他很奇怪。故选A。
题25：Farber作为患者从针灸中受益，这促使他决定尝试在宠物上使用针灸。故选C。
题26：本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过综合疗法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明综合疗法的有效性。故选D。
题27：Farber认为综合疗法会越来越受欢迎，随后作者列举了美国综合兽医协会的会员已经从30个增加到700多个的例子。由此推断，作者提到美国综合兽医协会是为了证明Farber的观点。故选A。
高考英语记叙文设题主要是细节理解题和推理判断题。考查内容主要集中在一系列事件发展的先后顺序和人物的情感态度上。在做题时，我们应该注意以下几点：
1. 弄清文章六要素：人物、时间、地点、原因、经过、结果以及得到的启示或感想。
2. 弄清文章写作目的：目的可以是证明一个观点、赞美某种美德、谴责某种罪恶，也可以是提供娱乐。
3. 关注文章开头和结尾：把握事情的来龙去脉，主题的升华通常在尾段。
4. 关注文章的情感主线：分析事情的发展脉络，厘清人物关系，透析文章的情感主线。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：记叙文 词数：321
话题：跨文化沟通 建议用时：7分钟
While climbing the Great Wall is a once－in－a－lifetime dream for many， Jim Spear has taken it a step further， spending the last 18 years as a villager residing beneath this ancient wonder.
“Never did I dream I would have the chance to visit the Great Wall， let alone live under it，” said 68－year－old Spear， a self－taught architect from the United States.
Spear’s interest in China began during his college days. It deepened when he met Tang， a Chinese girl， in 1980， and they got married two years later. In 1986， he decided to drop out of his doctoral studies in Chinese politics at the University of California and moved to China “to get to the heart of things”. “I realized that if I became a scholar of China， based overseas， I wouldn’t be able to experience what was happening in China，” said Spear.
In 1995， the couple secured a long－term rent of a traditional village farmhouse in Mutianyu and decided to make it their full－time home ten years later. Shortly after possessing full－time village life， he rented an abandoned schoolhouse and transformed it into a restaurant and art glass factory for a sustainable tourism business. He also turned a former factory into a hotel and helped renovate(翻新) over 20 households into restaurants. Besides， he explored other ways to support those residents in rural areas. “I want to do something for them，” said Spear.
Spear’s designs reflect his natural talent for fusing(使融合) traditional and modern elements， adopting the Great Wall style. However， Spear emphasized his approach involves creating designs and views “that echo(反映) the Great Wall， not copy it”. In 2014， Spear received the Great Wall Friendship Award from the Beijing government.
Talking about the future， Spear sees abundant possibilities in China， driven by significant domestic demand and a growing emphasis on preserving historic structures.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。登上长城是很多人的梦想，而68岁的美国人Jim Spear展现了一个更大的梦想——他在长城脚下生活了18年。他和妻子(中国人)一起体验长城脚下中国人的生活，用自己的设计天赋为当地人作贡献，并因此受到北京市政府的表彰。他用自己的行为践行着对中国长城和中国历史的热爱。
1. What do we know about Spear from the first two paragraphs？
A. He likes to climb the Great Wall.
B. He came to China when he was 18.
C. He once dreamed of becoming a villager.
D. He has lived beneath the Great Wall for years.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Jim Spear... as a villager residing beneath this ancient wonder”和第二段中他说的话可知，Spear之前从没想过自己能到长城旅游，更别说住在长城脚下，而他在长城脚下的村庄里已生活了18年了。故选D项。
2. What’s Spear’s purpose of moving to China when he was in college？
A. To see a real China.
B. To marry a Chinese girl.
C. To work as an architect.
D. To study Chinese politics.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中Jim Spear的话“I realized that... experience what was happening in China”可知，Spear认为自己如果要成为研究中国的学者，那么在海外的话，就无法体验到中国发生的事。由此可知，大学时他来到中国的目的是看看真正的中国。故选A项。
3. What is special about Spear’s designs？
A. They are inspired by rural residents.
B. They copy the style of the Great Wall.
C. They have received a world－wide prize.
D. They connect the past with the present.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Spear’s designs reflect his natural talent for fusing(使融合) traditional and modern elements， adopting the Great Wall style.”可知，他的设计采用了长城风格，融合了传统和现代元素，即连接了过去和现在。故选D项。
4. What will Spear possibly plan to do in the future？
A. Continue to engage in cultural exchange.
B. Work for another award in structure preserving.
C. Find more ways to support the rural residents.
D. Conduct further study into historic structures in China.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Talking about the future， Spear sees abundant possibilities... on preserving historic structures.”可知，谈到未来时，Spear看到了丰富的可能性，因为他看到了巨大的国内需求和中国对保护历史建筑物的日益重视。由此可推知，未来他可能会继续研究中国历史上著名的建筑物。故选D项。
答案：D
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①possess v. 拥有 ②adopt v. 采用，采取；表决采纳 ③abundant adj. 大量的，丰富的 ④domestic adj.国内的，本国的 ⑤preserve v. 维护，保护；保存(使免受破坏)
[长难句分析]
(最后一段)Talking about the future， Spear sees abundant possibilities in China， driven by significant domestic demand and a growing emphasis on preserving historic structures.
分析：Talking about the future为现在分词短语作状语；driven...为过去分词短语作定语，修饰possibilities。
译文：谈到未来时，Spear看到了丰富的可能性，因为他看到了巨大的国内需求和中国对保护历史建筑物的日益重视。
Test 2
体裁：记叙文 词数：362
话题：阅读 建议用时：8分钟
Last summer at a bookstore， my son Henry was fascinated by the cover of the first novel from Peter Brown’s middle－grade trilogy(三部曲). He then finished it in just two days. “Dad， why did The Wild Robot have to be so sad？” he tearfully asked me.
The story is set on a remote island， where a robot named Roz learns to survive and communicate with the island’s creatures， and becomes part of the community. For my son， it was the first book he discovered on his own； the first to impact him with the mix of tragedy(悲剧) and joy.
When I finished the book， I knew why Henry loved it. In our book club discussion， he described how Brown’s pictures and words had made the story feel real. When talking about its final scene， where Roz leaves to find repairs for her injured body， Henry cried again. His previous reading experiences had cheerful， “happily－ever－after” endings， but this book introduced him to the beauty of complex emotions. I tried to explain how sadness can enhance the meaning of happy moments， but failed to fully convince him.
Once our discussion ended， Henry requested to buy The Wild Robot Escapes and instantly fell in love with it. He read the first two books repeatedly， so you can imagine his excitement when we finally got a copy of The Wild Robot Protects.
We both agree it is worth the wait. Roz leaves the island again to stop an underwater threat：“the poison tide”. Brown expertly balances between breathtaking adventure and unsettling ideas－not just happiness and sadness， but also， given the climate－change undercurrents， hope and despair.
And， here’s something special about Roz： her physical clumsiness and confusion about life， conveyed through her expressive eyes and downturned mouth. Her story reflects the challenges of surviving in a strange place， much like a child’s journey. Readers love Roz. They learn from her. Even better， they learn alongside her. Roz gave Henry the power to push through the first book’s sad parts， getting him ready to appreciate that， sometimes， sadness isn’t a bad thing to feel.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要从父亲的视角介绍了儿子阅读机器人小说的经历和体会。
1. What drove the author to read The Wild Robot？
A. Its tragic ending.
B. Henry’s tearful recommendation.
答案：D
C. Its attractive cover.
D. Henry’s emotional response to it.
解析：推理判断题。第一段谈到去年夏天在一家书店，作者的儿子亨利被彼得·布朗的中级三部曲的第一部小说的封面迷住了。然后他只用了两天就读完了这本书，之后泪流满面地问作者：“为什么《荒岛机器人》这部小说如此令人伤心？”再由第二段中的第一句可推知，作者是因为亨利阅读这本书后的情绪反应决定阅读此书，看看书中表达的内容，故选D。
2. What is one theme of The Wild Robot Protects？
A. Family and community.
B. Concerns of global issues.
C. The exploration of the ocean.
D. The man－robot relationship.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中谈到的“to stop an underwater threat：'the poison tide'(阻止一种水下威胁——有害的潮水)”以及接下来的“given the climate－change undercurrents(考虑到气候变化的暗流)”可知，这本书的其中一个主题是对全球性问题的担忧，故选B。
3. What makes Roz in the trilogy special？
A. Her childlike expressions.
B. Her robotic power.
答案：C
C. Her struggling experiences.
D. Her adventurous spirit.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“And， here’s something special about Roz： her physical... the challenges of surviving in a strange place， much like a child’s journey.”可知，罗兹还有一些特别之处：她肢体上的笨拙和对生活的困惑，通过她会说话的眼睛和向下的嘴角传达出来。她的故事反映了在一个陌生的地方生存的挑战，很像孩子的旅程。所以，机器人罗兹的这段像孩子在陌生地方生存的经历是她的特别之处，故选C。
4. Which message does this text seem to communicate？
A. Misfortune inspires great literary works.
B. Robot stories work like magic on children.
C. Book discussions help kids survive tragedies.
D. Reading literature facilitates personal growth.
解析：推理判断题。本文主要讲述了作者的儿子亨利读《荒岛机器人》等三本书的经历和体会。根据最后一段中的“Readers love Roz. They learn from her... to appreciate that， sometimes， sadness isn’t a bad thing to feel.”可知，读者和文中提到的三本书中的机器人罗兹这一角色一起学习成长。罗兹给了亨利度过第一本书中的伤心部分的能量，让他做好了准备去理解：有时候，感受悲伤并不是一件坏事。所以，作者的儿子亨利在阅读三部文学作品过程中，心理方面收获了成长，故选D。
答案：D
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①enhance v. 增强 ②instantly adv. 立刻 ③expertly adv. 熟练地 ④breathtaking adj. 激动人心的，令人惊叹的 ⑤alongside prep. 与……一起，与……同时 ⑥appreciate v. 理解
[长难句分析]
(第三段第三句)When talking about its final scene， where Roz leaves to find repairs for her injured body， Henry cried again.
分析：When talking about...为“连词＋现在分词短语”作状语；where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰final scene。
译文：当谈到最后一幕时，罗兹离开去寻找修复她受伤身体的方法，亨利又哭了。(共35张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题二 攻克阅读理解体裁
考点1 应用文
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·A篇)
高考真题
Choice of Walks for Beginner
and Experienced Walkers
The Carlow Autumn Walking Festival is a great opportunity for the beginner， experienced or advanced walker to enjoy the challenges of Carlow’s mountain hikes or the peace of its woodland walks.
Walk 1－The Natural World
With environmentalist anna Lamhna as the guide， this walk promises to be an informative tour. Walkers are sure to learn lots about the habitats and natural world of the Blackstairs.
Date and Time： Saturday， 1st October， at 09：00
Start Point： Scratoes Bridge
Walk Duration： 6 hours
Walk 2－Introduction to Hillwalking
Emmanuel Chappard， an experienced guide， has a passion for making the great outdoors accessible to all. This mountain walk provides an insight into the skills required for hillwalking to ensure you get the most from future walking trips.
Date and Time： Sunday， 2nd October， at 09：00
Start Point： Deerpark Car Park
Walk Duration： 5 hours
Walk 3－Moonlight Under the Stars
Walking at night－time is a great way to step out of your comfort zone. Breathtaking views of the lowlands of Carlow can be enjoyed in the presence of welcoming guides from local walking clubs. A torch(手电筒) along with suitable clothing is essential for walking in the dark. Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.
Date and Time： Saturday， 1st October， at 18：30
Start Point： The Town Hall
Walk Duration： 3 hours
Walk 4－Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish
Forest
This informative walk led by Richard Smyth introduces you to the basic principles of photography in the wild. Bring along your camera and enjoy the wonderful views along this well－surfaced forest path.
Date and Time： Sunday， 2nd October， at 11：45
Start Point： Kilbrannish Forest Recreation Area
Walk Duration： 1.5 hours
21. Which walk takes the shortest time？
A. The Natural World.
B. Introduction to Hillwalking.
C. Moonlight Under the Stars.
D. Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest.
22. What are participants in Walk 3 required to do？
A. Wear proper clothes.
B. Join a walking club.
C. Get special permits.
D. Bring a survival guide.
23. What do the four walks have in common？
A. They involve difficult climbing.
B. They are for experienced walkers.
C. They share the same start point.
D. They are scheduled for the weekend.
第一步：文本解读
本文是应用文，主要介绍了为徒步初学者和有经验的徒步者准备的四项徒步活动。
第二步：定位关键信息
题21：定位到Walk 4－Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest部分
题22：定位到Walk 3－Moonlight Under the Stars部分中的“Those who are dressed inappropriately will be refused permission to participate.”
题23：定位到每项活动中关于“Date and Time”的介绍。
题21：Walk 4－Photographic Walk in Kilbrannish Forest的步行时间是1.5小时，用时最短。故选D项。
题22：第三种步行方案的参与者需要穿合适的衣服。故选A项。
题23：这四种方案都被安排在周末。故选D项。
第三步：分析对比，确定答案
应用文主要考查考生提取和处理信息的能力，既注重特定细节的筛选、类比、综合，又注重对推理判断的考查，题目设置相对比较容易。在做题时，我们应该注意以下几点：
1. 先题后文：先阅读题目，了解考点；明确考查目的，快速捕捉并获取信息。
2. 题干定向：根据题干关键词直接到原文中定位相关信息，按照题目顺序依次进行；问题与原文相同，对号入座，通过同义替换、归纳事实等方法选定答案。
3. 生词模糊：文中的人名、地名、组织结构等专有名词和个别超纲词汇不影响答题直接跳过；如涉及答题，可以根据语境、构词法等猜测词义。
4. 信息补全：对于影响理解的省略句，可以根据语境将其补充完整。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：应用文 词数：315
话题：摩天大楼 建议用时：6分钟
Hong Kong has the largest collection of high－rise buildings on Earth， many of which have been designed by world－famous architects.
HSBC Headquarters Building
In 1979， the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) launched an international design competition for its new headquarters. Foster＋Partners， headed by architect Sir Norman Foster， won the competition with an out－of－the－box idea. With a budget of roughly $667 million in the day’s currency， the British visionary had the modular(模块化的) pieces constructed in the US， Japan and the UK before shipping them to Hong Kong for assembly(组装).
The Henderson
Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) has revealed plans to replace a multi－story car park in Hong Kong’s central business district with a new 623－foot tower. Like so many of ZHA’s visionary projects，the office tower， completed in 2023， integrates technology with the natural environment. For instance， there is a sky garden which is an outdoor recreational space with a running track and a planting network that acts as an effective biological air－purifying filter by consuming pollutants.
Two International Finance Center
On a clear day， you can see straight across Hong Kong from the offices in Two International Finance Center(IFCⅡ)， completed in 2003. Designed by the late César Pelli， the 1，352－foot tower was the tallest in the city upon its completion. It transformed the skyline when it opened with its breathtaking height and tapered(锥形的) shape， symbolizing Hong Kong’s rise.
Bank of China Tower
The 1，205－foot tower， officially opened in 1990， broke records at the time and became an instant landmark as the first tower over 985 feet outside North America. With a vision of urban energy， expansion and geometry， the Bank of China Tower (BOC Tower) was designed to resemble a bamboo shoot， symbolizing strength， vitality and China’s emergence as a significant player in international finance.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇应用文。文章概述了香港四座著名摩天大楼的设计特点和历史，涉及著名建筑师和建筑风格的融合，体现了香港商业和金融的发展和建筑创新。
1. What is special about the HSBC Headquarters Building？
A. It was designed by several architect teams.
B. It was funded by countries across the world.
C. Its style was considered to be the most creative.
D. Its design was a winning work of a competition.
解析：细节理解题。根据HSBC Headquarters Building部分中的“the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC) launched an international design competition... won the competition”可知，HSBC总部大楼的设计是一个国际设计比赛的赢家，是由Foster＋Partners设计的。因此，这座建筑的特别之处在于它的设计是一个竞赛中的获胜作品。故选D。
答案：D
2. Which building combines technology with nature？
A. HSBC Headquarters Building.
B. The Henderson.
答案：B
C. Two International Finance Center.
D. Bank of China Tower.
解析：细节理解题。根据The Henderson部分中的“the office tower... with the natural environment”和“a sky garden which is an outdoor recreational space... by consuming pollutants”可知，这些描述表明此建筑将技术和自然环境结合在一起，特别是其中的空中花园和起生物空气净化器作用的种植网络。故选B。
3. What do the BOC Tower and IFC Ⅱ have in common？
A. They are known for being eco－friendly.
B. They were completed in the same century.
C. They used to be the tallest in Hong Kong.
D. They were designed by the same architect.
解析：细节理解题。根据Two International Finance Center部分中的“Designed by the late César Pelli， the 1，352－foot tower was the tallest in the city upon its completion.”可知，IFC Ⅱ在完工时是当时香港最高的建筑；根据Bank of China Tower 部分中的“broke records at the time and became an instant landmark as the first tower over 985 feet outside North America”可知，它也打破了当时的纪录并成了地标，是北美洲外的第一个高度超过985英尺的塔。因此，这两座建筑过去都曾是香港最高的建筑。故选C。
答案：C
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①architect n. 建筑师；设计师，缔造者，创造者 ②launch v. 发射；开始从事，发起 ③visionary n. 有眼力的人，有远见卓识的人 adj. 有创见的，有远见卓识的；梦幻的 ④symbolize v. 象征，是……的象征，代表 ⑤for instance 例如，比如
[长难句分析]
(第三段最后一句)For instance， there is a sky garden which is an outdoor recreational space with a running track and a planting network that acts as an effective biological air－purifying filter by consuming pollutants.
分析：which引导定语从句，修饰sky garden；that引导定语从句，修饰space。
译文：例如，其中有一个空中花园，是一个带跑道和植物网络的室外休闲场所，通过吸收污染物来起到有效的生物净化空气的作用。
Test 2
体裁：应用文 词数：292
话题：野生动物保护 建议用时：6分钟
Wildlife conservation programs are a great way to get involved in the preservation of endangered species， as well as learn how you can help protect them. If you are a wildlife lover， here are some programs you can choose.
Animal Rescue Project， South Africa
You will be working with experienced conservationists in Cape Town. A significant challenge is to find new homes for homeless dogs and cats. The project comprises two sections： a fully equipped animal hospital and an adoption center focusing on securing new homes. Due to limited funding， the center can only afford a small number of permanent staff， relying heavily on wildlife lovers to assist with daily tasks and provide hands－on care for these animals.
Turtle Conservation Project， Sri Lanka
Recent years have witnessed a significant decline in the sea turtles’ numbers due to numerous commercial fishing. As a wildlife lover， your role extends to supporting hatcheries(孵化场) in their conservation efforts. Additionally， your involvement helps these hatcheries with funds， as we provide a placement fee for each wildlife lover， enabling them to generate additional income.
Wildlife Conservation Program， Australia
You will be engaged in activities such as animal feeding， cleaning， maintenance， and enrichment. This program provides an incredible opportunity to gain first－hand international work experience. For you， this program is an excellent choice. Not only will you contribute to a noble cause， but it also offers a fantastic opportunity to meet people from around the world.
Marine Conservation Program， Bali
You will be working in Tianyar， where the reef is now in a worsening state. The project was initiated to restore and conserve Tianyar’s coral reef， not only to protect its remarkable and delicate ecosystems but also to secure a sustainable future for the residents.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇应用文。文章为野生动物爱好者提供了一些可供选择的濒危物种保护项目。
1. What problem does the adoption center meet with？
A. Insufficient equipment.
B. Insecure surroundings.
答案：D
C. Shortage of shelters.
D. Lack of hands.
解析：细节理解题。根据Animal Rescue Project， South Africa部分中的“Due to limited funding... relying heavily on wildlife lovers to assist with daily tasks”可知，收养中心面临资金有限这一问题，以至于无法招收足够数量的长期工，只得大量依赖野生动物爱好者来帮忙做日常事务，故选D。
2. Which program will offer financial assistance？
A. Animal Rescue Project， South Africa.
B. Turtle Conservation Project， Sri Lanka.
C. Wildlife Conservation Program， Australia.
D. Marine Conservation Program， Bali.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据Turtle Conservation Project， Sri Lanka部分中的“your involvement helps these hatcheries with funds... enabling them to generate additional income”可知，在斯里兰卡的海龟保护项目为每一位野生动物爱好者提供安置费，使他们能够产生额外的收入，故选B。
3. What is the main purpose of the text？
A. To promote program cooperation.
B. To advocate restoring ecosystems.
C. To introduce endangered species protection.
D. To encourage engagement with wildlife preservation.
答案：D
解析：写作目的题。根据第一段“Wildlife conservation programs are... here are some programs you can choose.”可知，野生动物保护项目是参与濒危物种保护的好方法，本文通过介绍保护濒危物种的几个项目，来鼓励野生动物爱好者参与野生动物保护，故选D。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①preservation n. 保护，维护，保存
②endangered adj. (动植物)濒危的
③significant adj. 有重大意义的，显著的
④comprise v. 包括，包含，由……组成
⑤witness v. 是发生……的地点(或时间、组织等)，见证 ⑥initiate v. 开始，发起，创始 ⑦get involved in 参与，涉及
[熟词生义]
cause v. 引起，造成 生义：n. (支持或为之奋斗的)事业
[长难句分析]
(第三段最后一句)Additionally， your involvement helps these hatcheries with funds， as we provide a placement fee for each wildlife lover， enabling them to generate additional income.
分析：as引导原因状语从句；enabling...为现在分词短语作结果状语。
译文：此外，你的参与还可以为这些孵化场提供资金，因为我们为每位野生动物爱好者提供一笔安置费，使他们能够获得额外的收入。(共37张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题二 攻克阅读理解体裁
考点5 新闻报道
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·B篇)
高考真题
Do you ever get to the train station and realize you forgot to bring something to read？ Yes， we all have our phones， but many of us still like to go old school and read something printed.
Well， there’s a kiosk(小亭) for that. In the San Francisco Bay Area， at least.
“You enter the fare gates(检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one－minute， a three－minute， or a five－minute story，” says Alicia Trost， the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit－known as BART. “You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt－like short story.”
It’s that simple. Riders have printed nearly 20，000 short stories and poems since the program was launched last March. Some are classic short stories， and some are new original works.
Trost also wants to introduce local writers to local riders. “We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest，” Trost says. “And as of right now， we’ve received about 120 submissions. The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
Ridership on transit(交通) systems across the country has been down the past half century， so could short stories save transit？
Trost thinks so.
“At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，” she says.
And you’ll never be without something to read.
24. Why did BART start the kiosk program？
A. To promote the local culture.
B. To discourage phone use.
C. To meet passengers’ needs.
D. To reduce its running costs.
25. How are the stories categorized in the kiosk？
A. By popularity. B. By length.
C. By theme. D. By language.
26. What has Trost been doing recently？
A. Organizing a story contest.
B. Doing a survey of customers.
C. Choosing a print publisher.
D. Conducting interviews with artists.
27. What is Trost’s opinion about BART’s future？
A. It will close down.
B. Its profits will decline.
C. It will expand nationwide.
D. Its ridership will increase.
第一步：文本解读
本文是一篇新闻报道，主要报道了旧金山湾区快速交通系统(BART)的自助亭项目，乘客们可以根据自身需求得到不同阅读时长的短篇故事来打发时间。
第二步：定位关键信息
题24：定位到第三段“'You enter the fare gates(检票口) and you’ll see a kiosk that is lit up and it tells you can get a one－minute， a three－minute， or a five－minute story，' says Alicia Trost， the chief communications officer for the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit－known as BART. 'You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt－like short story.'”
题25：定位到第三段的“You choose which length you want and it gives you a receipt－like short story.”
题26：定位到第五段的“We wanted to do something where we do a call to artists in the Bay Area to submit stories for a contest” 以及“The winning stories would go into our kiosk and then you would be a published artist.”
题27：定位到倒数第二段“'At the end of the day all transit agencies right now are doing everything they can to improve the rider experience. So I absolutely think we will get more riders just because of short stories，' she says.”
第三步：分析对比，确定答案
题24：BART启动自助亭是为了满足乘客在乘车过程中的阅读需求，为他们提供不同长度的短篇故事或诗歌来打发时间。故选C项。
题25：自助亭中的故事按长度分类，乘客可以根据自己的需求选择不同长度的故事。故选B项。
题26：Trost最近在组织一个故事竞赛，向湾区的艺术家征集故事，获胜作品将被放入自助亭供乘客阅读。故选A项。
题27：Trost认为通过提升乘客体验，包括提供短篇故事阅读服务，BART可以吸引更多的乘客，乘客量将会增加。故选D项。
新闻报道突出新闻性，内容真实、新鲜，时效性极强。设题主要集中在观点态度题、推理判断题、词句猜测题和主旨大意题。在做题时，我们应该注意以下几点：
1. 精心研读文章导语：文章首段通常是导语，主要说明文章的中心人物或事件，即文章的主题。
2. 直接读题：判断题目类型，找出题干定位词。
3. 定位查找关键信息：根据定位词，在原文中找出关键句，分析对比选项确定答案。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：新闻报道 词数：363
话题：环境保护 建议用时：8分钟
Waterways are important for every country around the world. They provide not only water for everyday use but also routes for transport. However， due to industrial activity， many of them are now polluted.
Dakota Perry from the US has experienced water pollution first－hand. The 15－year－old high school girl told Alabama Local News that she spends a lot of time going on boat rides with her father on the river behind their house. However， the river has become littered with plastic bags， bottles and cups. Perry wanted to clean up the water so she could continue to enjoy the river. So， with the help of her father， she designed a system to collect and remove rubbish in waterways.
In May， Perry put forward her solution at the Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair held in Georgia， the US， and received a Judge’s Award from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for her project.
According to the Science News for Students website， her system was inspired by the Dutch Great Bubble(气泡) Barrier in Amsterdam， which creates a flow of bubbles that trap waste and directs it to a catchment system. But Perry tried to challenge herself and make her system more environment－friendly. She planned to create a curtain of bubbles that stretched the river diagonally(对角地). The curtain would stop the floating rubbish and then push it toward the shore. Once there， a conveyor run by a solar－powered battery would carry the waste to a dustbin.
In her backyard pool， Perry used an air compressor(压缩机) to send air through a pipe full of holes to create a stream of bubbles. She experimented with different amounts of pressure to make sure there would be enough bubbles to form a full curtain. “For the bubble system to actually work and collect rubbish，” she explained to Science News for Students， “I have to know how much pressure the air compressor is supposed to push out.”
After she tested her system for collecting rubbish， Perry found that it worked better than expected. Next， she plans to work out how to use the power of the river to run the air compressor.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要介绍了美国15岁的高中女孩Dakota Perry在父亲的帮助下，设计了一款收集和清理河道垃圾的系统。
1. What motivated Perry to design a rubbish－collecting system？
A. Her father’s encouragement.
B. Her desire to protect a nearby river.
C. A visit to a science and engineering fair.
D. An invention of a Dutch high school student.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“boat rides with her father on the river behind their house. However， the river has become littered with plastic bags， bottles and cups. Perry wanted to clean up the water”可知，Perry和她的父亲喜欢在他们房子后面的河上乘船旅行，然而现在河里到处都是塑料袋、瓶子和杯子。为了清理河道里的垃圾，保护附近的河流，Perry设计了一款垃圾收集系统。故选B项。
答案：B
2. What can we know about the rubbish－collecting system？
A. It was designed by Perry alone.
B. It makes power to run the air compressor.
C. It collects solar energy to remove rubbish.
D. It creates a bubble curtain to block rubbish.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中的“She planned to create a curtain of bubbles that stretched the river diagonally(对角地). The curtain would stop the floating rubbish and then push it toward the shore.”可知，她计划制作一个气泡屏障，使河流对角线延伸，气泡屏障会阻止漂浮的垃圾，然后把它们推向岸边。故选D项。
3. What is the 5th paragraph mainly about？
A. Advantages of the system.
B. The way of testing the system.
答案：B
C. The improvement on the system.
D. Challenges in the design process.
解析：段落大意题。根据第五段中的“She experimented with different amounts of pressure to make sure there would be enough bubbles to form a full curtain.(她尝试了不同量的压力，以确保有足够的气泡来形成一个完整的屏障。)”和“I have to know how much pressure the air compressor is supposed to push out.(我得知道空气压缩机应该施加多大的压力。)”可知，本段主要讲测试这个系统的方法。故选B项。
4. What kind of person is Perry？
A. Efficient and ambitious.
B. Helpful and hard－working.
答案：C
C. Responsible and creative.
D. Professional and adventurous.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Perry wanted to clean up the water”可以看出，Perry是一个有社会责任感的孩子；根据第五段中的“She experimented with different amounts of pressure to make sure there would be enough bubbles”可以看出，Perry对自己的系统很负责任；根据第四段中的“Perry tried to challenge herself and make her system more environment－friendly”可知，Perry是一个有创新精神的人。故选C项。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①industrial adj. 工业的，产业的 ②first－hand adv. 第一手地，直接地 ③remove v. 移开，拿开，去掉 ④direct v. 给……指路，为……领路；指挥，指引 ⑤stretch v. 拉长，拽宽，撑大，抻松；拉紧，拉直 ⑥put forward 提出(计划、建议、意见等)
[长难句分析]
(第四段第一句)According to the Science News for Students website， her system was inspired by the Dutch Great Bubble(气泡) Barrier in Amsterdam， which creates a flow of bubbles that trap waste and directs it to a catchment system.
分析：which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰the Dutch Great Bubble Barrier；that引导定语从句，修饰bubbles。
译文：根据《科学新闻学生版》网站上的报道，她的系统受到了阿姆斯特丹的荷兰大泡沫屏障的启发，该屏障通过产生气泡的流动来捕捉垃圾并将其引导到一个集水系统中。
Test 2
体裁：新闻报道 词数：337
话题：气候变化 建议用时：7分钟
Djukic is a biology and chemistry student. She never thought that one day she would be in a classroom where an English teacher asked her to play a board game in order to learn about climate change.
Debra Rosenthal is the professor of the class. At first， Djukic said she was uncertain about Rosenthal’s board game idea. “I was just like：'This is interesting， but how much are we actually going to take away from it？'”
Rosenthal thought her students would gain a greater understanding about how their own ideas and experiences affected climate change. Students do not compete against each other. They work together to choose the best plan of action. The game is different from board games such as Monopoly， where the goal is to win. Rosenthal said she hoped the games would give students a chance to talk about climate change in a new way.
“Playing the games is a way to be social， to engage in conversation. There has to be a lot of energy around the table. It’s very collaborative. And in the game that I chose to play， they really were able to work together and try to come up with a solution so that the planet was not destroyed.”
During the class， she said， students laughed， disagreed and had to call for votes as a way to decide how to move forward in the game. Djukic said it was a “way to have fun... while also learning about such a serious subject”.
The games are global， Djukic said. That is because she and her classmates said they were able to see how one player’s decision about agriculture affected another player on the other side of the world.
She said the games showed her that “in the game of climate change and the climate crisis， no individual wins”.“It’s either we all suffer from this， or we all somehow collaborate to work our way out of this and turn the clock back on climate change.”
【文章大意】 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了英语老师Debra Rosenthal在自己的课堂上通过棋盘游戏让学生们了解气候变化。
1. What is the purpose of Rosenthal’s class arrangement？
A. To inspire the competition among students.
B. To entertain the students with the board game.
C. To stress the damage caused by climate change.
D. To encourage students’ viewpoints about climate change.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Rosenthal thought her students... how their own ideas and experiences affected climate change.”和本段最后一句可知，Rosenthal认为她的学生会更好地理解他们自己的想法和经历会是如何影响气候变化的，并希望棋盘游戏能给学生们一个以一种新方式讨论气候变化的机会。由此可见，Rosenthal那样安排课堂是因为她想要鼓励学生们形成对气候变化的观点，故选D项。
答案：D
2. Which best describes the board game according to Paragraph 4？
A. Cooperative. B. Competitive.
C. Creative. D. Exclusive.
答案：A
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“a way to be social， to engage in conversation... to work together and try to come up with a solution”可知，在棋盘游戏中，学生可以相互之间交流合作，一起努力想出解决方案，故选A项。
3. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs？
A. Agriculture is of vital importance to the world.
B. The world is a community of shared future.
C. Man with strong will can conquer nature.
D. Climate change is a tough problem to solve.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“The games are global”和最后一段中的“It’s either we all suffer from this， or we all somehow collaborate to work our way out of this”可知，在气候变化这个全球性问题上，我们要么都遭受痛苦，要么以某种方式合作想出解决办法。也就是说，人类命运是紧密相连的，我们有共同的未来，故选B项。
4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text？
A. Climate Change Calls for Teamwork
B. Climate Change Leads to the Global Impact
C. A Board Game Helps Students Understand Climate Issues
D. A Good Teacher Gives Students Lifelong Benefits
答案：C
解析：标题归纳题。根据第一段中的“an English teacher asked her to play a board game in order to learn about climate change”和下文内容可知，本文主要讲述了一个英语老师在课堂上通过棋盘游戏让学生们了解气候变化。因此，C项“棋盘游戏帮助学生理解气候问题”最适合作本文的标题，故选C项。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①collaborative adj. 合作的，协作的 ②engage (sb.) in sth.(使)从事，参加
[长难句分析]
(倒数第二段第二句)That is because she and her classmates said they were able to see how one player’s decision about agriculture affected another player on the other side of the world.
分析：because引导表语从句；they were...为省略that的宾语从句；how引导宾语从句。
译文：这是因为她和她的同学们说，他们能够看到一个队员关于农业的决定是如何影响世界另一端的另一个队员的。(共39张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题二 攻克阅读理解体裁
考点4 议论文
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·C篇)
高考真题
Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper？ And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material？ The answers to both questions are often “no.” The reasons relate to a variety of factors， including reduced concentration， an entertainment mindset(心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content.
When reading texts of several hundred words or more， learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks－like identifying the main idea in a reading passage－to ones that require mental abstraction－such as drawing inferences from a text.
The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper， there is a literal laying on of hands， along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page.
But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis(假说)”. According to this theory， people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media， which are often not so serious， and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.
Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies－say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However， psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories， they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces.
Digital texts， audio and video all have educational roles， especially when providing resources not available in print. However， for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for， educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same， even when they contain identical words.
28. What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in Paragraph 2 mean？
A. Seem unlikely to last.
B. Seem hard to explain.
C. Become ready to use.
D. Become easy to notice.
29. What does the shallowing hypothesis assume？
A. Readers treat digital texts lightly.
B. Digital texts are simpler to understand.
C. People select digital texts randomly.
D. Digital texts are suitable for social media.
30. Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers？
A. They can hold students’ attention.
B. They are more convenient to prepare.
C. They help develop advanced skills.
D. They are more informative than text.
31. What does the author imply in the last paragraph？
A. Students should apply multiple learning techniques.
B. Teachers should produce their own teaching material.
C. Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education.
D. Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored.
第一步：文本解读
本文是议论文，主要讨论了不同阅读媒介在理解和学习效果上的差异，并呼吁教育者在选择教学媒介时应充分考虑不同媒介的影响。
第二步：定位关键信息
题28：定位到第二段“When reading texts of several hundred words or more， learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks－like identifying the main idea in a reading passage－to ones that require mental abstraction－such as drawing inferences from a text.”
题29：定位到第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called 'shallowing hypothesis(假说)'. According to this theory， people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media， which are often not so serious， and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.”
题30：定位到第五段的“Audio(音频) and video can feel more engaging than text， and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies－say， assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.”
题31：定位到最后一段“Digital texts， audio and video all have educational roles， especially when providing resources not available in print. However， for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for， educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same， even when they contain identical words.”
第三步：分析对比，确定答案
题28：此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。
题29：shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。
题30：音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。
题31：尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。
议论文选材范围广，内容包罗万象，难度相对较大，命题角度多样化，设题主要集中在细节理解题、推理判断题和主旨大意题上。在做题时，我们应该注意以下几点：
1. 研读首段定论点：议论文的主旨，即论点，通常在首段，重点关注首段中however，but等转折词，其后的内容便是论点。
2. 细读中间段，把握论证方式：中间段是文章的主体部分，即论证部分，作者通常会用两个或两个以上的段落引用事实和理论依据进行论证。常见的论证方法包括：举例、引用、对比、列数字等。这一部分通常对应细节理解题的考点。
3. 关注尾段，得出结论：尾段往往是文章的结论部分，要弄清楚最后作者得出了什么结论。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：议论文 词数：372
话题：健康生活方式 建议用时：8分钟
Pick up any packaged processed food， and there’s a decent chance that one of its listed ingredients will be the “natural flavor”. The ingredient sounds good， particularly in contrast to “artificial flavors”. But what exactly does the natural flavor mean？ It refers to extracts(提取物) got from natural sources like plants， meat or seafood.
When consumers see the “natural flavor” on a label， they are unlikely to assume that someone is squeezing the juice from oranges into their bottles. They know even though natural flavors must come from natural sources， it needn’t all come from the plant or meat. For example， orange flavors might contain not only orange extracts， but also extracts from bark and grass. Nor is the common belief true that ingredients extracted from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made.
So if flavors like orange are needed， why not just use oranges？ The answer comes down to “availability， cost and sustainability”， according to flavor chemist Gary Reineccius of the University of Minnesota. “If you’re going to use all your grapes on grape soda，” Reineccius says， “you don’t have any grapes for wine making； the products are going to be exorbitant； besides， what do you do with the by－products you create after you’ve squeezed all the juice out of the grapes？”
Actually， while chemists make natural flavors by extracting chemicals from natural ingredients， artificial flavors are made by creating the same chemicals artificially. The reason why companies bother to use natural flavors rather than artificial flavors is simple： marketing. “Many of these products have health titles，” says Platkin， professor from Hunter College.“Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavors are healthier， though they’re nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavors. Natural flavors may involve more forest clear－cutting and carbon emissions from transport than flavors created in the lab.”
Platkin suggests getting more transparent labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavors are， so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavors”. Reineccius also offers some simple guidance： “Don’t buy anything because it says 'natural flavors'. Buy it because you like it.”
【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文。人们在购物的时候往往会选择天然香精而不是人造香精，认为天然香精一定比人造香精要好。可是专家建议消费者不要被天然香精所误导，要去买个人喜欢的。
1. Which is a misunderstanding about the “natural flavor” juice according to Paragraph 1？
A. It comes from 100％ original fruit.
B. It is nothing but advertising tricks.
C. It certainly contains extracts made in the lab.
D. It is absolutely safer than juice with artificial flavors.
解析：推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Pick up any packaged processed food... The ingredient sounds good， particularly in contrast to 'artificial flavors'.”可知，消费者在看食物成分表的时候，看到含有天然香精字样时会认为食品好，尤其是和人造香精对比。再根据第一段的最后一句“Nor is the common belief true that ingredients extracted from nature are necessarily safer than something artificially made.”可知，大家认为天然香精一定比人造香精要安全，这不是真的。故选D项。
答案：D
2. What does the underlined word “exorbitant” in Paragraph 2 probably mean？
A. Popular. B. Expensive.
答案：B
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在段中的“The answer comes down to 'availability， cost and sustainability'”可知，原因分为三个部分。本段中的“you don’t have any grapes for wine making”对应的是“availability”；“the products are going to be exorbitant”对应的是“cost”；“what do you do with the by－products... the grapes”对应的是“sustainability”。只有B项可以说明成本。故选B项。
C. Durable. D. Innovative.
3. Why do companies use natural flavors in their products？
A. To cut the costs.
B. To promote the sales.
C. To advocate a healthy diet.
D. To avoid food safety issues.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The reason why companies bother to use natural flavors rather than artificial flavors is simple： marketing.”可知，公司使用天然香精是为了营销。故选B项。
4. What can we conclude from the text？
A. Gary and Platkin hold opposite perspectives.
B. Natural flavors are more environmentally friendly.
C. Customers are misled for ignoring labels on packaging.
D. Natural and artificial flavors are more alike than you think.
答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Consumers may be talked to believe products with natural flavors are healthier， though they’re nutritionally no different from those with artificial flavors.”可知，消费者相信有天然香精的产品会更健康，尽管从营养上来讲这些产品和用人造香精的产品没有什么差别。故选D项。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①decent adj. 相当不错的 ②ingredient n. 成分，(尤指烹饪)原料 ③flavor n. 味道；调味香料 ④assume v. 假定，认为 ⑤extract v. 提取，提炼 n. 提取物 ⑥transparent adj. 透明的，清澈的；显而易见的 ⑦advocate v. 拥护，支持，提倡 ⑧in contrast to 和……相比 ⑨come down to 可归结为，可归纳为
[长难句分析]
(最后一段第一句)Platkin suggests getting more transparent labeling on packaging that describes exactly what the natural or artificial flavors are， so consumers are not misled into buying one product over another because of “natural flavors”.
分析：that引导定语从句，修饰labeling；what引导宾语从句。
译文：普拉特金建议在包装上提供更透明的标签，准确描述天然或人工香精是什么，这样消费者就不会因为“天然香精”而被误导购买某种产品而不是另一种产品。
Test 2
体裁：议论文 词数：341
话题：原谅 建议用时：8分钟
Is forgiveness against our human nature？ To answer our question， we need to ask a further question： What is the essence of our humanity？ For the sake of simplicity， people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness， Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature， much to their harm. In his opinion， forgivers are compromising their well－being as they offer mercy to others， who might then take advantage of them.
The second view involves the theme of cooperation， mutual respect， and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings， we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love， our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example， how well has slavery(奴隶制) worked as a mode of social harmony？
From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans， forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness， shown through scientific studies， is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to an extent the people from whom you are estranged(不和的) accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.
As an important note， when we take a classical Realism philosophical perspective， that of Aristotle， we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive， but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving， its actual appropriation in conflict situations， develops with practice.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文。文章从人性角度讲述了两种关于原谅的观点，说明了原谅的好处，并告诉读者原谅是可以通过训练提升的。
1. What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness？
A. People should offer mercy to others.
B. Aggressive people should learn to forgive.
C. Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity.
D. People who forgive can have their own welfare affected.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“In his opinion， forgivers are compromising their well－being as they offer mercy to others， who might then take advantage of them.”可知，Droll认为原谅别人的人在宽恕他人的时候，也在损害自己的幸福，而被宽恕的人可能会利用他们，故选D项。
2. What does the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate？
A. To forgive is to love.
B. To dominate is to harm.
答案：B
C. To fight is to grow.
D. To give is to receive.
解析：推理判断题。举例是为了说明例子前面的观点或概念。根据第二段中For example前的“Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions.”可知，支配他人的意志并不能促成和谐的互动。由此可以推断，作者举奴隶制这个例子是为了说明“支配他人就是伤害”，故选B项。
3. What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness？
A. Favorable. B. Reserved.
答案：A
C. Objective. D. Skeptical.
解析：观点态度题。根据第三段中的“one of the outcomes of forgiveness， shown through scientific studies， is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger... Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people.”和最后一段中的“We are not necessarily... with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive.”可知，作者认为原谅可以减少仇恨，恢复和谐，打破愤怒的循环，愈合关系，将人们再次联系在一起，且人们应该学习原谅并提升原谅的能力。由此可知，作者对原谅持支持的态度，故选A项。
4. What is the message of the last paragraph？
A. Forgiveness is in our nature.
B. Forgiveness grows with time.
答案：C
C. It takes practice to forgive.
D. Actuality is based on potentiality.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“We are not necessarily... with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving... develops with practice.”可知，我们不一定天生就有原谅的能力，但我们有潜力学习原谅并提升我们原谅的能力，原谅是随着练习而发展的。由此可知，本段主要说明原谅是可以通过练习提升的，故选C项。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①dominance n. 优势，显要，支配地位 ②aggressive adj. 好斗的，挑衅的 ③integrity n. 完整，完好；诚实正直 ④hatred n. 仇恨，憎恨，厌恶 ⑤perspective n. 态度，观点，思考方法 ⑥for the sake of 为了……的缘故 ⑦fall apart 破裂，崩溃
[熟词生义]
compromise v. 妥协，让步 生义：v. 损害
[长难句分析]
(第三段第一句)From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans， forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness， shown through scientific studies， is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony.
分析：who引导宾语从句；because引导原因状语从句；shown through scientific studies为过去分词短语作状语。
译文：从第二个观点来看，作为人类，原谅在个人和社区的生物和心理完整性中起着关键作用，因为科学研究表明，原谅的结果之一是仇恨的减少和和谐的恢复。
