(共44张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题一 突破阅读理解题型
第2讲 揣摩隐含不臆断 巧解推理判断题
推理判断题是高层次的阅读理解题。解答这种类型的题目时，一定要整体把握语篇内容，先理解字面意思，再结合语境进行符合逻辑的推断，体会作者的“弦外之音”和“言外之意”。此题型的考查主要包括：隐含推断题、意图推断题、观点态度题和文章出处题。
类型 “逻辑分析”突破隐含推断题
(2024·浙江1月卷·A篇节选)
高考真题
This year Nathan Turner of Burlington is Tom Sawyer， and Robbie McMath of Fort Mitchell is Huck Finn.
Turner， a 10th－grader at School for Creative and Performing Arts， is a familiar presence on Cincinnati’s stages. He is a star actor of Children’s Theatre， having played leading roles in “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “The Wizard of Oz”， and is fresh from Jersey Production “Ragtime”.
McMath is a junior at Beechwood High School. He was in the cast of “Tom Sawyer” when it was first performed and is a Children’s Theatre regular， with five shows to his credit. This summer he attended Kentucky’s Governor’s School for the Arts in Musical Theatre.
22. What can we learn about the two actors？
A. They study in the same school.
B. They worked together in “Ragtime”.
C. They are experienced on stage.
D. They became friends ten years ago.
Step 1：确定题干中的关键信息
Step 2：在原文中确定推理依据，整合相关信息进行推理判断，确定最佳结论
(1)用题干关键词“the two actors”寻读，将答案定位在第二段和第三段。根据第二段中“a familiar presence on Cincinnati’s stages”“having played leading roles...”可知，Turner是舞台上的熟面孔，且已在其他剧中担任过主角。第三段中提到“a Children’s Theatre regular， with five shows to his credit”可知，McMath是儿童剧院的主演，且已完成了五场演出。
(2)比较选项和信息句可以推出，他们二人在舞台上都很有经验。故选C项。
隐含推断题要求考生正确把握文章的内在关系，理解字里行间的隐含意义，推断出作者没有直接说明的内容或可能会发生的事情，理解作者的言外之意等。
如何准确对文章信息作出推断
1. 要全面分析所有相关信息，作出合理、适度的推断。切忌片面思考或过度推断。
2. 要忠于原文，根据语篇中的相关信息进行推断，切勿脱离原文而凭个人看法主观臆断。
类型 “文体特点”突破意图推断题
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D篇节选)[原文出处]选自Blackpool Gazette网站，名为“Must－read of the week：AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence by Catriona Campbell”的文章。
高考真题
AI will affect us all， and if you only read one book on the subject， this is it.
35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text？
A. To recommend a book on AI.
B. To give a brief account of AI history.
C. To clarify the definition of AI.
D. To honor an outstanding AI expert.
Step 1：把握文章主旨，推断写作意图
Step 2：看文体类别，锁定关键信息
Step 3：看写作手法，进而确定答案
(1)根据“AI will affect us all， and if you only read one book on the subject， this is it.”可知，人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，这就是它。
(2)结合全文内容，经过分析可推出，作者写这篇文章的目的是给读者推荐了卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔的书AI by Design：A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence。故选A项。
意图推断题要求考生对文章有
完整、准确的理解，从整体上
把握文章的主旨，分析文章的
引申含义，进而推断作者的写
作意图。
类型 “语境褒贬”突破观点态度题
(2024·全国甲卷·C篇节选)
高考真题
Doctors see up to 150 patients every day. The train’s equipment allows for basic checkups. “I was very impressed by the doctors and their assistants working and living in such little space but still staying focused and very concerned，” says Ducke. “They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.”
[易错点]没有仔细分析作者字里行间要表达的观点，而是根据文中的只言片语，凭自己的主观臆断做出了选择。
31. What is Ducke’s attitude toward the Saint Lukas’ services？
A. Appreciative. B. Doubtful.
C. Ambiguous. D. Cautious.
Step 1：找出题干中关键信息提示词
Step 2：从文章中找出包含该信息的段落，抓住体现人物观点态度、作者思想倾向或情感色彩的词汇或句子，通过分析确定答案
(1)找准信息句：“I was very impressed(我深感印象深刻)”和“They were the best chance for many rural people to get the treatment they want.(对于许多农村人来说，他们是得到所需治疗的最好的机会。)”
(2)分析信息句，体现作者观点态度的信息：I was very impressed和the best chance，可知作者的态度是赞赏的。故选A项。
[突破]观点态度题要锁定描写人物语气、动作、表情的词句及他人的评价，掌握描述观点态度的形容词。
working、living和staying为现在分词作定语
分析：I was very impressed by the doctors and their
assistants
working and living in such little space but still staying focused and
very concerned
.
观点态度题指针对作者或文中人物的观点态度和对事物的评价进行设问的阅读理解题目。主要考查考生对作者或文中人物的观点、感情、态度的理解能力。
类型 “文章体裁”突破文章出处题
(2023·全国乙卷·D篇节选)
高考真题
If you want to tell the history of the whole world， a history that does not privilege one part of humanity， you cannot do it through texts alone， because only some of the world has ever had texts， while most of the world， for most of the time， has not.[突破]锁定句子的谓语动词，去掉各种非核心成分，留下句子的主干。(锁定动词留主干) Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements， and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things.
...
When we consider contact(联系) between literate and non－literate societies such as these， all our first－hand accounts are necessarily twisted， only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts， but the objects.
锁定细节判出处
35. Which of the following books is the text most likely selected from？
A. How Maps Tell Stories of the World
B. A Short History of Australia
C. A History of the World in 100 Objects
D. How Art Works Tell Stories
Step 1：迅速扫读文章，找出文章关键词，确定文章主题
Step 2：根据文章内容和措辞推断文章出处
(1)定位原文信息：“If you want to tell the history of the whole world， a history that does not privilege one part of humanity， you cannot do it through texts alone， because only some of the world has ever had texts， while most of the world， for most of the time， has not.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。)”
结合最后一段的“If we are to find the other half of that conversation， we have to read not just the texts， but the objects.”可知，如果我们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仅要读文本，还要读物品。
(2)本文讲述仅仅依靠书面文本来讲述世界历史有局限性，想要更好地了解历史就要将文本和物品结合在一起。从而推断文章最有可能选自《100件物品中的世界史》。故选C项。
[点拨]推断文章出处是高考命题中常考的试题，推断文章来源需要了解文章的体裁和题材，根据文章的内容和体裁我们就能推断出文章的出处，平时我们要注意积累一些文章体裁的知识，如新闻、说明文、议论文等体裁的特征。另外，我们还要了解文章的话题是科技、体育、健康还是教育。
条件状语从句
同位语
had texts， while most of the world， for most of the time， has not.
分析：
If you want to tell the history of
定语从句，修饰 a history 主干
状语 原因状语从句
the world has ever
此类题目要求考生在具备一定常识的基础上，根据文章的体裁、题材、语言特征和标志性信息来推断文章的出处或类型。考生要对报纸、杂志、小说、广告、旅游指南等有基本的了解，这样才能根据文章的特点对号入座，选出最佳选项。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：议论文 词数：311
话题：人工智能 建议用时：7分钟
Will artificial intelligence (AI) replace my job？ This is a question that many people think about these days. At present， the application of AI robotics in professional fields， as well as ChatGPT’s abilities to write essays， solve complex problems and more， has heightened moral concerns.
Some people see AI as the ultimate cure for society’s most fundamental problems， while others fear that AI will overtake human intelligence. These two views are based on the assumption that AI is better and smarter than humanity and may ultimately replace human decision－making. But given the fact that technology is the product of human civilization， the challenge from AI is something we have created for ourselves as we keep pushing back our own boundaries. In other words， AI’s progress， functions and future direction are all determined by the human brain.
Before AI becomes a threat to humanity， the international community should reach an agreement on the role it is to play. More importantly， related laws and regulations must ensure that AI will benefit society and prevent it from threatening human life. Robots， for example， are believed to develop emotional intelligence sometime， which enables them to recognize， understand and express emotions in a way that is similar to humans’， but we must avoid AI copying human emotions. Without legal restrictions， AI may become a social disaster.
The AI－driven new industrial revolution(革命) is irreversible. This， like previous ones， which introduced changes that had been unimaginable before， will certainly affect human employment. But it always turned out that humanity was able to adapt to each industrial revolution and create new forms of employment. Therefore， it’s unnecessary to worry AI will replace our jobs. While technology advances at a rapid pace， what we need to do is welcome the AI era rather than block its unfolding for fear of the unknown.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文。随着人工智能的兴起，人们担心它会对人类社会造成威胁，但如果相关法规能确保它有益于社会并防止它威胁人类生活，人类应以一种积极的态度来迎接先进的科学技术。
1. Why are some people concerned about AI？
A. It has been applied widely.
B. It has led to social problems.
C. It may outsmart humans.
D. It is the product of humanity.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Some people see AI as the ultimate cure... replace human decision－making.”可知，一些人把人工智能看作人类社会最基本问题的最终对策，而其他人害怕人工智能将会超越人类智力。这两种观点都是基于人工智能比人类更聪明的假设。故选C项。
2. How can we prevent AI’s potential threat？
A. By stirring emotions.
B. By setting restrictions.
答案：B
C. By blocking functions.
D. By changing regulations.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段中的“but we must avoid AI copying human emotions. Without legal restrictions， AI may become a social disaster.”可知，我们必须阻止人工智能模仿人类感情。如果没有法律限制，人工智能也许会变成社会灾难。由此可推知，为了阻止人工智能给人类带来威胁，我们必须设定限制。故选B项。
3. What does the underlined word “irreversible” in the last paragraph mean？
A. Undesirable. B. Unbelievable.
C. Unpredictable. D. Unavoidable.
答案：D
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“This， like previous ones... will certainly affect human employment.”可知，就像之前的几次革命会带来之前难以想象的变化一样，人工智能肯定会影响人类的就业。此处通过理解like表示的类比关系可推知，画线词意为“不可避免的”。故选D项。
4. What does the writer suggest readers do with the coming of the AI era？
A. Deal with it positively.
B. Accept it passively.
答案：A
C. Respond to it randomly.
D. Defend it unconditionally.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“it’s unnecessary to worry AI will replace our jobs... fear of the unknown.”可知，不必担心人工智能会取代我们的工作。虽然技术发展迅速，但我们需要做的是欢迎人工智能时代的到来，而不是因为害怕未知而阻止它的发展。由此可推知，作者建议读者积极地应对人工智能时代的到来。故选A项。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①replace v. 代替 ②concern n. 担忧 ③fundamental adj. 根本的；基本的 ④overtake v. 超越 ⑤boundary n. 界限，边界 ⑥threat n. 威胁 ⑦ensure v. 确保 ⑧restriction n. 限制 ⑨block v. 阻止；阻碍 ⑩see... as 把……看作 prevent... from 阻止…… be similar to... 与……相似 turn out... 结果是…… adapt to 适应 rather than 而不是
[长难句分析]
(第二段第三句)But given the fact that technology is the product of human civilization， the challenge from AI is something we have created for ourselves as we keep pushing back our own boundaries.
分析：that引导同位语从句；we have...是省略that的定语从句，修饰something；as引导原因状语从句。
译文：但鉴于科技是人类文明的产物，人工智能的挑战是我们自己创造的，因为我们不断推动自己的边界。
Test 2
体裁：说明文 词数：351
话题：数字双胞胎模型 建议用时：8分钟
Imagine a future where science has created your twin. Not a flesh－and－blood twin， but one that recreates your flesh and blood， your bones， your heart， your brain－your whole body， in fact－as an extremely complicated computer model.
Your doctors can use this digital twin to work out how you will respond to a particular drug or medical procedure. They can even look further into the future， creating a “healthcast”， to forecast what diseases might happen to you or how your lifestyle will affect your health as you age. It is the ultimate in personalized medicine. This is the bold vision set out in Virtual You： How Building Your Digital Twin Will Revolutionize Medicine and Change Your Life by Peter Coveney， director of the Center for Computational Science， and Roger Highfield， science director of the Science Museum Group， UK.
Digital twins are already in widespread use in industries such as civil engineering. But these model systems are much simpler than the complex human body. Imagine all the parts that come together to make you work： from the 3 billion letters of your genome(基因组)， the numerous molecules(分子) that make up your cells， the trillions of cells building your tissue and organs， and the environment having its input too. Now， imagine trying to create a model of this that is made to each unique individual and that predicts the changes that will take place over a lifetime. This is easier said than done. Changes in the systems biologists want to describe are usually different from what mathematicians describe as “non－linear”(非线性的).
Another complication is “emergence”： where the whole of a system is greater than the sum of its parts. This complexity challenges mathematics and pushes computing to the limit too.
But getting to the next level－a whole human individual－is going to require yet more data and a revolution in computing technology far beyond what is currently possible. Whether we will get there is an open question， but Virtual You shows us what scientists from different fields can achieve when they all work together.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在健康领域的数字双胞胎模型，包括其概念、发挥的作用、建模的难点和未来的发展趋势等。
1. What can be learned about your science－made twin according to Paragraph 1？
A. Your twin looks just like you.
B. Your twin knows your thoughts.
答案：C
C. Your twin exists on the computer.
D. Your twin is created out of your DNA.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Not a flesh－and－blood twin， but one that recreates... computer model.”可知，不是血肉之躯的双胞胎，而是将你的血肉、骨骼、心脏、大脑——实际上你的整个身体——复制成一个极其复杂的计算机模型。由此可知，你的科学制作的双胞胎存在于电脑中。故选C项。
2. Why is it difficult to build a digital twin？
A. Human body is more complicated than models.
B. Digital twins are not widely used in industries.
C. Scientists lack enough data in building it.
D. Mathematicians and biologists hold different opinions.
解析：推理判断题。根据第三段内容可知，已在土木工程领域广泛应用的数字双胞胎模型远比复杂人体简单得多，给每个独特的个体建立数字双胞胎模型，说着容易做着难。生物学家想要描述的系统变化通常不同于数学家所描述的“非线性”。另一个使事情变得复杂的问题在于一个系统的整体大于其各部分的总和。这种复杂性对数学提出了挑战，也将计算机技术推向了极限。由此可推知，建立数字双胞胎的困难在于人体远比模型复杂。故选A项。
答案：A
3. What’s the author’s attitude towards the idea of a digital twin？
A. Optimistic. B. Uncertain.
C. Unconcerned. D. Skeptical.
答案：A
解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段末句可知，作者认为我们是否能实现这一目标是一个悬而未决的问题，但是《虚拟的你》这本书已经展示了来自不同领域的科学家们在共同努力下可以取得的成就。由此可推知，作者对数字双胞胎理念的态度是积极乐观的。故选A项。
4. What is the purpose of this text？
A. To stress the necessity of digital twins.
B. To show the effects of digital twins on future health.
C. To explain the building of digital twins in health.
D. To introduce new treatments for diseases in the future.
答案：C
解析：写作目的题。全文为读者介绍了在健康领域的数字双胞胎模型，包括其概念、发挥的作用、建模的难点和未来的发展趋势等。因此作者写本文的目的是解释健康领域数字双胞胎的建构。故选C项。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①procedure n. 程序，步骤 ②forecast v. 预测；预言 ③affect v. 影响 ④widespread adj. 广泛的，普遍的 ⑤input n. 输入 ⑥unique adj. 独特的 ⑦currently adv. 目前 ⑧work out 解出；计算；解决 ⑨respond to... 对……作出反应 ⑩civil engineering 土木工程 make up 组成 push... to the limit 把……推向极限
[熟词生义]
ultimate adj. 最终的；终极的；最后的 生义：n. 精华；极品
[长难句分析]
(最后一段第一句)But getting to the next level－a whole human individual－is going to require yet more data and a revolution in computing technology far beyond what is currently possible.
分析：getting to the next level为动名词短语作主语；a whole human individual作同位语；what引导宾语从句。
译文：但是达到下一个阶段——(建构)一个完整的人类个体——将需要更多的数据和一场远远超出目前可能的计算技术革命。(共49张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题一 突破阅读理解题型
第4讲 巧用线索抓关键 稳解词句猜测题
词句猜测题考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词、短语或句子含义的能力。此题型的考查主要包括：词义猜测题、句意理解题和代词指代题。
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·D篇节选)
高考真题
In the wrong hands， such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code(代码) that powers AI but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic， making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which， by the close， will make you feel almost as smart as AI.
类型 利用文中线索解词义猜测题
利用逻辑关系猜测词义
32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in Paragraph 2 probably mean？
A. If read by someone poorly educated.
B. If reviewed by someone ill－intentioned.
C. If written by someone less competent.
D. If translated by someone unacademic.
Step 1：扫读文章，确定关键信息
Step 2：结合上下文，读懂语境，并根据逻辑关系、构词法、同位语等猜测画线短语的意思
Step 3：把答案代入原文验证，进而得出答案
(1)根据画线短语后面的“but， thankfully， Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable(但是，幸运的是，坎贝尔拥有超过20年的专业经验，能够将高深的内容转化为易懂的语言)”。
(2)推理可知，画线短语“In the wrong hands”指的应该是“如果换一个能力不如坎贝尔的人来写这本书”。故选C项。
feel almost as smart as AI.
分析：She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather
which is highly accessible and
informative and which， by the close， will make you
词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查考生根据上下文猜测所指定的某一单词或词组的含义的能力。做题时应注意以下几点：
1. 利用上下文逻辑关系猜测词义
(1)反义关系——当文中出现but，however，yet，though，unlike，on the other hand，on the contrary等词或短语时，利用上下文构成的转折关系或对比关系猜测词义。
(2)同义关系——当文中出现similarly，like，or，namely，in other words，that is to say，and，also，as well as等词或短语时，利用上下文的相同或相近的意义猜测词义。
(3)因果关系——当文中出现because，since，because of，due to，so，therefore，so... that...，such...that...，result in，lead to等词或短语时，利用上下文构成的因果关系猜测词义。
2. 利用语法关系猜测词义
(1)下定义：be，mean，namely，refer to，that’s to say， be considered等后面的内容是对前面内容的解释说明，即对前面的词语下定义。
(2)同位语(从句)：是对其前内容的解释说明。
(3)定语从句：注意被猜测词或短语之后which/who引导的非限制性定语从句。
(4)举例：利用such as，for example，for instance，like，including等词或短语后的内容进行猜测。
(5)标点符号：注意破折号、冒号、分号后的内容；注意引号、括号中的内容。
3. 利用构词法猜测词义
(1)派生法：①否定前缀或后缀，与词根构成反义词，如dis－，un－，in－，－less；②后缀改变词性一般不改变词义，如discover→discovery；③前缀co－表示“共同”；re－表示“又，再”；eco－表示“经济，生态”。
(2)合成法：依据合成法组成新词，结合语境猜词义，如football。
(3)转化法：一种词性用作另一种词性而单词不变，如形容词→动词；动词→名词；名词→动词。
4. 利用上下文语境猜测词义
利用上下文语境猜测词义是词义猜测题最常用的方法，考生结合上下文，利用语境推测出生词的含义或熟词生义。
类型 利用句意吻合解句意理解题
(2019·浙江卷·B篇节选)
高考真题
Money with no strings attached. It’s not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month， a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read， “Give What You Can， Take What You Need.”
24. What does the expression “Money with no strings attached.” in Paragraph 1 mean？
A. Money spent without hesitation.
B. Money not legally made.
C. Money offered without conditions.
D. Money not tied together.
Step 1：定位画线句，回归原文，寻找画线句后的信息句
Step 2：细读相关信息，分析理解画线句后的语境，合理推断句意
Step 3：归纳总结，仔细比对选项，得出答案
(1)定位画线句“Money with no strings attached.”分析第一段最后一句“Give What You Can， Take What You Need.(给你能给的，拿你需要的。)”
(2)推理可知，画线句表示“无条件提供钱”。故选C项。
[易错]本题部分考生易选D。部分考生会把文中的“no strings”和D选项中的“not tied”对应，却忽略了文中“Give What You Can，Take What You Need. (给你能给的，拿你需要的。)”，从而得出了与文章内容不符的推断。
with的复合结构
attached to it with pins and a sign that read，
that引导定语从句，修饰先行词a sign
分析：But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month， a board went
up
with dollar bills
“Give What You Can， Take What You Need.”
两个由what引导的宾语从句
句意理解题是对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，要求考生能够准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意理解题。做题时应注意以下几点：
1. 返回原文，定位画线句子。
2. 寻找画线内容前后的主要信息。
3. 对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析，合理推断画线句的句意。
4. 归纳总结，比较选项内容，进而锁定答案。
类型 利用指代就近原则解代词指代题
(2024·浙江1月卷·B篇节选)
高考真题
When was the last time you used a telephone box？ I mean to make an actual phone call－not to shelter from the rain. Ages ago， right？ The last time I used a phone box for its intended purpose was...2006. I was conducting auditions(试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London. Hoping to impress some talented actors to come and work for me for nothing， I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more “young professional”.
24. What does the word “it” underlined in the first paragraph refer to？
A. The play.
B. The shared house.
C. The sofa.
D. The telephone box.
Step 1：回归原文，明确代词所指代内容的位置
Step 2：熟悉代词的含义
Step 3：替换核实再比较，得出答案
(1)根据选段中“I was conducting auditions(试演) for my play in my tiny old shared house in London(当时我在伦敦的狭小旧合租房里举办我的剧目试演)”和“I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles to make it seem a bit more 'young professional'(我在沙发上铺上毯子，点燃蜡烛，让房间显得更加'年轻专业')。”
(2)作者是在合租房里安排试演，为了给一些有天赋的演员留下深刻印象而将合租房布置了一番。故选B项。
现在分词短语作状语
for me for nothing， I spread some throws over the sofas and lit candles
to make it seem a bit more “young
不定式短语作目的状语
Professional”.
分析：
Hoping to impress some talented
代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词或指示代词的指代对象。做题时应注意以下几点：
1. 明确指代内容位置——代词所指代内容通常位于其前；所指代内容为一句话或一个词语。
2. 明确画线代词用法——人称代词指代上文提及的人或物；指示代词指代上文提到的一件事。
3. 代入原文替换核验——用所找到的内容替换画线代词，核实句意是否符合语境；比较所指代部分与选项内容，选择意思最接近的一项。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：说明文 词数：298
话题：植物保护 建议用时：6分钟
Scientists have shown how plants can protect themselves against genetic(基因的) damage caused by environmental stresses. The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in－built mechanism(机制) that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected， avoiding passing on faulty DNA.
Plants have small populations of stem cells(干细胞) at the tips of their roots and shoots， which enable them to continuously grow and produce new tissues throughout their lifetime. These stem cells serve as ancestors for plant tissues and organs. However， any genetic faults present in the stem cells will continue to exist and be passed on permanently throughout the plant’s life， which could last thousands of years.
Given the critical role of stem cells and their exposure to potentially dangerous environments at the growing tips of roots and shoots， safeguards are necessary to prevent stem cell faults from becoming fixed. Researchers Nick Fulcher and Robert Sablowski， funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council， aimed to uncover these protective mechanisms. Through experiments involving X－rays and chemicals， they discovered that stem cells were more sensitive to DNA damage compared to other cells.
When DNA damage occurs， the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die， preventing the propagation of the damaged genetic code to the rest of the plant tissues. This process has similarities to the safeguard mechanism found in animal cells， which has been broadly studied due to its relevance in preventing cancer.
The identification of a similar protective system in plants is of great interest in the field of plant development. It also helps scientists develop plants that can better handle environmental stresses. So knowledge of how plants deal with these stresses is of fundamental significance to agricultural science’s response to climate change.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。科学家们已经证实植物如何保护自己免受环境压力造成的遗传损害，即植物拥有内置机制，阻止干细胞中的基因缺陷遗传。
1. What is the function of the in－built mechanism in plants？
A. To produce more roots and shoots.
B. To increase the overall lifetime of the plant.
C. To enhance plant growth and nutrient intake.
D. To stop genetic faults in stem cells passing on.
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“The growing tips of plant roots and shoots have an in－built mechanism(机制) that spells cell death if DNA damage is detected， avoiding passing on faulty DNA. (植物根系和嫩芽的生长尖端有一种内置机制，如果检测到DNA损伤，就会导致细胞死亡，从而避免将有缺陷的DNA传递下去。)”可知，植物内置机制的功能是阻止干细胞中的基因缺陷传递下去。故选D。
答案：D
2. What can we know about stem cells in plants according to the text？
A. They are relatively abundant in quantity.
B. They are resistant to environmental stresses.
C. They make quick response to DNA damage.
D. They have the ability to repair damaged DNA.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Through experiments involving X－rays and chemicals， they discovered that stem cells were more sensitive to DNA damage compared to other cells.(通过涉及X射线和化学物质的实验，他们发现与其他细胞相比，干细胞对DNA损伤更敏感。)”可知，植物中的干细胞会对DNA损伤作出快速反应。故选C。
3. What does the underlined word “propagation” in Paragraph 4 mean？
A. Spread. B. Change.
C. Existence. D. Self－repair.
答案：A
解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“When DNA damage occurs， the cells have the capacity to detect it and cause programmed cells to die”可知，当DNA受损时，细胞有能力检测到它，并导致程序性细胞死亡，从而阻止受损的遗传密码传播到植物组织的其他部分。由此可推知，画线词意为“传播”，与A项意思相近。故选A。
4. What does the last paragraph focus on？
A. The way of dealing with climate change on the earth.
B. The significance of identifying the protective system in plants.
C. The method of ensuring plant survival under environmental stresses.
D. The urgency of developing plants that can handle environmental stresses.
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段“The identification of a similar protective system in plants is of great interest in the field of plant development. It also helps scientists develop plants that can better handle environmental stresses. So knowledge of how plants deal with these stresses is of fundamental significance to agricultural science’s response to climate change.(在植物发育领域发现植物中类似的保护系统具有重要意义。它还有助于科学家们培育出能够更好地应对环境压力的植物。因此，了解植物如何应对这些压力对农业科学应对气候变化具有重要意义。)”可推知，最后一段重点介绍了发现植物保护系统的意义。故选B。
答案：B
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①detect v. 检测 ②continuously adv. 连续不断地
③permanently adv. 永久地
④critical adj. 极其重要的 ⑤serve as 充当
⑥pass on 传递 ⑦be sensitive to 对……敏感
[熟词生义]
tip n. 小费 生义：n. 尖端
[长难句分析]
(第四段第二句)This process has similarities to the safeguard mechanism found in animal cells， which has been broadly studied due to its relevance in preventing cancer.
分析：本句是一个主从复合句。which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是safeguard mechanism。
译文：这一过程与在动物细胞中发现的保护机制有相似之处，由于其与预防癌症的相关性，这一保护机制已被广泛研究。
Test 2
体裁：议论文 词数：326
话题：多元宇宙 建议用时：7分钟
If you live on this planet， there’s a decent chance you’ve seen the classic Star Trek episode， in which Captain Kirk and several members find themselves in what appears to be another universe.
These days， it seems the idea of the multiverse－many worlds－is having its Hollywood moment. Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious－characters explore a multi－world with varying degrees of similarity to our own， as well as different versions of themselves. Hence， it has been fully established in mainstream pop culture.
While Hollywood can’t seem to get enough of the multiverse， it remains deeply controversial(有争议的) among scientists. Advocates on the two sides show no mercy toward each other in their books and on their blogs. But physicists didn’t pull the idea out of thin air－rather， several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse’s existence. However， critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative(推测性的) theories from established fact， making it more difficult to keep pseudoscience(伪科学) at bay. Giving credit to such speculation risks “turning fundamental physics into pseudoscience”.
The multiverse controversy is rooted in the idea of testability. If we can’t interact with these other universes， or detect them in any way， some experts insist that reduces them to mere philosophical speculation. But Carroll， an advocate for “many worlds”， argues that mathematics is the language describing our physical theories. If Schr dinger’s equation(方程)， on which quantum(量子) mechanics rests， predicts the existence of many worlds， so be it.
Could a more expansive view of the universe itself be the next breakthrough？ As Siegfried puts it， “Every time in the past that we’ve thought， 'We’ve got it； this is what the whole universe is'－the people who’ve said， 'Maybe there’s more than one of those' have always turned out to be right.”
【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕多元宇宙在好莱坞电影中的流行，探讨了多元宇宙是否存在。
1. Why is Hollywood so occupied with the multiverse？
A. It makes for engaging plots.
B. It is a much－talked－about topic.
C. It is helpful to popularize science.
D. It dominates the mainstream pop culture.
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Its appeal as a storytelling device is obvious... different versions of themselves.”可知，作为一种讲故事的手段，它(好莱坞多元宇宙电影)的吸引力是显而易见的——(电影中的)角色们探索一个与我们自己的世界有不同程度相似性的多元世界以及他们自己的不同变本。由此可知，好莱坞之所以青睐多元宇宙题材是因为其故事性强，故选A项。
答案：A
2. What do the underlined words “out of thin air” in Paragraph 3 probably mean？
A. Out of date.
B. Out of place.
答案：C
C. Out of nowhere.
D. Out of the question.
解析：词义猜测题。据画线词后破折号的内容“rather， several distinct lines of reasoning seem to point to the multiverse’s existence”可知，有几种不同的推理方法似乎指向了多元宇宙的存在。由此可知，物理学家不是凭空提出这些想法的，C项与画线词的意义最为接近，故选C项。
3. According to the opponents， the basic standard of fundamental physics is that .
A. it can be detected somehow
B. it can be reasoned logically
C. it can be interpreted philosophically
D. it can be predicted by mathematics equation
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“If we can’t interact with these other universes， or detect them in any way， some experts insist that reduces them to mere philosophical speculation.”可知，如果我们不能与其他宇宙互动，或者以任何方式检测到它们，一些专家坚持说，这将使它们沦为纯粹的哲学推测。由此可以推断，反对者认为基础物理学不是建立在哲学推测上的，而是能实实在在以某种方式检测出来的，故选A项。
答案：A
4. What might be the author’s attitude toward the multiverse？
A. Doubtful. B. Dismissive.
C. Unclear. D. Approving.
答案：D
解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段中对问题“对宇宙本身更广阔的认识会是下一个突破吗？”的回答“每次在过去我们都认为，'我们已经了解了，整个宇宙就是如此'——那些说'也许不止一个'的人总会被证明是正确的”可知，作者对于多元宇宙的看法是支持的、赞成的，故选D项。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①decent adj. 得体的，适当的 ②multiverse n. 多元宇宙 ③advocate n. 支持者，拥护者，提倡者 ④speculation n. 推测，推断 ⑤controversy n. 争论，辩论，论战 ⑥philosophical adj. 哲学的 ⑦expansive adj. 广泛的，全面的
[长难句分析]
(第三段第四句)However， critics warn that making the multiverse legal could make it harder for the public to distinguish speculative(推测性的) theories from established fact， making it more difficult to keep pseudoscience(伪科学) at bay.
分析：that引导宾语从句；making the multiverse legal为动名词短语作主语；making it more difficult...为现在分词短语作状语。
译文：然而，批评者警告说，将多元宇宙合法化可能会使公众更难区分推测性理论和确立事实，从而更难阻止伪科学的泛滥。(共36张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题一 突破阅读理解题型
第1讲 定位关键细比对 突破细节理解题
细节理解题是高考阅读理解题中考查占比较大的题型，也是最重要的得分题型。细节理解题常分为直接信息题、间接信息题、数字计算题和综合信息题。分析近三年的高考题可知，直接信息题和间接信息题为高频考点。
类型 “定位比对找答案”突破直接信息题
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·A篇节选)
高考真题
AGE， SKILLS， WHAT TO BRING
Volunteers aged 10 and over \ are welcome. \ Read our Youth Policy Guidelines \ for youth under the age of 15. [读文指导]意群是指句子中按意思和结构划分出的各个部分，每一个部分即一个意群。可以根据意思和句子成分划分意群，如主语、动宾结构、固定搭配等。阅读时要分清意群，以意群为单位，成组视读避免逐词阅读，以更好、更快地理解文章内容，提高阅读效率。(逐词阅读要摒弃，成组视读划意群)
A. 5. B. 10.
C. 15. D. 18.
Step 1：看题干，提取定位关键词
Step 2：采取速读与查读技巧快速定位原文信息，仔细比对选项和原文信息，最后锁定答案
(1)定位原文信息：“Volunteers aged 10 and over are welcome.(欢迎10岁及以上的志愿者。)”
(2)根据关键词和定位信息句，进行分析比较。
比对选项信息：10。故选B项。(直接信息题)
考查直接信息理解的题目在原文中可直接找到答案，不需要考生对信息进行分析、概括或者推理判断。此类题考查考生识别事实性信息的能力，正确选项和原文在语言表述上没有太大的差别。
类型 “语义转换定答案”突破间接信息题
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷·A篇节选)
高考真题
We’ll be working rain or shine. Wear clothes that can get dirty. Bring layers for changing weather and a raincoat if necessary.
23. What are the volunteers expected to do？
A. Bring their own tools.
B. Work even in bad weather.
C. Wear a team uniform.
D. Do at least three projects.
Step 1：看题干，提取定位关键词
Step 2：速读原文信息，找到与题干中关键词同义或近义的词汇，将信息进行加工处理，仔细辨别，进而确定答案
(1)定位原文信息：“We’ll be working rain or shine.(无论下雨晴天，我们都会工作。)”
(2)进一步辨别：“in bad weather”意思是“坏天气”。故选B项。(间接信息题)
[解题线索]文中信息“rain”与B项中的“in bad weather”为同义转换。
为了增加试题的难度，命题人有时会利用同义词、近义词或者是反义词替换的方式来增加题干或者选项的干扰性，这就要求考生能够仔细观察、分析，利用语言知识辨别出正确答案；命题人有时候会采用较为概括的方式来进行命题，即一道试题中涉及一段或者几段的某些内容，各个细节信息都能在文章中找到，但考生需要进行概括和归纳后才能得出答案。
锁定特征巧解间接信息题
对于间接信息题，我们常常可以利用正确选项的特征选出正确答案，其特征如下：
(1)用同义或近义表达替换原文中的关键信息。
(2)词性或者语态变换。把原文中的一些词变换一下词性，或改变原文中句子的语态(主动语态与被动语态的转换)。
(3)语言简化。把原文中的复杂表达进行简化或概括。
(4)正话反说。把原文中的意思反过来表达。
类型 “加减乘除巧计算”突破数字计算题
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·A篇节选)
高考真题
Prices
Hand Brake， Three Gears Foot Brake， No Gears
1 hour 7.50 5.00
3 hours 11.00 7.50
1 day (24 hours) 14.75 9.75
Each additional day 8.00 6.00
注意识别数据
22. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days？ 题干定位
A. 15.75. B. 19.50.
C. 22.75. D. 29.50.
Step 1：仔细阅读题干，找出关键信息
Step 2：从文中找出相关的直接信息或隐含信息，通过对比、分析，计算得出答案
(1)定位原文信息：“1 day (24 hours) 14.75(日租金14.75欧元)”和“Each additional day 8.00(每多一天8欧元)”。
(2)运用加法进行计算：14.75＋8＝22.75。故选C项。(数字计算题)
此类试题主要考查考生对具体细节信息的定位和识别，涉及的计算比较简单。
识别数据巧解数字计算题
针对数字计算题，首先，明确题干中的条件，弄清题干问的是什么；其次，快速定位到文章中的相关内容，找到与它相对应的数据；然后，分析题干询问数据与原文数据的逻辑关系；最后，用加减乘除进行计算，确定答案。
名题抢分练
Test 1
体裁：应用文 词数：308
话题：龙的传说 建议用时：6分钟
There are very few countries in the world that don’t have some sort of legend(传说) or connection with dragons. Here are some great destinations to get a fix on dragons.
France
Calais in France has a dragon standing 33 feet tall， 82 feet long， with a wingspan of more than 55 feet. It walks and moves as you would imagine a dragon does， and you can take it for a ride. The Calais dragon is a mechanical wonder， which is nearly too real to be called a fairground creature.
Wales
In the UK， you will find a proud dragon country， Wales. Here there is the legend of two dragons： one white and one red. Wales’s tale describes the two dragons fighting and the red one winning， so you will find it difficult to hurry about the country without coming across a red dragon. Dragons are sold in souvenir shops， sit by ancient castles， hang around in King Arthur’s Labyrinth， and are featured on the national flag.
Norway
The Vikings knew a thing or two about dragons. In the lovely film How to Train Your Dragon， they even flew them. But seriously， when you dig into Norway’s Viking history and legends， you will find dragons mentioned everywhere， though not as cute as those in the film. From the figurehead in the Viking Ship Museum to jewelry， and decorations on buildings， be on the lookout for them when visiting Norway.
Bhutan
The Druk or Thunder Dragon， is the national symbol and appears everywhere. The country is called the Land of the Thunder Dragon， or the Kingdom of Druk， and it’s part of the national anthem(国歌) and its flag. Despite its fearful name， it’s actually rather cute. Legend has it that the sound of thunder through the mountains is actually the dragon roaring.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇应用文。世界上很多国家都有与龙有关的传说，文章介绍了四个国家意义非凡的龙。
1. What can we learn about the Calais dragon？
A. It’s a character from a popular film.
B. It’s a creation designed for entertainment.
C. It’s a real creature trained for rides.
D. It’s a sculpture displayed in a museum.
答案：B
解析：推理判断题。根据France部分中的“It walks and moves... The Calais dragon is a mechanical wonder， which is nearly too real to be called a fairground creature.”可知，加来龙可以走路和移动，人们可以骑它。它是一个机械奇迹，它几乎太真实了，以至于不能被称为游乐场生物。由此可推知，加来龙是为娱乐而设计的机械龙，故选B。
2. What do Wales and Bhutan have in common on dragons？
A. They feature dragons on their flags.
B. They include dragons in their anthems.
C. They have a legend of two dragons.
D. They describe dragons as cute images.
答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据Wales部分中的“Dragons... are featured on the national flag.”以及Bhutan部分中的“it’s part of the national anthem(国歌) and its flag”可知，威尔士和不丹的国旗上都有龙，故选A。
3. Which country associates dragons with a natural phenomenon？
A. France. B. Wales.
C. Norway. D. Bhutan.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据Bhutan部分中的“the sound of thunder through the mountains is actually the dragon roaring”可知，在不丹的传说中，穿过山间的雷声实际上是龙的咆哮声。由此可知，把龙和一种自然现象(雷声)联系在一起的国家是不丹，故选D。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①destination n. 目的地 ②mechanical adj. 机械的 ③wonder n. 奇迹，奇观，奇事，奇妙之处 ④souvenir n. 纪念品，纪念物 ⑤feature v. 以……为特色，是……的特征 n. 特色，特征，特点 ⑥fearful adj. 可怕的，吓人的 ⑦come across (偶然)遇见，碰见 ⑧hang around 逗留，闲荡 ⑨dig into 探寻，钻研 ⑩be on the lookout for sth. 注意某事，留心某事
[熟词生义]
fix v. 使固定，安装 生义：n. 理解，了解
[长难句分析]
(第二段最后一句)The Calais dragon is a mechanical wonder， which is nearly too real to be called a fairground creature.
分析：which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰mechanical wonder。
译文：加来龙是一个机械奇迹，它几乎太真实了，以至于不能被称为游乐场生物。
Test 2
体裁：应用文 词数：291
话题：帝王蝶 建议用时：6分钟
Each fall， millions of butterflies across the U. S. and Canada fly up to 3，000 miles to southwestern Mexico. Travelers can see the butterflies overwintering on the Western Monarch Trail， a 465－mile， road trip－friendly conservation initiative that links over a dozen stops along the route.
Helping the butterflies
Organizers created educational panels in English and Spanish explaining the butterflies’ annual traveling and their trouble. The signs also outline ways travelers can help the butterflies recover， such as by supporting chemical－free farms and planting native nectar(花蜜) gardens.
Why butterflies fly to the California coast
Many stops on the trail， including Pismo State Beach Monarch Butterfly Grove and Andrew Molera State Park， are overwintering sites where， from October to February， travelers can see thousands of butterflies gathering in forests in areas with mild temperatures， dappled(斑驳的) sunlight， high dampness， and little to no wind.
Other sites， like the San Luis Obispo Botanical Garden and Avila Valley Barn， grow flowers that provide sugary， high－calorie food for the butterflies to eat. Butterflies settling here demonstrate how vital nectar plants are to their survival.
How to explore the Western Monarch Trail
The butterflies’ behavior varies at different times of day and depends on the weather. In the mornings， while temperatures are still cool， step out of the cabin(木屋) in the Fernwood Resort where you stay overnight， and you’ll find many butterflies hanging together on the branches and trunks of trees at the overwintering sites. As the day starts to heat up－typically by late morning or early afternoon－you’ll be amazed at the phenomenon “sunburst”－the butterflies start flying around in search of nearby nectar. Keep your eyes skyward. Don’t grab your camera. Just be in the moment.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了成千上万只蝴蝶从美国和加拿大迁徙至墨西哥中部，以及旅行者可以通过西部帝王蝶之路观赏这些在冬季的蝴蝶。
1. What’s the Western Monarch Trail initiative aimed at？
A. Providing a travel route.
B. Encountering butterflies.
C. Promoting organic farming.
D. Advocating species conservation.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中“Western Monarch Trail”的同位语“a 465－mile， road trip－friendly conservation initiative”可知，Western Monarch Trail是一个465英里、适合公路旅行的保护倡议。由此可知，Western Monarch Trail的目的就是倡导物种保护，故选D。
2. What do we know about Andrew Molera State Park？
A. It holds many nectar gardens.
B. It’s pleasant throughout winter.
C. It has sufficient food for butterflies.
D. It’s home to butterflies all year around.
答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“from October to February... high dampness， and little to no wind”可知，Andrew Molera State Park的冬天很舒适，故选B。
3. What is guaranteed for the travelers along the Western Monarch Trail？
A. Signs to guide the route.
B. Cameras for recording videos.
C. Ready shelters to stay overnight.
D. Experiences of watching “sunburst” at dawn.
答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“step out of the cabin(木屋) in the Fernwood Resort where you stay overnight”可知，Western Monarch Trail提供过夜的住处，故选C。
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①overwinter v. (使)越冬，度过冬天 ②initiative n. 倡议；主动性，积极性 ③panel n. 专家咨询组；讨论小组；(门、墙等上面的)嵌板；控制板，仪表盘 ④dampness n. 潮湿
[长难句分析]
(第三段)Many stops on the trail， including Pismo State Beach Monarch Butterfly Grove and Andrew Molera State Park， are overwintering sites where， from October to February， travelers can see thousands of butterflies gathering in forests in areas with mild temperatures， dappled(斑驳的) sunlight， high dampness， and little to no wind.
分析：including...为现在分词短语作后置定语；where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰sites。
译文：许多旅游景点，包括皮斯莫州立海滩帝王蝶林和安德鲁莫勒拉州立公园，都是越冬地点。从十月到第二年二月，游客们可以在气温温和、阳光斑驳、湿度高且风很小的森林中看到成千上万只蝴蝶聚集在一起。(共45张PPT)
题型一 阅读理解
专题一 突破阅读理解题型
第3讲 领会意旨巧归纳 破解主旨大意题
主旨大意题主要考查考生对文章的理解能力和概括能力，虽占比重不大，但却是考生失分最多的题目。此题型的考查主要包括：段落大意题、文章大意题和标题归纳题。
类型 段落大意题：“一定、二找、三归纳”
[选材风向]高考的选材注重启发同学们独立思考与判断，运用科学的思维方式发现问题、分析问题并解决问题的意识和能力，着眼于考查同学们在逻辑性、判断性和创新性等方面的思维品质。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷·D篇节选)
高考真题
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors， those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate， and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together， they cancel each other out， resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors， then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.
If for whatever reasons， people’s errors become correlated or dependent， [突破]遇到纯粹的生词或生僻短语，可以利用上下文的逻辑关系猜测词义，常见的方法有：利用定义、定语从句、同位语等猜测词义；借助对比、同义或反义表达猜测词义；通过因果、转折关系猜词义；根据所举的例子反推词义。根据后文的or dependent可推出correlated与“依靠，依赖”意思相近。(全然陌生莫慌张，巧用逻辑判意义)
the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
[易错点]不熟悉正确选项中的简化概括。
32. What is Paragraph 2 of the text mainly about？
A. The methods of estimation.
B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors.
D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
Step 1：阅读题干，确定关键信息
Step 2：读相应段落内容，找出段落的主题句
Step 3：归纳总结本段大意，得出答案
(1)定位原文信息：“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors， those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate， and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together， they cancel each other out， resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors， then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms， the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.
If for whatever reasons， people’s errors become correlated or dependent， the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，那些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群体的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”
(2)归纳总结：本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B项。
that引导同位语从句，作the fact的同位语；when引导时间状语从句
分析：This effect capitalizes on the fact
that when people make
errors， those errors
段落大意题考查段落的主要意思，是对某个段落基本内容的简缩和概括。要求考生用准确、简练的语言把一个段落的主要意思明确完整地表达出来。做题时要特别注意段落的首句和尾句。段落的组织形式一般有以下几种：
“总－分”式(总－分/总－分－总)——段落首句为主题句，段落其他句子是例子或论证。
“分－总”式——段落开头描述细节或层层推进的论述，段尾是段落主题句。
“分－总－分”式——段落开头列举事例，通过事例得出结论，这个结论就是段落主题句，后面的内容再陈述主题，再论述细节。
无主题句式——没有明显段落主题句时，可以通过一些关键词总结归纳出段落主题句。
主旨大意题常见干扰项特征
1. 无中生有。选项为文章或段落中未提及的内容，这种内容往往符合考生的常识认知。
2. 以偏概全。概括的范围过于狭窄，只阐述了文章或段落一部分的内容。
3. 断章取义。以文章或段落中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的内容，或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文或全段的主要观点。
4. 主题扩大。概括的范围过大，超过文章或段落实际讨论的内容。
5. 似是而非。选项中的关键词在文章或段落中出现了，但认真分析后发现它与文章的主旨毫无联系或关联不大。
6. 张冠李戴。命题者有意把属于A的特征放在B上。
类型 文章大意题：“速读、识别、再总结”
(2024·新课标Ⅱ卷·C篇)
高考真题
We all know fresh is best when it comes to food. However， most produce at the store went through weeks of travel and covered hundreds of miles before reaching the table. While farmer’s markets are a solid choice to reduce the journey， Babylon Micro－Farm (BMF) shortens it even more.
BMF is an indoor garden system. It can be set up for a family. Additionally， it could serve a larger audience such as a hospital， restaurant or school. The innovative design requires little effort to achieve a reliable weekly supply of fresh greens.
Specifically， it’s a farm that relies on new technology. By connecting through the Cloud， BMF is remotely monitored. Also， there is a convenient app that provides growing data in real time. Because the system is automated， it significantly reduces the amount of water needed to grow plants. Rather than watering rows of soil， the system provides just the right amount to each plant. After harvest， users simply replace the plants with a new pre－seeded pod(容器) to get the next growth cycle started.
Moreover， having a system in the same building where it’s eaten means zero emissions(排放) from transporting plants from soil to salad. In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other chemicals that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding environment.
BMF employees live out sustainability in their everyday lives. About half of them walk or bike to work. Inside the office， they encourage recycling and waste reduction by limiting garbage cans and avoiding single－use plastic. “We are passionate about reducing waste， carbon and chemicals in our environment，” said a BMF employee.
[突破]阅读理解都是以语篇形式呈现的，考生在阅读时必须考虑语篇的独立性和 整体性，了解文章的题材和体裁，关注过渡词、衔接词，找出段落的主旨句或文章的主题段。(语篇意识不可缺， 整体把握重衔接)
31. What does the text mainly talk about？
A. BMF’s major strengths.
B. BMF’s general management.
C. BMF’s global influence.
D. BMF’s technical standards.
Step 1：快速阅读首段、尾段以及每段的首句和尾句
Step 2：识别段落主题句，串联每段大意
Step 3：概括总结文章的主旨大意，确定正确答案
(1)通读全文可知，首段介绍了BMF公司缩短了食物到餐桌的运输过程；第二至四段介绍了BMF的创新设计系统及其优势；尾段介绍了BMF员工在生活和工作中践行可持续发展。
(2)分析比对可知，文章从各个方面凸显了BMF的优势。由此可知，“BMF’s major strengths.(BMF的主要优势。)”能够概括文章主旨。故选A项。
that引导定语从句，修饰先行词pesticides and other chemicals
environment.
分析：In addition， there’s no need for pesticides and other
chemicals
that pollute traditional farms and the surrounding
[知识拓展]当先行词指物时，定语从句的关系词只能用that，不能用which的情况：①当先行词被序数词修饰时；②当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时；③当先行词被the very，the only修饰时；④当先行词为all，much，something，many等不定代词时；⑤当先行词被any，few，no，many等不定代词修饰时；⑥当先行词既有人又有物时。
理解全文主旨类题目主要考查考生对一篇文章的整体理解，要求考生具备在速读中准确掌握全文主旨的能力，考生需要在理解全文内容的基础上，通过归纳概括、推理判断等逻辑思维活动，概括出全文主旨。在寻找和归纳全文主旨时，我们应该注意以下几点：
1. 主题句是文章首句——开门见山提出主题，新闻报道、说明文和议论文的主旨通常在开头部分。
2. 主题句在中间段——文章首段是举例子或谈论个别现象时，主题句通常在后面的段落。
3. 主题句在文末——记叙文、议论文的尾段往往隐含主题句。
4. 最后观点为主题句——文章中出现了两种或两种以上的不同观点，在文章最后作者提出的观点为主题句。
5. 注意高频词汇——文章中的高频词一般是体现主旨的关键词。
6. 利用转折推断——段落中出现转折的表达(如but， however， on the contrary， although等)时，其后的内容往往是主题句。
7. 利用逆向思维/排除法——利用逆向法和逻辑排除法，排除选项中错误的选项，确定正确答案。
类型 标题归纳题：“速浏览、定主题、巧概括”
(2024·浙江1月卷·D篇)
高考真题
The Stanford marshmallow(棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat， selected by the child， was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat， they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow－up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.
As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted(诱惑) by sugary treats， but by our computers， phones， and tablets－all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie－poor world， and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value－a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us， dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories， we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago， and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.
A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information－poor， so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded(轰炸) with new information. Therefore， just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption， we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption， resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.
[易错点]忽视干扰项中的以偏概全、扩大或缩小概括范围。
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text？
A. Eat Less， Read More
B. The Bitter Truth about Early Humans
C. The Later， the Better
D. The Marshmallow Test for Grown－ups
[知识拓展]好标题一般具备3大特点：1. 概括性－概括全文，体现主旨；2. 针对性－内涵相符，外延恰当；3. 新颖性－语言精练，新颖奇特。
Step 1：快速浏览全文，找到主旨句
Step 2：根据主旨句，确定文章的中心思想
Step 3：结合关键句，对比分析，有针对性地进行归纳概括，最终选出文章标题
(1)定位原文信息：“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted(诱惑) by sugary treats， but by our computers， phones， and tablets－all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖实验。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样。)”可知，文章重点介绍了成年人面临的“棉花糖实验”。
(2)归纳总结。经过综合分析比对，“棉花糖实验”符合文章主旨，最适合作为本文标题。故选D项。
[巧思妙解]本题还可以采用逆向法定标题。若以A为标题，则文章应围绕少吃多读书展开；若以B项为标题，则文章的重点应是讲有关早期人类的惨痛真相；若以C为标题，则文章应围绕越晚越好展开，而这些均与文章的主要内容不符。
to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.
that引导定语从句，修饰various types of information
分析：We’re not tempted by sugary treats， but by our computers，
phones， and tablets－
that connect us to the
标题是文章中心思想的精练表达。此类题目主要考查考生把握文章主旨、理解文章中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基础上运用判断、归纳、概括等方法，对文章的主题进行提炼或高度概括，最终准确地选出文章的标题。做题时应运用以下四种方法：
1. 主题词法——反复出现的词语是体现主旨的主题词。
2. 主题句法——根据文章主题句定中心词作标题。
3. 穿珠连串法——分析文章细节，找出共同点，如穿珠般串联细节共同点，确定标题。
4. 逆向思维法——根据四个选项，考虑其可能的内容，再对照原文选最相似者为标题。
名题抢分练
Test
体裁：说明文 词数：315
话题：欣然接受变化 建议用时：7分钟
Change can be unsettling. Good or bad， exciting or unexpected， there’s an undeniable anxiety that accompanies seeing our life shifts. Thankfully， nature reminds us that entering a new season in our lives is nothing to fear but something to enjoy.
What’s now known as “leaf－peeping” has become a highly profitable form of tourism in the United States. A research shows that across 24 states in the eastern half of the country， fall foliage(叶子) tourism contributes more than $30 billion to local economies. And even though climate change has made it more difficult to predict when exactly foliage will peak， it hasn’t stopped people from trying to figure it out. Tourism leaders from the Great Smoky Mountains recently released their annual fall foliage prediction map which helps travelers plan out when they have the best chance to catch those beautiful autumn views.
Perhaps part of what makes the foliage so special is the belief that it’s temporary. Eventually， branches will become bare， and we’ll stop taking photos for social media. And as the seasons change and we feel that familiar longing for what was， trees will once again embrace(欣然接受) their evolution.
Even when they aren’t decorated with flashy fall colors and their internal systems slow down， trees are still supporting the ecosystem. Their fallen leaves are broken down by bacteria and fungi and provide the soil with nutrients the tree needs to grow. Insects take shelter in their bark， eventually becoming food for other wildlife seeking a place to nest. Their strong roots stabilize the soil， preventing erosion(侵蚀) from winter snowmelt.
Right now， trees around the country are already beginning to welcome their next chapter. During this time of the year， it feels like forests are just offering endless joy for free. And fall foliage is an everlasting reminder that the growth with changes is beautiful.
【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。文章借助“窥叶”旅行在美国的流行以及树木欣然接受季节变化来告诉人们：无畏变化，要懂得享受变化。
1. What does “leaf－peeping” refer to？
A. A form of tourism where people go to see fall foliage.
B. A measure taken by tourism leaders to protect trees.
C. A research about the effects of climate change on trees.
D. A method for predicting when fall foliage will peak.
解析：推理判断题。根据第二段中的“'leaf－peeping' has become a highly profitable form of tourism”可以判断，“窥叶”是一种高利润的旅游形式；再根据本段中的“fall foliage(叶子) tourism”和“their annual fall foliage prediction map which helps travelers plan out when they have the best chance to catch those beautiful autumn views”可知，游客会利用年度落叶预测地图来规划他们什么时候有最好的机会去捕捉这些秋季美景。据此可以推断，“窥叶”指的正是人们去欣赏秋季落叶美景的一种旅游形式。故选A。
答案：A
2. Why do people find fall foliage so special？
A. It brings change to daily life.
B. It contributes to local economies.
C. It helps preserve ecosystems.
D. It lasts only for a short time.
答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Perhaps part of what makes the foliage so special is the belief that it’s temporary.”可知，人们认为秋季树叶特别的原因在于其短暂性，即存在的时间短暂。故选D。
3. What can we learn about trees in fall from Paragraph 4？
A. They are easily damaged by bacteria.
B. They stop rooting due to cold weather.
C. They continue providing shelter for wildlife.
D. They play a role in reducing snowfall.
答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Insects take shelter in their bark， eventually becoming food for other wildlife seeking a place to nest.”可知，昆虫躲在树皮中，最终成为其他寻找巢穴的野生生物的食物。由此可以推断，秋天树木继续为野生生物提供庇护。故选C。
4. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text？
A. Trees Supporting the Ecosystem
B. Lesson from Trees： Embracing Change
C. Fall Foliage Tourism in the US
D. Climate Change in the Season of Fall
解析：标题归纳题。作者在第一段表明主题“大自然提醒我们，进入生活的新季节并不可怕，而是值得享受的”；第二段讲到了“窥叶”旅行在美国的流行；第三段又讲到了秋天落叶旅行流行的原因，以及“树木再次欣然接受它们的进化”；第四段讲到了秋天树木的作用；最后一段作者再次讲到了“随着变化的成长是美丽的”。因此B项“树木带来的启示：拥抱变化”能够概括文章内容，适合作本文的标题。故选B。
答案：B
阅读小助手
[词汇积累]
①unsettling adj. 令人不安(或紧张、担忧)的 ②undeniable adj. 不可否认的，确凿的 ③profitable adj. 有利润的，赢利的；有益的 ④release v. 释放，放出；发泄，宣泄 n. 释放，获释；公开，发行 ⑤bare adj. (树木)光秃秃的；无遮盖的，没有保护的 ⑥longing n. (对……的)渴望，热望 ⑦evolution n. 进化；演变，发展 ⑧nutrient n. 营养素，营养物 ⑨everlasting adj. 永久的，永恒的；冗长的；持续过长的
[长难句分析]
(第二段最后一句)Tourism leaders from the Great Smoky Mountains recently released their annual fall foliage prediction map which helps travelers plan out when they have the best chance to catch those beautiful autumn views.
分析：which引导定语从句，修饰map；when引导宾语从句。
译文：大烟山的旅游业领导者最近发布了他们的年度落叶预测地图，帮助游客计划什么时候有最好的机会去捕捉那些秋季美景。
