Unit 1 Nature in the balance
核心词汇
1. ① harmful ② harmless ③ that eating too much junk food is harmful to/does harm to our health
2. ① length ② at ③ lengthening ④ His latest novel is twice the length of his previous one. /His latest novel is twice as long as his previous one.
3. ① various ② variety ③ varying ④ There were a wide variety of acts, most of which were singing and dancing.
4. ① on ② survivors ③ survival ④ survived; her survival was a wonder; the only survivor of the disaster
5. ① by ② to get ③ took turns to drive the car ④ in turn; whose welfare depends on tourism
6. ① Three astronauts are due to arrive at ② Partly due to pollution caused by ship traffic and other human activities
7. ① dying out at an alarming rate; species are becoming extinct every day ② Wildlife extinction is not a process that gives you time to fix your mistakes. ③ In order to save this species from extinction, the Chinese government placed it under national protection.
8. ① damaged ② to ③ causing severe damage to crops
9. ① build up in the atmosphere
② build up our body; will be held in our school stadium
10. ① coming up with ② put up with ③ keeping up with
④ end up with ⑤ to come up with the idea to solve the problem
11. ① called for ② call on ③ calling; up ④ call off
⑤ Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle.
12. ① applications ② for ③ applicants ④ to treat
⑤ who had applied for this position; because he was good at working with others
13. ① defence ② defend ③ who died in defence of our country
14. ① processing ② processed ③ to look back on the process; where improvements are still needed
15. ① Consequently ② consequences ③ consequent
④ As a consequence, they can't concentrate on their study
一词多义
1. ① B ② A ③ E ④ C ⑤ D
2. ① D ② C ③ B ④ A
3. ① A ② C ③ D ④ E ⑤ B
4. ① B ② A
5. ① D ② A ③ E ④ C ⑤ B
6. ① A ② C ③ B
重难句式
1. ① what ② that ③ He has a large house in the suburb, which is twice the size of mine. /He has a large house in the suburb, which is twice as big as mine.
2. ① I met an old friend of mine while waiting for a bus.
② Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.
③ While I admit he has many shortcomings, he also has many strengths.(共64张PPT)
必修 第三册
Unit 1 Nature in the balance
核心词汇
①harm sb. 伤害某人
②do/cause harm to 伤害
③harmful adj. 有害的
be harmful to 对……有害
④harmless adj. 无害的
1
harm /hɑ m/ n. & vt. 伤害，损害
[先讲解]
【写作金句】[外研选必三U6P90]She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants, animals and even humans, and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible, limited and carefully monitored way. 她认为化学工业有意对植物、动物甚至人类造成伤害，希望看到以更负责任、更有限和更仔细监督的方式使用农药。
①in length 在长度上
倍数词＋the length of 是……的几倍长
at length 详尽地；最后
go to some/any/great lengths to do sth. 竭尽全力做某事
②lengthen vt. & vi. (使)变长
2
length /le θ/ n. 长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
【写作金句】We can't do anything about the length of our life, but we can do something about its width and depth. 我们不能改变生命的长度，但我们可以在生命的宽度和深度上做一些事情。(主旨升华)
①a variety of＝varieties of 种种；各种各样的
②various adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的
for various reasons 由于种种原因
③vary vi. 变化，不同 vt. (略做)改变
vary from...to 从……到……不等
vary with 随……变化
vary in 在……方面不同
3
variety /v 'ra ti/ n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
【写作金句】[译林选必一U1P2]Our comfort foods are highly individual. They vary from person to person, depending on our own unique experiences that have shaped our lives. 我们的治愈系食物相当个性化。它们由塑造我们生活的独特经历决定，因人而异。
【特别提醒】a variety of/varieties of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the variety of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
①A variety of meaningful activities are available, ranging from lectures by well-known professors to inspiring group discussions on classic English poems. 有各种有意义的活动，从著名教授的讲座到激发灵感的经典英语诗歌小组讨论。(活动安排)
②The variety of foods at the restaurant is limited, but the amount of each dish is fairly large. 这家餐馆中食物的品种有限，但每道菜的分量很大。
①survive sth. 比……存在的时间长，从……中幸存
survive sb. (by) 比某人活得长(多久……)
survive on 靠……维持生活
survive from 从……存活下来
②survivor n. 幸存者；生还者
③survival n. 幸存；生存
4
survive /s 'va v/ vi. 生存，存活 vt. 幸存，幸免于难
【写作金句】
①[北师选必一U3P53]In short, if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it. 简而言之，如果我们想要生存，我们就要停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。(演讲稿)
②The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history.
西安古城墙是从中国悠久历史中幸存下来的最完整的城墙。(中国传统文化)
【易错提醒】survive作“幸存，幸免于难”讲时，为及物动词，其后直接接宾语。
To his relief, his family members were lucky enough to survive the earthquake. 令他欣慰的是，他的家人很幸运，能够在地震中幸存下来。
by turns 轮流；交替地
take turns to do/in doing sth. 轮流做某事
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事。
wait one's turn 等着轮到某人
take a turn for the better 有所好转，变得更好
5
in turn相应地，转而；依次，轮流，逐个
【写作金句】
①[外研选必一U1P4] Seeing their daughter so much happier has in turn made Lara's parents more relaxed. 看到女儿快乐多了，反过来也让劳拉的父母更放松了。(情感描写)
②People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, which in turn creates more problems. 人们试图通过使用他们自己的小汽车来避免公共交通延误，这转而造成了更多的问题。(倡议书)
due to 由于，因为
be due to do sth./for sth. 预期要做某事
with all due respect 恕我直言
due date (尤指欠款的)到期日
6
due /dju / adj. 欠着的；预定的；到期的；适当的
【写作金句】[译林必修三U1P3] Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的50年里，由于农业和畜牧业等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失。(发言稿)
【联想发散】表示“由于”的短语还有owing to、because of、as a result of、thanks to、on account of。
①be faced with extinction 面临绝种
save sth. from extinction 使……免于灭绝
②extinct adj. 已灭绝的
an extinct species已灭绝的物种
7
extinction / k'st k n/ n. 灭绝，绝种
【写作金句】[译林必修三U1P8]Human activities have brought many animals close to extinction. In the last 500 years, over 300 species of animals have gone extinct. 人类活动使许多动物濒临灭绝。在过去的500年里，300多种动物已经灭绝。(发言稿)
①do/cause (great) damage to 对……造成(很大的)损害
②damage sb.'s career/reputation/health 损害某人的事业/名誉/健康
8
damage /'d mId / vt. & n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
【写作金句】[人教选必三U3P27]There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. 有充分而全面的证据表明，气温上升导致全球极端天气和自然灾害增加，不仅造成严重破坏，而且会造成生命损失。(发言稿)
build up one's strength 恢复体力
build up one's vocabulary 增加词汇量
build up one's body 强身健体
9
build up逐渐增加，扩大
【写作金句】[北师选必一U1P21]The most important thing is to build up self-confidence, so that it is easier to say “no” to the peer group. 最重要的是建立自信心，这样更容易对同龄人说“不”。(主旨升华)
①come up with a solution 想出一个解决方法
②“动词＋up＋with”结构的短语还有：
keep up with 跟上；与……保持联系
catch up with 赶上，追上
put up with 忍受；容忍
end up with 以……结束
make up with 与……言归于好
break up with 与……分手
10
come up with想出，想到
【写作金句】[外研选必二U5P67]Experts felt it necessary to come up with a plan to remove all the rabbits from the island. 专家们认为有必要想出一个计划，把所有的兔子从岛上移走。(投稿)
【特别提醒】come up with意为“想出”，主语(人)是想出者，后面的宾语才是被想出的内容；come up意为“被想出”，主语(物)是被提及的内容，无被动语态。
①[译林必修三U1P14]In the talk, he comes up with the idea for collecting data about every species living on the Earth. 在演讲中，他提出了收集地球上所有物种数据的想法。
②As soon as the project came up at the meeting, it attracted many people's attention. 那个计划在会上一经提出，就引起了许多人的关注。
call on sb. 拜访某人
call at sp. 拜访某地
call on sb. to do sth. 号召某人做某事
call in叫来；召来
call sb. up 给某人打电话
call sth. up 使回忆起；使想起
call back 回电话
call off 取消
11
call for (公开)要求；需要
【写作金句】The position calls for related experience in the field and good skills at using computers. 该职位要求具备该领域的相关经验和良好的计算机使用技能。(招聘信)
①application form 申请表
②apply vi. 申请；请求 vt. 使用；应用；涂；敷；施
apply...to 把……运用到……；把……涂到……上
apply to 申请；涉及；适用于
apply (to...) for (向……)申请……
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 努力学习，勤奋工作
③applicant n. 申请人
12
application / pl 'ke n/ n. 应用，运用；申请
【写作金句】[北师选必三U7P26]In spite of the large number of applications the company receives, they only ask a small number of applicants to come in for an interview. 尽管公司收到大量的申请，他们只要求一小部分申请人来面试。
①in defence of 保护，保卫；辩护
in sb.'s defence 为某人说句话
②defend vt. & vi. 保卫，防御；辩解
defend sb./sth. from/against 保护；辩解
③defensive adj. 防御的，保护的
13
defence /d 'fens/ n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
【写作金句】[外研选必三U3P43]Driven by a sense of commitment, a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation. 在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。(人物介绍)
①be in the process of (doing) sth. 在(做某事的) 过程中
②process the date 处理数据
the food processing industry 食品加工业
processed food加工食品
14
process /'pr ses/ n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程 vt. 加工，处理
【写作金句】
①[译林选必一U1P11~12]Each Nanjing salted duck takes several days to prepare, and the process includes salting, drying, boiling and cooling. 每只南京盐水鸭都要经过腌、晾、煮、凉等工序，耗时数天制成。(中国传统文化)
②Life is a process of growing up, where you know what to give up and what to hold on to. 生活是一个成长的过程，在这个过程中你知道要放弃什么，坚持什么。(主旨升华)
①as a consequence＝in consequence因此；结果
as a consequence of＝in consequence of由于；作为……的结果
take/face the consequences of 承担/面对……的后果
②consequent adj. 随之发生的；作为结果的
③consequently adv. 因此；所以
15
consequence /'k ns kw ns/ n. 结果，后果；重要性
【写作金句】As a consequence, many people are embracing seasonal cuisine by consuming only fresh ingredients that are in season. 因此，很多人开始接受时令美食，只食用当季的新鲜食材。(报道)
核心词汇
①[人教选必一U5P55]For example, pesticides can damage the land by killing not only _________(harm) bacteria and insects, but also helpful ones.
②[外研必修一U2P19]If __________(harm) actions are the opposite of harmful actions, why are shameless and shameful behaviours the same
③[写作迁移]我们所知道的是吃太多的垃圾食品对我们的健康有害。
What is known to us is __________________________________________________ ____________________.
[后练习]
考点1
harm的相关用法
harmful
harmless
that eating too much junk food is harmful to/does harm to
our health
①[译林选必三U3P30改]According to some records, the largest ships were over 140 metres in ________(long)．
②He was asked to tell the policeman the accident____ length.
③The review says swimming is more effective at_____________(length) life than walking or cycling.
④[写作迁移]他最新的小说长度是前一部的两倍。(一句多译)
( the＋名词＋of)
(as...as)
考点2
length的相关用法
His latest novel is twice the length of his previous one.
His latest novel is twice as long as his previous one.
length
at
lengthening
①[外研选必二U5P75]It contains a naturally-balanced environment that allows the many and _________(vary) species to live and prosper.
②[译林选必三U4P44]Unfortunately, they face a _________(vary) of dangers and many of them are in urgent need of protection.
③[外研选必三U2P30]Their designs were admirable, _________(vary) from grand buildings to public works, such as roads and dams.
④[写作迁移·北师选必四U10P18]表演种类繁多，其中大部分是唱歌和跳舞。
___________________________________________________________________
考点3
variety的相关用法
various
variety
varying
There were a wide variety of acts, most of which were singing and dancing.
①[外研选必一U2P19]Rowling had spent years surviving ____ little money, spending all her time writing.
②[译林必修三U2P27]Because of their small size and sharp sense of smell, dogs can locate ___________(survive) much faster than humans can.
③[北师选必一U3P53]Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our __________ (survive), we would also be at risk of dying out.
考点4
survive的相关用法
on
survivors
survival
④[写作迁移]幸运的是，这位老妇人在龙卷风中幸存了下来，她的生存是一个奇迹，因为她是这场灾难中唯一的幸存者。
Fortunately, the old woman __________ the tornado and ____________________ _______ because she was ___________________________________.
survived
her survival was a
wonder
the only survivor of the disaster
①Leaving home for the first time, he felt cheerful and sad ____ turns.
②It was my turn________(get) a ticket when someone cut in line.
③They wanted to pass the driving test as quickly as possible, so they drove the car by turns. (同义句转换)
＝They wanted to pass the driving test as quickly as possible, so they ___________ __________________.
考点5
in turn及其拓展短语的相关用法
by
to get
took turns to
drive the car
④[写作迁移·译林选必三U1P6]这些产业反过来又为当地居民提供了就业机会，他们的福利取决于旅游业。
These industries, _________, give jobs to the local population, _________________ _________________.
in turn
whose welfare
depends on tourism
①三名宇航员将在不到一小时内抵达国际空间站。
_______________________________________ the International Space Station in less than an hour.
②[译林必修三U1P8] 部分由于船舶交通和其他人类活动造成的污染，海豚数量大幅下降。
___________________________________________________________________, the dolphin population has dropped greatly.
考点6
due的相关用法
Three astronauts are due to arrive at
Partly due to pollution caused by ship traffic and other human activities
①[人教必修二U2P14]地球上的物种正以惊人的速度灭绝。每天有150到200个物种正在灭绝。
Our planet's species is _______________________________. Between 150 and 200 ________________________________________.
②[北师必修二U5P29]野生动物灭绝不是一个让你有时间弥补错误的过程。
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
考点7
extinction的相关用法
dying out at an alarming rate
species are becoming extinct every day
Wildlife extinction is not a process that gives you time to fix your mistakes.
③[人教必修二U2P16]为了使这个物种免于灭绝，中国政府将其置于国家保护之下。
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In order to save this species from extinction, the Chinese government placed it under national protection.
①[人教必修一U4P54]However, dangerous conditions and _________(damage) roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies.
②[人教选必一U5P55]In fact, some pesticides like DDT have been prohibited in most countries because of the damage they cause ____ people and the environment.
③[写作迁移]一场暴风雨袭击了中国东南部，对农作物造成严重破坏。
A rainstorm hit the southeastern part of China, _____________________________.
考点8
damage的相关用法
damaged
to
causing severe damage to crops
①温室气体继续在大气中积聚，导致全球气温上升。
Greenhouse gases continue to ____________________________ causing the global temperature to go up.
②为了丰富我们的学校生活和锻炼我们的身体，下周末我们学校将在体育场举办体育节。
To enrich our school life and ___________________, a Sports Festival ___________ _________________________ next weekend.
考点9
build up的相关用法
build up in the atmosphere
build up our body
will be held
in our school stadium
①Being creative means______________ new ideas and having creative imagination.
②[北师选必四U11P47]Next time, when they try to bully you, tell them you are not going to _____________ it anymore.
③[人教必修一U1P14]I'm a bit worried about _______________ the other students in my advanced course, and it'll be quite difficult to get used to all the homework.
④If they take this game lightly, they could_____________ egg on their faces.
⑤[写作迁移]这个男孩是第一个想出解决这个问题的主意的人。
The boy was the first person ____________________________________________.
考点10
“动词＋up＋with”结构的相关用法
coming up with
put up with
keeping up with
end up with
to come up with the idea to solve the problem
Last weekend, I met with a problem, which ①____________ my teacher's help. So I planned to ②_________ her, but after ③_________ her ____ and learning she was out, I had to ④__________ the trip.
⑤[写作迁移·译林必修三U1P6]一些人要求应用现代技术，另一些人要求改变生活方式。
____________________________________________________________________
考点11
call for及其拓展短语的相关用法
called for
call on
calling
up
call off
Some call for the application of modern technology, and others a change of lifestyle.
①[译林选必二U3P42]Read a book on DNA to discover more about its secrets and the potential ______________(apply) of genetics.
②[外研选必四U1P14]I wish to apply _____ the position of a local tour guide as advertised in the Daily News on 30 June.
③[译林选必四U4P48]In today's rapidly developing society, vocational education is becoming more and more valuable and it gives ____________(apply) an advantage in the job market.
考点12
application的相关用法
applications
for
applicants
④[译林选必二U3P30—31]In the near future, geneticists hope to apply this technology __________(treat) a wide range of health problems.
⑤[写作迁移·人教选必二U2P22]大多数申请这个职位的人都被拒绝了，但他却脱颖而出，因为他善于与他人合作。
Most of the people ___________________________________ were turned down, but he stood out ____________________________________________.
to treat
who had applied for this position
because he was good at working with others
①[人教必修二U4P40]They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military _________(defend).
②[北师必修一U2P43]Soft martial arts, such as tai chi, teach you to use your opponent's own force to ________(defence) yourself.
③[写作迁移]我们应该记住那些为保卫国家而献身的军人。
We should keep in mind the soldiers ____________________________________.
考点13
defence的相关用法
defence
defend
who died in defence of our country
①The system is designed to be used in conjunction with a word____________ (process) programme.
②I recommend that you avoid___________(process) foods whenever possible.
③[写作迁移·译林选必四U3P40]回顾这个过程，看看你做得好的地方以及还有哪些地方需要改进，这一点也很重要。
It's also vital _____________________________ to see what you did well and _____________________________________.
考点14
process的相关用法
processing
processed
to look back on the process
where improvements are still needed
①[译林选必四U4P44]______________(consequent), you will be exposed to many new ideas, beliefs, practices and learning experiences.
②[北师选必一U1P21]If they stop and think about the ______________ (consequent), they might make a different decision.
③The warming of the Earth and the____________(consequence) climatic changes affect us all.
④[写作迁移]因此，他们不能集中精力学习，上课时容易犯困。
________________________________________________ and tend to be sleepy in class.
考点15
consequence的相关用法
Consequently
consequences
consequent
As a consequence, they can't concentrate on their study
一词多义
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
①A mass of snow and rocks were falling down the mountain. ___
②I began sifting through the mass of evidence.___
③[北师选必一U3P52]Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction.___
④The page was covered with a mass of figures. ___
⑤The plan didn't work because it was against the will of the masses. ___
1
mass /m s/ A. n. 大量 B. n. 团，块，堆 C. n. 一群，一堆 D. n. 群众；平民百姓 E. adj. 大批的，广泛的
B
A
E
C
D
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
①[译林选必二U2P17] A former track and field athlete from the UK, she won an Olympic gold medal in her home country in 2012. ___
②The track to the remote village became muddy every time it rained. ___
③The tracks of the large animal were clearly printed in the sand. ___
④The research project involves tracking the careers of 400 graduates. ___
2
track /tr k/ A. vt. & vi. 跟踪，追踪 B. n. 足迹，踪迹 C. n. 小道
D. n. 轨道；跑道；路线
D
C
B
A
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
①[译林选必二U4P44]At the basic level, artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines.___
②[人教必修三U1P10]The beautiful flowers on cherry branches are the most significant sign of the arrival of spring.___
③[人教选必一U3P26]Spreading out before me, branches of the Rapa River flow through the valley below.___
3
branch /brɑ nt / A. n．(学科及语言的)分支 B. n. 分部，分店 C. n. 树枝 D. n. 支流 E. n. 政府部门，分支机构
A
C
D
④[译林必修三U1P12]We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development strategies are followed in an environmentally friendly way.___
⑤The company has its base in New York, and branch offices all over the world.___
E
B
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
①Any progress in reducing chemical weapons is welcome. ___
②Caffeine, a chemical typically found in coffee, has caused a lot of concern. ___
4
chemical /'kem kl/ A. n. 化学制品；化学品 B. adj. 化学的；化学作用的
B
A
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
①Talks with business leaders broke down because they couldn't reach an agreement. ___
②[外研必修二U6P91]It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down, but much less time for paper. ___
③He had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from his forehead, because the air-conditioning system broke down. ___
5
break down A. 分解 B. 消除；克服 C. (身体、精神)垮掉 D. (谈判)失败 E．(机器或车辆)出故障；抛锚
D
A
E
④His health broke down under the pressure of work. ___
⑤His early experience enabled him to break down barriers between Scottish
Catholics and Protestants. ___
C
B
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
①Despite the decline in profit, the company still has undergone a period of rapid expansion. ___
②Many local people believe the development will profit them. ___
③I'm sure that all of you will profit from this special experience. ___
6
profit /'pr f t/ A. n. 利润，收益；好处 B. vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处
C. vi. & vt. 对……有益(或有用)
A
C
B
重难句式
【课本原句】 With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
1
倍数＋the size of
常见的倍数表示法
①倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as
②倍数＋比较级＋than
③倍数＋the＋表示度量的名词(size、weight、length、depth、width...)＋of
④倍数＋what从句
【易错提醒】表示“两倍”时要用double或twice；表示三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”。
【写作迁移】语法填空/翻译句子
①The production of the factory has grown to twice ______ it was in 1999.
②Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than ______ of those being born by 50%.
③他在郊区有一栋大房子，是我的两倍大。(一句多译)
(the＋名词＋of)
(as...as)
what
that
He has a large house in the suburb, which is twice the size of mine.
He has a large house in the suburb, which is twice as big as mine.
【课本原句】While a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forest's food chain. 尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。
2
while引导让步状语从句
while引导从句的用法
①while表示“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。
②while表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生，可是他对他们很严格。
③while作并列连词用，意为“然而，而”，表示对比关系。
Some people waste food while others haven't enough.
有些人浪费粮食，而有些人却吃不饱。
【特别提醒】
①while引导时间状语从句时，主从句谓语动作同时发生，从句谓语通常是延续性动词。
While the discussion was still going on, George came in. 当讨论还在进行时，乔治走了进来。
②while引导时间状语从句时，如果主句的主语和while引导的从句的主语一致时，从句可以省略主语和be动词。
While (I was) shopping in the supermarket yesterday, I met an old friend of mine.
昨天在超市购物时，我遇到了一位老朋友。
【写作迁移】 句式升级/翻译句子
①I met an old friend of mine while I was waiting for a bus. (改成省略句)
→
②克隆植物简单，而克隆动物就非常复杂了。
Cloning plants is straightforward while cloning animals is very complicated.
③虽然我承认他有很多缺点，但他也有很多优点。
While I admit he has many shortcomings, he also has many strengths.
I met an old friend of mine while waiting for a bus.[先讲解]
harm /hɑ m/ n. & vt. 伤害，损害
① harm sb. 伤害某人
② do/cause harm to 伤害
③ harmful adj. 有害的
be harmful to 对……有害
④ harmless adj. 无害的
【写作金句】 [外研选必三U6P90]She believed that the chemical industry was knowingly causing harm to plants, animals and even humans, and wished to see pesticides used in a more responsible, limited and carefully monitored way. 她认为化学工业有意对植物、动物甚至人类造成伤害，希望看到以更负责任、更有限和更仔细监督的方式使用农药。
length /le θ/ n. 长，长度；时间的长短；篇幅，(电影)片长
① in length 在长度上
倍数词＋the length of 是……的几倍长
at length 详尽地；最后
go to some/any/great lengths to do sth. 竭尽全力做某事
② lengthen vt. & vi. (使)变长
【写作金句】 We can't do anything about the length of our life, but we can do something about its width and depth. 我们不能改变生命的长度，但我们可以在生命的宽度和深度上做一些事情。(主旨升华)
variety /v 'ra ti/ n. 不同种类；变化，多样性；变种，变体
① a variety of＝varieties of 种种；各种各样的
② various adj. 各种不同的；各种各样的
for various reasons 由于种种原因
③ vary vi. 变化，不同 vt. (略做)改变
vary from...to 从……到……不等
vary with 随……变化
vary in 在……方面不同
【写作金句】 [译林选必一U1P2]Our comfort foods are highly individual. They vary from person to person, depending on our own unique experiences that have shaped our lives. 我们的治愈系食物相当个性化。它们由塑造我们生活的独特经历决定，因人而异。
【特别提醒】 a variety of/varieties of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；the variety of后接复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
① A variety of meaningful activities are available, ranging from lectures by well-known professors to inspiring group discussions on classic English poems. 有各种有意义的活动，从著名教授的讲座到激发灵感的经典英语诗歌小组讨论。(活动安排)
② The variety of foods at the restaurant is limited, but the amount of each dish is fairly large. 这家餐馆中食物的品种有限，但每道菜的分量很大。
survive /s 'va v/ vi. 生存，存活
vt. 幸存，幸免于难
① survive sth. 比……存在的时间长，从……中幸存
survive sb. (by) 比某人活得长(多久……)
survive on 靠……维持生活
survive from 从……存活下来
② survivor n. 幸存者；生还者
③ survival n. 幸存；生存
【写作金句】
① [北师选必一U3P53]In short, if we want to survive, we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it. 简而言之，如果我们想要生存，我们就要停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。(演讲稿)
② The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history.
西安古城墙是从中国悠久历史中幸存下来的最完整的城墙。(中国传统文化)
【易错提醒】 survive作“幸存，幸免于难”讲时，为及物动词，其后直接接宾语。
To his relief, his family members were lucky enough to survive the earthquake. 令他欣慰的是，他的家人很幸运，能够在地震中幸存下来。
in turn相应地，转而；依次，轮流，逐个
by turns 轮流；交替地
take turns to do/in doing sth. 轮流做某事
It's one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事。
wait one's turn 等着轮到某人
take a turn for the better 有所好转，变得更好
【写作金句】
① [外研选必一U1P4] Seeing their daughter so much happier has in turn made Lara's parents more relaxed. 看到女儿快乐多了，反过来也让劳拉的父母更放松了。(情感描写)
② People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, which in turn creates more problems. 人们试图通过使用他们自己的小汽车来避免公共交通延误，这转而造成了更多的问题。(倡议书)
due /dju / adj. 欠着的；预定的；到期的；适当的
due to 由于，因为
be due to do sth./for sth. 预期要做某事
with all due respect 恕我直言
due date (尤指欠款的)到期日
【写作金句】 [译林必修三U1P3] Over the past 50 years, about 17 per cent of the rainforest has disappeared due to human activities such as agriculture and cattle farming. 在过去的50年里，由于农业和畜牧业等人类活动，约17%的雨林已经消失。(发言稿)
【联想发散】 表示“由于”的短语还有owing to、because of、as a result of、thanks to、on account of。
extinction / k'st k n/ n. 灭绝，绝种
① be faced with extinction 面临绝种
save sth. from extinction 使……免于灭绝
② extinct adj. 已灭绝的
an extinct species已灭绝的物种
【写作金句】 [译林必修三U1P8]Human activities have brought many animals close to extinction. In the last 500 years, over 300 species of animals have gone extinct. 人类活动使许多动物濒临灭绝。在过去的500年里，300多种动物已经灭绝。(发言稿)
damage /'d mId / vt. & n. 损害，伤害，损坏，破坏
① do/cause (great) damage to 对……造成(很大的)损害
② damage sb.'s career/reputation/health 损害某人的事业/名誉/健康
【写作金句】 [人教选必三U3P27]There is strong and comprehensive evidence that the rise in temperature has led to an increase in extreme weather and natural disasters worldwide, not only causing serious damage, but also costing human lives. 有充分而全面的证据表明，气温上升导致全球极端天气和自然灾害增加，不仅造成严重破坏，而且会造成生命损失。(发言稿)
build up逐渐增加，扩大
build up one's strength 恢复体力
build up one's vocabulary 增加词汇量
build up one's body 强身健体
【写作金句】 [北师选必一U1P21]The most important thing is to build up self-confidence, so that it is easier to say “no” to the peer group. 最重要的是建立自信心，这样更容易对同龄人说“不”。(主旨升华)
come up with想出，想到
① come up with a solution 想出一个解决方法
② “动词＋up＋with”结构的短语还有：
keep up with 跟上；与……保持联系
catch up with 赶上，追上
put up with 忍受；容忍
end up with 以……结束
make up with 与……言归于好
break up with 与……分手
【写作金句】 [外研选必二U5P67]Experts felt it necessary to come up with a plan to remove all the rabbits from the island. 专家们认为有必要想出一个计划，把所有的兔子从岛上移走。(投稿)
【特别提醒】 come up with意为“想出”，主语(人)是想出者，后面的宾语才是被想出的内容；come up意为“被想出”，主语(物)是被提及的内容，无被动语态。
① [译林必修三U1P14]In the talk, he comes up with the idea for collecting data about every species living on the Earth. 在演讲中，他提出了收集地球上所有物种数据的想法。
② As soon as the project came up at the meeting, it attracted many people's attention. 那个计划在会上一经提出，就引起了许多人的关注。
call for (公开)要求；需要
call on sb. 拜访某人
call at sp. 拜访某地
call on sb. to do sth. 号召某人做某事
call in叫来；召来
call sb. up 给某人打电话
call sth. up 使回忆起；使想起
call back 回电话
call off 取消
【写作金句】 The position calls for related experience in the field and good skills at using computers. 该职位要求具备该领域的相关经验和良好的计算机使用技能。(招聘信)
application / pl 'ke n/ n. 应用，运用；申请
① application form 申请表
② apply vi. 申请；请求 vt. 使用；应用；涂；敷；施
apply...to 把……运用到……；把……涂到……上
apply to 申请；涉及；适用于
apply (to...) for (向……)申请……
apply oneself to (doing) sth. 努力学习，勤奋工作
③ applicant n. 申请人
【写作金句】 [北师选必三U7P26]In spite of the large number of applications the company receives, they only ask a small number of applicants to come in for an interview. 尽管公司收到大量的申请，他们只要求一小部分申请人来面试。
defence /d 'fens/ n. 辩护；防御，保护；防御物；国防；防守
① in defence of 保护，保卫；辩护
in sb.'s defence 为某人说句话
② defend vt. & vi. 保卫，防御；辩解
defend sb./sth. from/against 保护；辩解
③ defensive adj. 防御的，保护的
【写作金句】 [外研选必三U3P43]Driven by a sense of commitment, a great many joined the army to resist the Japanese invaders and defend the honour of the nation. 在献身精神的驱使下，许多人参军抵抗日本侵略者，保卫国家的荣誉。(人物介绍)
process /'pr ses/ n. 过程，进程；步骤，流程
vt. 加工，处理
① be in the process of (doing) sth. 在(做某事的) 过程中
② process the date 处理数据
the food processing industry 食品加工业
processed food加工食品
【写作金句】
① [译林选必一U1P11—12]Each Nanjing salted duck takes several days to prepare, and the process includes salting, drying, boiling and cooling. 每只南京盐水鸭都要经过腌、晾、煮、凉等工序，耗时数天制成。(中国传统文化)
② Life is a process of growing up, where you know what to give up and what to hold on to. 生活是一个成长的过程，在这个过程中你知道要放弃什么，坚持什么。(主旨升华)
consequence /'k ns kw ns/ n. 结果，后果；重要性
① as a consequence＝in consequence因此；结果
as a consequence of＝in consequence of由于；作为……的结果
take/face the consequences of 承担/面对……的后果
② consequent adj. 随之发生的；作为结果的
③ consequently adv. 因此；所以
【写作金句】As a consequence, many people are embracing seasonal cuisine by consuming only fresh ingredients that are in season. 因此，很多人开始接受时令美食，只食用当季的新鲜食材。(报道)
[后练习]
考点1 harm的相关用法
① [人教选必一U5P55]For example, pesticides can damage the land by killing not only (harm) bacteria and insects, but also helpful ones.
② [外研必修一U2P19]If (harm) actions are the opposite of harmful actions, why are shameless and shameful behaviours the same
③ [写作迁移]我们所知道的是吃太多的垃圾食品对我们的健康有害。
What is known to us is
.
考点2 length的相关用法
① [译林选必三U3P30改]According to some records, the largest ships were over 140 metres in (long)．
② He was asked to tell the policeman the accident length.
③ The review says swimming is more effective at (length) life than walking or cycling.
④ [写作迁移]他最新的小说长度是前一部的两倍。(一句多译)
( the ＋ 名词＋of)
(as...as)
考点3 variety的相关用法
① [外研选必二U5P75]It contains a naturally-balanced environment that allows the many and (vary) species to live and prosper.
② [译林选必三U4P44]Unfortunately, they face a (vary) of dangers and many of them are in urgent need of protection.
③ [外研选必三U2P30]Their designs were admirable, (vary) from grand buildings to public works, such as roads and dams.
④ [写作迁移·北师选必四U10P18]表演种类繁多，其中大部分是唱歌和跳舞。
考点4 survive的相关用法
① [外研选必一U2P19]Rowling had spent years surviving little money, spending all her time writing.
② [译林必修三U2P27]Because of their small size and sharp sense of smell, dogs can locate (survive) much faster than humans can.
③ [北师选必一U3P53]Of course, as we humans depend on so many species for our
(survive), we would also be at risk of dying out.
④ [写作迁移]幸运的是，这位老妇人在龙卷风中幸存了下来，她的生存是一个奇迹，因为她是这场灾难中唯一的幸存者。
Fortunately, the old woman the tornado and because she was
.
考点5 in turn及其拓展短语的相关用法
① Leaving home for the first time, he felt cheerful and sad turns.
② It was my turn (get) a ticket when someone cut in line.
③ They wanted to pass the driving test as quickly as possible, so they drove the car by turns. (同义句转换)
＝They wanted to pass the driving test as quickly as possible, so they
.
④ [写作迁移·译林选必三U1P6]这些产业反过来又为当地居民提供了就业机会，他们的福利取决于旅游业。
These industries, , give jobs to the local population,
.
考点6 due的相关用法
① 三名宇航员将在不到一小时内抵达国际空间站。
the International Space Station in less than an hour.
② [译林必修三U1P8] 部分由于船舶交通和其他人类活动造成的污染，海豚数量大幅下降。
，
the dolphin population has dropped greatly.
考点7 extinction的相关用法
① [人教必修二U2P14]地球上的物种正以惊人的速度灭绝。每天有150到200个物种正在灭绝。
Our planet's species is . Between 150 and 200
.
② [北师必修二U5P29]野生动物灭绝不是一个让你有时间弥补错误的过程。
③ [人教必修二U2P16]为了使这个物种免于灭绝，中国政府将其置于国家保护之下。
考点8 damage的相关用法
① [人教必修一U4P54]However, dangerous conditions and (damage) roads will make it difficult to deliver food and supplies.
② [人教选必一U5P55]In fact, some pesticides like DDT have been prohibited in most countries because of the damage they cause people and the environment.
③ [写作迁移]一场暴风雨袭击了中国东南部，对农作物造成严重破坏。
A rainstorm hit the southeastern part of China, .
考点9 build up的相关用法
① 温室气体继续在大气中积聚，导致全球气温上升。
Greenhouse gases continue to
causing the global temperature to go up.
② 为了丰富我们的学校生活和锻炼我们的身体，下周末我们学校将在体育场举办体育节。
To enrich our school life and ,
a Sports Festival next weekend.
考点10 “动词＋up＋with”结构的相关用法
① Being creative means new ideas and having creative imagination.
② [北师选必四U11P47]Next time, when they try to bully you, tell them you are not going to it anymore.
③ [人教必修一U1P14]I'm a bit worried about the other students in my advanced course, and it'll be quite difficult to get used to all the homework.
④ If they take this game lightly, they could egg on their faces.
⑤ [写作迁移]这个男孩是第一个想出解决这个问题的主意的人。
The boy was the first person .
考点11 call for及其拓展短语的相关用法
Last weekend, I met with a problem, which ① my teacher's help. So I planned to ② her, but after ③ her and learning she was out, I had to ④ the trip.
⑤ [写作迁移·译林必修三U1P6]一些人要求应用现代技术，另一些人要求改变生活方式。
考点12 application的相关用法
① [译林选必二U3P42]Read a book on DNA to discover more about its secrets and the potential (apply) of genetics.
② [外研选必四U1P14]I wish to apply the position of a local tour guide as advertised in the Daily News on 30 June.
③ [译林选必四U4P48]In today's rapidly developing society, vocational education is becoming more and more valuable and it gives (apply) an advantage in the job market.
④ [译林选必二U3P30—31]In the near future, geneticists hope to apply this technology (treat) a wide range of health problems.
⑤ [写作迁移·人教选必二U2P22]大多数申请这个职位的人都被拒绝了，但他却脱颖而出，因为他善于与他人合作。
Most of the people were turned down, but he stood out .
考点13 defence的相关用法
① [人教必修二U4P40]They use the same flag, known as the Union Jack, as well as share the same currency and military (defend).
② [北师必修一U2P43]Soft martial arts, such as tai chi, teach you to use your opponent's own force to (defence) yourself.
③ [写作迁移]我们应该记住那些为保卫国家而献身的军人。
We should keep in mind the soldiers .
考点14 process的相关用法
① The system is designed to be used in conjunction with a word (process) programme.
② I recommend that you avoid (process) foods whenever possible.
③ [写作迁移·译林选必四U3P40]回顾这个过程，看看你做得好的地方以及还有哪些地方需要改进，这一点也很重要。
It's also vital to see what you did well and .
考点15 consequence的相关用法
① [译林选必四U4P44] (consequent), you will be exposed to many new ideas, beliefs, practices and learning experiences.
② [北师选必一U1P21]If they stop and think about the (consequent), they might make a different decision.
③ The warming of the Earth and the (consequence) climatic changes affect us all.
④ [写作迁移]因此，他们不能集中精力学习，上课时容易犯困。
and tend to be sleepy in class.
mass /m s/ A. n. 大量 B. n. 团，块，堆
C. n. 一群，一堆 D. n. 群众；平民百姓
E. adj. 大批的，广泛的
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① A mass of snow and rocks were falling down the mountain.
② I began sifting through the mass of evidence.
③ [北师选必一U3P52]Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction.
④ The page was covered with a mass of figures.
⑤ The plan didn't work because it was against the will of the masses.
track /tr k/ A. vt. & vi. 跟踪，追踪
B. n. 足迹，踪迹 C. n. 小道 D. n. 轨道；跑道；路线
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① [译林选必二U2P17] A former track and field athlete from the UK, she won an Olympic gold medal in her home country in 2012.
② The track to the remote village became muddy every time it rained.
③ The tracks of the large animal were clearly printed in the sand.
④ The research project involves tracking the careers of 400 graduates.
branch /brɑ nt / A. n．(学科及语言的)分支
B. n. 分部，分店 C. n. 树枝 D. n. 支流
E. n. 政府部门，分支机构
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① [译林选必二U4P44]At the basic level, artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to create intelligent machines.
② [人教必修三U1P10]The beautiful flowers on cherry branches are the most significant sign of the arrival of spring.
③ [人教选必一U3P26]Spreading out before me, branches of the Rapa River flow through the valley below.
④ [译林必修三U1P12]We also work hand in hand with other branches of government to ensure that development strategies are followed in an environmentally friendly way.
⑤ The company has its base in New York, and branch offices all over the world.
chemical /'kem kl/ A. n. 化学制品；化学品 B. adj. 化学的；化学作用的
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① Any progress in reducing chemical weapons is welcome.
② Caffeine, a chemical typically found in coffee, has caused a lot of concern.
break down A. 分解 B. 消除；克服 C. (身体、精神)垮掉 D. (谈判)失败 E．(机器或车辆)出故障；抛锚
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① Talks with business leaders broke down because they couldn't reach an agreement.
② [外研必修二U6P91]It takes hundreds of years for plastic to break down, but much less time for paper.
③ He had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from his forehead, because the air-conditioning system broke down.
④ His health broke down under the pressure of work.
⑤ His early experience enabled him to break down barriers between Scottish Catholics and Protestants.
profit /'pr f t/ A. n. 利润，收益；好处
B. vi. & vt. 获益，得到好处
C. vi. & vt. 对……有益(或有用)
【对点微练】 赏句猜义
① Despite the decline in profit, the company still has undergone a period of rapid expansion.
② Many local people believe the development will profit them.
③ I'm sure that all of you will profit from this special experience.
倍数＋the size of
【课本原句】 With an area of around 6 million square kilometres, the Amazon rainforest is more than half the size of China. 亚马孙雨林的面积约为600万平方千米，比中国国土面积的一半还要大。
常见的倍数表示法
① 倍数＋as＋adj./adv.(原级)＋as
② 倍数＋比较级＋than
③ 倍数＋the＋表示度量的名词(size、weight、length、depth、width...)＋of
④ 倍数＋what从句
【易错提醒】 表示“两倍”时要用double或twice；表示三倍或三倍以上用“基数词＋times”。
【写作迁移】 语法填空/翻译句子
① The production of the factory has grown to twice it was in 1999.
② Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than of those being born by 50%.
③ 他在郊 区有一栋大房子，是我的两倍大。(一句多译)
(the＋名词＋of)
(as...as)
while引导让步状语从句
【课本原句】 While a significant number of jaguars survive here, they are only one element of this forest's food chain. 尽管相当多的美洲豹在这里生存，但它们只是这个雨林食物链的一个要素。
while引导从句的用法
① while表示“当……的时候”，引导时间状语从句。
② while表示“虽然，尽管”，引导让步状语从句。
While he loves his students, he is very strict with them.
虽然他爱他的学生，可是他对他们很严格。
③ while作并列连词用，意为“然而，而”，表示对比关系。
Some people waste food while others haven't enough.
有些人浪费粮食，而有些人却吃不饱。
【特别提醒】
① while引导时间状语从句时，主从句谓语动作同时发生，从句谓语通常是延续性动词。
While the discussion was still going on, George came in. 当讨论还在进行时，乔治走了进来。
② while引导时间状语从句时，如果主句的主语和while引导的从句的主语一致时，从句可以省略主语和be动词。
While (I was) shopping in the supermarket yesterday, I met an old friend of mine.
昨天在超市购物时，我遇到了一位老朋友。
【写作迁移】 句式升级/翻译句子
① I met an old friend of mine while I was waiting for a bus. (改成省略句)
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② 克隆植物简单，而克隆动物就非常复杂了。
③ 虽然我承认他有很多缺点，但他也有很多优点。
