Unit 5 Languages around the world知识清单
Quote(引语/文):
One language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way.一门语言能带你进入人生旅途,两门语言则为你开启人生旅途中所有大门。
一.词形转换
1.refer (refer-referred-referred) vi. 提到;参考;查阅 vt. 查询;叫……求助于→reference n. 指称关系;参考
2. system n. 系统;体系→ systematic adj. 系统性的→ systematically adv. 系统地
3.base vt. 以……为据点;以……为基础n. 底部;根据→basis基础;根据;原则→based adj. 以(某事)为基础的;以……为重要部分(或特征)的→basic adj. 基本的;基础的→basically adv. 主要地,基本上
4.symbol / s mbl/n. 符号;象征→ symbolic (adj.) 象征性的→ symbolize (v.) 象征
5.variety n. (植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化→vary v. 相异,不同;(根据情况)变化→various adj. 各种各样的;多方面的
6.major adj. 主要的;重要的;大的 n. 主修课程;主修学生 vi. 主修;专门研究→majority n. 大部分;大多数
7.classic adj. 经典的;传统的 n. 经典作品→ classical adj. 古典的 (e.g. classical music)→ classics n. 古典文学
8.regard /r ɡɑ d/n. 尊重;关注 vt. 把… 视为;看待→ regarding (prep.) 关于; regardless (adv.) 不管怎样
9.character n. 文字;符号;角色;性格→ characteristic n. 特征;特点 adj. 典型的→ characterize v. 是……的特征;描绘
10.global adj. 全球的;全世界的→globe (n.) 地球→ globalization (n.) 全球化
11.appreciate vt. 欣赏;重视;感激;领会 vi. 增值→appreciative adj. 感激的;赏识的;有欣赏力的→appreciation n. 欣赏,鉴别;增值;感谢
12.specific adj. 特定的;明确的;具体的 →specify (v.) 具体说明→ specification (n.) 规格,说明书→specifically具体地、明确地
13.equal n.同等的人;相等物 adj.相同的;同样的→equally adv.同样地;相等地,平等地→equality n. 平等;相等;[数]等式
14.demand n.要求;需求vt. 强烈要求;需要vi. 查问→demanding adj.要求高的;苛刻的的;费力的
15.description n. 描写(文字);形容→describe v.描述;形容;把……称为→descriptive adj.描写的,叙述的;描写性的
16.relate vt. 联系;讲述→relative adj. 相对的;有关系的;成比例的 n. 亲戚;相关物→relation n. 关系;叙述;故事;亲属关系
二、词汇拓展
1.billion n.十亿
词汇积累
①表示具体数字时,用单数$2.3 billion
②表示泛指,用复数,加s: billions of 数十亿
③口诀:有数字,无s;无数字,加s
④Millionaire 百万富翁
⑤Billionaire 亿万富翁
2.native adj.出生地的;本地的;土著的 n.本地人
词根词缀nat- “出生”;ive形容词后缀。
nation n.国家,民族
national adj.国家的
nationality n. 国籍
词组积累
be a native of... 出生于……的人
be native to 原产于
a native speaker 母语者
native country/land/language 祖国 故乡 母语
3.attitude 态度;看法
attitude towards/to sth 对某事的态度 positive/negative attitude积极、消极的态度
4.reference n.指称关系;参考
单词变形refer / r f :(r) / referred , referred vi. 提到;参考;查阅 vt. 查询;叫…求助于
词组积累
refer to 指的是;提到;查阅
refer to……as……把……当作/称为
reference books 参考书
in/with reference to 关于
一词多义:
①The official referred to the rescue workers several times at the meeting. 提到
②For more information, you can refer to China Daily's official website.查阅
③When I said some people were stupid, I wasn't referring to you.指的是
④As far as I know, he is referred to as a living Lei Feng. 把...称作
5.despite prep. 即使;尽管
注意:其后接名词、代词或动词-ing,不能接从句,相当于in spite of/regardless of
despite the fact that 尽管事实是
Despite the fact that it was raining heavily, the athletes continued the competition.
尽管雨下得很大,运动员们仍然继续比赛。
6.base vt. 以…为据点;以……为基础 n. 底部;总部,基地
单词变形
based adj. 以(某事)为基础的
basis n.基础
basic adj. 基本的;基础的
basically adv. 基本上;总的说来
短语积累
①base...on/upon...把…建立在…基础之上
be based on/upon以……为基础;依据……
②on a ...basis 根据;以...为方式(基准)
on the basis of 以......为基础;根据某事
7.date back (to ...) 追溯到
注意:一般只用于现在时态,没有被动语态。做定语或状语时只有主动的dating back to/from 形式
短语积累
①date back to = date from... 追溯到
②out of date 过时的 up to date 现代的; 最新的
8.variety n. (植物、语言等的)变体;异体;多样化
词汇变形
various adj. 各种各样的
vary v. 变化;不同
短语积累
a variety of… 各种各样的……= varieties of = various
vary with 随着...变化
vary from...to...由...到...不等;在...到...之间变动
vary in... 在……方面丰富多样
for various reasons 由于种种原因
9.major adj.主要的; n.主修课程;主修学生vi.主修;专门研究
词汇积累:反:minor adj.次要的 minority n.少数 majority n.多数;大多数
短语积累:
major in v.主修……
the majority of 大多数…… be in the majority 构成大部分/大多数
major factor 主要因素
10.no matter where, who, what… 不论……;不管……
no matter what/how/where/when…是一个引导让步状语从句的连词结构,意为 “无论(什么、怎样、哪里、何时等)……”,可置于句首、句中和句尾。
①No matter what difficulties we face, we should never give up learning.
无论面对什么困难,我们都不应该放弃学习。
②No matter how difficult it is, never give up on your dreams.
无论多困难,都不要放弃你的梦想。
11.means n.方式;方法;途径(单复数同形)
词汇积累
①means of(doing)sth. (做)某事的方法
②by this means 通过这种方式
③by no means 一点儿也不,决不
by all means 一定,当然 live beyond one's means 入不敷出
mean vi. 意味着 mean-meant-meant
mean doing sth. 意味着做某事 mean to do sth打算做某事
12.regard vt. 把…视为;看待 n.尊重;关注
regarding prep.关于,至于,就……而论
regard/consider...as... 认为……是……
have high/no regard for... 高度关注/无视……
with/in regard to sth. 关于某事 in this regard 就这一点而言
regard for… 对……的尊重 give one’s regards (to sb.) 代某人(向某人)问好
Eg.① Many people regard the Great Wall as the symbol of Chinese civilization.
许多人把长城看作中华文明的象征。
②The company has high regard for innovation and creativity among its employees.
这家公司高度重视员工的创新和创造力
13.appreciate vt. 欣赏;重视;感激;领会 vi. 增值
词汇积累
①appreciation n.欣赏;感激
②appreciate(sb/sb’s)doing sth. 感激(某人)做某事
③I would appreciate it if you could do ... 如果……,我将不胜感激。
express one's appreciation/thanks to sb.for sth. 因某事表达对某人的感激之情
Eg.① I really appreciate your helping me with my English study.
我真的很感谢你帮助我学习英语。
②I would appreciate it if you could send me the report by Friday.
如果您能在周五前把报告发给我,我将不胜感激。
14.struggle n. & vi. 斗争;奋斗;搏斗
词汇积累
①struggle for... 努力争取……;为……而斗争
②struggle against/with... 与……做斗争
③struggle to do sth. 努力做某事,艰难地做某事
④struggle to one's feet 某人挣扎着站起来
15.beg vt. 恳求;祈求;哀求(beg-begged-begged))
beg sb for sth 向某人请求……
beg sb to do sth 请求某人做某事
16.equal n.同等的人;相等物 adj. 相同的;同样的 v. 等于
equally adv. 平等地 equality n. 平等
词汇积累
①be equal to (doing) sth 等于,与……相等;胜任
②be without equal/have no equal 无与伦比
③equal sb/sth in (doing)sth 在(做)某事上比得过、敌得过某人/物
17.demand n.要求;需求 vt.强烈要求;需要
demand to do sth. 要求做某事
demand sth. of/from sb. 向某人要某物
demand that.../it is demanded that...(should)+动词原形 要求……
be in (great) demand (迫切)需求
meet/satisfy/serve one’s demands (for sth) 满足某人(对…)的需求
18.description n.描写(文字);形容
词汇积累
①give a description of形容;描述
②beyond description无法形容;难以描述
③describe vt.形容;描述
④describe ... as...把……描绘成……
19..relate vt. 联系;讲述
relation/relationship n.关系,联系
relative n. 亲戚,亲属;
related adj. 有关系的,有关联的;讲述的
词组积累:relate to 与……相关;涉及;谈到;理解
be related to... 与……有关
in relation to 关于
三.课内重点单词短语以及句子
p60
1.native speakers :讲母语的人
2.official language 官方语言
3.main topic 主旨
4.italicised word 斜体字
p61
1.pay attention to: 注意
p62:
1 .be known for......因为......而出名
2.all the way through 一直,始终
3.despite= in spite of 即使,尽管
4.ups and downs 浮沉,兴衰
5.There are many reasons why this has been possible
关系副词why 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词reason, why 在从句中作原因状语
a picture-based language 基于图形的语言
picture-based是名词+动词ed 构成的复合形容词。动词ed 与被修饰的名词是动宾关系。类似的词还有man-made(人造的)、handmade(手工制作的)
7.date back (to) 追溯到
It dates back several thousand years to the use of longgu--animal bones and shells on which symbols were carved by ancient Chinese people
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,修饰先行词animal bones and shells.
它可以追溯到数千年前使用龙骨的时期一-古代中国人在这些动物骨头和壳上面刻画符号。这些古代符号中的一些在今天的汉字中仍可看到。
8.By the Shang dynasty (around 1600-1046 BCE), these symbols had become a well-developed writing system.
到商朝(约公元前1600年一前1046年)时这些符号已经没变成一套成熟书写体系。
by+过去时间,常与过去完成式had done连用
9.well-developed :完善的,发展良好的
10.over the years多年以来;这些年来
11.develop into...发展成……into 表示最终成为的状态
12.Over the years, the system developed into different forms, as it was a time when people were divided geographically when 引导的定语从句,修饰先行词 time
13.geographically adv.在地理上地
14.leading to many varieties of dialects and characters.现在分词作结果状语
15.in one direction朝着一个方向表示"朝着" in all directions朝着各个方向
16. be of great importance (= be very important )非常重要 用"of+抽象名词"相当于该名词的形容词形式。
17.No matter where Chinese people live or what dialect they speak, they can all still communicate in writing.
no matter + 特殊疑问词,引导让步状语从句
18. Written Chinese has also become an important means by which China’s present is connected with its past.
means:方式,方法,途径 by means of...借助……手段,依靠……方法, which 引导定语从句
19.classic works经典作品
20.The high regard for the Chinese writing system can be seen in the development of Chinese characters as an art form, known as Chinese calligraphy, which has which has become an important part of Chinese culture.
中国人对其书写体系推崇备至,这体现在汉字发展为一种艺术形式--中国书法。中国书法已经成为中国文化的一个重要组成部分。
21.high regard for...对……十分尊敬/非常重视
22.Chinese calligraphy中国书法
23. play a ( n ) ... role in... 在……中扮演……角色(role 可换为part)
24. global affairs 全球事务
25. an increasing number of...越来越多的
p63:
1.be divided by....... 被......划分
2.connect......with 将......与......联系起来
3.it is difficult to say......it作形式主语,很难说
4.it is believed that......it 作形式主语,人们认为......
5.not only.......but also......不但......而且......
6.a means of........ ......的方式
7.be considered to be.......被认为是.......
p64:
1.point of view 角度,观点
from one’s point of view= in one’s view 依照某人的观点,在某人看来
2.reach/achieve a goal 达到/实现目标
3.fight for......为.....而努力/斗争
4.a sea of 大量的
5.encourage sb to do sth 鼓励某人做某事
6.make+宾语+宾补 (make you happy)
p65
1.by the way 顺便说说,顺便问一下
2.joke with........和......开玩笑
p66
1.used to do sth 过去常常做某事
be/ get used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
be used to do sth 被用来做某事
2.have trouble with 在某方面有困难
3.compare a with b 把a 与b 相比
4.depend on 取决于
5.bridge the gap (between a and b) 消除a 与b 之间的隔阂
6.keep all the new vocabulary straight in my head.把所有词汇在脑子里记准确。
p67
1.work for sb 对某人管用
2.give a clear description 给出清晰的描述
3.put up 张贴,放置,搭建,提供
p68
go well 进展顺利,进行得好
open a window for me to another world 为某人提供了接触全新领域、体验不同生活或获取新认知的途径
aside from 除.......之外
take on a new language 开始学习一门新语言
raise one’s voice 提高某人的嗓音
as soon as 一........就..........
fall silent 陷入沉默,安静下来
couldn't help but love the language 忍不住爱上这门语言
be in love with 爱上
if so 要是这样的话
p69
a demand for对.......的需求
there is an increasing demand on......对.......日益增长的需求
demand to do sth 要求做某事
demand that all workers arrive in time. 要求所有的员工及时到达。
demand speed and strength 要求速度和力量
in alphabetical order 以字母的顺序
p70
evolve from 由......进化而来
connect ......with 将......联系起来
written Chinese 书面汉语
be adapted 被改编,被改造
carve......on 将......刻在......上面
are made of 由......组成
orignate from...... 起源于......