(共33张PPT)
2023全国1卷 阅读理解
长难句
2023全国1卷B
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
插入语
翻译：
当John Todd还是个孩子时，他喜欢探索家周围的树林，观察大自然如何解决问题。例如，一条浑浊的小溪流经植物和微小生物栖息的岩石后，往往会变得清澈。长大后，John 开始思考是否可以利用这个过程来清理人类制造的污染。
在大学攻读农业、医学和渔业专业后，John 重新开始观察自然并提出问题：为什么某些植物能捕获有害细菌？哪些鱼类能吞噬致癌化学物质？他设想，若能正确组合动植物，或许就能像大自然那样净化废物。于是他决定建造后来被称为"生态机器"的装置。
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
C
...After a few weeks, John added the sludge（污泥）.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
...After a few weeks, John added the sludge（污泥）.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
翻译：
几周后，John添加了污泥。
他被结果惊呆了。生态机器里的植物和动物把污泥当作食物，开始吃起来！
D
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans.
B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs.
D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
翻译：多年来，John承担了许多重要的工作。他开发了一个温室——一种处理South Burlington1600户家庭污水的设施。他还设计了一台生态机器来清洁中国东南部城市福州的运河水。
同位语
B
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
7. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
7. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
翻译：“生态设计”是约翰给自己的工作起的名字。“地球上的生命就像是发明家的零件盒，”他说，“你把生物放在新的关系中，观察发生的事情。然后你让这些新系统发展出自己的自我修复方式。”
名词 +姓名+谓语 （省略that的定语从句）
A
2024全国1卷C
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills.
B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems.
D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
翻译：这本书的目标是阐述数字极简主义的理念，包括对它要求和为什么有效进行详细探索，然后教你如何采用这种哲学，如果你认为它适合你。
B
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up.B. Add-on.C. Check-in.D. Take-over.
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
翻译：
第一部分以介绍我建议的方法来采用这种哲学作为结尾：数字断舍离。这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。
A
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
翻译：在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导你如何进行自己的数字整理。为此，我将引用2018年的一项实验，在该实验中，超过1,600人同意进行数字整理。你将听到这些参与者的经历，了解哪些策略对他们有效，以及他们遇到的陷阱，这些都是你应该避免的。
名词 +代词+谓语 （省略that的定语从句）
C
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
翻译：你可以把这些做法看作是一个工具箱，旨在帮助你努力建立一种适合你特定情况的极简主义生活方式。
A
2024全国1卷D
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
翻译：这种效应利用了这样一个事实：当人们犯错时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人倾向于高估，而有些人则倾向于低估。当这些错误足够多地汇总在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而得出更准确的估计。如果人们相似且倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误就不会相互抵消。用更技术性的术语来说，群体智慧要求人们的估计应该是独立的。如果由于某种原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性将会下降。
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
B
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
翻译：但由Joaquin Navajas领导的一项新研究为这一经典现象提供了一个有趣的转折。该研究的关键发现是，当人群进一步分成更小的小组并允许他们进行讨论时，这些小组的平均结果比相同数量的独立个体更为准确。例如，四个五人小组的估计平均值显著高于二十个独立个体的平均值。
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
D
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.
34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
翻译：在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。
C
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive.
C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
翻译：尽管Navajas领导的研究存在局限性，仍有许多问题有待解决，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。
D长难句高考真题练习使用说明：
1.划括号 2.翻译 3.完成阅读理解题目 4.核对答案
“划括号”的目的：看懂文章，提高成绩
划括号方法：
[识别标识]
1.介词
从介词开始到名词中止 eg：（at home）；（in the school）；（after graduation）
注意：如果介词与前面词是固定搭配，不需要划括号，例如lead to happiness, depend on you, look forward to your arrival等。
2.连词
1）到句尾终止，如 Li Hua is a teacher 【who teaches Chinese.】
2）到句中的逗号终止，如【When I was a kid, 】I played the piano.
3）到下一个谓语动词终止，如Yuan Longping 【who was a scientist 】invented the hybrid rice.
注意：
①连词的括号中，必须有谓语动词
②看见that，可以将用中括号划出，多数划到句末。因为中括号内可能会有其他修饰成分
Eg：He believes 【that he is the best athlete （who works hard.）】
3.非谓语（Ving，done/Ved被，to do）
1）到句尾终止，如 Mary is a teacher （teaching English.）
2）到句中的逗号终止，如（To improve my English,） I often talk with Tom.
3）到下一个谓语动词终止，如The girl（singing a song） walked to school.
注意：
Ved 翻译为“被... ” →非谓语，①作定语，修饰它前面的名词，②作状语，表原因，状态，结果...
Ved →谓语，一般过去时
括号内容=修饰成分（介词词组、连词、非谓语）
英语句子=主干+修饰
做阅读理解时，碰到长难句，划括号，看主干。
注意：本文档的阅读理解句子的主干，用黄色标识
含有宾语从句、表语从句的句子，需要定位从句里的主干，确定主干表达的核心信息
常见的介词翻译小技巧：
of...的 for对于，因为 to do 为了...，去做... from来自，从 from...to... 从...到...
by doing通过做... by+名词/人称代词 被...，由... with和，随着 through通过 like例如，像
as+名词 作为 （对比：as+主语+谓语：①由于 ②正如 ③当...时） on关于 about关于
2023年全国1卷B 长难句
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
词汇：
explore the woods 探索树林
observing 观察
nature 大自然
solved problems 解决问题
dirty stream 脏溪流
flowing through plants 流经植物
along rocks 沿着岩石
tiny creatures 微小生物
wonder 想知道
process 过程
clean up the messes 清理混乱
studying agriculture 学习农业
medicine 医学
in college 在大学
certain 某些
trap harmful bacteria 捕获有害细菌
cancer-causing chemicals 致癌化学物质
with the right combination of 正确的组合
figured 想出
waste 废物
later 之后
eco-machine 生态机器
翻译：_______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
选项词汇
was fond of 喜爱
alone 独自
inquiring mind 好奇的心
longed to 渴望
...After a few weeks, John added the sludge（污泥）.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!
词汇：
added 加入
was amazed at 对...感到惊讶
results 结果
took the sludge as food 把污泥当作食物
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
选项词汇：
feed 喂养
build an ecosystem 建立一个生态系统
protect the plants 保护植物
test 测试
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
词汇：
taken on many big jobs 承担了许多大型工作
developed a greenhouse 开发了一个温室
facility 设施
treated 处理
designed 设计
canal water 运河水
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John’s research plans. B. To show an application of John’s idea.
C. To compare John’s different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.
选项词汇：
review 回顾
research plans 研究计划
application 应用
compare 比较
erase doubts消除怀疑
“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”
词汇：
organisms 有机体
relationships 关系
self-repair 自我修复
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the basis for John’s work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
选项词汇：
repair 修复
survive 生存
diverse 多样的
live in groups 群居
2023全国1卷C 长难句
The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.
词汇：
goal 目标
make the case for 阐述...的理念
digital 数字的
including 包括
detailed exploration 详细探索
works 有效
adopt this philosophy 采纳这种哲学
decide 决定
be right for 适合
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28. What is the book aimed at
A. Teaching critical thinking skills. B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.
C. Solving philosophical problems. D. Promoting the use of a digital device.
选项词汇：
be aimed at 旨在
critical thinking skills 批判性思维技能
advocating 倡导
simple 简单的
solving philosophical problems 解决哲学问题
promoting the use of a digital device 推广数字设备的使用
Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.
词汇：
conclude结束，总结
introducing介绍
suggested method建议方法
adopting this philosophy采用这种哲学
process 过程
requires 要求
step away from 远离
optional online activities 可选的在线活动
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
29. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean
A. Clear-up. B. Add-on. C. Check-in. D. Take-over.
选项词汇：
clear-up 清理
add-on 附加
check-in 签到
take-over 接管
In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
词汇：
final chapter 最终章节
guide you through 指导你
carrying out 执行
draw on an experiment 借鉴一个实验
ran 进行
agreed to 同意
perform 执行
participants 参与者
strategies 策略
traps 陷阱
encountered 遇到的
avoid 避免
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one
A. Theoretical models. B. Statistical methods.
C. Practical examples. D. Historical analyses.
选项词汇：
presented 提出
theoretical models 理论模型
statistical methods 统计方法
practical examples 实际例子
historical analyses 历史分析
You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances.
词汇：
view these practices as a toolbox 将这些实践视为工具箱
meant to 旨在
aid your efforts 帮助您的努力
lifestyle 生活方式
particular circumstances 特定情况
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
31. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two
A. Use them as needed. B. Recommend them to friends.
C. Evaluate their effects. D. Identify the ideas behind them.
选项词汇：
as needed 按需
recommend 推荐
evaluate their effects 评估它们的效果
identify the ideas 识别背后的观念
2023全国1卷D
This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________词汇：
effect 效应
capitalizes on the fact that 利用这个事实
make errors 犯错误
tend to 倾向于
overestimate 高估
underestimate 低估
are averaged together 被平均在一起
cancel each other out 相互抵消
resulting in 导致
accurate estimate 准确的估计
similar 相似的
in more technical terms 用更专业的术语来说
wisdom 智慧
crowds 人群
requires 要求
independent 独立的
reasons 原因
correlated 相关的
dependent 依赖的
accuracy 准确性
go down 下降
32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about
A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect.
C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment.
选项词汇：
methods 方法
estimation 估计
the underlying logic of the effect效应背后的逻辑
causes 原因
design 设计
experiment 实验
But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.
词汇：
the key finding 关键发现
were further divided into 被进一步细分为
allowed 允许
discussion 讨论
averages 平均值
an equal number of independent individuals 同等数量的独立个体
for instance 例如
the average 平均值
obtained 获得的
significantly 显著地
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.
A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates
C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent
选项词汇：
increase 提高
even if 即使
relatively 相对地
occasional 偶尔的
communicate 交流
fully 完全
In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.
词汇：
a follow-up study 后续研究
university 大学
researchers 研究人员
get a better sense of 对...有更好的理解
actually 实际上
翻译：______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________34. What did the follow-up study focus on
A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members.
C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates.
选项词汇：
focus on 专注于
the size of the groups 小组的规模
the dominant members 主导成员
the discussion process 讨论过程
the individual estimates 个人估计
Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.
词汇：
led 领导的
limitations 局限性
remain 仍然存在
potential implications 潜在影响
decision-making 决策
enormous 巨大的
35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies
A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving.
选项词汇：
author’s attitude 作者的态度
unclear 不清楚的
dismissive 不屑一顾的
doubtful 怀疑的
approving 赞同的
