2026届中考二轮英语语法:10大词类精解(讲义)

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名称 2026届中考二轮英语语法:10大词类精解(讲义)
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初中英语语法:10大词类精解
前言:词类 —— 句子的 “基础零件”
英语词类是构成句子的基本单位,分为实词(名、代、形、副、动、数)和虚词(冠、介、连、叹)。学好词类是掌握语法、阅读和写作的基础,本资料严格贴合初中英语教材,聚焦基础知识点与常考点。
一、名词(Noun, n.):给事物 “起名”
1. 基础分类(贴合教材场景)
类别 功能说明 教材同步例句
专有名词 特指唯一事物(首字母大写) Beijing is the capital of China.
个体名词 可数的单个事物 I have a new pen.
集体名词 表示群体(主谓一致常考) The family is big.(侧重整体)/ The family are eating.(侧重成员)
物质名词 不可数的具体物质 We need some water.
抽象名词 表示概念或情感 He has a lot of happiness.
2. 复数变化(聚焦初中常考规则)
常规变化:直接加 s(book→books)、加 es(box→boxes,以 s/x/sh/ch 结尾)
特殊变化(初中必背):child→children、mouse→mice、sheep→sheep(单复同形)
易错提醒:fish 表示 “鱼的条数” 时单复同形(two fish),表示 “鱼的种类” 时加 es(two fishes)
3. 所有格(基础用法)
有生命名词:直接加’s(Tom’s bag);复数名词以 s 结尾,加’(the students’ classroom)
无生命名词:用 of 连接(the window of the classroom)
易错点:避免 “the classroom’s window” 这类中式表达
二、代词(Pronoun, pron.):避免重复 “代指人 / 物”
1. 核心分类(教材常考类型)
类型 核心功能 教材易错例析
人称代词 代指人 / 物(分主宾格) 误:Him is my friend. 正:He is my friend.(主格作主语)
物主代词 表示所属(分形容词性 / 名词性) 误:This is mine book. 正:This is my book.(形容词性后接名词)
反身代词 强调 “自身”(固定搭配) 误:He enjoy him. 正:He enjoys himself.(固定搭配:enjoy oneself)
疑问代词 引导疑问句 误:What do you think is he 正:What do you think he is (宾语从句用陈述语序)
不定代词 代指不确定对象 例:Each student has a ruler.(each 后接单数谓语)
2. 并列代词排序(教材常规规则)
单数人称:you, he, I(礼貌顺序,如 You and I are good friends.)
复数人称:we, you, they(如 We, you and they will go to the park.)
三、冠词(Article, art.):限定名词 “范围”
1. 不定冠词(a/an)(基础用法)
用法:泛指 “一个”,a 用于辅音音素开头的词前(a pencil),an 用于元音音素开头的词前(an apple)
易错点:a useful book(useful 首音为 /j/,属辅音)、an hour(hour 首音为 /a /,属元音)
教材例句:I have a cat. It’s an orange cat.
2. 定冠词(the)(初中必考点)
考点场景 教材例句 真题链接(2024人教版同步题)
乐器前 She plays the piano. —What do you learn after school —I learn to play ______ guitar.(答案:the)
世界独有的事物前 The Great Wall is famous. —Do you know ______ Great Wall —Yes, it’s in China.(答案:the)
形容词最高级前 This is the best story. This is ______ interesting film I’ve ever seen.(答案:the most)
3. 零冠词(教材常见情况)
学科名词:I like English.(不用 the English)
节日名称:New Year’s Day is in January.(不用 the New Year’s Day)
固定搭配:go to school、at home、by bus
四、数词(Numeral, num.):“量化” 人或事物
1. 基数词(日常场景用法)
时间:8:45→eight forty-five(初中主流表达)、3:00→three o’clock
年龄:12 岁→twelve years old /a twelve-year-old girl(后者作定语)
号码:Room 201(读作 “Room two zero one”)
2. 序数词(初中必背与巧记)
口诀:“一、二、三特殊变(first, second, third),八去 t(eighth),九去 e(ninth),ve 结尾 f 来替(fifth, twelfth),几十几前基后序(twenty-first)”
教材例句:Today is my tenth birthday.( tenth 是序数词)
3. 倍数表达(初中基础句式)
句式 教材例句 真题链接(2023人教版同步题)
A + be + 倍数 + as + 形容词 + as B This box is twice as big as that one. The new room is three times ______ big as the old one.(答案:as)
A + be + 倍数 + 形容词比较级 + than B This box is twice bigger than that one. The tree is two times ______ tall than that small one.(答案:taller)
五、形容词(Adjective, adj.):“描绘” 事物特征
1. 位置规则(初中基础用法)
常规:形容词放在名词前(a nice school)
特殊:修饰不定代词时后置(something new)
易错点:误:a very beautiful flower→正;误:an beautiful very flower→错(副词 very 需在形容词前)
2. 常见形容词(教材高频词)
易混提醒:friendly(形容词,如 a friendly teacher)、daily(形容词:daily life;副词:read daily,初中阶段掌握基础用法即可)
教材例句:The dog is cute.(cute 是形容词,描绘狗的特征)
3. 比较级(基础用法)
教材常考:tall→taller、happy→happier、important→more important
例句:Tom is taller than Mike.(有明确比较对象,不省略 than)
特殊:the + 形容词表一类人(the poor→穷人,如 We should help the poor.)
六、副词(Adverb, adv.):“修饰” 动作或状态
1. 核心分类(初中常考类型)
类型 功能 教材真题例句(2024人教版)
方式副词 修饰动作 “怎样做” She dances ______ (beautiful).(答案:beautifully)
程度副词 修饰形容词 “程度” The story is ______ (real) interesting.(答案:really)
时间副词 表示 “何时做” He will come ______ (soon).(答案:soon,放句末)
2. 易混副词
易混词 含义 教材例句
hard vs hardly hard(努力地);hardly(几乎不) He works hard.(努力工作) / He hardly watches TV.(几乎不看电视)
late vs lately late(晚地);lately(最近) He gets up late.(起得晚) / He hasn’t seen me lately.(最近没见我)
3. 比较级(不规则变化,初中必背)
原级 比较级 最高级 教材例句
good better best This is the best gift.
bad worse worst The weather is worse today.
七、动词(Verb, v.):句子的 “动作核心”
1. 及物与不及物(基础区分)
动词 及物用法(接宾语) 不及物用法(不接宾语)
write write a letter He writes every day.
run run a race He runs fast.
2. 系动词(初中常考)
类型 代表词 教材易错例析
感官系动词 look, taste, sound 误:The soup tastes well. 正:The soup tastes good.(系动词后接形容词)
变化系动词 become, turn 例:The leaves turn yellow in autumn.(turn 表颜色变化)
持续系动词 keep, stay 误:He keeps quietly. 正:He keeps quiet.(后接形容词)
3. 时态呼应(初中难点,贴合教材)
规则:主句是一般过去时,从句用过去相关时态(如 He said he would go to Shanghai.)
例外:客观真理用一般现在时(The teacher told us the earth goes around the sun.)
八、连词(Conjunction, conj.):连接 “逻辑关系”
1. 并列连词(初中基础)
类型 代表词 逻辑关系 教材例句
并列 and 顺承 I like apples and bananas.
转折 but 对比 He is short but strong.
选择 or 二选一 Do you like tea or coffee
2. 从属连词(初中高频)
类型 代表词 教材真题例句(2023人教版)
时间连词 when I was eating ______ my father came back.(答案:when)
条件连词 if You will pass the exam ______ you study hard.(答案:if)
原因连词 because ______ he is ill, he can’t go to school.(答案:Because)
3. 易错点(教材重点提醒)
though/although 不能和 but 连用(误:Though he is tired, but he works. 正:Though he is tired, he works.)
because 不能和 so 连用(误:Because it rains, so we stay home. 正:Because it rains, we stay home.)
九、介词(Preposition, prep.):“连接” 词与词
1. 时间介词(教材场景)
介词 时间范围 教材例句
at 具体时刻、节日 at 8:00、at Christmas
on 具体日期、星期 on May 1st、on Monday
in 月份、季节、年份 in July、in summer、in 2025
2. 地点介词(初中必辨)
介词 空间关系 教材例句
in 封闭空间内部 in the room
on 物体表面(接触) on the desk
at 具体地点(点位置) at the school gate
3. 固定搭配(教材高频)
表 “擅长”:be good at(He is good at English.)
表 “忙于”:be busy with(She is busy with her homework.)
表 “因为”:because of(He is late because of the rain.)
十、感叹词(Interjection, interj.):“表达” 情感
1. 常见类型(教材基础)
类型 代表词 教材场景例句
喜悦 Wow Wow! You got a good grade!
惊讶 Oh Oh! There is a dog here!
遗憾 Oh no Oh no! I lost my key!
提醒 Look Look! The bird is flying!
2. 标点规则(初中基础)
表强烈情感用感叹号:Wow! That’s cool!
表轻微情感用逗号:Oh, I know that.
实战演练(教材同步,基础为主)
1. 词类辨析题(初中常见题型)
找出句中形容词:This is a red bag.(答案:red,修饰名词 bag)
区分介词与副词:He walked to the park.(to 是介词,后接宾语 park) / He came back.(back 是副词,无宾语)
2. 句子改写题(写作基础)
原句:Tom is tall. He can reach the book.(用 so...that 合并)
改写:Tom is so tall that he can reach the book.
3. 写作题(词类综合运用)
主题:My School Day
要求:用 3 类以上词(名、形、动),包含 1 个比较级
参考例句:I go to school at 7:30 every morning. My school is big and clean. I like English class because it’s more interesting than math class.
总结:词类学习 “三步法”(贴合初中学习)
记基础:背词类定义和教材高频词(如名词:book;形容词:happy)
改错误:重点纠正教材常见易错点(如人称代词主宾格混用)
练简单:用日常句子、教材习题巩固(不做超纲难题)