人教版（2019） 选择性必修 第二册 Unit 1 Science and Scientists科学和科学家（话题阅读精练）（含解析）

Unit 1 Science and Scientists 科学和科学家
话题阅读精练
单元引言解读
To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. —Albert Einstein&Leopold Infeld
释义：Science begins with a problem. To ask a question is more important than to solve a problem. It is the soul of scientific research.
启示：它让我们知道，科学起始于问题。这启示我们要善于观察，从日常中察觉有待探究的点。比如看到植物的生长变化，思考其背后的原理。提出问题比解决问题更关键，意味着好的问题能开启新领域。像对宇宙起源的疑问，促使了相关研究的开展。强调提问是科研的灵魂，提醒我们要有质疑精神。在学习和工作中，积极发问，而非被动接受。教育中也应鼓励学生提问，培养创新思维。
主题词汇积累
一、科研品质与精神
pursue scientific truth 追求科学真理
maintain curiosity 保持好奇心
show perseverance 展现毅力
conduct experiments 进行实验
make groundbreaking discoveries 做出突破性发现
devote oneself to research 投身研究
二、成长与挑战
overcome financial hardships 克服经济困难
face skepticism 面对质疑
struggle with academic pressure 与学业压力抗争
pursue higher education 追求高等教育
break through gender barriers 打破性别壁垒
endure physical exhaustion 忍受身体疲惫
三、贡献与成就
advance scientific knowledge 推动科学知识发展
revolutionize an industry 革新一个行业
develop innovative technologies 研发创新技术
receive academic awards 获得学术奖项
publish research papers 发表研究论文
apply for patents 申请专利
四、社会与合作
collaborate with colleagues 与同事合作
inspire future scientists 激励未来科学家
share research findings 分享研究成果
promote scientific education 推动科学教育
address global issues 解决全球性问题
build scientific communities 建立科学社群
时文拓展阅读
Edwin Hubble made his most important discoveries in the 1920s. Today, other astronomers continue the work he began. Many of them are using the Hubble Space Telescope that is named after him.
Edwin Powell Hubble was born in 1889 in Marshfield, Missouri. He spent his early years in the state of Kentucky. Then he moved with his family to Chicago, in Louisville. He attended the University of Chicago. He studied mathematics and astronomy. Hubble was a good student. He was a good athlete, too. He was a member of the University of Chicago championship basketball team in 1909. He also was an excellent boxer. Several people urged him to train for the world heavyweight boxing championship after college. Instead, he decided to continue his studies. He went to Queen's College at Oxford, England.
At Oxford, Hubble studied law. He was interested in British Common Law, because his family had come to America from England many years before. He spent three years at Oxford. In 1913, Hubble returned to the United States. He opened a law office in Louisville, Kentucky. After a short time, however, he decided he did not want to be a lawyer. He returned to the University of Chicago. There, once again, he studied astronomy. Edwin Hubble was the first person to use the Hale Telescope.He died in 1953 while preparing to spend four nights looking through the telescope at the sky.
Hubble's work led to new researches on the birth of the universe. One astronomer said scientists have been filling in the details ever since. And, he said, there is a long way to go.
【译文欣赏】
埃德温·哈勃在20世纪20年代取得了他最重要的发现。如今，其他天文学家继续着他开创的工作。他们中的许多人正在使用以他名字命名的哈勃太空望远镜。
埃德温·鲍威尔·哈勃于1889年出生在密苏里州的马什菲尔德。他的早年时光在肯塔基州度过。随后，他随家人搬到了路易斯维尔的芝加哥。他就读于芝加哥大学，学习数学和天文学。哈勃是个好学生，同时也是优秀的运动员。1909年，他是芝加哥大学冠军篮球队的成员，还是一名出色的拳击手。大学毕业后，有几个人力劝他训练参加世界重量级拳击冠军赛，但他决定继续深造，前往英国牛津大学的王后学院。
在牛津，哈勃学习法律。他对英国普通法很感兴趣，因为他的家族多年前从英国移居美国。他在牛津待了三年。1913年，哈勃回到美国，在肯塔基州路易斯维尔开了一家律师事务所。但不久后，他决定不想当律师，便回到芝加哥大学，再次研究天文学。埃德温·哈勃是第一个使用海尔望远镜的人。1953年，他在准备花四个晚上通过望远镜观测天空时去世。
哈勃的工作引发了关于宇宙诞生的新研究。一位天文学家说，从那以后，科学家们一直在填补细节，而且，他说，还有很长的路要走。
【词汇积累】
astronomer / strɑ n m r/ n. 天文学家 telescope / tel sko p/ n. 望远镜
championship / t mpi n p/ n. 锦标赛；冠军地位 boxer / bɑ ks r/ n. 拳击手
urge / rd / v. 力劝；敦促 law /l / n. 法律；法学
Common Law 普通法（指英国传统法律体系） detail / di te l/ n. 细节；详情
【知识拓展】
1.兴趣与选择的重要性：哈勃放弃拳击冠军潜力和律师职业，坚持回归天文学，体现了“追随内心热爱”的意义——职业选择不应仅看外界期待，而需遵从兴趣与使命。
2.跨界思维的价值：他兼具科学、体育与法律背景，说明跨领域知识能拓宽视野，甚至为专业研究提供独特视角（如法律思维对科研逻辑的潜在影响）。
3.坚持与遗产：尽管去世前仍在准备观测，他的研究推动了宇宙学发展，印证“未完成的探索也能成为后人的基石”，努力的意义不止于个人成就，更在于对世界的长远影响。
【词汇延伸】
天文与宇宙： universe / ju n v rs/ n. 宇宙 galaxy / ɡ l ksi/ n. 星系 observation / ɑ bz r ve n/ n. 观测 cosmic / kɑ zm k/ adj. 宇宙的 人物品质与行动： pursue /p r su / v. 追求 switch /sw t / v. 转变（职业/方向） inspire / n spa r/ v. 激励 legacy / leɡ si/ n. 遗产
【长难句分析】
原句：He died in 1953 while preparing to spend four nights looking through the telescope at the sky.
分析：
主干：He died in 1953.
时间状语从句：while preparing to spend four nights...（省略了主语he和be动词was，完整为while he was preparing...）
固定结构：spend time doing sth.（花费时间做某事），此处为spend four nights looking through...
翻译：1953年，他在准备花四个晚上通过望远镜观测天空时去世。
关键：理解while引导的省略句逻辑，以及spend后接动名词的用法，突出哈勃去世时仍投身科研的状态。
高考真题链接
(2019年全国统一高考英语试卷（新课标Ⅰ）)During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables’ plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there’s the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior.”
In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date—sharing, kindness, openness—carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.
In analyzing his and other research, Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. “Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, ” he said.
32．What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school
A．Unkind. B．Lonely. C．Generous. D．Cool.
33．What is the second paragraph mainly about
A．The classification of the popular.
B．The characteristics of adolescents.
C．The importance of interpersonal skills.
D．The causes of dishonorable behavior.
34．What did Dr. Prinstein’s study find about the most liked kids
A．They appeared to be aggressive.
B．They tended to be more adaptable.
C．They enjoyed the highest status.
D．They performed well academically.
35．What is the best title for the text
A．Be Nice—You Won’t Finish Last
B．The Higher the Status, the Better
C．Be the Best—You Can Make It
D．More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness
【答案】32．C 33．A 34．B 35．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了受欢迎度对青少年的影响。
32．推理判断题。根据第一段During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status.可知，在美好的小学时光里，作者喜欢分享她的娃娃和笑话，由此推断出，作者在早年的小学时期是一个慷慨的女孩。A. Unkind不友善的；B. Lonely寂寞的；C. Generous慷慨的；D. Cool冷静的。故选C。
33．主旨大意题。第二段Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.（临床心理学教授Mitch Prinstein将受欢迎的人分为两类:讨人喜欢的人和追求地位的人。）是段落主题句，本段内容分别对the likable 和the status seekers做了解释，所以本段主要介绍了两种受欢迎的分类，故选A。
34．推理判断题。根据第四段It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment （它清楚地表明，讨人喜欢可以促使健全的调整）推断出，心理学教授Mitch Prinstein的研究表明，讨人喜欢的孩子适应性更强，故选B。
35．主旨大意题。通过阅读全文内容，尤其是最后一段，可知这篇文章主要讲了受欢迎度对青少年的影响，讨人喜欢对青少年成长都有深远的有益影响。与选项A“友善一点——你将不会排在最后（你不会完蛋/你会笑到最后）”一致，故选A。
1. 首段叙事句（文学化表达与学术研究的衔接）
原句：
Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.
结构与逻辑：
倒装结构：以 “Then came...” 开头，通过时间顺序引出青春期社交变化，形成 “童年友好→青春期地位竞争” 的对比。
并列行为：通过 “not by...but by...” 强调 “酷孩子” 通过负面行为（吸烟、违规）提升地位，为后文研究提供现象铺垫。
定语从句：among whom I soon found myself表明作者自身经历与研究对象的关联，增强故事真实性与代入感。
翻译：
接着到了我的少年时期，身边出现了刻薄的女孩和 “酷孩子”。他们不是通过友善，而是通过吸烟、违反规则和捉弄他人来提升地位 —— 我很快也成为了他们中的一员。
难点突破：
识别 “rose in the ranks” 的隐喻（地位攀升），结合 “dishonorable behavior” 预判后文研究的批判性立场。
注意 “mean girls” 的文化内涵（指青春期通过排挤他人建立地位的群体，常见于英美校园文化）。
2. 研究结论句（让步与对比逻辑）
原句：
Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.
结构与逻辑：
让步状语从句：Enviable as...（正常语序为 As the cool kids may have seemed enviable），强调表面现象与实际结果的反差。
主句：直接点明研究结论，建立 “看似令人羡慕→实则后果不良” 的逻辑框架。
翻译：
尽管那些 “酷孩子” 看起来令人羡慕，但普林斯坦博士的研究显示他们会带来不良后果。
学术逻辑：
通过对比 “enviable” 与 “unpleasant consequences”，凸显研究的实证价值（挑战大众认知）。
提示后文将具体说明两类受欢迎度的差异及影响。
3. 实验发现句（对比论证与因果关系）
原句：
We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.
结构与逻辑：
宾语从句：the least well-liked teens...aggressive 说明不受欢迎者的攻击性增强。
省略倒装句：But so had those...（完整形式为 But those who were high in status had also become aggressive），通过对比指出地位高者同样具有攻击性。
结论句：while likability...opposite effect 通过 while（对比）和 opposite（对立）强化两类受欢迎度的不同影响。
翻译：
我们发现，最不受欢迎的青少年随着时间推移对同学变得更具攻击性。但那些地位高的人也是如此。这清楚表明，虽然讨人喜欢能带来健康的适应，但高地位对我们的影响恰恰相反。
学术方法论：
通过 “实验组（地位高者） vs. 对照组（不受欢迎者）” 的对比，验证假设并排除其他变量干扰。
“healthy adjustment” 与 “opposite effect” 的对立，呼应首段叙事中 “友善→适应良好” 与 “地位竞争→负面行为” 的逻辑。
4. 递进结论句（学术研究的因果深化）
原句：
Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too.
结构与逻辑：
Not only...but also... 倒装结构（因 Not only 置于句首，主谓需部分倒装），强调因果关系的递进。
术语辨析：
related to（相关性）：说明统计上的关联。
responsible for（因果性）：直接指出受欢迎度是积极结果的原因。
翻译：
受欢迎不仅与积极的人生结果相关，而且还促成这些结果。
研究价值：
突破 “相关性≠因果性” 的学术瓶颈，通过纵向追踪研究（longitudinal study）证明 “早期讨人喜欢” 能直接塑造未来优势。
呼应末段 “being liked creates opportunities” 的具体例证，增强结论的可信度。
1. 高频学术词汇（社会心理学核心术语）
词汇 词性 / 释义 语境关联
status seekers n. 地位追求者 与 “likable”（讨人喜欢型）形成对比，指通过支配力或不当行为获取地位的群体。
dishonorable behavior adj. 不光彩行为 特指青春期通过违规、捉弄他人等方式提升地位的负面行为。
adolescence n. 青春期 研究聚焦的关键阶段，社交行为模式发生显著变化。
consequence n. 后果 强调研究关注 “受欢迎度” 对长期行为的影响（如攻击性、风险行为）。
aggressive adj. 攻击性的；进取的 在心理学中既指 “攻击行为”，也可指 “进取性”，需结合语境区分。
adjustment n. 适应 与 “healthy” 搭配，指心理和社会适应能力。
carry over phr. 延续 指童年的亲社会特质（分享、友善）延续到成年生活。
relate v. 建立联系 与 “connect with others” 并列，强调人际关系的质量。
outcome n. 结果 研究中的核心变量，如学业成就、心理健康。
advantage n. 优势 指因受欢迎而获得的学习机会和人生体验。
2. 熟词生义与短语突破
tap（第三段）：
常见义：轻拍
语境义：发掘、利用（如when tapped early意为 “若早早被发掘”）。
jump-start（第二段）：
常见义：助推启动（汽车等）
语境义：快速培养（如jump-start interpersonal skills指 “迅速提升人际交往能力”）。
mean girls（首段）：
文化含义：指通过贬低他人、结成小团体建立地位的青春期女孩（源自电影《贱女孩》Mean Girls）。
play date（第四段）：
常见义：儿童玩伴聚会
语境义：象征童年友好互动的场景，与 “status born of power” 形成对比。
3. 构词法与派生词
aggressive（adj.）→ aggression（n. 攻击性）：
文中通过 “become more aggressive” 描述行为变化，需注意其名词形式在研究方法论中的应用（如测量攻击性水平）。
popularity（n. 受欢迎度）→ popular（adj. 受欢迎的）：
研究将 “popularity” 量化为可测量的指标（如学生调查得分），体现实证研究的严谨性。
背景知识与研究方法论:
1. 社会心理学理论基础
两类受欢迎度模型：
Likability（讨人喜欢型）：
核心特质：亲社会行为（prosocial behavior），如分享、合作、同理心。
长期影响：促进心理健康、社会适应及职业成功。
Status（地位型）：
核心特质：支配力（dominance）、社交操纵（social manipulation），甚至通过违规行为获取地位。
长期风险：增加攻击性、物质滥用及反社会行为的可能性。
理论争议：
传统观点认为 “受欢迎度” 是单一维度，而普林斯坦的研究将其解构为两类，为教育干预提供了新方向（如培养亲社会行为而非追求地位）6。
2. 研究方法论解析
样本与数据：
235 名青少年：通过分层抽样（stratified sampling）覆盖不同性别、种族及社会经济背景，确保结果的普适性。
学生调查（student surveys）：采用同伴提名法（peer nomination），让学生匿名评选 “最受欢迎”“最不受欢迎” 及 “地位最高” 的同学，量化受欢迎度指标。
研究设计：
纵向追踪（longitudinal study）：跟踪青少年从小学到高中的行为变化，验证早期受欢迎模式对成年后的影响。
对照组设置：对比 “最不受欢迎者” 与 “地位最高者” 的行为轨迹，排除 “低自尊” 等干扰变量。
学术价值：
突破 “相关性研究” 的局限，通过因果推断（causal inference）证明 “likability” 的直接作用，为政策制定（如校园反欺凌项目）提供实证依据。
3. 现实意义与教育启示
对家长与教师的建议：
避免过度强调 “成为焦点”，应注重培养孩子的亲社会特质（如分享、情绪管理）。
警惕青春期 “地位竞争” 的负面影响，及时干预攻击性或违规行为。
高考命题导向：
呼应 “人与社会” 主题，通过科学研究传递 “品德培养优于短期成功” 的价值观，契合 “立德树人” 的教育目标。
阅读微技能与解题策略:
一、细节定位技巧（适用于 32、34 题）
1. 关键词精准定位法
操作步骤：
题干提取核心定位词（如时间、人物、专有名词）；快速扫读文本，锁定定位词原词或同义替换表达。
例题应用（32 题）：
题干定位词：early years of elementary school
原文对应：首段 “During the rosy years of elementary school, I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes”
关键信息：“sharing”（分享）对应选项 C “Generous”（慷慨的），通过同义替换锁定答案。
2. 研究类文本定位逻辑
针对科学研究类文章：
定位 “研究对象”（如 “235 adolescents”）、“研究方法”（student surveys）、“研究结论”（find that...）。
例题应用（34 题）：
题干定位词：most liked kids
原文对应：第四段 “while likability can lead to healthy adjustment”
关键转换：“healthy adjustment”（健康适应）→ 选项 B “more adaptable”（更具适应性），通过术语转化解题。
二、段落主旨提炼技巧（适用于 33 题）
1. 主题句快速捕捉法
段落结构规律：
学术类段落常以 “主题句 + 例证” 结构展开，主题句多位于段首或段尾。
例题应用（33 题）：
第二段首句：“Mitch Prinstein...sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers.”
核心信息：“two categories” 直接指向选项 A “The classification of the popular”（受欢迎者的分类），通过段首主题句快速锁定主旨。
2. 高频词归纳法
操作要点：
统计段落中重复出现的名词、动词，归纳核心话题。
段落分析（第二段）：
高频词：popular, categories, likable, status seekers
结论：围绕 “受欢迎度的分类” 展开，排除 B（青少年特征）、C（人际技能）等无关选项。
三、全文主旨题解题策略（适用于 35 题）
1. 首尾段 + 逻辑链串联法
操作步骤：
首段确定话题（受欢迎度的变化）—末段锁定结论（likability 带来积极结果）—串联全文逻辑：“现象→分类→研究→结论”。
例题应用（35 题）：
首段：童年分享（友善）vs. 青春期地位竞争；
末段：“likability is responsible for positive outcomes”；
最佳标题：A“Be Nice—You Won’t Finish Last”（友善终有回报），契合 “友善型受欢迎＞地位型” 的核心观点。
2. 干扰项排除原则
针对主旨题干扰项：
范围过大 / 过小：如 B“The Higher the Status, the Better” 与原文 “地位高有负面效果” 矛盾；
偏离主题：D “Self-Control” 文中未提及，属于无关选项。
四、长难句与逻辑信号词突破技巧
1. 逻辑信号词定位法
关键信号词分类：
对比转折：but, while, however（如第四段 “while likability...opposite effect” 提示两类受欢迎度的对比）；
因果关系：lead to, be responsible for（末段 “likability is responsible for outcomes” 点明因果）；
递进关系：not only...but also...（末段结论句强化因果递进）。
应用价值：
通过信号词快速划分句子主次，优先理解核心观点（如 “opposite effect” 提示地位型受欢迎的负面性）。
2. 长难句分层拆解法
针对复杂学术句：
例：“Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein’s studies show unpleasant consequences.”
拆解步骤：
识别让步结构（Enviable as...）→ 表面现象；聚焦主句（studies show consequences）→ 研究结论；
作用：快速跳过次要信息，抓住 “看似光鲜→后果不良” 的核心逻辑。
五、学术类文本阅读框架法
1. 研究类文章结构速记
通用框架：
现象引入（首段个人经历）；理论分类（第二段两类受欢迎度）；实验验证（第三、四段研究过程与数据）；结论升华（末段因果关系总结）。
应用技巧：
阅读时用符号标注各部分（如 “现象△”“结论★”），快速定位答题区间。
2. 术语与概念关联法
针对文中核心概念：建立 “术语关联图”
Likable → sharing, kindness → healthy adjustment → positive outcomes
Status seekers → dishonorable behavior → aggressive → risky behavior
作用：通过概念关联，快速理解两类受欢迎度的对比关系，辅助推理题解答（如 34 题）。
六、选项验证与排除技巧
1. 原文依据比对法
操作原则：
所有选项必须能在文中找到直接依据，避免 “过度推断”。
例题对比（34 题）：
正确选项 B “more adaptable” 对应 “healthy adjustment”（原文明确提及）；
错误选项 C “Highest status” 属于 “地位型受欢迎者” 特征，与 “most liked kids” 无关。
2. 情感色彩匹配法
适用于态度题、主旨题：
文中 “positive outcomes”“advantage” 等词传递积极情感，对应主旨题 A 选项 “Be Nice” 的正向导向，排除负面或无关选项（如 B、D）。
阅读微技能思维导图
细节题 → 关键词定位 + 同义替换 段落主旨 → 主题句+高频词 全文主旨 → 首尾段逻辑链 + 干扰项排除 长难句 → 逻辑信号词 + 分层拆解 学术文本 → 研究结构速记 + 术语关联
通过以上技巧，可系统性提升科学类阅读的答题效率与准确率，尤其适用于 “现象 - 研究 - 结论” 型学术文本的解读。
综合实战演练
语篇 题型 体裁 词数 内容简介
Passage 1 阅读理解 新闻报道 318 文章主要讲述了15岁的Priya Joshi在访问她祖父母所在的贫穷印度村庄时，看到学生们在煤油灯下艰难学习的情景，从而受到启发并创造了一种太阳能学习灯的解决方案。
Passage 2 阅读理解 说明文 367 本文讲述了旧金山机器人公司 Physical Intelligence的Sergey Levine及其同事开发的人工智能模型π0.5，该模型允许机器人在从未见过的真实家庭环境中工作，并探讨了该模型的优势和面临的挑战。
Passage 3 阅读理解 说明文 311 文章主要介绍了科研团队研发出一种新型电子皮肤，介绍了其特点、功能、面临的挑战以及发展前景。
Passage 4 阅读理解 说明文 362 本文主要介绍了一种能够高效捕获二氧化碳的新材料COF-999，包括其设计原理、捕获效率、耐用性等方面的特点。
Passage 5 七选五 说明文 264 文章指出老年人数字技术使用现状，强调其掌握数字技术对融入社会的重要性及相关措施。
Passage 6 阅读理解 记叙文 375 文章主要讲述了巴西微生物学家Mariangela Hungria的故事。她花费数十年在土壤中寻找能像肥料一样促进农民收成的细菌，一开始面临诸多怀疑，但如今她的工作获得了世界粮食奖。
Passage 7 短文填空 说明文 196 文章介绍了2025年3月，中国在不同领域取得的巨大成就，包括教育部启动“春季促就业攻坚行动”、通信技术试验卫星15号的发射取得了巨大成功以及塔里木油田超深层油气产量飙升至1.5亿吨。
Passage 8 完形填空 说明文 391 文章讲述了材料工程师Nzambi Matee通过自己的努力解决塑料垃圾污染问题。
Passage 1
（2025·重庆·三模）When 15-year-old Priya Joshi visited her grandparents’ poor Indian village, she was shocked to see students struggling to study under di m kerosene lamps (煤油灯), which created dangerous indoor air pollution and provided only1% of modern LED’s brightness. “The smoke hurt their eyes and the unstable light caused headaches,” recalls Priya, now an engineering student at MIT. This troubling observation inspired her to create a solution.
Considering all kinds of specific problems in the local area, Priya spent months exploring the best way to deliver lighting solutions to students. Priya began experimenting with solar-powered study lamps. Her breakthrough came when she repurposed old school notebooks by embedding flexible solar panels into their covers. This dual-function design increased light output by 15 times compared to kerosene lamps while reducing carbon emissions by 2k g per unit annually. “It charges in sunlight during the day and provides reading light at night,” she explains.
Her project’s true creativity lay in its sustainable distribution model. Priya partnered with local women’s cooperatives to manufacture the notebooks, creating valuable employment opportunities. Meanwhile, students could earn notebooks by collecting recyclable materials from their communities. The results were transformative. “We’ve seen a30% improvement in school attendance since students could study after sunset,” reported teacher Anika Patel.
From its beginnings as a simple science project, Priya’s invention now brightens the lives of over 10,000 families across 42 villages. An unexpected benefit emerged when village elders began using the notebooks to record traditional folk tales and recipes that had previously only been passed down orally, helping preserve valuable cultural heritage.
Recently, Priya has adapted her design in collaboration with UNICEF to help refugee children. Field tests in three refugee (难民) camps showed the modified version reduced study interruptions by 65% compared to previous lighting Solutions. “The same technology that assists rural students is now supporting those displaced by conflict,” she notes.
1．What directly inspired Priya’s invention
A．The health and study challenges she observed.
B．A university research project on rural education.
C．Her participation in a school science competition.
D．Her desire to experiment with modern technology.
2．What was the key to Priya’s design success
A．Using solar energy for lighting.
B．Creating waterproof notebook covers.
C．Implanting solar panels into notebooks.
D．Designing notebooks with recycled materials.
3．What can be inferred about Priya’s problem-solving approach
A．It prioritizes high technology.
B．It combines science with social needs.
C．It balances creativity with financial gains.
D．It focuses merely on environmental protection.
4．Which of the following can best describe Priya
A．Ambitious and strict. B．Patient and humorous.
C．Traditional and cautious. D．Observant and innovative.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了15岁的Priya Joshi在访问她祖父母所在的贫穷印度村庄时，看到学生们在煤油灯下艰难学习的情景，从而受到启发并创造了一种太阳能学习灯的解决方案。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“When 15-year-old Priya Joshi visited her grandparents’ poor Indian village, she was shocked to see students struggling to study under di m kerosene lamps (煤油灯), which created dangerous indoor air pollution and provided only1% of modern LED’s brightness. “The smoke hurt their eyes and the unstable light caused headaches,” recalls Priya, now an engineering student at MIT. This troubling observation inspired her to create a solution.(15岁的Priya Joshi拜访祖父母所在的印度贫困村庄时，震惊地发现学生们在昏暗的煤油灯下艰难学习——这种灯不仅造成危险的室内空气污染，亮度仅为现代LED灯的1%。“油烟刺痛他们的眼睛，不稳定的光线导致头痛，”如今已是麻省理工学院工程系学生的Priya回忆道。这一令人担忧的景象促使她决心寻找解决方案。)”可知，Priya在印度村庄目睹学生因煤油灯的烟雾伤眼、光线不稳定导致头痛和学习困难，使她产生发明的灵感。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Her breakthrough came when she repurposed old school notebooks by embedding flexible solar panels into their covers.(她的突破来自于对旧学校笔记本的改造：将柔性太阳能板嵌入封面。)”可知，Priya设计成功的关键在于将太阳能板嵌入笔记本封面这一创新，这一设计实现了功能突破。故选C。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Considering all kinds of specific problems in the local area, Priya spent months exploring the best way to deliver lighting solutions to students. (考虑到当地的各种具体问题，Priya花了数月时间探索为学生提供照明方案的最佳方式。)”以及第三段“Priya partnered with local women’s cooperatives to manufacture the notebooks, creating valuable employment opportunities. (Priya与当地妇女合作社合作生产这种笔记本，创造了宝贵的就业机会。)”可知，Priya既通过科学设计解决照明问题，又结合社会需求设计可持续模式。她的方法将科学技术与社会实际需求相结合。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“When 15-year-old Priya Joshi visited her grandparents’ poor Indian village, she was shocked to see students struggling to study under di m kerosene lamps (煤油灯), which created dangerous indoor air pollution and provided only1% of modern LED’s brightness. “The smoke hurt their eyes and the unstable light caused headaches,” recalls Priya, now an engineering student at MIT. This troubling observation inspired her to create a solution.(15岁的Priya Joshi拜访祖父母所在的印度贫困村庄时，震惊地发现学生们在昏暗的煤油灯下艰难学习——这种灯不仅造成危险的室内空气污染，亮度仅为现代LED灯的1%。“油烟刺痛他们的眼睛，不稳定的光线导致头痛，”如今已是麻省理工学院工程系学生的Priya回忆道。这一令人担忧的景象促使她决心寻找解决方案。)”可知，Priya通过观察发现问题，说明她善于观察；再根据第二段“Her breakthrough came when she repurposed old school notebooks by embedding flexible solar panels into their covers.(她的突破来自于对旧学校笔记本的改造：将柔性太阳能板嵌入封面。)”可知，她有创新精神。故选D。
Passage 2
（24-25高一下·河北·期末）An AI enabling robots to do chores like making the bed or cleaning the floor in homes it has never seen before could allow many more robots to become generally useful, its creators say.
Large language models (LLMs) that power tools like ChatGPT have improved robots’ ability to carry out spoken requests. However, most robots work well only in environments in which they have been trained.
Now, Sergey Levine at robotics company Physical Intelligence in San Francisco and his colleagues have developed an artificial intelligence model called xo.5 that allows robots to work in real homes that they have never seen before. The model is trained using data from an unusually wide range of sources, including many different kinds of robots working in lab and home settings, as well as plentiful data from the web, such as image and object databases.
When Levine and his team tested the AI model on robots they had built using off-the-shelf parts, 97 percent of the training data came from sources other than the robot itself. “Because π0.5 can take full advantage of other data sources, from the web and other kinds of robots, then it can have this broader generalisation,” says Levine.
The team tested how well the robots performed when instructed to do chores such as putting plates in the sink, putting shopping away in drawers and placing dirty clothes in a basket. They didn’t work perfectly every time. “When it comes to the practical utility of this model, it’s definitely not there yet, in the sense that this is not a home robot that somebody could buy and put in their home,” says Levine. But he also says that the robots’ performance appears to improve in a predictable way as they are tested in increasing numbers of homes. This trend (趋势) is similar to how language AI performance was found to predictably improve as more data was added.
“The videos they show are quite impressive,” says Pedro Lima at the University of Lisbon in Portugal. However, the robots perform their tasks at least five times slower than a human, sometimes taking 10 to 15 minutes to finish, which could be difficult to improve, he says.
1．What is the purpose of writing paragraph 2
A．To provide examples. B．To add backgrounds.
C．To make comparisons. D．To support assumptions.
2．What makes the π0.5 model different from traditional models
A．Using data from various sources. B．Working faster than human beings.
C．Being tested only in lab environments. D．Relying on self-collected training data.
3．What can we infer about the π0.5 model powered robots from Levine’s words
A．They are suitable for home use now.
B．More home tests can help improve them.
C．They fail to complete simple housework.
D．Web data has little effect on their performance.
4．What is Pedro Lima’s attitude towards the π0.5 model powered robots
A．Negative. B．Confident. C．Objective. D．Unconcerned.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了旧金山机器人公司 Physical Intelligence的Sergey Levine及其同事开发的人工智能模型π0.5，该模型允许机器人在从未见过的真实家庭环境中工作，并探讨了该模型的优势和面临的挑战。
1．推理判断题。第二段“Large language models (LLMs) that power tools like ChatGPT have improved robots’ ability to carry out spoken requests. However, most robots work well only in environments in which they have been trained.(大型语言模型（LLMs）为ChatGPT等工具提供了动力，提高了机器人执行语音请求的能力。然而，大多数机器人只能在训练有素的环境中工作)”通过描述大型语言模型对机器人执行语音请求能力的提升，以及大多数机器人只能在特定训练环境中工作的现状，为后文介绍新开发的π0.5 模型提供了背景信息。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The model is trained using data from an unusually wide range of sources, including many different kinds of robots working in lab and home settings, as well as plentiful data from the web, such as image and object databases.(该模型使用的数据来源异常广泛，包括在实验室和家庭环境中工作的许多不同类型的机器人，以及来自网络的大量数据，如图像和对象数据库)”可知，π0.5模型与传统模型的主要区别在于它使用了来自各种来源的数据进行训练，包括实验室和家庭环境中的机器人数据以及网络数据，而传统模型可能主要依赖于特定环境下的训练数据。故选A。
3．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“But he also says that the robots’ performance appears to improve in a predictable way as they are tested in increasing numbers of homes. This trend (趋势) is similar to how language AI performance was found to predictably improve as more data was added.(但他也表示，随着机器人在越来越多的家庭中接受测试，它们的表现似乎以一种可预测的方式得到了改善。这种趋势类似于发现随着添加更多数据，语言人工智能的性能可以预测地提高)”可知，更多的家庭测试有助于改进π0.5 模型驱动的机器人。故选B。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“‘The videos they show are quite impressive,’ says Pedro Lima at the University of Lisbon in Portugal. However, the robots perform their tasks at least five times slower than a human, sometimes taking 10 to 15 minutes to finish, which could be difficult to improve, he says.(‘他们展示的视频令人印象深刻，’葡萄牙里斯本大学的Pedro Lima说。然而，机器人执行任务的速度至少比人类慢五倍，有时需要10到15分钟才能完成，这可能很难改进，他说)”可知，Pedro Lima对π0.5 模型驱动的机器人的态度是客观的，既指出了其令人印象深刻的一面，也指出了其执行任务速度较慢的缺点。故选C。
Passage 3
（24-25高二下·福建三明·阶段练习）A joint research team recently have developed a new electronic skin that is similar to human skin in strength, durability and sensitivity. The skin or e-skin may play an important role in next-generation personalized medicine, soft robotics and artificial intelligence.
“The ideal e-skin will mimic (模仿) the many natural functions of human skin, such as sensing temperature and touch, accurately and in real time,” says leading researcher Yichen Cai. However, making suitably flexible electronics that can perform such delicate tasks while also used repeatedly is challenging, and each material involved must be carefully engineered.
Most e-skins are made by putting an active sensor on the surface that attaches to human skin. However, the connection between them is often too weak, which reduces the durability and sensitivity of the material; otherwise, if it is too strong, it won’t be flexible enough, making it more likely to break the circuit.
“The landscape of skin electronics keeps shifting at a remarkable pace,” says Cai. “The discovery of 2D sensors has accelerated efforts to turn these quite thin but strong materials into functional, durable artificial skins.”
The new man-made skin built by the researchers could sense objects from 20 centimeters away. It could further make a quick response when touched in less than one tenth of a second. “It is a striking achievement for an e-skin to maintain toughness after repeated use,” said Shen, “which mimics the softness and rapid recovery of human skin.”
This type of e-skin could monitor a range of biological information, such as changes in blood pressure, which can be detected from movements of arms and legs. This data can then be shared and stored on the cloud via Wi-Fi.
“One remaining problem to the widespread use of e-skins lies in mass production of high-resolution sensors,” adds group leader Vincent Tung, “however, the latest technology offers new promise.”
1．What’s the feature of the new e-skin
A．It’s flexible and sensitive. B．It is almost the same as human skin.
C．It has fragile electronics. D．It has proved important in areas like AI.
2．What can the new e-skin do
A．It can rapidly react to touches.
B．It can change human’s blood pressure.
C．It can heal the wounded skin quickly.
D．It can adjust human’s temperature.
3．What does the underlined word “striking” in paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Bitter . B．Physical. C．Influential. D．Moderate.
4．What is the best title for the text
A．A Breakthrough in High Technology. B．Man-made Skin Improved
C．E-skin, a Promising Business D．The Wide Spread Use of E-skin
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科研团队研发出一种新型电子皮肤，介绍了其特点、功能、面临的挑战以及发展前景。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“A joint research team recently have developed a new electronic skin that is similar to human skin in strength, durability and sensitivity.(一个联合研究小组最近开发出一种新的电子皮肤，它在强度、耐用性和敏感性方面与人类皮肤相似)”可知，新型电子皮肤在强度、耐用性和敏感性方面与人类皮肤相似。由此可知，这种新型电子皮肤具有灵活性和敏感性。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第五段中“It could further make a quick response when touched in less than one tenth of a second.(当被触碰时，它还能在不到十分之一秒的时间内做出快速反应)可知，新型电子皮肤能对触摸做出快速反应。故选A。
3．词句猜测题。根据第五段中划线词后“for an e-skin to maintain toughness after repeated use(对于电子皮肤来说，在反复使用后保持韧性)以及“which mimics the softness and rapid recovery of human skin.(这模仿了人类皮肤的柔软和快速恢复)”可知，电子皮肤在反复使用后能保持韧性，模仿了人类皮肤的柔软和快速恢复，这是一个很显著的成就，故划线词与C项Influential“显著的”意义相近。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“A joint research team recently have developed a new electronic skin that is similar to human skin in strength, durability and sensitivity. The skin or e-skin may play an important role in next-generation personalized medicine, soft robotics and artificial intelligence.(一个联合研究小组最近开发出一种新的电子皮肤，它在强度、耐用性和敏感性方面与人类皮肤相似。这种皮肤或电子皮肤可能在下一代个性化医疗、软体机器人和人工智能领域发挥重要作用)”可知，文章主要说明了科研团队研发出一种新型电子皮肤，介绍了其特点、功能、面临的挑战以及发展前景，B项“改善的人造皮肤”适合作为文章标题。故选B。
Passage 4
（24-25高二下·四川成都·期末）A typical large tree can suck up to 40 kilograms of CO2 out of the air over the course of a year. Now scientists at UC Berkeley say they can do the same job with less than half a pound of a yellow powder called COF-999. COF-999 was designed to trap the greenhouse gas, and then release it when it’s ready to be stored away someplace.
COF-999 could be used in the kinds of large-scale direct air-capture plants that are starting to come online to reduce the amount of CO2. Keeping the concentration of atmospheric CO2 below 450 parts per million (ppm) is necessary to limit global warming to 2℃ above preindustrial levels and prevent some of the most awful consequences of climate change, scientists say. Klaus Lackner, a scientist at Arizona State University who wasn’t involved in the study, agreed that direct air capture will become an important tool for sequestering carbon (碳封存) and cooling the planet.
To test the carbon-clearing capability of COF-999, the researchers packed it into a tube and exposed it to outdoor air in Berkeley for 20 days straight. As the air entered the tube, it contained CO2 in concentrations ranging from 410 ppm to 517 ppm. When it came out the other side, no CO2 was detected.
According to its creators, its porous (多孔的) design increases its surface area, which means more places to hold onto CO2 molecules. As a result, it captures CO2 at a rate that is at least 10 times faster than other materials used for direct air capture. Team members have continued to make improvements and are on track to double its capacity within the next year. Another plus is that COF-999 will loosen its hold on the CO2 when heated to about 60℃. Similar materials must be heated to 121℃ to extract carbon. COF-999 is more durable as well. The team had tested a newer version that worked for 300 cycles before the experiment came to an end. “Achieving 300 cycles without any deterioration (退化) suggests that thousands of cycles may be possible,” said Omar Yaghi, the study’s senior author.
1．What is Klaus Lackner’s attitude toward direct air capture technology
A．Neutral. B．Supportive. C．Concerned. D．Skeptical.
2．What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 3 refer to
A．CO2. B．The air. C．COF-999. D．The tube.
3．Why does COF-999 have higher efficiency compared with other materials
A．It’s easier to work on a large scale. B．It can be reused thousands of times.
C．Its porous design increases its capacity. D．It requires a higher temperature to extract carbon.
4．What is the text mainly about
A．A new material capturing CO2 efficiently.
B．Ways to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels.
C．The importance of reducing CO2 emissions.
D．The effects of global warming on the environment.
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了一种能够高效捕获二氧化碳的新材料COF-999，包括其设计原理、捕获效率、耐用性等方面的特点。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Klaus Lackner, a scientist at Arizona State University who wasn’t involved in the study, agreed that direct air capture will become an important tool for sequestering carbon (碳封存) and cooling the planet. (亚利桑那州立大学的科学家Klaus Lackner没有参与这项研究，但他也认为，直接空气捕获将成为碳封存和给地球降温的重要工具。)”可知，Klaus Lackner对直接空气捕获技术持支持态度。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据第三段“To test the carbon-clearing capability of COF-999, the researchers packed it into a tube and exposed it to outdoor air in Berkeley for 20 days straight. (为了测试COF-999的碳清除能力，研究人员将其装入一个试管中，并在伯克利的户外空气中连续暴露了20天。)”以及“When it came out the other side, no CO2 was detected. (当它从另一端出来时，没有检测到二氧化碳。)”可知，此处描述的是将COF-999装入试管后，空气通过试管的情况，当空气从另一端出来时，没有检测到二氧化碳，it指代前文提到的空气。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据第四段“According to its creators, its porous (多孔的) design increases its surface area, which means more places to hold onto CO2 molecules. As a result, it captures CO2 at a rate that is at least 10 times faster than other materials used for direct air capture. (据其创造者称，它的多孔设计增加了其表面积，这意味着有更多的地方可以容纳二氧化碳分子。因此，它捕获二氧化碳的速度至少是其他用于直接空气捕获材料的10倍。)”可知，COF-999与其他材料相比效率更高是因为它的多孔设计增加了其容量。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A typical large tree can suck up to 40 kilograms of CO2 out of the air over the course of a year. Now scientists at UC Berkeley say they can do the same job with less than half a pound of a yellow powder called COF-999. (一棵典型的大树在一年内可以从空气中吸收多达40公斤的二氧化碳。现在，加州大学伯克利分校的科学家表示，他们可以用不到半磅的黄色粉末COF-999完成同样的工作。)”以及全文内容可知，本文围绕新型材料COF-999展开，重点描述其高效吸附CO2的能力（如captures CO2 at a rate that is at least 10 times faster）、可重复利用性（300 cycles without any deterioration）及低温释放特性（heated to about 60℃），并强调其对碳封存的意义，即本文主要介绍了一种能够高效捕获二氧化碳的新材料COF-999。故选A。
Passage 5
（24-25高二下·广东佛山·期末）Almost one-third of adults aged 65 and older have never used the Internet, and half don’t have Internet access at home. Of those who do use the Internet, nearly half need someone else’s help to set up a new digital device.
1 If we do not provide technology access and training to older adults, we shut them out from society, worsening the loneliness among the elderly, which has been associated with depression, functional decline, and death. Technology can serve as an important tool to help reduce these risks, but only if we provide older adults with the skills they need to access our digital world.
There is concern about digital technology use increasing isolation (孤立) among younger populations. 2 This is especially true for those who live far away from family or have lost the loved ones they relied on for social support in their younger years. Elders can use online tools to connect with friends and family even if they can no longer physically visit them.
We need programs to improve older adults’ use of technology and confidence in key digital skills. 3 They also need to have tech support call lines tailored to older adults less familiar with the Internet.
To be sure, many older adults express a lack of interest in technology. 4 Appropriate training can help to overcome these fears and generate interest.
With greater investment in providing accessible devices and digital training, technology has the potential to become a powerful tool for reducing loneliness among older adults, empowering them to connect, create, and contribute online. 5
A．This probably results from a fear of it.
B．Technology is surely significant to the society.
C．As one elder put it, “It’s time to catch up and join the world.”
D．However, it’s not certain that this isolation will appear or not.
E．Technology companies should design devices specifically for elders.
F．However, the connection that is possible online can be valuable for older adults.
G．Mastering digital technology is a key aspect of senior citizens’ participation in society.
【答案】1．G 2．F 3．E 4．A 5．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章指出老年人数字技术使用现状，强调其掌握数字技术对融入社会的重要性及相关措施。
1．由上文“Almost one-third of adults aged 65 and older have never used the Internet...nearly half need someone else’s help to set up a new digital device.(65岁及以上的成年人中，近三分之一从未使用过互联网，一半人家里没有网络。在使用互联网的人中，近一半需要他人帮助来设置新数字设备。)”可知，此处呈现老年人数字技术使用的现状。空格后提到“If we do not provide technology access and training to older adults, we shut them out from society, worsening the loneliness among the elderly, which has been associated with depression, functional decline, and death.(如果我们不为老年人提供技术获取和培训，我们就会把他们排除在社会之外，加剧老年人的孤独感，这与抑郁症、功能衰退和死亡有关。)”，这里强调数字技术对老年人融入社会的重要性。G项Mastering digital technology is a key aspect of senior citizens’ participation in society.)掌握数字技术是老年人参与社会的关键方面。)既承接了上文老年人的技术困境，又引出后文“不提供技术支持的后果”，其中“participation in society”与后文“shut them out from society”形成正反呼应。故选G项。
2．上文提到“There is concern about digital technology use increasing isolation among younger populations.(有人担心数字技术的使用会加剧年轻群体的孤立。)”，指出对年轻人的担忧。空格后“This is especially true for those who live far away from family or have lost the loved ones they relied on for social support in their younger years.(对于那些远离家人或失去了年轻时赖以获得社会支持的亲人的人来说尤其如此。)”，转而说明数字技术对老年人的积极意义。F项However, the connection that is possible online can be valuable for older adults.(然而，在线连接对老年人可能极具价值。)用However转折，将话题从年轻人转向老年人，“connection online”与后文“use online tools to connect”直接呼应，符合上下文逻辑。故选F项。
3．段落首句指出“We need programs to improve older adults’ use of technology and confidence in key digital skills.(我们需要项目来提升老年人的技术使用和对关键数字技能的信心。)”，这里强调需求。空格后“They also need to have tech support call lines tailored to older adults less familiar with the Internet.(他们还需要为不太熟悉互联网的老年人量身定制技术支持电话线。)”，用also引出具体措施。E项Technology companies should design devices specifically for elders.(科技公司应专门为老年人设计设备。)与后文“tech support call lines”并列，同为提升老年人数字技能的具体方案，“design devices specifically”对应“tailored to older adults”，形成逻辑上的并列递进。故选E项。
4．上文提到“many older adults express a lack of interest in technology.(许多老年人对技术缺乏兴趣。)”，说明现象。空格后“Appropriate training can help to overcome these fears and generate interest.(适当的培训可帮助克服这些恐惧并激发兴趣。)”，提到“fears(恐惧)”这一原因。A项This probably results from a fear of it.(这可能源于对技术的恐惧。) 中“results from a fear”与后文“overcome these fears”形成因果呼应，解释了老年人缺乏兴趣的原因，其中it指代前文technology。故选A项。
5．空格位于文末，前文强调“With greater investment in providing accessible devices and digital training, technology has the potential to become a powerful tool for reducing loneliness among older adults, empowering them to connect, create, and contribute online. (随着对提供无障碍设备和数字培训的更多投资，技术有可能成为减少老年人孤独感的有力工具，使他们能够在线连接、创造和贡献。)”，阐述技术对老年人的积极影响。C项As one elder put it, “It’s time to catch up and join the world.”(正如一位老人所说：“是时候赶上并融入世界了。”) 用老人的引言进一步佐证前文观点，“catch up and join the world”与“connect, create, and contribute online”形成语义呼应，以具体实例收束全文，增强说服力。故选C项。
Passage 6
（24-25高二下·江苏盐城·期末）Mariangela Hungria, a microbiologist in Brazil, spent decades looking for bacteria (细菌) in the soil that could act like fertilizer (肥料), boosting farmers' harvests. But she faced a lot of skepticism. When she started her career, everybody was like, “She is crazy! She will never succeed. ” But today, her work was rewarded with the World Food Prize, which recognizes advances in agriculture.
Hungria's love of science was lit in childhood thanks to her grandmother, who taught her about backyard plants and the soil that fed them. “One day, she gave me a book. It was about the life of microbiologists. After reading it, I announced to my family that I would become a microbiologist, ” Hungria recalls. Later, she got her Ph. D．from the Federal Rural University and went to work for the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) in 1982. She followed in the footsteps of another pioneer of Brazilian science, Johanna D bereiner, who had begun hunting for bacteria that could boost the productivity of crops.
Hungria's biological seed and soil treatments enable wheat, corn and other major crops, including soybeans — Brazil's top agricultural export — to source nutrients through soil bacteria, significantly boosting crop yields (产量), reducing the need for chemical fertilizers as well as lowering greenhouse gas emissions (排放). Over Hungria's 40-year career with Embrapa, Brazil's soybean production has increased from 15 million tons in 1979 to an anticipated 173million tons in the coming harvest, the World Food Prize Foundation said.
Hungria said, “I always believe that it is possible to achieve high yields necessary to relieve world hunger, but in a sustainable way, preserving the planet. ” She wants to see women taking a bigger role. “Women are more likely to shift the focus of farming toward environmental sustainability. Caring for land that's already been claimed rather than trying to clear more. Focusing not only on the size of the harvest but also on which crops deliver better nutrition”, says she. And Hungria adds she'll use the cash she has won to fund a new award that will recognize women who are working in agriculture, microbiology, communications or for the benefit of people with special needs.
1．What does the underlined word “skepticism” in paragraph 1 mean
A．Doubt. B．Envy. C．Blame. D．Abuse.
2．What inspired Hungria to be a microbiologist
A．Her academic experience. B．Work in Embrapa.
C．Her grandmother's impact. D．Guidance from Johanna.
3．What function do Hungria's biological treatments have
A．Decreasing the productivity of soybeans. B．Generating more greenhouse gas emissions.
C．Increasing farmers' dependence on chemicals. D．Boosting nutrients uptake through soil bacteria.
4．What can be inferred from Hungria's words
A．Ecological health outweighs maximum yields. B．Funding new awards for women is meaningless.
C．Sustainable practices will lead to lower harvests. D．Involving women in farming makes a difference.
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．D 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了巴西微生物学家Mariangela Hungria的故事。她花费数十年在土壤中寻找能像肥料一样促进农民收成的细菌，一开始面临诸多怀疑，但如今她的工作获得了世界粮食奖。
1．词句猜测题。根据下文“When she started her career, everybody was like, “She is crazy! She will never succeed. ” (当她开始她的职业生涯时，每个人都说：“她疯了！她永远不会成功。” )”可以推断出她面临很多人的怀疑。所以skepticism意为“怀疑”，和A选项同义，故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段“Hungria's love of science was lit in childhood thanks to her grandmother, who taught her about backyard plants and the soil that fed them. “One day, she gave me a book. It was about the life of microbiologists. After reading it, I announced to my family that I would become a microbiologist, ” Hungria recalls. (Hungria对科学的热爱在她的童年时代就被点燃了，这要归功于她的祖母，她教会了她关于后院植物和喂养它们的土壤的知识。一天，她给了我一本书。它是关于微生物学家的生活。读完这本书后，我向家人宣布，我将成为一名微生物学家，”Hungria回忆道。)”由此可知是她祖母的影响激励她成为微生物学家，故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据第三段“Hungria's biological seed and soil treatments enable wheat, corn and other major crops, including soybeans — Brazil's top agricultural export — to source nutrients through soil bacteria, significantly boosting crop yields (产量), reducing the need for chemical fertilizers as well as lowering greenhouse gas emissions (排放). (Hungria的生物种子和土壤处理使小麦、玉米和其他主要作物，包括巴西最大的农业出口产品大豆，能够通过土壤细菌获取养分，从而显著提高作物产量，减少对化肥的需求，并降低温室气体排放。)”可知Hungria的生物疗法通过土壤细菌促进养分吸收，故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Hungria said, “I always believe that it is possible to achieve high yields necessary to relieve world hunger, but in a sustainable way, preserving the planet. ” She wants to see women taking a bigger role. “Women are more likely to shift the focus of farming toward environmental sustainability. Caring for land that's already been claimed rather than trying to clear more. Focusing not only on the size of the harvest but also on which crops deliver better nutrition”, says she. (Hungria说：“我一直相信，有可能通过可持续的方式实现缓解世界饥饿所需的高产量，保护地球。”她希望看到女性发挥更大的作用。“女性更有可能将农业的重点转向环境可持续性。关心已经有人认领的土地，而不是试图开垦更多的土地。不仅要关注收成的大小，还要关注哪些作物提供更好的营养。”她说。)”由此可以推断出让女性参与农业会产生影响，故选D。
Passage 7
（24-25高一下·江西景德镇·期末）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
In March 2025, China made great 1 (achieve) in different fields. The Ministry of Education launched the “Spring Employment Promotion Action” for the 2025 college graduating class, a well-designed program 2 (aim) at helping them find jobs easily. This action included various strategies, 3 organizing job fairs and offering career guidance.
At the same time, the launch of communication technology test satellite No. 15 was 4 huge success. This launch not only represented a breakthrough in our nation’s space endeavors but also 5 (mark) a big step forward in the aerospace industry, 6 (show) the results of years research. Scientists completed the global-first mapping of the deepest ocean ecosystem with the “Striver” manned submersible (潜水器), 7 revealed the unique ways abyssal life adapts.
In addition, 8 (China) largest ultra-deep oil and gas production base, the Tarim Oilfield, had cumulatively produced 150 million tons of oil and gas equivalent from deep formations. These remarkable events show the continuous progress of China, bringing more hope and confidence to the future. They also inspire young people 9 (work) hard and contribute to the nation’s development, ensuring that China 10 (steady) moves forward in various aspects.
【答案】
1．achievements 2．aimed 3．like 4．a 5．marked 6．showing 7．which 8．China’s 9．to work 10．steadily
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了2025年3月，中国在不同领域取得的巨大成就，包括教育部启动“春季促就业攻坚行动”、通信技术试验卫星15号的发射取得了巨大成功以及塔里木油田超深层油气产量飙升至1.5亿吨。
1．考查名词复数。句意：2025年3月，中国在不同领域取得了巨大成就。空处作宾语，前面有形容词修饰，应用名词形式achievement，结合“in different fields”可知应用名词复数形式。故填achievements。
2．考查非谓语动词。句意：教育部针对2025年应届毕业生启动了“春季促就业攻坚行动”，这是一个精心设计的项目，旨在帮助他们轻松就业。be aimed at doing sth“旨在做某事，目的是做某事”，此处应用过去分词短语作定语，修饰program。故填aimed。
3．考查介词。句意：这一行动包括各种策略，如组织招聘会和提供职业指导。空后表示列举，应用介词like“例如，像”。故填like。
4．考查冠词。句意：与此同时，通信技术试验卫星15号的发射取得了巨大成功。success此处表示“一件成功的事”，为可数名词，表示泛指，应用不定冠词修饰。故填a。
5．考查一般过去时。句意：这次发射不仅代表了我国航天事业的突破，而且标志着航天工业向前迈出了一大步，展示了多年研究的成果。not only…but also…“不但……而且……”，连接并列成分，故空处和represented并列，应用过去式。故填marked。
6．考查非谓语动词。句意：同上。show和逻辑主语launch之间是主动关系，使用现在分词作状语。故填showing。
7．考查定语从句。句意：科学家利用“奋斗者号”载人潜水器完成了全球首次深海生态系统的测绘，揭示了深海生物独特的适应方式。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的主句内容，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导。故填which。
8．考查名词所有格。句意：此外，中国最大的超深层油气生产基地——塔里木油田，深层油气藏累计产量达1.5亿吨油气当量。空处修饰名词短语ultra-deep oil and gas production base，应填名词所有格形式。故填China’s。
9．考查非谓语动词。句意：他们还激励年轻人努力工作，为国家的发展做出贡献，确保中国在各方面稳步前进。根据inspire sb to do sth“激励某人做某事”可知，此处使用不定式形式作宾补。故填to work。
10．考查副词。句意：同上。空处修饰动词moves，应用steady副词形式steadily意为“稳步地”。故填steadily。
Passage 8
（24-25高一下·上海·期末）The East African country of Kenya has been at the forefront of the global war on plastic since 2017, when official s banned plastic bags. In June 2020, the government 1 the efforts with a ban on single-use plastics in protected areas. Unfortunately, the measures have 2 made any impact. Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer (聚合物) waste continue to get 3 into landfills daily. However, if 29-year-old Nzambi Matee has her way, the unpleasant plastic 4 will soon be transformed into colourful bricks.
The material engineer’s search to find a (n) 5 solution to control plastic pollution began in 2017. She quit her job as a data analyst at a local chemical factory and set up a small lab in her mother’s backyard. It took her nine months to produce the first brick and even longer to 6 a partner to help build the machinery to make them. But the determined eco-entrepreneur was confident in her idea and did not 7 .
She says, “I wanted to use my education in applied physics and material engineering to do something about the problem of plastic waste pollution. But I was very 8 that the solution had to be practical, sustainable, and affordable. The best way to do this was by 9 the waste into the construction and finding the most efficient and affordable material to build homes.”
Her company, Gjenge Makers, now hires 112 people and produces over 1,500 bricks a day. The pavers (铺路材料) are made using a mix of plastic products that cannot be reprocessed or recycled. The polymer is obtained 10 from factories or picked by hired locals from Nairobi’s largest landfill, Dandora.
The collected plastic is 11 with sand, heated at very high temperatures, and compressed into bricks that vary in colour and thickness. The 12 product is stronger, lighter, and about 30 percent cheaper than concrete bricks.
Matee, who was recently 13 as one of the Young Champions of the Earth 2020 — the United Nations’ highest environmental 14 . Her dream is to reduce the mountain of trash in Dandora to just a hill by increasing production and expanding her offerings. She says, “The more we recycle the plastic, the more we produce affordable housing, and the more we create 15 for the youth.”
1．A．modified B．glorified C．intensified D．justified
2．A．equally B．nearly C．mildly D．barely
3．A．dumped B．turned C．loaded D．leaked
4．A．modes B．ports C．heaps D．costumes
5．A．personal B．feasible C．orderly D．adjustable
6．A．remind B．assure C．convince D．direct
7．A．get off B．give up C．show off D．put out
8．A．clear B．fair C．bold D．mature
9．A．enclosing B．distributing C．reversing D．channelling
10．A．distantly B．openly C．directly D．secretly
11．A．replaced B．mixed C．equipped D．fixed
12．A．reforming B．resulting C．recovering D．recording
13．A．defended B．criticized C．claimed D．recognized
14．A．honour B．level C．grant D．diploma
15．A．employment B．experiment C．entertainment D．investment
【答案】
1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 5．B 6．C 7．B 8．A 9．D 10．C 11．B 12．B 13．D 14．A 15．A
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了材料工程师Nzambi Matee通过自己的努力解决塑料垃圾污染问题。
1．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：2020年6月，政府通过在保护区禁止一次性塑料来加强这些努力。A. modified修改；B. glorified赞美；C. intensified加强；D. justified证明合理。根据上文“The East African country of Kenya has been at the forefront of the global war on plastic since 2017”以及语境可知，这是对2017年禁令的进一步加强。故选C项。
2．考查副词词义辨析。 句意：不幸的是，这些措施几乎没有产生任何影响。A. equally平等地；B. nearly几乎；C. mildly温和地；D. barely几乎不。根据上文“unfortunately”及“Hundreds of tons of industrial and consumer polymer (聚合物) waste continue to”可知，这里指禁令几乎没有效果。故选D项。
3．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：每天仍有数百吨工业和消费聚合物垃圾被倾倒进垃圾填埋场。A. dumped倾倒；B. turned转变；C. loaded装载；D. leaked泄漏。根据“waste”以及语境可知，这里的废弃物应该是被倾倒，被扔掉。dumped into landfills，表示“倾倒进填埋场”，符合垃圾处理语境。故选A项。
4．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：然而，如果29岁的Nzambi Matee能如愿以偿，这些令人不快的塑料堆很快将被转化为彩色砖块。A. modes模式；B. ports港口；C. heaps堆；D. costumes服装。根据上文“into landfills daily”可知，这里是很多废弃物倾倒之后变成垃圾堆。plastic heaps，指“塑料垃圾堆”，与后文“mountain of trash”呼应。故选C项。
5．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：这位材料工程师从2017年开始寻找可行的解决方案来控制塑料污染。A. personal个人的；B. feasible可行的；C. orderly有序的；D. adjustable可调节的。根据下文“practical, sustainable, and affordable”可知，这里指她寻求的是可行的方法。故选B项。
6．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：她花了九个月时间生产出第一块砖，甚至花了更长时间说服一个合作伙伴帮助制造生产这些砖的机器。A. remind提醒；B. assure确保；C. convince说服；D. direct指导。根据下文“a partner to help build the machinery to make them”以及语境可知，这里指她需说服合作伙伴相信其想法，convince符合“说服某人做某事”的语境。故选C项。
7．考查动词短语辨析。 句意：但这位坚定的环保企业家对自己的想法充满信心，没有放弃。A. get off下车；B. give up放弃；C. show off炫耀；D. put out扑灭。根据上文“determined”和“confident”以及语境可知，这里指她很坚定，未放弃自己的梦想。故选B项。
8．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：但我很清楚，解决方案必须实用、可持续且负担得起。A. clear清楚的；B. fair公平的；C. bold大胆的；D. mature成熟的。根据文章语境以及下文的“practical, sustainable, and affordable”可知，这一方案必须切实可行，可持续，负担得起才能真正达到环保的目的，因此她的目标是非常清晰的。故选A项。
9．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：最好的方法是将废物引入建筑领域，并找到最有效和实惠的材料来建造房屋。A. enclosing包围；B. distributing分配；C. reversing逆转；D. channelling引导。根据上文“It took her nine months to produce the first brick”以及语境可知，这一方案是将废弃物转变成可用砖块，channelling waste into construction，指“将废物引入建筑领域”，体现材料再利用。故选D项。
10．考查副词词义辨析。 句意：聚合物直接从工厂获得，或由雇佣的当地人从内罗毕最大的垃圾填埋场丹多拉捡拾。A. distantly遥远地；B. openly公开地；C. directly直接地；D. secretly秘密地。根据下文“picked by hired locals from Nairobi’s largest landfill”可知，两种方式是并列关系，后者通过被雇佣者经过垃圾分拣之后间接得到，则前者则是直接从工厂废弃物中获得。“directly from factories”表示“直接从工厂获取”，与“picked from landfill”形成获取途径对比。故选C项。
11．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：收集的塑料与沙子混合，在高温下加热，然后压缩成颜色和厚度不同的砖块。A. replaced替换；B. mixed混合；C. equipped装备；D. fixed固定。根据下文“compressed into bricks”可知，这里是指将沙子和废弃物混合然后压缩，mixed with sand，表示“与沙子混合”，是制作砖块的步骤。故选B项。
12．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：最终的产品比混凝土砖更坚固、更轻，价格便宜约30%。A. reforming改革的；B. resulting最终的；C. recovering恢复的；D. recording记录的。根据上文“heated at very high temperatures, and compressed into bricks that vary in colour and thickness”可知，这里指经过一定的工序之后得到砖块。resulting product，指“最终产品”，即加工后的塑料砖。故选B项。
13．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：Matee最近被认定为2020 年“地球青年卫士” 之一 —— 联合国最高环境荣誉。A. defended辩护；B. criticized批评；C. claimed声称；D. recognized认定。根据短语be recognized as意为“被评定为…”以及下文“as one of the Young Champions of the Earth 2020”可知，这里指Matee被评为地球青年。故选D项。
14．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：Matee最近被认定为 2020 年“地球青年卫士”之一 —— 联合国最高环境荣誉。A. honour荣誉；B. level水平；C. grant拨款；D. diploma文凭。根据上文“Young Champions of the Earth”以及语境可知，这是联合国的环境荣誉奖项。故选A项。
15．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：我们回收的塑料越多，就能生产越多经济适用房，为年轻人创造越多就业机会。A. employment就业；B. experiment实验；C. entertainment娱乐；D. investment投资。根据上文“hires 112 people”以及语境可知，这里指她的企业创造了就业机会。故选A项。