Unit4 Body language肢体语言(话题阅读精练）(解析版）英语人教版2019选择性必修第一册
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Unit4 Body language肢体语言(话题阅读精练）
主题词块积累
Vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变→various adj.各种各样的
Approve vi.赞成；同意vt.批准；通过→approval n．批准；赞成；同意
Employ vt.使用；应用；雇用→employment n．使用；雇用
Interpret vt.把……理解(解释)为vi.&vt.口译→interpreter n．口译人员；口译者
Differ vi.相异；不同于→different adj.不同的；相异的→difference n．差异；不同
reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的→rely v．依靠；依赖；相信
slight adj.轻微的；略微的；细小的→slightly adv.略微；稍微
nonverbal adj.不涉及言语的；非言语的→verbal adj.言语的
assessment n．评定；评价→assess v．评估；评价
educator n．教师；教育工作者；教育家→educate v．教育；教导；训练
Lower vt.把……放低；降低；减少 adj.下面的；下方的；较小的→low adj.低的；浅的
embarrassed adj.难堪的；尴尬的→embarrass v．使……难堪；使……尴尬
ashamed adj.羞愧的；惭愧的→shame n．羞愧；惭愧；令人惭愧的事情
Inquire vi.&vt.询问；打听→inquiry n．调查；询问
ultimately adv.最终；最后→ultimate adj.最终的；最后的
Adjust vt.调整；调节vi.&vt.适应；(使)习惯→adjustment n．调整；调节
时文拓展阅读
A Universal Greeting: Shaking Hands
A handshake seems to be a normal gesture. In fact, in the 9th century BC, an ancient site during the ruling of Shalmaneser III clearly shows two figures holding hands.The Iliad,usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions that two characters “taking each other's hands and expressing their loyalty," Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the bookAs You Like It.Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier
According to author Torbjorn Lundmark in hisTales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the World,the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace; King Shalmaneser 111 referred to a rebellion in which he signed a treaty with the King of Babylon. In theIliad,Diomedes and Glaucus shook, hands when they realized they were guest-friends, and Diomedes declared: "Let's not try to kill each other." Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.
The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg — the chief authority for the history of handshaking — wrote in a chapter of ananthologycalledA Cultural History of Gesture,“More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues”.
One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais'sGargantua and Pantagruel.When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes, “He was greeted by countless hugs and countless good days." But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation added references to shaking hands.
A popular saying suggests that Cleland's statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a potentially traditional method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by more hierarchical ways of greeting — like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements. Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent's hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.
【译文欣赏】
一种通用的问候方式：握手
握手似乎是一种常见的手势。实际上，在公元前 9 世纪，沙尔曼尼瑟三世统治时期的一个古代遗址中，清晰地描绘了两个人握手的画面。《伊利亚特》通常被认为创作于公元前 8 世纪，其中提到两个角色“彼此握手并表达忠诚”。几个世纪之后，莎士比亚在《皆大欢喜》一书中写到两个角色握手并宣誓成为兄弟。握手似乎是一种古老的习俗，其根源已消失在时间的长河中。
研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家指出，现代意义上的握手直到 19 世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种不太得体的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。但如果莎士比亚在数百年前就写到握手，那又会怎样呢？
据作者托尔比约恩·伦德马克在其《嗨与拜拜的故事：世界各地的问候与告别仪式》一书中所述，问题在于对握手的不同定义。上述早期的握手是达成交易或和平的一部分；沙尔曼尼瑟三世曾提及一场叛乱，在这场叛乱中他与巴比伦国王签订了一份条约。在《伊利亚特》中，狄俄墨得斯和格劳科斯在意识到彼此是客谊之交时握手言和，狄俄墨得斯宣称：“咱们别互相残杀了。”莎士比亚同样在讲述一场冲突的解决。
现代握手作为一种问候方式，其起源更难追溯。荷兰社会学家赫尔曼·鲁登伯格——研究握手历史的权威——在一本名为《手势文化史》的文集的一个章节中写道：“在所有领域中，手势研究领域是历史学家只能充分利用寥寥数条线索的领域。”
他提到的最早线索之一是 16 世纪德国翻译的法国作家拉伯雷的《巨人传》。拉伯雷写道，当一个角色见到格朗古瓦时，“他受到了无数拥抱和无数声‘您好’的欢迎。”但据鲁登伯格称，16 世纪的德文译本添加了握手的描述。
有一种流行的说法认为，克莱兰反对鞠躬实际上是希望回归欧洲可能的传统问候方式。随着几个世纪的推移，握手礼被更具等级差异的问候方式所取代，比如鞠躬。据鲁登伯格所述，握手礼在一些偏远地区得以保留，比如在荷兰的一些城镇，人们会在意见不合后用握手来表示和解。与此同时，那些崇尚平等的人们也开始使用握手礼。后来，随着欧洲大陆等级制度的削弱，握手礼逐渐成为同等级别的人们之间常见的问候方式，就像今天一样。
【词汇积累】
1.normal adj. 正常的
2. countless adj.无数的
3. potentially adv.潜在地
【长难句分析】
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends.
译为：
研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家指出，现代意义上的握手直到 19 世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种不太得体的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。
who引导定语从句，that后引导宾语从句；
not … until… “直到…才…”.
when引导时间状语从句，第二个that引导一个定语从句
综合实战演练
Passage 1
Facial expressions are the primary way people exhibit their emotions and read the feelings of others. Happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise can be communicated through facial expressions alone. But when part of the face is masked, it becomes more difficult to recognise these cues.
If you can’t read others’ emotional state, your ability to empathise with them may be compromised. Likewise, if your mask is hiding your emotional state, others may not be able to empathise with you. Wearing a mask can also make you feel more distracted and self-conscious, further weakening your connection to others.
Fortunately, you can regain some control over communication by working with what you have left — the eyes. If you want to get a better understanding of a masked individual, you should look him in the eye, which may be easier said than done. Eye contact generates self-consciousness, consumes extra brain power and becomes uncomfortable after only three seconds. But bear in mind that eye contact can also make you appear more intelligent and trustworthy.
You might be surprised at how much information is conveyed by the body itself. For instance, when someone is happy, they stand up straighter; when they are sad, they drop their heads; when they are angry, their whole bodies tense up. Learning how people use their bodies to convey their emotions may help reduce the uncertainty you feel when communicating with someone wearing a mask.
Become aware of your own body language, too. When engaged in a conversation, you can appear more attentive by turning your body towards the individual, leaning forwards or nodding. To let another person know you want to start speaking, straighten your posture, or nod more frequently. Finally, remember that imitating the posture of another person can increase how much they like you and even make them agree with you.
By all means, continue the proper measures to keep yourself safe, but don’t neglect your relationships as a consequence. Social distance doesn’t have to mean socially distant.
1．What will happen if you wear a mask
A．Your fear won’t be known by others. B．Others will have difficulty understanding you.
C．You will lose the ability to empathise with others. D．Others won’t focus on your face.
2．Why is eye contact difficult
A．It may lead to misunderstanding. B．It requires more brain power.
C．It may cause people to believe you less. D．It will result in social distance.
3．What do Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5 mainly talk about
A．Body language is a double-edged sword. B．Body language can convey shocking information.
C．We should make good use of body language. D．Be careful with your body language when talking.
4．What is the best title for this passage
A．How Do People Use Their Bodies to Convey Emotions
B．Facial Expressions — The Primary Way of Human Connection
C．Which Is the Best — Facial Expressions, Eye Contact or Body Language
D．How Do We Keep Socially Distant to Keep Ourselves Safe
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了当人们戴着口罩无法识别对方的面部表情时，如何利用眼神交流和肢体语言进行沟通。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Likewise, if your mask is hiding your emotional state, others may not be able to empathise with you.(同样地，如果你的表情面具掩盖了你的真实情绪状态，那么其他人可能就无法理解你的感受了)”可知，如果你戴上口罩，其他人可能会很难理解你。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Eye contact generates self-consciousness, consumes extra brain power and becomes uncomfortable after only three seconds.(目光接触会让人产生自我意识，会耗费额外的脑力，并且仅仅持续三秒钟后就会让人感到不适)”可知，眼神交流很困难的原因是它需要消耗更多的脑力。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“You might be surprised at how much information is conveyed by the body itself.(你可能会惊讶地发现，身体本身所传递的信息竟如此之多)”以及第五段“Become aware of your own body language, too.(也要留意自己的肢体语言)”可知，第四段主要讲了肢体语言传达信息的能力，第五段主要讲了人们要注意自己的肢体语言。由此可知，第四段和第五段主要讲了我们应该充分利用肢体语言。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Facial expressions are the primary way people exhibit their emotions and read the feelings of others. Happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise can be communicated through facial expressions alone. But when part of the face is masked, it becomes more difficult to recognise these cues.(面部表情是人们表达自身情绪以及解读他人情感的主要方式。喜悦、悲伤、厌恶、恐惧和惊讶等情绪都可以通过面部表情来传达。但当面部的一部分被遮挡时，就更难以识别这些表情信号了)”以及文章主要介绍了当人们戴着口罩无法识别对方的面部表情时，如何利用眼神交流和肢体语言进行沟通。故A项“人们如何用他们的身体来传达情感 ”最适合作为文章标题。故选A。
Passage 2
People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
“We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure,whereas Easterners favor the eyes and overlook the mouth.”
According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted (厌恶的), angry, or neutral (中性的). They compared how Accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,” Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”
In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified (多样化) these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.
5．The discovery shows that Westerners ________.
A．consider facial expressions universally reliable
B．pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth
C．observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways
D．have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions
6．What were the people asked to do in the study
A．To make a face at each other.
B．To get their faces impressive.
C．To classify some face pictures.
D．To observe the researchers' faces.
7．In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to ________.
A．examine the eyes more attentively B．study the mouth more frequently
C．perform translation more successfully D．read facial expressions more correctly
8．What key weakness might critics highlight about the study’s design
A．Dependence on subjective emotion categorization.
B．Use of posed photos instead of natural expressions.
C．Lack of more diverse American cultural groups.
D．Failure to track eye movements during observation.
9．What can be the best title for the passage
A．The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B．Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C．Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D．How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding
【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．C 9．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍东西方人在识别面部表情时的文化差异及原因，并强调面部表情并非普遍情感信号，跨文化交流易产生误解。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and overlook the mouth.(西方人对眼睛和嘴巴的关注程度相同，而东方人偏爱眼睛，忽视嘴巴。)”可知，研究发现西方人对眼睛和嘴巴给予同等关注。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.(研究人员记录了13名西方白种人和13名东亚人的眼球运动，研究他们在识别面部表情时的文化差异。这些人观察带有表情的面部图片，并将其分类为：快乐、悲伤、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒或中性。)”可知，研究中人们被要求对一些面部图片进行分类。故选C项。
7．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did.(结果表明，东方人更关注眼睛，而且比西方人犯的错误多得多。)”可知，与西方人相比，东方人可能更专注地观察眼睛。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted (厌恶的), angry, or neutral (中性的). (研究人员记录了13名西方白种人和13名东亚人的眼球运动，研究他们在识别面部表情时的文化差异。这些人观察带有表情的面部图片，并将其分类为：快乐、悲伤、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒或中性。)”可知，研究仅选取了西方白种人和东亚人，缺乏更多元化的美国文化群体，这可能是批评者会强调的研究设计的主要缺陷。故选C项。
9．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.(东亚人往往比欧洲人更难区分面部表情——《当代生物学》在线发表的一份新报告解释了原因。)”及最后一段中的“In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion.(简而言之，数据表明面部表情并不是人类情感的通用信号。)”可知，本文主要介绍了在解读情感方面存在的文化差异，因此“解读情感的文化差异”可以概括文章主题，最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。
Passage 3
Modern research on body language — often called nonverbal behavior — began in the 1960s and 1970s with studies that aimed to demonstrate the universality (普遍性) of facial expressions of emotion. That work was inspired, in part, by Charles Darwin’s study “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).” But it had received little attention for around a century, according to nonverbal communication expert David Matsumoto.
Then modern researchers examined how the brain reacts to facial expressions, and how babies copy facial and hand gestures. And scientists have also realized the complexity of body language.
Much research has suggested that body language is often hard to interpret, or understand. But for years some advisers and experts have been using their knowledge in many practical areas.
“I help people influence and persuade others around how trustworthy and credible (可信的) their message is by helping them with their specific nonverbal communication,” said Mark Bowden. He is the author of “Winning Body Language”, a guide for readers including business people and famous people. He focuses on where a person faces their body and how much space they take up, as well as their gestures.
Some experts also say they can use those signals to interpret hidden emotions. Joe Navarro is the author of “What Every Body Is Saying.” It is a book about reading a person’s mind from their nonverbal behavior. It’s easy to spot a speaker’s lip movements when he faces a question he doesn’t like, Joe said.
While the work of these experts attracts large audiences, many scientists are unsure whether their methods are reliable. “Our facial expressions show certain types of emotional states,” Matsumoto said. So do some body movements. But “people do all kinds of things with their bodies,” he said. Your raised eyebrow could express doubt — but it might also signal discomfort or surprise. The same hand gesture could mean different things in different cultures, he said.
10．What role did Charles Darwin’s study play according to paragraph 1
A．It unlocked the secret of the human mind.
B．It promoted the development of human language.
C．It encouraged people to care more about animals.
D．It helped start modern research on body language.
11．What can we infer about Mark Bowden
A．He gives advice on business language.
B．He teaches people about body language.
C．He focuses mainly on facial expressions.
D．He pays more attention to spoken language.
12．According to the passage, Joe Navarro’s book helps readers to ______.
A．improve their public speaking skills
B．understand cultural differences in gestures.
C．detect hidden emotions through body language.
D．increase their charm in communication.
13．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage
A．Body language is more reliable than spoken language.
B．Modern research has fully understood body language.
C．Scientists are cautious about the reliability of body language interpretation.
D．Experts have successfully applied body language in practical areas.
【答案】10．D 11．B 12．C 13．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍现代肢体语言研究的发展及专家观点。
10．细节理解题。根据第一段“Modern research on body language — often called nonverbal behavior — began in the 1960s and 1970s with studies that aimed to demonstrate the universality (普遍性) of facial expressions of emotion. That work was inspired, in part, by Charles Darwin’s study “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).” (关于肢体语言 (通常被称为非语言行为) 的现代研究始于20世纪60至70年代，这些研究旨在证明面部表情所表达情感的普遍性。这项研究在一定程度上受到了Charles Darwin所著的《人类和动物的情感表达》 (1872年) 的启发。)”可知，达尔文的研究启发了现代肢体语言研究，推动其起步。故选D。
11．推理判断题。根据第四段““I help people influence and persuade others around how trustworthy and credible (可信的) their message is by helping them with their specific nonverbal communication,” said Mark Bowden. (Mark Bowden说：“我通过帮助人们掌握特定的非语言沟通方式，让他们在传达信息时显得更值得信赖和可信，从而影响和说服他人。”)”及“He is the author of “Winning Body Language”, a guide for readers including business people and famous people. (他是《赢在肢体语言》一书的作者，这本书是为包括商务人士和名人在内的读者提供指导的指南)”可知，Mark Bowden通过书籍和实践指导人们使用肢体语言，可推断他从事相关教学。故选B。
12．细节理解题。根据第五段“It is a book about reading a person’s mind from their nonverbal behavior. (这是一本关于通过非语言行为解读一个人内心想法的书)”可知，Joe Navarro的书教读者通过肢体语言解读隐藏情绪。故选C。
13．细节理解题。根据最后一段“While the work of these experts attracts large audiences, many scientists are unsure whether their methods are reliable. (尽管这些专家的研究吸引了大量受众，但许多科学家并不确定他们的方法是否可靠)”可知，科学家对肢体语言解读的可靠性持谨慎态度。故选C。
Passage 4
A new study from Nottingham Trent University (NTU) indicates that people who are more facially expressive are generally more likable and socially successful. The research, which analyzed over 1,500 natural conversations, suggests that complex facial muscle movements can strengthen social bonds and improve social interactions.
In the initial phase, researchers engaged with 52 participants in video calls designed to get a range of everyday situations, such as humor, embarrassment and conflict. The participants were further challenged to maintain a still face while their partners attempted to stimulate movement, testing their ability to control facial expressions.
Following these interactions, the participants recorded short videos, where they aimed to achieve specific social goals, like disagreeing with someone but without being disliked. These clips of videos were then rated by over 170 independent observers, assessing the readability of the emotions and expressions displayed.
The researchers applied the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), a method for measuring facial muscle activity, to evaluate each participant’s expressivity (表现能力). Afterwards, the study extended to analyze an existing database of natural video conversations between 1,456 strangers, where the participants rated their conversational partners’ likability. The study revealed that individuals who were more expressive were more likable by both independent observers and their conversation partners. Additionally, these expressive individuals were easier to read and more skillful at using facial behaviors to achieve their social goals.
“This is a study to examine facial expression in real-world interactions,” said the study’s lead author, Eithne Kavanagh. “Our evidence shows that facial expressivity is related to positive social outcomes. It suggests that more expressive people are more successful at attracting social partners and building relationships. It also could be important in conflict resolution.” The research highlights the significant role which facial expressions play in successful social interactions.
14．How did the researchers examine the participants’ ability to control facial expressions
A．By asking them to make complex facial muscle movements.
B．By asking them to watch humorous videos and keep a still face.
C．By having them use facial behaviors to achieve their social goals.
D．By having their partners try to make them produce facial movements.
15．What were the participants asked to do after the first stage
A．Rate the videos of other participants. B．Engage in further social interactions.
C．Assess the readability of their own emotions. D．Record short videos under specific conditions.
16．What can we learn about the FACS
A．It is a tool to assess facial muscle activity. B．It decides the social success of individuals.
C．It improves the likability of facial expressions. D．It is a method for promoting participants’ likability.
17．What can be the best title for the text
A．FACS: A New Method for Social Science B．Facial Expressions: Important for Social Success
C．The Development of Facial Muscle Movements D．The Way to Be Likable and Socially Successful
【答案】14．D 15．D 16．A 17．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现复杂的面部肌肉运动可以加强社会联系，改善社会互动。解释了研究开展的经过以及研究的意义。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The participants were further challenged to maintain a still face while their partners attempted to stimulate movement, testing their ability to control facial expressions.(参与者还被要求在他们的伴侣试图刺激运动时保持面部静止，以测试他们控制面部表情的能力)”可知，研究人员让他们的伴侣试着让他们做出面部动作检测参与者控制面部表情的能力。故选D。
15．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Following these interactions, the participants recorded short videos, where they aimed to achieve specific social goals, like disagreeing with someone but without being disliked.(在这些互动之后，参与者录制了短视频，他们的目的是实现特定的社交目标，比如不同意某人的观点，但不被讨厌)”可知，在第一阶段之后，参与者被要求在特定条件下录制短视频。故选D。
16．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers applied the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), a method for measuring facial muscle activity, to evaluate each participant’s expressivity (表现能力).(研究人员使用面部动作编码系统（FACS），一种测量面部肌肉活动的方法，来评估每个参与者的表达能力)”可知，FACS是一种评估面部肌肉活动的工具。故选A。
17．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study from Nottingham Trent University (NTU) indicates that people who are more facially expressive are generally more likable and socially successful. The research, which analyzed over 1,500 natural conversations, suggests that complex facial muscle movements can strengthen social bonds and improve social interactions.(诺丁汉特伦特大学的一项新研究表明，面部表情更丰富的人通常更讨人喜欢，在社交上也更成功。这项研究分析了1500多段自然对话，表明复杂的面部肌肉运动可以加强社会联系，改善社会互动)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现复杂的面部肌肉运动可以加强社会联系，改善社会互动。解释了研究开展的经过以及研究的意义。可知，B选项“面部表情：对社交成功很重要”最符合文章标题。故选B。
Passage 5
Body language can be a very powerful tool, no matter the size of the audience. Whether it is two people or two hundred people, body language can directly influence how audience members see a speaker or respond to what is being said. Body language has the power to influence the audience’s feelings and even change minds. Therefore, it is always important to be mindful of the “saying” when engaging with different audiences.
Within interpersonal exchanges, body language can contain many different emotions or signals. By ensuring that a person’s body language is “consistent” with their emotional state, someone can create a safe environment for conversation to happen. If one’s body language is inconsistent with their emotional state, this might leave an audience feeling uncomfortable, put off, or on edge. They won’t know what to expect from that person.
For example, a person might want to make a listener feel “comfortable” and “laid back” during a conversation. If this is the goal, they will avoid having “closed-off” or “unfriendly” body language, such as avoiding eye contact or crossing their arms. To make somebody feel more comfortable within a conversation, someone should focus on being “open” with their posture (姿势). They should relax their face and make sure to hold the listener’s attention and face the listener in an “open” position (e.g. with arms at their sides and slightly leaning (倾斜) towards the listener).
More importantly, body language can influence whether or not an audience feels confident or trusting of a speaker’s expertise. If a speaker’s body language comes across as being “nervous” or “hesitant”, then an audience might not take what they are saying seriously or be less likely to believe them or find them credible.
In summary, body language plays a key role in speaking. Effective use of body language can also enhance the speaker’s message and engage the audience. On the contrary, poor body language can detract from (影响) the speaker’s message and create a passive impression. Therefore, it is essential for speakers to pay attention to their body language and use it to their advantage when delivering a speech.
18．What does the underlined words “the ‘saying’” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．Making a speech. B．A response. C．Body language. D．An inner voice.
19．What should persons do to create a sense of safety for a conversation
A．Have lower expectations of their audience.
B．Keep their body language true to their feelings.
C．Remain emotionally consistent with the audience.
D．Avoid exposing their inner emotions to the audience.
20．What might the act of crossing one’s arms lead to according to the text
A．Relaxation. B．Optimism. C．Tension. D．Doubt.
21．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To offer suggestions on delivering a speech. B．To show the benefits of using body language.
C．To point out improper types of body language. D．To remind us to be careful with body language.
【答案】18．C 19．B 20．C 21．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了肢体语言在交流中的重要性。
18．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Body language has the power to influence the audience’s feelings and even change minds.(肢体语言能够影响听众的感受，甚至改变他们的想法。)”可知，画线部分“the “saying””指代肢体语言。故选C。
19．细节理解题。根据第二段中“By ensuring that a person’s body language is “consistent” with their emotional state, someone can create a safe environment for conversation to happen.(通过确保一个人的肢体语言与他们的情绪状态“一致”，就可以为谈话创造一个安全的环境。)”可知，如果想要为对话营造一种安全感，那么说话的人的肢体语言应该忠实于他们的情感状态。故选B。
20．推理判断题。根据第三段中“For example, a person might want to make a listener feel “comfortable” and “laid back” during a conversation. If this is the goal, they will avoid having “closed-off” or “unfriendly” body language, such as avoiding eye contact or crossing their arms.(例如，一个人可能想让听者在谈话中感到“舒适”和“悠闲”。如果这是目标，他们会避免“封闭”或“不友好”的肢体语言，比如避免眼神交流或交叉双臂。)”可知，交叉手臂可能会导致紧张气氛。故选C。
21．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Therefore, it is always important to be mindful of the “saying” when engaging with different audiences.(因此，在与不同的观众互动时，注意“说法”总是很重要的。)”和最后一段“In summary, body language plays a key role in speaking. Effective use of body language can also enhance the speaker’s message and engage the audience. On the contrary, poor body language can detract from (影响) the speaker’s message and create a passive impression. Therefore, it is essential for speakers to pay attention to their body language and use it to their advantage when delivering a speech.(总之，肢体语言在讲话中起着关键作用。有效地使用肢体语言也可以增强演讲者的信息并吸引听众。相反，拙劣的肢体语言会分散说话人的信息，给人一种被动的印象。因此，演讲者必须注意自己的肢体语言，并在演讲时利用它来发挥自己的优势。)”可知，作者写这篇文章旨在提醒我们要注意正确使用肢体语言。故选D。
主题词块积累
Vary vi.(根据情况)变化；改变→various adj.各种各样的
Approve vi.赞成；同意vt.批准；通过→approval n．批准；赞成；同意
Employ vt.使用；应用；雇用→employment n．使用；雇用
Interpret vt.把……理解(解释)为vi.&vt.口译→interpreter n．口译人员；口译者
Differ vi.相异；不同于→different adj.不同的；相异的→difference n．差异；不同
reliable adj.可靠的；可信赖的→rely v．依靠；依赖；相信
slight adj.轻微的；略微的；细小的→slightly adv.略微；稍微
nonverbal adj.不涉及言语的；非言语的→verbal adj.言语的
assessment n．评定；评价→assess v．评估；评价
educator n．教师；教育工作者；教育家→educate v．教育；教导；训练
Lower vt.把……放低；降低；减少 adj.下面的；下方的；较小的→low adj.低的；浅的
embarrassed adj.难堪的；尴尬的→embarrass v．使……难堪；使……尴尬
ashamed adj.羞愧的；惭愧的→shame n．羞愧；惭愧；令人惭愧的事情
Inquire vi.&vt.询问；打听→inquiry n．调查；询问
ultimately adv.最终；最后→ultimate adj.最终的；最后的
Adjust vt.调整；调节vi.&vt.适应；(使)习惯→adjustment n．调整；调节
时文拓展阅读
A Universal Greeting: Shaking Hands
A handshake seems to be a normal gesture. In fact, in the 9th century BC, an ancient site during the ruling of Shalmaneser III clearly shows two figures holding hands.The Iliad,usually dated to the 8th century BC, mentions that two characters “taking each other's hands and expressing their loyalty," Centuries later, Shakespeare once wrote of two characters who shook hands and swore to be brothers in the bookAs You Like It.Shaking hands seems to be an ancient custom whose roots have disappeared in the sands of time.
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends. But what if Shakespeare had written about handshaking hundreds of years earlier
According to author Torbjorn Lundmark in hisTales of Hi and Bye: Greeting and Parting Rituals Around the World,the problem comes in differing definitions of the handshake. The early handshakes mentioned above were part of making deals or peace; King Shalmaneser 111 referred to a rebellion in which he signed a treaty with the King of Babylon. In theIliad,Diomedes and Glaucus shook, hands when they realized they were guest-friends, and Diomedes declared: "Let's not try to kill each other." Shakespeare was similarly referencing settlement of a conflict.
The modern handshake as a form of greeting is harder to trace. As a Dutch sociologist Herman Roodenburg — the chief authority for the history of handshaking — wrote in a chapter of ananthologycalledA Cultural History of Gesture,“More than in any other field, that of the study of gesture is one in which the historian has to make the most of only a few clues”.
One of the earliest clues he cites is a 16th-century German translation of the French writer Rabelais'sGargantua and Pantagruel.When one character meets Gargantua, Rabelais writes, “He was greeted by countless hugs and countless good days." But according to Roodenburg, the 16th-century German translation added references to shaking hands.
A popular saying suggests that Cleland's statements against bowing were actually a wish to go back to a potentially traditional method of greeting in Europe. As the centuries progressed, handshaking was replaced by more hierarchical ways of greeting — like bowing. According to Roodenburg, handshaking survived in a few remote places, like in Dutch towns where some would use the gesture to make peace after disagreements. Around the same time, those who valued equality also made use of handshaking. Then, as the Continent's hierarchy was weakened, handshaking became a common practice among people of the same rank, as it is today.
【译文欣赏】
一种通用的问候方式：握手
握手似乎是一种常见的手势。实际上，在公元前 9 世纪，沙尔曼尼瑟三世统治时期的一个古代遗址中，清晰地描绘了两个人握手的画面。《伊利亚特》通常被认为创作于公元前 8 世纪，其中提到两个角色“彼此握手并表达忠诚”。几个世纪之后，莎士比亚在《皆大欢喜》一书中写到两个角色握手并宣誓成为兄弟。握手似乎是一种古老的习俗，其根源已消失在时间的长河中。
研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家指出，现代意义上的握手直到 19 世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种不太得体的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。但如果莎士比亚在数百年前就写到握手，那又会怎样呢？
据作者托尔比约恩·伦德马克在其《嗨与拜拜的故事：世界各地的问候与告别仪式》一书中所述，问题在于对握手的不同定义。上述早期的握手是达成交易或和平的一部分；沙尔曼尼瑟三世曾提及一场叛乱，在这场叛乱中他与巴比伦国王签订了一份条约。在《伊利亚特》中，狄俄墨得斯和格劳科斯在意识到彼此是客谊之交时握手言和，狄俄墨得斯宣称：“咱们别互相残杀了。”莎士比亚同样在讲述一场冲突的解决。
现代握手作为一种问候方式，其起源更难追溯。荷兰社会学家赫尔曼·鲁登伯格——研究握手历史的权威——在一本名为《手势文化史》的文集的一个章节中写道：“在所有领域中，手势研究领域是历史学家只能充分利用寥寥数条线索的领域。”
他提到的最早线索之一是 16 世纪德国翻译的法国作家拉伯雷的《巨人传》。拉伯雷写道，当一个角色见到格朗古瓦时，“他受到了无数拥抱和无数声‘您好’的欢迎。”但据鲁登伯格称，16 世纪的德文译本添加了握手的描述。
有一种流行的说法认为，克莱兰反对鞠躬实际上是希望回归欧洲可能的传统问候方式。随着几个世纪的推移，握手礼被更具等级差异的问候方式所取代，比如鞠躬。据鲁登伯格所述，握手礼在一些偏远地区得以保留，比如在荷兰的一些城镇，人们会在意见不合后用握手来表示和解。与此同时，那些崇尚平等的人们也开始使用握手礼。后来，随着欧洲大陆等级制度的削弱，握手礼逐渐成为同等级别的人们之间常见的问候方式，就像今天一样。
【词汇积累】
1.normal adj. 正常的
2. countless adj.无数的
3. potentially adv.潜在地
【长难句分析】
Historians who have studied ancient etiquette books note that the modern handshake did not appear until the middle of the 19th century, when it was considered a slightly inappropriate gesture that could only be used between friends.
译为：
研究古代礼仪书籍的历史学家指出，现代意义上的握手直到 19 世纪中叶才出现，当时它被认为是一种不太得体的手势，只能在朋友之间使用。
who引导定语从句，that后引导宾语从句；
not … until… “直到…才…”.
when引导时间状语从句，第二个that引导一个定语从句
综合实战演练
Passage 1
Facial expressions are the primary way people exhibit their emotions and read the feelings of others. Happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise can be communicated through facial expressions alone. But when part of the face is masked, it becomes more difficult to recognise these cues.
If you can’t read others’ emotional state, your ability to empathise with them may be compromised. Likewise, if your mask is hiding your emotional state, others may not be able to empathise with you. Wearing a mask can also make you feel more distracted and self-conscious, further weakening your connection to others.
Fortunately, you can regain some control over communication by working with what you have left — the eyes. If you want to get a better understanding of a masked individual, you should look him in the eye, which may be easier said than done. Eye contact generates self-consciousness, consumes extra brain power and becomes uncomfortable after only three seconds. But bear in mind that eye contact can also make you appear more intelligent and trustworthy.
You might be surprised at how much information is conveyed by the body itself. For instance, when someone is happy, they stand up straighter; when they are sad, they drop their heads; when they are angry, their whole bodies tense up. Learning how people use their bodies to convey their emotions may help reduce the uncertainty you feel when communicating with someone wearing a mask.
Become aware of your own body language, too. When engaged in a conversation, you can appear more attentive by turning your body towards the individual, leaning forwards or nodding. To let another person know you want to start speaking, straighten your posture, or nod more frequently. Finally, remember that imitating the posture of another person can increase how much they like you and even make them agree with you.
By all means, continue the proper measures to keep yourself safe, but don’t neglect your relationships as a consequence. Social distance doesn’t have to mean socially distant.
1．What will happen if you wear a mask
A．Your fear won’t be known by others. B．Others will have difficulty understanding you.
C．You will lose the ability to empathise with others. D．Others won’t focus on your face.
2．Why is eye contact difficult
A．It may lead to misunderstanding. B．It requires more brain power.
C．It may cause people to believe you less. D．It will result in social distance.
3．What do Paragraph 4 and Paragraph 5 mainly talk about
A．Body language is a double-edged sword. B．Body language can convey shocking information.
C．We should make good use of body language. D．Be careful with your body language when talking.
4．What is the best title for this passage
A．How Do People Use Their Bodies to Convey Emotions
B．Facial Expressions — The Primary Way of Human Connection
C．Which Is the Best — Facial Expressions, Eye Contact or Body Language
D．How Do We Keep Socially Distant to Keep Ourselves Safe
【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了当人们戴着口罩无法识别对方的面部表情时，如何利用眼神交流和肢体语言进行沟通。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段“Likewise, if your mask is hiding your emotional state, others may not be able to empathise with you.(同样地，如果你的表情面具掩盖了你的真实情绪状态，那么其他人可能就无法理解你的感受了)”可知，如果你戴上口罩，其他人可能会很难理解你。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段“Eye contact generates self-consciousness, consumes extra brain power and becomes uncomfortable after only three seconds.(目光接触会让人产生自我意识，会耗费额外的脑力，并且仅仅持续三秒钟后就会让人感到不适)”可知，眼神交流很困难的原因是它需要消耗更多的脑力。故选B。
3．主旨大意题。根据第四段“You might be surprised at how much information is conveyed by the body itself.(你可能会惊讶地发现，身体本身所传递的信息竟如此之多)”以及第五段“Become aware of your own body language, too.(也要留意自己的肢体语言)”可知，第四段主要讲了肢体语言传达信息的能力，第五段主要讲了人们要注意自己的肢体语言。由此可知，第四段和第五段主要讲了我们应该充分利用肢体语言。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Facial expressions are the primary way people exhibit their emotions and read the feelings of others. Happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise can be communicated through facial expressions alone. But when part of the face is masked, it becomes more difficult to recognise these cues.(面部表情是人们表达自身情绪以及解读他人情感的主要方式。喜悦、悲伤、厌恶、恐惧和惊讶等情绪都可以通过面部表情来传达。但当面部的一部分被遮挡时，就更难以识别这些表情信号了)”以及文章主要介绍了当人们戴着口罩无法识别对方的面部表情时，如何利用眼神交流和肢体语言进行沟通。故A项“人们如何用他们的身体来传达情感 ”最适合作为文章标题。故选A。
Passage 2
People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.
Rachael Jack, University of Glasgow researcher, said that rather than scanning evenly across a face as Westerners do, Easterners fix their attention on the eyes.
“We show that Easterners and Westerners look at different face features to read facial expressions,” Jack said. “Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure,whereas Easterners favor the eyes and overlook the mouth.”
According to Jack and her colleagues, the discovery shows that human communication of emotion is more complex than previously believed. As a result, facial expressions that had been considered universally recognizable cannot be used to reliably convey emotion in cross-cultural situations.
The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted (厌恶的), angry, or neutral (中性的). They compared how Accurately participants read those facial expressions using their particular eye movement strategies.
It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did. “The cultural difference in eye movements that they show is probably a reflection of cultural difference in facial expressions,” Jack said. “Our data suggest that whereas Westerners use the whole face to convey emotion, Easterners use the eyes more and mouth less.”
In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion. From here on, examining how cultural factors have diversified (多样化) these basic social skills will help our understanding of human emotion. Otherwise, when it comes to communicating emotions across cultures, Easterners and Westerners will find themselves lost in translation.
5．The discovery shows that Westerners ________.
A．consider facial expressions universally reliable
B．pay equal attention to the eyes and the mouth
C．observe the eyes and the mouth in different ways
D．have more difficulty in recognizing facial expressions
6．What were the people asked to do in the study
A．To make a face at each other.
B．To get their faces impressive.
C．To classify some face pictures.
D．To observe the researchers' faces.
7．In comparison with Westerners, Easterners are likely to ________.
A．examine the eyes more attentively B．study the mouth more frequently
C．perform translation more successfully D．read facial expressions more correctly
8．What key weakness might critics highlight about the study’s design
A．Dependence on subjective emotion categorization.
B．Use of posed photos instead of natural expressions.
C．Lack of more diverse American cultural groups.
D．Failure to track eye movements during observation.
9．What can be the best title for the passage
A．The Eye as the Window to the Soul
B．Cultural Differences in Reading Emotions
C．Effective Methods to Develop Social Skills
D．How to Increase Cross-cultural Understanding
【答案】5．B 6．C 7．A 8．C 9．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍东西方人在识别面部表情时的文化差异及原因，并强调面部表情并非普遍情感信号，跨文化交流易产生误解。
5．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Westerners look at the eyes and the mouth in equal measure, whereas Easterners favor the eyes and overlook the mouth.(西方人对眼睛和嘴巴的关注程度相同，而东方人偏爱眼睛，忽视嘴巴。)”可知，研究发现西方人对眼睛和嘴巴给予同等关注。故选B项。
6．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted, angry, or neutral.(研究人员记录了13名西方白种人和13名东亚人的眼球运动，研究他们在识别面部表情时的文化差异。这些人观察带有表情的面部图片，并将其分类为：快乐、悲伤、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒或中性。)”可知，研究中人们被要求对一些面部图片进行分类。故选C项。
7．细节理解题。根据第六段中的“It turned out that Easterners focused much greater attention on the eyes and made significantly more errors than Westerners did.(结果表明，东方人更关注眼睛，而且比西方人犯的错误多得多。)”可知，与西方人相比，东方人可能更专注地观察眼睛。故选A项。
8．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“The researchers studied cultural differences in the recognition of facial expressions by recording the eye movements of 13 Western Caucasian and 13 East Asian people while they observed pictures of expressive faces and put them into categories: happy, sad, surprised, fearful, disgusted (厌恶的), angry, or neutral (中性的). (研究人员记录了13名西方白种人和13名东亚人的眼球运动，研究他们在识别面部表情时的文化差异。这些人观察带有表情的面部图片，并将其分类为：快乐、悲伤、惊讶、恐惧、厌恶、愤怒或中性。)”可知，研究仅选取了西方白种人和东亚人，缺乏更多元化的美国文化群体，这可能是批评者会强调的研究设计的主要缺陷。故选C项。
9．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中的“People from East Asia tend to have more difficulty than those from Europe in distinguishing facial expressions — and a new report published online in Current Biology explains why.(东亚人往往比欧洲人更难区分面部表情——《当代生物学》在线发表的一份新报告解释了原因。)”及最后一段中的“In short, the data show that facial expressions are not universal signals of human emotion.(简而言之，数据表明面部表情并不是人类情感的通用信号。)”可知，本文主要介绍了在解读情感方面存在的文化差异，因此“解读情感的文化差异”可以概括文章主题，最适合作为文章标题。故选B项。
Passage 3
Modern research on body language — often called nonverbal behavior — began in the 1960s and 1970s with studies that aimed to demonstrate the universality (普遍性) of facial expressions of emotion. That work was inspired, in part, by Charles Darwin’s study “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).” But it had received little attention for around a century, according to nonverbal communication expert David Matsumoto.
Then modern researchers examined how the brain reacts to facial expressions, and how babies copy facial and hand gestures. And scientists have also realized the complexity of body language.
Much research has suggested that body language is often hard to interpret, or understand. But for years some advisers and experts have been using their knowledge in many practical areas.
“I help people influence and persuade others around how trustworthy and credible (可信的) their message is by helping them with their specific nonverbal communication,” said Mark Bowden. He is the author of “Winning Body Language”, a guide for readers including business people and famous people. He focuses on where a person faces their body and how much space they take up, as well as their gestures.
Some experts also say they can use those signals to interpret hidden emotions. Joe Navarro is the author of “What Every Body Is Saying.” It is a book about reading a person’s mind from their nonverbal behavior. It’s easy to spot a speaker’s lip movements when he faces a question he doesn’t like, Joe said.
While the work of these experts attracts large audiences, many scientists are unsure whether their methods are reliable. “Our facial expressions show certain types of emotional states,” Matsumoto said. So do some body movements. But “people do all kinds of things with their bodies,” he said. Your raised eyebrow could express doubt — but it might also signal discomfort or surprise. The same hand gesture could mean different things in different cultures, he said.
10．What role did Charles Darwin’s study play according to paragraph 1
A．It unlocked the secret of the human mind.
B．It promoted the development of human language.
C．It encouraged people to care more about animals.
D．It helped start modern research on body language.
11．What can we infer about Mark Bowden
A．He gives advice on business language.
B．He teaches people about body language.
C．He focuses mainly on facial expressions.
D．He pays more attention to spoken language.
12．According to the passage, Joe Navarro’s book helps readers to ______.
A．improve their public speaking skills
B．understand cultural differences in gestures.
C．detect hidden emotions through body language.
D．increase their charm in communication.
13．Which of the following statements is true according to the passage
A．Body language is more reliable than spoken language.
B．Modern research has fully understood body language.
C．Scientists are cautious about the reliability of body language interpretation.
D．Experts have successfully applied body language in practical areas.
【答案】10．D 11．B 12．C 13．C
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍现代肢体语言研究的发展及专家观点。
10．细节理解题。根据第一段“Modern research on body language — often called nonverbal behavior — began in the 1960s and 1970s with studies that aimed to demonstrate the universality (普遍性) of facial expressions of emotion. That work was inspired, in part, by Charles Darwin’s study “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872).” (关于肢体语言 (通常被称为非语言行为) 的现代研究始于20世纪60至70年代，这些研究旨在证明面部表情所表达情感的普遍性。这项研究在一定程度上受到了Charles Darwin所著的《人类和动物的情感表达》 (1872年) 的启发。)”可知，达尔文的研究启发了现代肢体语言研究，推动其起步。故选D。
11．推理判断题。根据第四段““I help people influence and persuade others around how trustworthy and credible (可信的) their message is by helping them with their specific nonverbal communication,” said Mark Bowden. (Mark Bowden说：“我通过帮助人们掌握特定的非语言沟通方式，让他们在传达信息时显得更值得信赖和可信，从而影响和说服他人。”)”及“He is the author of “Winning Body Language”, a guide for readers including business people and famous people. (他是《赢在肢体语言》一书的作者，这本书是为包括商务人士和名人在内的读者提供指导的指南)”可知，Mark Bowden通过书籍和实践指导人们使用肢体语言，可推断他从事相关教学。故选B。
12．细节理解题。根据第五段“It is a book about reading a person’s mind from their nonverbal behavior. (这是一本关于通过非语言行为解读一个人内心想法的书)”可知，Joe Navarro的书教读者通过肢体语言解读隐藏情绪。故选C。
13．细节理解题。根据最后一段“While the work of these experts attracts large audiences, many scientists are unsure whether their methods are reliable. (尽管这些专家的研究吸引了大量受众，但许多科学家并不确定他们的方法是否可靠)”可知，科学家对肢体语言解读的可靠性持谨慎态度。故选C。
Passage 4
A new study from Nottingham Trent University (NTU) indicates that people who are more facially expressive are generally more likable and socially successful. The research, which analyzed over 1,500 natural conversations, suggests that complex facial muscle movements can strengthen social bonds and improve social interactions.
In the initial phase, researchers engaged with 52 participants in video calls designed to get a range of everyday situations, such as humor, embarrassment and conflict. The participants were further challenged to maintain a still face while their partners attempted to stimulate movement, testing their ability to control facial expressions.
Following these interactions, the participants recorded short videos, where they aimed to achieve specific social goals, like disagreeing with someone but without being disliked. These clips of videos were then rated by over 170 independent observers, assessing the readability of the emotions and expressions displayed.
The researchers applied the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), a method for measuring facial muscle activity, to evaluate each participant’s expressivity (表现能力). Afterwards, the study extended to analyze an existing database of natural video conversations between 1,456 strangers, where the participants rated their conversational partners’ likability. The study revealed that individuals who were more expressive were more likable by both independent observers and their conversation partners. Additionally, these expressive individuals were easier to read and more skillful at using facial behaviors to achieve their social goals.
“This is a study to examine facial expression in real-world interactions,” said the study’s lead author, Eithne Kavanagh. “Our evidence shows that facial expressivity is related to positive social outcomes. It suggests that more expressive people are more successful at attracting social partners and building relationships. It also could be important in conflict resolution.” The research highlights the significant role which facial expressions play in successful social interactions.
14．How did the researchers examine the participants’ ability to control facial expressions
A．By asking them to make complex facial muscle movements.
B．By asking them to watch humorous videos and keep a still face.
C．By having them use facial behaviors to achieve their social goals.
D．By having their partners try to make them produce facial movements.
15．What were the participants asked to do after the first stage
A．Rate the videos of other participants. B．Engage in further social interactions.
C．Assess the readability of their own emotions. D．Record short videos under specific conditions.
16．What can we learn about the FACS
A．It is a tool to assess facial muscle activity. B．It decides the social success of individuals.
C．It improves the likability of facial expressions. D．It is a method for promoting participants’ likability.
17．What can be the best title for the text
A．FACS: A New Method for Social Science B．Facial Expressions: Important for Social Success
C．The Development of Facial Muscle Movements D．The Way to Be Likable and Socially Successful
【答案】14．D 15．D 16．A 17．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现复杂的面部肌肉运动可以加强社会联系，改善社会互动。解释了研究开展的经过以及研究的意义。
14．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The participants were further challenged to maintain a still face while their partners attempted to stimulate movement, testing their ability to control facial expressions.(参与者还被要求在他们的伴侣试图刺激运动时保持面部静止，以测试他们控制面部表情的能力)”可知，研究人员让他们的伴侣试着让他们做出面部动作检测参与者控制面部表情的能力。故选D。
15．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Following these interactions, the participants recorded short videos, where they aimed to achieve specific social goals, like disagreeing with someone but without being disliked.(在这些互动之后，参与者录制了短视频，他们的目的是实现特定的社交目标，比如不同意某人的观点，但不被讨厌)”可知，在第一阶段之后，参与者被要求在特定条件下录制短视频。故选D。
16．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“The researchers applied the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), a method for measuring facial muscle activity, to evaluate each participant’s expressivity (表现能力).(研究人员使用面部动作编码系统（FACS），一种测量面部肌肉活动的方法，来评估每个参与者的表达能力)”可知，FACS是一种评估面部肌肉活动的工具。故选A。
17．主旨大意题。根据第一段“A new study from Nottingham Trent University (NTU) indicates that people who are more facially expressive are generally more likable and socially successful. The research, which analyzed over 1,500 natural conversations, suggests that complex facial muscle movements can strengthen social bonds and improve social interactions.(诺丁汉特伦特大学的一项新研究表明，面部表情更丰富的人通常更讨人喜欢，在社交上也更成功。这项研究分析了1500多段自然对话，表明复杂的面部肌肉运动可以加强社会联系，改善社会互动)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现复杂的面部肌肉运动可以加强社会联系，改善社会互动。解释了研究开展的经过以及研究的意义。可知，B选项“面部表情：对社交成功很重要”最符合文章标题。故选B。
Passage 5
Body language can be a very powerful tool, no matter the size of the audience. Whether it is two people or two hundred people, body language can directly influence how audience members see a speaker or respond to what is being said. Body language has the power to influence the audience’s feelings and even change minds. Therefore, it is always important to be mindful of the “saying” when engaging with different audiences.
Within interpersonal exchanges, body language can contain many different emotions or signals. By ensuring that a person’s body language is “consistent” with their emotional state, someone can create a safe environment for conversation to happen. If one’s body language is inconsistent with their emotional state, this might leave an audience feeling uncomfortable, put off, or on edge. They won’t know what to expect from that person.
For example, a person might want to make a listener feel “comfortable” and “laid back” during a conversation. If this is the goal, they will avoid having “closed-off” or “unfriendly” body language, such as avoiding eye contact or crossing their arms. To make somebody feel more comfortable within a conversation, someone should focus on being “open” with their posture (姿势). They should relax their face and make sure to hold the listener’s attention and face the listener in an “open” position (e.g. with arms at their sides and slightly leaning (倾斜) towards the listener).
More importantly, body language can influence whether or not an audience feels confident or trusting of a speaker’s expertise. If a speaker’s body language comes across as being “nervous” or “hesitant”, then an audience might not take what they are saying seriously or be less likely to believe them or find them credible.
In summary, body language plays a key role in speaking. Effective use of body language can also enhance the speaker’s message and engage the audience. On the contrary, poor body language can detract from (影响) the speaker’s message and create a passive impression. Therefore, it is essential for speakers to pay attention to their body language and use it to their advantage when delivering a speech.
18．What does the underlined words “the ‘saying’” in paragraph 1 refer to
A．Making a speech. B．A response. C．Body language. D．An inner voice.
19．What should persons do to create a sense of safety for a conversation
A．Have lower expectations of their audience.
B．Keep their body language true to their feelings.
C．Remain emotionally consistent with the audience.
D．Avoid exposing their inner emotions to the audience.
20．What might the act of crossing one’s arms lead to according to the text
A．Relaxation. B．Optimism. C．Tension. D．Doubt.
21．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text
A．To offer suggestions on delivering a speech. B．To show the benefits of using body language.
C．To point out improper types of body language. D．To remind us to be careful with body language.
【答案】18．C 19．B 20．C 21．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了肢体语言在交流中的重要性。
18．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Body language has the power to influence the audience’s feelings and even change minds.(肢体语言能够影响听众的感受，甚至改变他们的想法。)”可知，画线部分“the “saying””指代肢体语言。故选C。
19．细节理解题。根据第二段中“By ensuring that a person’s body language is “consistent” with their emotional state, someone can create a safe environment for conversation to happen.(通过确保一个人的肢体语言与他们的情绪状态“一致”，就可以为谈话创造一个安全的环境。)”可知，如果想要为对话营造一种安全感，那么说话的人的肢体语言应该忠实于他们的情感状态。故选B。
20．推理判断题。根据第三段中“For example, a person might want to make a listener feel “comfortable” and “laid back” during a conversation. If this is the goal, they will avoid having “closed-off” or “unfriendly” body language, such as avoiding eye contact or crossing their arms.(例如，一个人可能想让听者在谈话中感到“舒适”和“悠闲”。如果这是目标，他们会避免“封闭”或“不友好”的肢体语言，比如避免眼神交流或交叉双臂。)”可知，交叉手臂可能会导致紧张气氛。故选C。
21．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“Therefore, it is always important to be mindful of the “saying” when engaging with different audiences.(因此，在与不同的观众互动时，注意“说法”总是很重要的。)”和最后一段“In summary, body language plays a key role in speaking. Effective use of body language can also enhance the speaker’s message and engage the audience. On the contrary, poor body language can detract from (影响) the speaker’s message and create a passive impression. Therefore, it is essential for speakers to pay attention to their body language and use it to their advantage when delivering a speech.(总之，肢体语言在讲话中起着关键作用。有效地使用肢体语言也可以增强演讲者的信息并吸引听众。相反，拙劣的肢体语言会分散说话人的信息，给人一种被动的印象。因此，演讲者必须注意自己的肢体语言，并在演讲时利用它来发挥自己的优势。)”可知，作者写这篇文章旨在提醒我们要注意正确使用肢体语言。故选D。