第二部分 语法通关--2026人教河南版中考英语专题练（教师版＋学生版）

中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2026人教河南版中考英语专题
第二部分 语法通关
专题一 名词
考情分析
说明：通过研习河南近5年中考真题，归纳出中考对语法专题各考点的具体命题规律及考查角度。
考点 考向
名词的辨析 词义辨析
名词的数 ①可数名词单数、可数名词复数（-s/-es/不规则变化）②不可数名词
名词所有格 ①-'s/-'所有格 ②of所有格 ③双重所有格
名词的用法及构词法 ①作主语、作宾语、作表语 ②动词→名词；形容词→名词；名词→名词
考点讲练
考点1名 词的数
名词按其是否可以计数分为可数名词和不可数名词。
一、可数名词
可数名词，单数和复数两种形式。单数可数名词前一般有限定词，如冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格等；单数可数名词变为复数形式会有一定的规则。
1.单数可数名词变复数的规则变化
规则 示例
一般情况在词尾加-s mistake—mistakes, customer—customers, place—places
以s, x, sh, ch结尾，在词尾加-es class—classes, box—boxes, wish—wishes, watch—watches 特例：stomach—stomachs
以y结尾 “元音字母+y”，在词尾加-s boy—boys, toy—toys, way—ways
“辅音字母+y”，把y变为i，再加-es city—cities, family—families, activity—activities
以f或fe结尾，一般把f或fe变为v，再加-es leaf—leaves, wolf—wolves, knife—knives
以o结尾 有生命的，在词尾加-es potato—potatoes, tomato—tomatoes, hero—heroes 特例：kangaroo—kangaroos
无生命的，在词尾加-s radio—radios, piano—pianos, zoo—zoos,photo—photos
2.可数名词复数的特殊形式
形式 示例
单数变复数时元音字母变化 foot—feet, tooth—teeth, man—men, woman—women, Englishman—Englishmen, Frenchman—Frenchmen
单复数同形 fish（鱼）, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
只用复数形式 glasses（眼镜）， scissors， trousers, pants, goods （商品）
本身表示复数意义 people（人们）, police（警察）, cattle（牛）
二、不可数名词
物质名词（无法区分个体的物质和材料）和抽象名词（抽象概念）一般为不可数名词。
1.初中阶段常见的不可数名词
类别 示例
物质名词 饮食类： milk, water, tea, coffee, soup, juice, meat, beef, pork, rice, bread, salt, cheese, butter
材料及物品类： glass, plastic, cotton, silk, wood, money, silver, gold, furniture（家具）, equipment（设备）, litter（垃圾）, chess
自然类： air, light, rain, snow, fire, wind, ice, electricity
抽象名词 学科类： Chinese, math, English, music, history, science
信息类： news（新闻;消息）, advice（建议）, information（信息）, knowledge（知识）, truth（真相）
感受类： surprise（惊讶）, fun（快乐）, happiness（幸福）, peace（安静;和平）, luck（幸运）, love（爱）
行为类： work（工作）, exercise（锻炼）, attention（注意）, control（控制）, help（帮助）, research（研究）, trust（信任）
日常类： time（时间）, health（健康）, safety（安全）, homework, housework（家务）, traffic（交通）, progress（进展）, courage（勇气）, success（成功）
注意 ①一些单词一般用作不可数名词，但强调种类时是可数名词。如：fruit—fruits， food—foods。
②vegetable虽是物质名词，但常被用作可数名词。
2.不可数名词的“量”的表达
不可数名词一般不能用数来计算,它们既没有单复数变化,也不能和a/an连用。如果要表达数量的多少,常用“表示数量的词+单位词+of+不可数名词”。此结构中，数量决定单位词的单复数形式。如：a glass of water （一杯水）、a piece of news （一则新闻）、three pieces of advice （三条建议）、many bags of gold（许多袋金子）。
三、兼作可数名词与不可数名词的词
一些词既是可数名词又是不可数名词，作可数名词与不可数名词时，表达的意思不同。如下表：
不可数 可数 不可数 可数
agreement同意 （an） agreement （一个）协议 room空间；余地 （a） room （一个）房间
charity慈善 （a） charity （一个）慈善机构 success成功 （a） success （一个/一件）成功的人或事
experience经验 （an） experience （一次）经历 space空间；太空 （a） space （一个）空隙/空子
glass玻璃 （a） glass （一个）玻璃杯 time时间 times次数
kindness仁慈 （a） kindness （一个）友好的举动 wonder惊奇 （a） wonder （一个）奇观
paper纸 papers试卷;报纸;论文 worry担心 （a） worry （一件）令人担忧的事
pity同情 （a） pity （一件）遗憾的事 work工作 （a） work （一个）著作；作品
orange 橙汁 （an） orange （一个）橙子 exercise 锻炼 （an） exercise （一次）训练活动；练习
fish 鱼肉 fishes 鱼 chicken 鸡肉 chickens 鸡
四、名词的量的修饰语
类别 示例
修饰可数名词 单数 a/an/one, this, that, every/each, first/second等序数词
复数 few, a few, several, these, those, both, many, a couple of, a number of, two/three等大于1的基数词
修饰不可数名词 little, a little, much, a bit of, a large amount of
既能修饰可数名词复数，又能修饰不可数名词 some, any, a lot of/lots of/plenty of, most, all， the rest of（其余的）
注意 “one/either/both/neither+of ”后跟可数名词复数。如：one of the problems、either of the books。
夯基专练 考点1
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．When Mr. Zhao got to my desk, he looked at my picture and said, “Wow! I like those bright _ _ _ _ _ _ （color）! They're great!”
[答案]colors
2．Now there are tigers of different _ _ _ _ （size） and the largest can be over two meters tall.
[答案]sizes
3．It took us three _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （weekend） to do online searching, visit the bridges, interview the local people and make the leaflet.
[答案]weekends
4．Some of my _ _ _ _ _ _ （hero） are real people, and some are from stories.
[答案]heroes
5．When I face difficulties in my studies, my teacher always offers some _ _ _ _ _ _ （advice） on how to learn English.
[答案]advice
6．In these _ _ _ _ _ _ （garden）, each plant has its own story.
[答案]gardens
7．The Truffauts helped her a lot and treated her like part of the family. They played _ _ _ _ （game） and shared traditional food with her.
[答案]games
8．To complete the handicraft project, I need two_ _ _ _ _ _ （piece） of paper to draw on.
[答案]pieces
9．The product can meet the needs of parents and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （child）.
[答案]children
10．Hurricanes （飓风） can be strong enough to break _ _ _ _ _ _ （window） into pieces.
[答案]windows
11．First, heat the pots and tea cups with warm water. Then, put some tea _ _ _ _ _ _ （leaf） into the teapot. Next, pour hot water from a specific height.
[答案]leaves
12．For _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （century）, Western medicine paid little attention to traditional Chinese medicine.
[答案]centuries
13．People had rebuilt the bridge many_ _ _ _ （time）, but it was still washed away over and over again.
[答案]times
14．The sun disappears for months in the northernmost part of the country. People have to wear very heavy_ _ _ _ （coat） to keep warm.
[答案]coats
15．Do you know Stonehenge It's one of Britain's most famous historical _ _ _ _ _ _ （place）.
[答案]places
16．“The historical relics（遗迹） in China's ancient _ _ _ _ _ _ （city） have made me want to learn more about the country's past,” Mohammed said.
[答案]cities
考点2名 词所有格
名词所有格主要表示名词与名词之间的关系，即被修饰的名词与修饰它的名词之间的所属关系。具体形式如下图：
夯基专练 考点2
盲填或用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．We offered to look after our_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （neighbor） dog when she was away.
[答案]neighbor's
2．I1 spent one _ _ _ _ _ _ （night） time making a video Mei Lanfang and His Hometown to take part in the “Tell China's Stories” contest.
[答案]night's
3．Three years ago, I paid a visit to my _ _ _ _ _ _
（uncle） home in Sydney.
[答案]uncle's
4．A friend _ _ _ _ mine invited me to his birthday party this weekend.
[答案]of
5．Later, with other _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （people） help, he cheered up and made a living by making shoes.
[答案]people's
6．_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （Tony and Peter） father is a pilot. He has been to many countries.
[答案]Tony and Peter's
考点3 名词的用法及构词法
一、名词的用法
功能 位置 示例
作主语 用于动词之前，即n.+make/have/is/are/... Scientists developed a way to read minds.
作宾语 用于动词或介词后，即make/have/for/of/about/with/...+n. Never meet strangers we know online. I feel so proud of our country.
作表语 用于系动词后，即be/become/keep/...+n. Cassie wants to be a designer when she grows up.
二、名词构词法变形归类
1．动词→名词
后缀 例词
-er/-or report—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , act—_ _ _ _ , visit—_ _ _ _ _ _ , invent—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , compete—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ion protect—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , suggest—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , pollute—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , communicate—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , prepare—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , imagine—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , invite—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , pronounce—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , decide—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ment agree—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , improve—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , develop—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , achieve—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , manage—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , argue—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , encourage—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ance/-ence perform—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , appear—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , depend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ing feel—_ _ _ _ _ _ , train—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , begin—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
其他 die—_ _ _ _ , fly—_ _ _ _ _ _ , choose—_ _ _ _ _ _ , weigh—_ _ _ _ _ _ , discover—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , succeed—_ _ _ _ _ _ , advise—_ _ _ _ _ _ , fail—_ _ _ _ _ _ , press—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , serve—_ _ _ _ _ _
[答案]reporter； actor； visitor； inventor； competitor； protection； suggestion； pollution； communication； preparation； imagination； invitation； pronunciation； decision； agreement； improvement； development； achievement； management； argument； encouragement； performance;； appearance； dependence； feeling； training； beginning； death； flight； choice； weight； discovery； success； advice； failure； pressure； service
2．形容词→名词
后缀 例词
-y/-ty/-ity difficult—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , honest—_ _ _ _ _ _ , safe—_ _ _ _ _ _ , electric—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , creative—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , able—_ _ _ _ _ _ , responsible—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ness shy—_ _ _ _ _ _ , sad—_ _ _ _ _ _ , kind—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ance/-ence different—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , important—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , silent—_ _ _ _ _ _ , patient—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-th true—_ _ _ _
-er teenage—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , strange—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
其他 high—_ _ _ _ _ _ , wise—_ _ _ _ _ _ , free—_ _ _ _ _ _
[答案]difficulty； honesty； safety； electricity； creativity； ability； responsibility； shyness； sadness； kindness； difference； importance； silence； patience； truth； teenager； stranger； height； wisdom； freedom
3．名词→名词
后缀 例词
-an/-ian Europe—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , India—_ _ _ _ _ _ , music—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ist art—_ _ _ _ _ _ , tour—_ _ _ _ _ _ , piano—_ _ _ _ _ _ , science—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ship friend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , relation—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-hood child—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , neighbor—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-er office—_ _ _ _ _ _ , village—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
[答案]European； Indian； musician； artist； tourist； pianist； scientist； friendship； relationship； childhood； neighborhood； officer； villager
易错提示 用名词填空时，在转换成恰当的名词后，还需要注意是否要用复数形式或名词所有格。
夯基专练 考点3
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．After a two-week training, I became more skilled and got closer to them day by day. I also got much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （please） when playing with them.
[答案]pleasure
2．—What did you do in class this morning, Sally
—We had a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （discuss） about Chinese culture.
[答案]discussion
3．Amy is my best friend. She's always there to be a good _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （listen）.
[答案]listener
4．He draws a picture beside the poem to help show the _ _ _ _ _ _ （mean） of the Chinese poem.
[答案]meaning
5．When Dave goes back home from school, his dog always greets him at the door with_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （excite）.
[答案]excitement
6．The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （connect） between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
[答案]connection
7．There aren't any _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （different） between the teen mode and the normal mode in some apps.
[答案]differences
8．“There is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （possible） that a lot of communication is happening,” Professor Hadany said, “because other plants can probably hear
the call of the stressed plants.”
[答案]possibility
9．“Don't you like it, Danny ”our teacher Mr. Sims asked with_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （kind）.
[答案]kindness
10．Tourists can see many Western-style _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （build） at Shanghai Disney Resort.
[答案]buildings
11．The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （invent） of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper-cutting, but it was very useful in our daily life.
[答案]invention
考题集训
一、从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填空。每词限用一次。
fish mouse photo university sheep foreign
1．More and more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are showing interest in traditional Chinese culture.
2．The _ _ _ _ _ _ taken by the young photographer during his trip to Xizang are really amazing.
3．Look! There are three _ _ _ _ in the river. They're swimming in circles.
4．There are many _ _ _ _ on the farm, and the farmer feeds them fresh grass every morning.
5．The cat is running after two _ _ _ _ like crazy in the garden.
6．The number of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in this area is increasing because of the new educational policy.
[答案]
1．foreigners
2．photos
3．fish
4．sheep
5．mice
6．universities
[解析]
3．fish作“鱼”讲，单复数同形。
difference safe habit leader voice season
7．There are many _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between the twins. For example, one is shy, but the other is outgoing.
8．As a _ _ _ _ _ _ of a team, you need to plan well and make decisions carefully.
9．It is a good _ _ _ _ to do some reading before you go to bed every day.
10．Of all _ _ _ _ _ _ , I love spring best because everything comes back to life.
11．Don't speak loudly on the bus. You should keep your _ _ _ _ down.
12．For your own _ _ _ _ _ _ , please do not smoke inside the plane.
[答案]
7．differences
8．leader
9．habit
10．seasons
11．voice
12．safety
二、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．As we all know, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （child） Day is on June 1st, _ _ _ _ _ _ （woman） Day is on March 8th and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （teacher） Day is on September 10th.
[答案]Children's； Women's； Teachers'
2．Doctors remind us to care for our _ _ _ _ （tooth） and eyes.
[答案]teeth
3．_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （factory） and vehicles release lots of harmful _ _ _ _ （gas）, which not only make the air dirty but also cause acid rain（酸雨）.
[答案]Factories； gases
4．The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （man worker） in the factory are all very hard-working.
[答案]men workers
5．On the table, there are fresh _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （tomato）. There are quite a lot of them, red and shiny, waiting to be used in our delicious _ _ _ _ _ _ （dish）. Next to the tomatoes are piles of green _ _ _ _ _ _ （leaf）.
[答案]tomatoes； dishes； leaves
6．Everyone handled the two _ _ _ _ _ _ （knife） carefully to avoid getting hurt.
[答案]knives
7．Meanwhile, the company invited five _ _ _ _ （man） and three _ _ _ _ （woman） to discuss the new project.
[答案]men； women
8．_ _ _ _ _ _ （German） are known for loving drinking beer, while _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （Englishman） often drink tea in the afternoon.
[答案]Germans； Englishmen
三、完形填空微语篇。
[2025河南省实验中学三模·改编]Last week, I found myself in a difficult situation with my new 1 . He was a college student who had just moved in across the street and brought a ping-pong table with him. He put it in the grassland for public use and it soon became a favorite place for many in the 2 .
However, in the following days, the 3 from the games never stopped. Whenever there was a game, the crowd cheered loudly, and the noise nearly drove me mad. I went to the boy's house and told him that the 4 had to go, but he didn't take it well. He asked who I was and why I was telling him what to do.
“A neighbour who is bothered by your table!” I shouted at him.
My husband pulled me away. At home, I sat on the sofa, still feeling angry. Suddenly, a 5 on the wall came into view. It was taken at my college graduation ceremony. Seeing it brought back a flood of memories. I remembered my own college days, filled with cheers and adventures. How could I be so “cruel” to the young
The next morning, after waking up, I decided to make an apology first. As some dough on the kitchen table caught my 6 , an idea flashed into my mind: Why not bake some sugar cookies
When I stood in front of his door, what I had said echoed（回响） in my mind. I took several deep 7 and knocked. The following seconds seemed like years for me. When the door finally opened, there was a surprised look on the boy's 8 .
“Hi... I think... I've done something really awful,” I apologized, with my face turning red. “I hope you can accept these...”
I handed him the plate of cookies. He looked at the 9 and then at me.
“How do you know I'm hungry now This is the best snack!” He picked one up and took a bite. But the empty pizza box on his table and sauce on his mouth showed he had already had enough for lunch. Finally, we agreed to start over.
Today, when I passed by the grassland, to my surprise, the ping-pong table was gone. When I got home, I found a box of chocolates in front of the door, with a 10 on it which read, “Enjoy my honest apology!”
1．A. friend B. neighbour C. classmate D. cousin
2．A. school B. city C. community D. center
3．A. sound B. smell C. noise D. picture
4．A. table B. ball C. game D. bat
5．A. map B. book C. newspaper D. picture
6．A. arm B. attention C. head D. hand
7．A. breaths B. photos C. breaks D. turns
8．A. face B. mind C. back D. clothes
9．A. ice-creams B. dishes C. cookies D. dumplings
10．A. letter B. note C. notice D. paper
[答案]
1．B
2．C
3．C
4．A
5．D
6．B
7．A
8．A
9．C
10．B
四、语篇填空第一节。2025河师大附中一模·改编
friend difficult advice activity world happy life month wish attention
1. later, you will go into a new environment. When you step into a new environment, you must have a strong 2. to fit in. Fitting in means you want to make more friends and get more chances to live a happier 3. . Here is some 4. that can help you.
Be confident. Confidence attracts most people. Everyone is special and there is only one person like you in this 5. . Spend some time thinking about your strong points. In this way, you will be able to build up confidence step by step. You won't have much 6. fitting in.
Be kind to everyone. Kindness is the bridge to your own 7. . When people notice your kindness, they will return it one day. Always give more than you receive, and think more of others than of yourself. A person who cares for others is popular everywhere. Be active in group 8. . Different kinds of activities like playing football can help you get to know others. You may add more friends to your circle. At the same time, you'll be amazed to see how much they like you. Instead of being alone to waste time, go out to dance and sing together with others to develop 9. .
Be optimistic（乐观的）. Optimism makes both you and others feel pleased. It makes a good first impression. A pleasant smile costs the least and does the most. Humor catches others' 10. as well. People will like you for making them feel happy.
[答案]
1．Months
2．wish
3．life
4．advice
5．world
6．difficulty
7．happiness
8．activities
9．friendship（s）
10．attention
[解析]
6．have difficulty （in） doing sth.是固定结构，意为“做某事有困难”。
专题二 形容词和副词
考情分析
考点 考向
形容词和副词的辨析 词义辨析
形容词和副词的比较等级 ①原级：as+adj./adv.+as、not+so/as+adj./adv.+as ②比较级：比较级+than、the+比较级， the+比较级、比较级+and+比较级等结构 ③最高级：最高级+...+in/of/among...、one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数等结构
形容词的用法和构词法 ①作定语修饰名词；作表语，用于系动词后；修饰复合不定代词时后置 ②动词→形容词；名词→形容词；形容词的否定前缀
副词的分类、用法和构词法 ①方式副词、频度副词、时间副词、地点副词、程度副词和疑问副词/词组 ②副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和句子 ③形容词→副词
考点讲练
考点1 形容词和副词的比较等级
一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成
1.规则变化
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和部分双音节词 一般在词尾加-er或-est fast faster fastest
near nearer nearest
以字母e结尾的词，在词尾加-r或-st late later latest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先把y变成i，再加-er或-est easy easier easiest
early earlier earliest
重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写该辅音字母，再加-er或-est big hot fat wet thin bigger hotter fatter wetter thinner biggest hottest fattest wettest thinnest
多音节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more或most careful beautiful quickly carefully more careful more beautiful more quickly more carefully most careful most beautiful most quickly most carefully
2.不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级 原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best many/much more most
bad/badly worse worst far farther/further farthest/furthest
little less least
二、形容词和副词的比较等级的常用结构
1.原级的常用结构
结构 含义 示例
as+形容词/副词原形+as 和……一样…… She is as beautiful as her mother. I worked as hard as before.
not+so/as+形容词/副词原形+as 不如……那样…… I can't type so fast as you.
拓展 原级的修饰语
表示程度的副词（quite、very、too、so、enough等）只能修饰形容词和副词原级。
例：He is very tall. She is old enough to drive.
2.比较级的常用结构
结构 含义 示例
比较级+than 比……更…… Cassie's room is bigger than mine. The weather here is hotter than that in Yunnan.
比较级+and+比较级 越来越…… It's getting warmer and warmer.
the+比较级， the+比较级 越……，就越…… The more books you read, the more you know.
Which/What/Who...+比较级, A or B 哪一个/什么/谁更……,A还是B Who plays tennis better, Mike or Sam
the+比较级+of the two... 两者中较……的那一个 Anne is the taller of the two girls.
拓展 比较级的修饰语
much/a lot/even/far/a little/a bit可修饰比较级，放在比较级前面，表程度。
例：It's a bit colder than yesterday. She is much better today.
易错提示 more只能用于构成比较级,不可用于修饰比较级。
3.最高级的常用结构
结构 含义 示例
（the+）最高级（+单数名词）+in/of/among+比较范围 在……中最…… It is the biggest city in China. Soccer is the most popular sport in the country. He could jump （the） farthest of all.
one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数 最……的……之一 He is one of the most popular singers.
sth.+be+the+形容词最高级+名词（+that）+sb.+have/has/had ever+过去分词 某事物是某人所有经历中最……的 He said it was the quietest and most beautiful place he had ever been to.
the+序数词+形容词最高级 第几最……的 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
易错提示 形容词最高级前一般加定冠词the,但其前面有形容词性物主代词（my/his/...）或名词所有格（Lily's/China's/...）时不加the；副词最高级前的the可省略。
夯基专练 考点1
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．Nowadays electric cars give us a much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （smooth） ride than earlier ones.
[答案]smoother
2．We students now use _ _ _ _ （few） throwaway products than before.
[答案]fewer
3．He gave me the _ _ _ _ （good） travel advice I had ever received: “Be like a student on your way around the world.”
[答案]best
4．Smiles and a helping hand can always make people _ _ _ _ _ _ （close） than a language can.
[答案]closer
5．Now, people spend _ _ _ _ （little） time outdoors than before.
[答案]less
6．I thought it was the _ _ _ _ _ _ （nice） cake I had ever eaten. We sang, danced and talked and it was really a great time.
[答案]nicest
7．Brandon Green hopes that his works can help_ _ _ _ （many） Western people know China than before.
[答案]more
8．The Yangtze River is one of the _ _ _ _ _ _ （long） rivers in the world.
[答案]longest
9．After a night's rain, the mountains are much greener and the air is much_ _ _ _ _ _ （fresh）.
[答案]fresher
10．In Spanish, you have to change the verbs （动词） for each person. But my
_ _ _ _ _ _ （big） problem of all is the pronunciation.
[答案]biggest
11．Everyone in class was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （excited） than ever before.
[答案]more excited
12．The _ _ _ _ _ _ （hard） you practise, the greater progress you will make.
[答案]harder
13．—What will the future be like
—Cities will be_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （beautiful）. And there will be more trees.
[答案]more beautiful
14．Many believe that sharks can never be endangered because they are the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （strong） in their food chain.
[答案]strongest
15．Skating with Nathan was certainly a _ _ _ _ _ _ （good） offer than working on the project.
[答案]better
16．—Our class did well in the school singing competition.
—Yes, you sang _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （beautifully） of all.
[答案]most beautifully
17．I had been expecting the chance to fly into space for twenty-five years. It was the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （happy） moment of my life to know that I could be in the mission.
[答案]happiest
18．Among the three actors, Mr. Black is always the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （humorous）.
[答案]most humorous
19．For most of the students, June is always the _ _ _ _ _ _ （busy） month in a year.
[答案]busiest
20．So far, Tech-Help has donated （捐赠）_ _ _ _ （many） than 2,000 smart TV sets to different families across the country.
[答案]more
考点2 形容词的用法和构词法
一、形容词的用法
形容词是用来修饰名词（或代词）的一类词。其功能和位置如下：
功能 位置 示例
作定语 一般位于名词前，起描述、修饰的作用，即adj.+n. The nice girl is my sister.
修饰复合不定代词时，通常后置，即something/anything/nobody/everyone/nothing/...+adj. One day at school, something strange caught Ann's attention.
作表语 位于系动词后，即be/feel/become/keep/...+adj. Don't be afraid. You will feel sleepy if you stay up late.
作宾语补足语 常置于keep、make、think等动词之后作宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质、状态或特征 You must keep your eyes closed.
二、形容词的构词法
1．动词→形容词
前/后缀 例词
-ed/-ing（-ed形容词常用于修饰人，表示“感到……的”;-ing形容词常用于修饰事物，表示“令人感到……的”） relax—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , interest—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , excite—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , disappoint—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , worry—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , amaze—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _
-ive act—_ _ _ _ _ _ , create—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-able enjoy—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , comfort—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , value—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , change—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a- live—_ _ _ _ , sleep—_ _ _ _ _ _ , wake—_ _ _ _
其他 die—_ _ _ _ , depend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
[答案]relaxed； relaxing； interested； interesting； excited； exciting； disappointed； disappointing； worried； worrying； amazed； amazing； active； creative； enjoyable； comfortable； valuable； changeable； alive； asleep； awake； dead； dependent
2．名词→形容词
后缀 例词
-y luck—_ _ _ _ , health—_ _ _ _ _ _ , sleep—_ _ _ _ _ _ , sun—_ _ _ _ , fun—_ _ _ _ , noise—_ _ _ _
-ful success—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , help—_ _ _ _ _ _ , harm—_ _ _ _ _ _ , wonder—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , care—_ _ _ _ _ _
-al person—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , nation—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , nature—_ _ _ _ _ _ , culture—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-less help—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , end—_ _ _ _ _ _ , meaning—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , hope—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , use—_ _ _ _ _ _
-ly friend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , love—_ _ _ _ _ _ , day—_ _ _ _
-ous danger—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , humor—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ern south—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , north—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , east—_ _ _ _ _ _ , west—_ _ _ _ _ _
-ese Japan—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , China—_ _ _ _ _ _
-en wood—_ _ _ _ _ _ , gold—_ _ _ _ _ _
其他 science—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , death—_ _ _ _ , fool—_ _ _ _ _ _ , pleasure—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
[答案]lucky； healthy； sleepy； sunny； funny； noisy； successful； helpful； harmful； wonderful； careful； personal； national； natural； cultural； helpless； endless； meaningless； hopeless； useless； friendly； lovely； daily； dangerous； humorous； southern； northern； eastern； western； Japanese； Chinese； wooden； golden； scientific； dead； foolish； pleasant
3．形容词的否定前缀
前缀 例词
un- usual—_ _ _ _ _ _ , lucky—_ _ _ _ _ _ , comfortable—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , believable—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
im-/in- polite—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , dependent—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
注：更多例词见《词句默背册》P149
[答案]unusual； unlucky； uncomfortable； unbelievable； impolite； independent
夯基专练 考点2
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．We weren't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （surprise） that she won the talent competition. She sings very well.
[答案]surprised
2．A long and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （danger） journey! Maybe you need our help.
[答案]dangerous
3．It makes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （enjoy） memories. Some people save letters and look at them over the years.
[答案]enjoyable
4．Roberto did not feel happy, sad or angry about them. He was too _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （disappoint） to feel anything.
[答案]disappointed
5．The subway is always_ _ _ _ _ _ （crowd） during rush hours in big cities, filled with people hurrying to work or school, and it's hard to find a place to stand.
[答案]crowded
6．My grandmother looks very _ _ _ _ _ _ （health） because she walks for an hour every day.
[答案]healthy
7．People who live in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （Europe） countries near the sea eat lots of fish.
[答案]European
8．“I can't believe it,” Roberto said. “My own uncle wouldn't do that. It's _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （possible）.”
[答案]impossible
9．Spending hours on electronic devices （设备） every day is _ _ _ _ _ _ （harm） to teenagers' eyesight and may also affect their sleep quality and study efficiency （效率）.
[答案]harmful
10．Teenagers will feel _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （comfortable） and even get angry if someone reads their diaries.
[答案]uncomfortable
11．Usually, it takes about one or two years to build a house in the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （tradition） way.
[答案]traditional
12．Holidays are not necessarily for fun or rest. Doing something _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （meaning） can also bring special pleasure. Maybe this is the spirit of Labor Day.
[答案]meaningful
考点3 副词的分类、用法和构词法
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
一、副词的分类
分类 用法 示例
方式副词 表示方式（大多数由“形容词+-ly”构成，少数与形容词同形） slowly, politely, carefully, quietly, fast, hard
频度副词 表示动作的频率 sometimes, often, usually, always, seldom, never
时间副词 表示动作发生的时间，是句子时态的重要标志 now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, already, yet
地点副词 表示动作发生的地点或位置关系 here, there, home, away, outside, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere
程度副词 多数修饰形容词和副词，少数修饰动词和介词短语，表示程度 quite, so, much, too, even, very
疑问副词/词组 用于构成特殊疑问句 when, where, why, how, how long（多长;多久）, how often（多长时间一次）, how far（多远）, how soon （多长时间；多久）
二、副词的用法
功能 位置 示例
修饰形容词或其他副词 一般位于被修饰词前，即adv.+adj./adv. Our family bought a new smart TV set last week. It is really cool!
修饰动词 一般位于动词之后，动词若带宾语，则放在宾语之后，即v.（+宾语）+adv. 注意频度副词通常放在实义动词之前，情态动词、助动词和be动词之后 He is writing his letter carefully. People usually give gifts to someone they love or care about.
修饰整个句子 一般位于句首 Suddenly, the eagle opened its wings.
三、副词的构词法
大部分方式副词可由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly构成，但也有特殊的变化形式。
形容词变副词的规则 例词
一般直接在词尾加-ly great—_ _ _ _ _ _ , quick—_ _ _ _ _ _ , quiet—_ _ _ _ _ _ , polite—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，通常先变y为i，再加-ly happy—_ _ _ _ _ _ , heavy—_ _ _ _ _ _ , angry—_ _ _ _ _ _ , healthy—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
特殊变化 simple—_ _ _ _ _ _ , true—_ _ _ _ , terrible—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , possible—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
注：更多例词见《词句默背册》P148
[答案]greatly； quickly； quietly； politely； happily； heavily； angrily； healthily； simply； truly； terribly； possibly
拓展
有些词以-ly结尾，却是形容词，如lovely、lively、friendly、lonely、silly等；有些词以-ly结尾，兼有形容词和副词两种词性，如early、likely、daily等。
夯基专练 考点3
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．Rick Abbott, who was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （serious） ill, gave Max a tent and told him to take a risk with it.
[答案]seriously
2．He _ _ _ _ _ _ （real） hopes that the sculpture he loves will be passed down to the next generation.
[答案]really
3．Tongji University has provided foreign students with some chances to plant different kinds of herbs _ _ _ _ _ _ （wide） used in Chinese medicine and cooking.
[答案]widely
4．_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （general） speaking, when you write a letter, a greeting （问候语） such as “Dear...” should be at the top of the letter.
[答案]Generally
5．The young man didn't know what he should do. _ _ _ _ _ _ （lucky）, a hiker saw him and helped him walk out of the park.
[答案]Luckily
6．—Many students in our class like James because he never gets angry _ _ _ _ _ _ （easy）.
—I agree with you. He is very patient.
[答案]easily
7．In most countries, drivers have to pay a fine（罚款） if they break traffic rules, _ _ _ _ _ _ （usual） ＄100-＄300.
[答案]usually
8．The car is old, but it still runs very _ _ _ _ （well）.
[答案]well
9．The Monkey King uses a magic stick to fight bad people _ _ _ _ _ _ （brave）.
[答案]bravely
考题集训
一、从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填空。每词限用一次。
good especial rapid bad hard tradition
1．It's a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ custom to give red envelopes to kids during the Spring Festival.
2．Hot water can be dangerous, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for children under five.
3．Our teacher always tells us, “The _ _ _ _ _ _ you study, the _ _ _ _ _ _ grades you will get.”
4．The weather today is even _ _ _ _ than yesterday; there are fewer people in the street.
5．China's Beidou system has developed _ _ _ _ _ _ and it plays an important role in many fields.
[答案]
1．traditional
2．especially
3．harder；better
4．worse
5．rapidly
二、完形填空微语篇。2025许昌二模·改编
One day, a farmer's donkey had an unlucky accident. It fell into an abandoned well. The poor animal cried for hours and the farmer tried many ways to save it. However, the well was so 1 that he failed over and over again. After thinking for a while, the farmer decided to give up because the donkey was too 2 and the well needed to be covered up anyway. So he thought it just wasn't worth saving the donkey.
Then he invited all his neighbors to come over and help him. They each took a shovel and began to shovel dirt into the well. When the donkey realized what was happening, it cried and shouted at first. After a few shovelfuls of dirt, it 3 calmed down.
When the farmer looked down into the well 4 , he was really shocked by what he saw. With every shovelful of dirt that hit the whole back of the donkey, the donkey would shake it off and take a step up on the new layer （层） of dirt. As the farmer and neighbors continued to shovel dirt on top of the animal, it would shake it off and take a step up again. Pretty soon, to the 5 surprise of everyone, the donkey stepped up over the edge（边缘） of the well and happily got out.
Life is just like this—it is going to shovel dirt on you, all kinds of dirt. The key point of getting out of the well is to stop crying. You should shake the dirt off instead of letting it cover you up. Each one of our problems is a 6 stepping stone. It can help you go 7 and higher. We can get out of the 8 wells just by not stopping and never giving up! Shake it off and take a step up!
1．A. long B. deep C. small D. high
2．A. old B. lovely C. kind D. pretty
3．A. happily B. quietly C. sadly D. gradually
4．A. patiently B. kindly C. carefully D. quickly
5．A. little B. bad C. great D. old
6．A. light B. tiny C. hard D. valuable
7．A. faster B. farther C. slower D. better
8．A. deepest B. best C. worst D. widest
[答案]
1．B
2．A
3．D
4．C
5．C
6．D
7．B
8．A
三、微语篇填空。2025焦作二模·改编
possible fast happy especial final
China's amazing freestyle swimmer, Pan Zhanle, celebrated his 20th birthday by taking the Olympic pool by storm at the Paris 2024 Olympics! He broke a world record and helped his team win a gold medal in the men's 4×100m medley relay（混合泳接力赛）.
Pan swam the final leg of the race in an unbelievable time of 45.92 seconds, even 1. than his own world record of 46.40 seconds. At first, China was in third place in the race before Pan's turn. But he didn't show any fear. 2. , he helped China win the race by swimming just for 3 minutes and 27.46 seconds. His performance was 3. eye-catching, as the victory ended the USA's winning streak（连胜） of many years in the event. This showed that what was once thought to be “ 4. ” is well achievable.
Pan was proud of his success and said 5. , “To break the 46-second barrier （屏障） was a goal I set on my birthday a year ago. Although I faced many challenges, I am so glad that I realized it at the Paris Olympics.”
[答案]
1．faster
2．Finally
3．especially
4．impossible
5．happily
专题三 动词
考情分析
考点 考向
实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词 实义动词的词义辨析 系动词（am/is/are/become/turn/grow/...）+adj./n. 助动词（do/does/did/will/...）+实义动词的适当形态 情态动词（can/could/should/may/might/must/would/have to/...）+do
动词的时态 一般现在时 am/is/are或do/does 一般过去时 was/were或did 一般将来时 will+do或am/is/are going to+do 现在进行时 am/is/are+doing 过去进行时 was/were+doing 现在完成时 have/has+done
被动语态 一般现在时的被动语态 am/is/are+done 一般过去时的被动语态 was/were+done 一般将来时的被动语态 will+be done/be going to+be done 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be done
主谓一致 语法一致、意义一致、就近一致
动词的非谓语形式 动词不定式 to do 动词的-ing形式 doing 动词的-ed形式 done
考点讲练
考点1 实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词
动词通常位于主语之后，在句中充当谓语或谓语的组成部分。动词按句法作用可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
一、实义动词
实义动词有实际意义，能在句中独立作谓语。有以下分类：
分类 用法 示例
按句法作用分类 及物动词 可直接跟宾语 use/buy/send/make/find/hear/allow+宾语
不及物动词 不能直接跟宾语，若要跟宾语，其后常加介词 Look at/listen to/worry about/belong to+宾语
按动作是否可持续分类 延续性动词 表示动作可持续，可与表示一段时间的状语连用 live, stay, study, work, keep, teach
非延续性动词 表示瞬间动作，即动作一发生便立即结束，在肯定句中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用 buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, leave, join, come, go, catch
二、系动词
系动词不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成系表结构，如常见的“系动词+adj./n.”。初中阶段常见的系动词有以下几类：
分类 例词 例句
“状态”类 be （包括其各种形式 am/is/are/was/were/been/being），keep （保持）, stay （保持）, remain （仍然是；保持） He is a student. He is strong. We should keep fit. You seem happy. Mum gets angry. It sounds great!
“似乎”类 seem （似乎）, appear （看来；似乎）
“变化”类 get （变得）, turn （变成）, go （变得）, become （变成）, grow （逐渐变得）
“感官”类 look （看起来）, sound（听起来）, feel（摸起来；感觉）, taste（尝起来）, smell（闻起来）
三、助动词
助动词本身没有意义或意义不完整，不能单独作谓语。助动词在句中与实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语，以表示时态和语态。此外，助动词还可以用来构成否定句、疑问句等句型。具体用法如下表：
助动词 用法 助动词 用法
do/does/did 构成疑问句：do/does/did+主语+do be（非系动词be） 构成进行时：am/is/are/was/were+doing
构成否定句：don't/doesn't/didn't+do 构成被动语态：am/is/are/was/were+done
will/shall 构成一般将来时：will/shall+do have/has 构成现在完成时：have/has+done
四、情态动词
情态动词不能单独使用，必须与动词原形连用构成谓语，即“can/could/may/might/must/have to/need/should/will/...+动词原形”。
1.情态动词的一般用法
情态动词 用法 示例
can/could 表示能力，意为“能，会”；could是can的过去式，表示过去的能力 —Can you play the piano —Yes, I can./No, I can't. The teacher asked me for my homework, but I couldn't hand it in.
表示请求或允许，意为“可以”；could 的语气更加委婉 Can I play computer games, Mum Could you pass the book to me
may/might 表示请求或允许，意为“可以”；否定回答常用can't、mustn't或may not;might是may的过去式，语气更委婉 —May I go now —No, you can't/mustn't. She said she might go to the party.
must 表示必要，意为“必须”，否定形式为mustn't，意为“禁止，不可以” Don't arrive late for class. You must be on time. —Hurry up, Mum! Let's go across the road quickly. —No, Henry, you mustn't. The traffic lights are red.
“Must I...？”句型的肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't或don't have to —Must I finish the project today —Yes, you must.（是的，你必须。）/—No, you needn't/don't have to.（不，你不必。）
have to 表示客观需要，意为“不得不；必须”，有人称、时态和数的变化；其否定形式意为“没必要” There was no electricity in the apartment! We had to eat our supper in the dark. We don't have to drink coffee every day.
need 意为“需要”，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。“Need I... ”句型的肯定回答一般用must，否定回答一般用needn't或don't have to You needn't take your umbrella. It is not raining outside.
should 表示观点或建议，意为“应该” Everyone should play a part in saving the earth.
shall 表示征求对方的意见，多用于第一人称 Shall we go birdwatching tomorrow
will/would 表示说话人的意愿或提出请求；would是will的过去式，语气更委婉 Will you please help me to carry this box Would you join us
2.情态动词表推测
情态动词 用法 示例
must 表示肯定推测，强调对某事很有把握，意为“一定；肯定” The book must be Mary's. We can see her name on it.
could/may/might 表示把握不大的肯定推测，意为“可能；也许” —Whose English book is this —It might be Lily's, but I'm not sure.
may not 表示把握不大的否定推测，意为“可能不” This hat may not be Jack's.I am not sure.
can't 表示有把握的否定推测，意为“不可能” That bright light can't be a UFO—there's no such thing!
易错提示 mustn't 表示“禁止，不可以”，不能用来表推测。
夯基专练 考点1
盲填或用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．I _ _ _ _ （can） solve this math problem. It's too difficult for me.
[答案]can't
2．It might _ _ _ _ （be） the world's earliest form of toothbrushes.
[答案]be
3．What _ _ _ _ you think of the novel, Journey to the West
[答案]do
4．The soup _ _ _ _ _ _ （smell） so good. What's in it
[答案]smells
5．My parents worry _ _ _ _ my health when I stay up late studying, because it makes me feel sleepy in class the next day.
[答案]about
6．Should I _ _ _ _ _ _ （remind） him not to bring food into the classroom
[答案]remind
7．You must _ _ _ _ （take） an umbrella with you, because the weather forecast says the rain will be very heavy this afternoon.
[答案]take
8．They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （not finish） the project yet, but they will try to complete it today.
[答案]haven't finished
9．We _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （not have） to buy a new printer. The old one still works well.
[答案]don't have
考点2 动词的时态
一、一般现在时
构成 1.谓语动词为be动词：主语+am/is/are+n./adj./...（+其他） 2.谓语动词为实义动词：主语+动词原形/第三人称单数（+其他）
用法 1.表示现阶段经常性或习惯性的动作或现在的状态 She likes to help others. A lot of people in China travel by high-speed train every year. 2.表示客观事实或普遍真理 The earth goes around the sun. 3.在if、unless、when、until/till、as soon as等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作（主将从现——主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时） If you keep working hard, you will succeed some day. What are you going to be when you grow up
标志性时间状语 1.表示频率的词语：always、usually、often、sometimes、once/twice a week等 2.表示重复出现的时间词：on Mondays、every day/week/month/year等
注意 动词第三人称单数的变化规则
规则 示例
一般在词尾加-s play—plays, believe—believes, say—says
以/s/、/ /、/t /音素结尾或以o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es fix—fixes, finish—finishes, watch—watches, go—goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，变y为i加-es study—studies, marry—marries, satisfy—satisfies
二、一般过去时
构成 1.谓语动词为be动词：主语+was/were+n./adj./...（+其他） 2.谓语动词为实义动词：主语+动词的过去式（+其他）
用法 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态 They came up with some ideas to offer the young more jobs last month. When I was a child, I often went to that park/I used to go to that park.（表过去习惯性或经常发生的动作，还可用“used to+动词原形”来表示）
标志性时间状语 just now、 yesterday、 last week/month/year、 in+过去的年份、 in the past、 a few days ago、 once upon a time、 at the age of five、 when I was 5 years old等
三、一般将来时
构成及用法 1.主语+will+动词原形（+其他），表示将来的动作或存在的状态 What will the future be like 2.主语+am/is/are going to+动词原形（+其他），表示打算、计划或准备做某事 What are you going to do when you grow up
标志性时间状语 next week/month/year、in+时间段、in+将来的年份、in the future、soon、tomorrow等
四、现在进行时
构成 主语+am/is/are+动词的-ing形式（+其他）
用法 1.表示现在正在进行的动作或正在发生的事 He is watching TV now. Look! Jeff is helping a blind man cross the road.
2.表示现阶段或当前一段时间内正在进行的动作 I am reading an interesting book these days. 3.表示计划或安排好的将来要做的事情，用现在进行时表示将来 We are leaving early tomorrow morning.
标志性时间状语及场景句 1.表示“此时此刻”的词汇： now、right now、at the moment 2.表示某事正在发生的场景句： Look!/Listen!/What are you doing /... 3.表示当前一段时间的词汇：these days、this month
五、过去进行时
构成 主语+was/were+动词的-ing形式（+其他）
用法 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作： 1.与表示过去某个时间点的时间状语连用 What were you doingat eight last night 2.用在含有when或while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个动作发生时，另外一个动作正在进行，或两个动作同时进行 He was reading in the library when the rainstorm came. While I was going through the forest, I fell on the ground. While Linda was sleeping, Jenny was helping Mary with her homework.
标志性时间状语 at that time/moment、at this time yesterday、过去的具体时间（如at 9 o'clock yesterday morning）、when/while 引导的时间状语从句（while从句中多用过去进行时）等
注意 动词的-ing形式的变化规则
规则 示例
一般直接在词尾加-ing fly—flying, sell—selling, go—going, see—seeing
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing smile—smiling, make—making, move—moving
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这个辅音字母再加-ing begin—beginning, cut—cutting, forget—forgetting, get—getting, hit—hitting, plan—planning, put—putting, run—running, sit—sitting, shop—shopping, stop—stopping
少数以ie结尾的动词，先变ie为y，再加-ing die—dying, tie—tying, lie—lying
六、现在完成时
构成 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词（+其他）
用法 1.表示过去发生的动作或事件对现在造成影响 I have seen this film. I do not want to see it again. （过去已经看过该电影，对现在的影响是不想再看一遍） 2.表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常和“for+时间段”“since+过去的时间点”或since引导的时间状语从句（从句谓语动词用一般过去时）连用，谓语动词用延续性动词 They have been friends since they first met.（从首次见面成为朋友，持续到现在） We have been friends for nearly 5 years. （做朋友持续5年了）
标志性时间状语 for+时间段、since+过去的时间点或since引导的时间状语从句（从句谓语动词用一般过去时）、already（肯定句）/yet（否定句/疑问句）、just、ever、never、so far、up to now、in the past/last three years、recently/lately、表示次数的词汇（once/twice/three times等）
注意 动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规则
规则变化
规则变化 原形 过去式 过去分词
一般直接加-ed watch stay want watched stayed wanted watched stayed wanted
以e结尾的动词，加-d love loved loved
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，变y为i加-ed cry cried cried
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这个辅音字母再加-ed plan stop shop chat fit planned stopped shopped chatted fitted planned stopped shopped chatted fitted
不规则变化
类型 示例 类型 示例
ABC型 begin—began—begun ABB型 bring—brought—brought
ABA型 become—became—become AAA型 cut—cut—cut
注：更多动词的不规则变化详见《词句默背册》P150
拓展 区分一般过去时和现在完成时
不同点 时态 用法 例句
侧重点不同 现在完成时 是与现在有关的时态，属于现在时态的范畴，侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 Ihavealreadyseenthe film. （说明“看电影”这个动作发生在过去，现在对这部电影的内容已经有所了解）
一般过去时 是一种过去的时态,侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关 Isawa film yesterday. （仅说明昨天“看电影”这件事，与现在无关）
连用的时间状语不同 现在完成时 与现在完成时连用的时间状语：already、yet、just、so far、in the last/past...、 ever、 never、since...、 for...等 Haveyou everbeento Shanghai （不强调什么时间去的，只问有没有这个经历）
一般过去时 一般过去时常与two days/three weeks ago、yesterday、 last month/year、 in+过去的年份、 just now等连用 Iwentto Shanghai in 2022. （强调发生的具体时间）
夯基专练 考点2
一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．It seems that families are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （spend） more and more time together.
[答案]spending
2．I _ _ _ _ （take） the photos during the month of June, just after the rain. The air was full of small drops of water.
[答案]took
3．Mr. Zhao is patient and he always_ _ _ _ （tell） us not to worry about giving wrong answers.
[答案]tells
4．A primary school in Nanjing has just_ _ _ _ _ _ （open） a herb farm.
[答案]opened
5．When Mom came home, Danny _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （play） the piano in the living room.
[答案]was playing
6．I will be pretty upset if I _ _ _ _ （feel） left out.
[答案]feel
7．—I am going to the party.
—If you do, you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （have） a great time.
[答案]will have
二、微语篇填空。
share live move be visit start love
John's family 1. to Shanghai last year because his dad got a new job. By now he 2. there for nearly a year. John 3. lonely at first and missed his old
friends. But now he 4. that place and he has made a lot of friends. His best friend is Mike. They 5. the same hobby—watching Harry Potter films. When John first met Mike, Mike was watching one of the Harry Potter films. And then they 6. talking about that film. Next summer, they 7. Universal Studios Beijing to experience the scenes in Harry Potter. John's classmates will probably get postcards from him, saying they're having so much fun in the theme park.
[答案]
1．moved
2．has lived
3．was
4．loves
5．share
6．started
7．will visit/are going to visit
考点3 被动语态
一、被动语态的构成
英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。其中助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词时完全一样。
分类 被动结构 示例
★一般现在时 am/is/are+done Chinese is spoken by more and more people around the world nowadays.
★一般过去时 was/were+done Tea was invented by accident about 5,000 years ago.
★一般将来时 will+be+done； am/is/are going to+be+done To make the environment much better, more trees will be planted next year.
现在进行时 am/is/are+being+done The hair product is being used at present.
过去进行时 was/were+being+done The bridge was being built throughout the summer of 2024.
现在完成时 have/has+been+done How much e-waste has been produced
★含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+done 16-year-old teenagers shouldn't be allowed to drive. Something must be done about the present situation.
二、被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。通常有以下两种情况：
1.主语是人，但为动作的承受者，可翻译为“（主语）被……”，谓语动词使用被动语态。
The artists are encouraged to tell good Chinese stories in their favorite art forms.（艺术家们被鼓励）
2.主语是物，且为动作的承受者，可翻译为“（主语）被……”，谓语动词使用被动语态。
A new supermarket will be built on Centre Street next year.（超市将被建造）
三、主动形式表被动意义
情况 示例
谓语动词为系动词feel、taste、sound、smell、look、keep、stay、remain、prove等时 This material feels very soft.（这种材料摸上去很柔软。）
表示主语内在性质、用途或性能的不及物动词（sell、read、write、wash、wear等）与well、easily等副词连用时 The pen writes smoothly.（这支笔写起来很流畅。） This kind of food sells well.（这种食物很畅销。）
用于“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构时 This question is hard to answer.（这个问题很难回答。） English is easy to learn.（英语很容易学。）
夯基专练 考点3
一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．The house was _ _ _ _ （build） in the 19th century and was in a typical style of that time.
[答案]built
2．The Spring Flower Festival _ _ _ _ _ _ （hold） in April every year in our city.
[答案]is held
3．When a modern city meets its past, not only can tourism be developed better, but the local culture and history can also _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （know） by more people.
[答案]be known
4．The Internet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （invent） by the US government in the 1960s for the army to use.
[答案]was invented
5．In fact, around 70 million sharks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （catch） and traded in this industry every year.
[答案]are caught
6．We saw many koalas and were happy to see that they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （protect） well in the forest.
[答案]were protected
7．ChatGPT, an AI chatbot, was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （develop） by OpenAI and met the public in November 2022.
[答案]developed
二、用括号中所给词汇的适当形式填空，使短文完整。
As many animals are going extinct, we must do something to protect them. First, we should protect their habitats. If their living places 1. （not protect）, animals will have nowhere to live. Last year, many trees 2. （cut down） to build roads on mountains, and fences 3. （build） along the roads, which caused inconvenience to wildlife. Second, any forms of hunting shouldn't 4. （allow）. A lot of animals 5. （kill） just for their beautiful fur, which is so cruel. We should also protect the environment. A project 6. （set up） in our school last month and a lot of rubbish in the mountains 7. （pick up） by volunteers last week. But if people 8. （not prevent） from entering these areas, the problem will continue.
[答案]
1．are not protected/aren't protected
2．were cut down
3．were built
4．be allowed
5．are killed/have been killed
6．was set up
7．was picked up
8．are not prevented/aren't prevented
考点4 主谓一致
主谓一致是指句子的谓语与其主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。主谓一致遵循三原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则——主语、谓语在语法形式上保持一致
主语 谓语形式 示例
不可数名词、可数名词单数、第三人称代词单数he/she/it 单数形式 The boy was interested in English. He doesn't think it is a good idea.
动词不定式、动词的-ing形式 单数形式 Reading is learning.
不定代词/every one/each one、one/each of+复数名词/复数代词 单数形式 Each one has a gift. Each of the answers is worth 20 points.
复合不定代词anyone/somebody/everything/nobody等 单数形式 Is everything all right
none/neither of+复数名词/复数代词 单数/复数形式 None of us has/have been to Beijing.
复数名词、复数代词 复数形式 These apples are Mike's.
and或both...and...连接的并列主语 复数形式 Tom and Mike are good friends. Both Lucy and Lily are students.
拓展1
“A+with/along with/together with/as well as+B”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数由A的单复数形式决定。
Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing.
拓展2
shoes、clothes、trousers、scissors、glasses、shorts、jeans、chopsticks、gloves等作主语时，谓语动词须用复数形式。但如果这些名词被a pair/kind of 修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。
二、意义一致原则——主语、谓语在意义上保持一致
类别 谓语形式 示例
表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等的复数名词或词组作主语时，一般看作一个整体 单数形式 Three years is a long time.
集体名词,如family、team、class、group等作主语时 表示整体概念 单数形式 His family is going to move.（强调一个家庭）
表示各个成员 复数形式 His family are all eating.（强调家庭成员）
police、people等作主语时 复数形式 The police are helping a girl look for her mother.
拓展1
all、any、enough、half、more、most、some作主语或修饰主语时，若主语表示复数意义，则谓语用复数形式；若主语表示单数意义或是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式。
All of the apples are rotten.（所有的苹果都腐烂了。）
All of the apple is rotten.（整个苹果都腐烂了。）
拓展2
主语为“分数/百分数+of+名词”时，其后的谓语形式取决于of后的名词的单复数形式。
About 60% of the students in our school are boys.
About 60% of the work is done.
三、就近一致原则——谓语的单复数取决于离谓语最近的主语的单复数形式
类别 谓语形式 示例
There be结构中 be动词常与离它近的主语在数上保持一致 There is a table and three chairs in Tom's room.
either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but （also）...、not...but...连接两个并列主语时 谓语动词与离它较近的主语在人称和数上保持一致 Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle.
夯基专练 考点4
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．Although our _ _ _ _ （meal） look better, large amounts of sugar are often added.
[答案]meals
2．Chinese Language Day_ _ _ _ （fall） on April 20th every year.
[答案]falls
3．Xinzhou Ancient City in Shanxi, with a history of more than 1,800 years, _ _ _ _ （have） over 500 stores and restaurants.
[答案]has
4．A recent study shows that letter writing _ _ _ _ （make） the writer happy.
[答案]makes
5．Neither Lily nor her parents _ _ _ _ （be） outdoors when the rainstorm came.
[答案]were
6．This is my good friend, Lucy. Not only she but also I _ _ _ _ （be） good at recycling. We often make some toys out of waste.
[答案]am
7．Reading novels _ _ _ _ （be） her favorite way to relax.
[答案]is
8．There _ _ _ _ （be） a big tree behind the shop. You can see many birds in it.
[答案]is
9．The centre of hurricane（飓风） winds is called the eye. Winds in the eye _ _ _ _ （be） not very strong.
[答案]are
10．There _ _ _ _ （be） some good advice and ways about how to use the Internet correctly and wisely.
[答案]is
11．Each of them _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （receive） a gift from the school every year.
[答案]receives
12．Three years _ _ _ _ （be） a short time in one's life.
[答案]is
13．Either you or he _ _ _ _ （be） responsible for the mistake.
[答案]is
考点5 动词的非谓语形式（没有人称和数的变化）
一、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，其否定式为“not+动词不定式”。具体用法见下表：
功能 位置与常见用法 示例
作主语 放在句首，谓语动词用单数 To see is to believe.（to believe作表语）
通常用it作形式主语，真正的主语，即动词不定式则被后置： It+is+adj.（+for/of sb.）+to do sth. It takes sb.+一段时间+to do sth.（做某事花费某人多少时间） It is important for us to work hard in order to have a better life. It takes me half an hour to walk to school every day.
作宾语 在一些动词后作宾语： afford/agree/want/hope/decide/wish/learn/expect/fail/plan/promise/refuse/wait/...+to do sth. They can't afford to buy a house. He decided to visit his grandparents on Saturday evening.
有些动词后接动词不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语，即不定式后置：find/think+it+adj.+to do sth. I found it difficult to find a job in the city.
动词不定式可以和疑问词连用作宾语： what/which/when/where/how+to do Nobody told us what to do next. We don't know whereto go.
作状语 位于表示情绪、状态等的形容词后：be+adj.+to do sth. I am proud to be a Chinese.
表目的：to do/in order to do... A friend came to see me last night. To learn English well, you must study hard.
表结果：too+adj.+to do sth. （太……而不能做某事） adj./adv.+enough+to do sth.（足够……做某事） He is too young to go to school. He is old enough to go to school.
作宾语补足语 位于宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明： advise/allow/ask/encourage/force/invite /order/require/want/warn/teach/...+sb.+to do sth.（变被动后依然接to do） 注意 动词不定式在使役动词（make、let、have...）和感官动词（feel、hear...）后作宾语补足语时，通常省略to She encouraged me to write. My mom advises me to do my homework first. All the students were asked to complete a questionnaire（问卷）.
作定语 动词不定式作定语时要后置： something/anything/nothing/物/人+ to do I have some clothes to wash. I want something to eat. He has no place to live.
二、动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式为在动词原形后加-ing构成；其否定形式为“not+动词的-ing形式”。动词的-ing形式可以和助动词be一起构成进行时，还可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，详见下表：
功能 位置与常见用法 示例
作主语 放在句首，谓语动词用单数 Swimming is good for health.
作宾语 一些动词（enjoy/practice/finish/mind/miss/keep/suggest/imagine/consider/avoid/...）后接动词的-ing形式 He practices speaking English every day. When playing in the hallways, students should avoid pushing each other.
介词（of/to（to为介词时，后面接动词的-ing形式如be used to/ look forward to+doing...）/for/after/by/about/...）后接动词的-ing形式 They are talking about designing computer programs.
作表语 My favourite hobby is collecting stamps.
作定语 They found another hiding place.（作前置定语） They found a highway leading into the mountains.（作后置定语）
作状语 She was in the kitchen preparing supper.
作宾语补足语 I can't imagine Grandma riding a motorbike.
三、动词的-ed形式
动词的-ed形式也叫动词的过去分词，它除了可以与助动词be一起构成被动语态，与have/has一起构成现在完成时，还可以在句中作表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语。详见下表：
功能 示例
作表语 He is not interested in research.
作定语 She had a pleased look on her face.
作宾语补足语 We all wished the problem settled.（希望问题被解决）
作状语 Mr. Brown, deeply moved, thanked him again and again.（深深地被感动）
夯基专练 考点5
一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．She walked for a long time, and stopped _ _ _ _ _ _ （have） a rest under a tree.
[答案]to have
2．It seemed that they decided _ _ _ _ （do）something without her.
[答案]to do
3．Instead of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （climb） Mount Impossible every day, you played on the smaller hills and became better at climbing.
[答案]climbing
4．Drivers learn the rules of the road and they learn how _ _ _ _ （be） better drivers.
[答案]to be
5．I understand that _ _ _ _ （do） housework is more difficult than I used to imagine.
[答案]doing
6．At the same time, relics protection organizations and tourism organizations should work together _ _ _ _ _ _ （make） this economic model better.
[答案]to make
7．Right now, Tech-Help is giving smart TV sets to families in Xinjiang. There are about 50 families on the_ _ _ _ _ _ （wait） list.
[答案]waiting
8．He burned your farm down to force you _ _ _ _ _ _ （sell） it.
[答案]to sell
9．After some time, Haojia was pleased _ _ _ _ _ _ （find） that the moon was in the bucket.
[答案]to find
10．How can I become a better person This question has been in my mind for a long time. As students, we should spend most of our time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （study）.
[答案]studying
11．You're expected _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （shake） hands when meeting people for the first time in China.
[答案]to shake
12．On the bus ride home, Ann avoided_ _ _ _ _ _ （sit） next to Lily on purpose.
[答案]sitting
13．They have even asked governments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （develop） laws to stop the sale of shark fins.
[答案]to develop
二、语篇填空第一节。
give paint surprise run clean smile think fix follow have
Our community library decided to 1. a painting class. I told my friend Ella, and we both signed up.
On the big day, our first task was to paint a white vase of cheerful yellow sunflowers against a blue background.
We were asked to 2. our canvas （画布） blue. It was easy to 3. the instructor to move the brush. Although I had never painted before, I could tell I was a natural. I started to 4. about where I would hang my new masterpiece.
Immediately after that, however, I began to 5. problems. The first curved （弯曲的） line of my vase looked perfect, but when I painted the line on the opposite side, my hand slipped （打滑）. I tried to cover that white streak （条痕） with blue paint, but it didn't work.
While I was busy 6. my messy painting, the instructor explained how to paint the sunflower leaves. Things went downhill fast after that. My leaves looked like fat, green caterpillars （毛毛虫）. When I failed to 7. my paintbrush, I accidentally made the sunflowers green. I felt upset when I saw how good others' paintings looked.
Ella sweetly praised my sunflowers, perhaps feeling sorry for me. When I said that hers was much better, she looked 8. and said, “No, it isn't. I messed up in at least five places.” After a few seconds, she asked, “Want to trade paintings ”
Until that moment, I had only disliked my painting. And yet, for some reason, 9. it away made me feel wrong. It wasn't a perfect painting, but it was mine—the first one I had ever created. I knew Ella must have realized that she felt the same way when she suddenly shook her head and said, “Never mind.”
My sunflower painting still hangs directly above my bed. I often look at it. Every time I look at it, it makes me 10. . It always brightens my day and brings warmth to my room. I really like it now.
[答案]
1．run
2．paint
3．follow
4．think
5．have
6．fixing
7．clean
8．surprised
9．giving
10．smile
考题集训
一、从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填空。
attract read build protect take call show
1．A recent survey _ _ _ _ that 60% of teenagers in Henan prefer online learning platforms for English study.
2．Our city held a lantern show during the Spring Festival, which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ thousands of visitors.
3．The Yellow River is _ _ _ _ _ _ the “Mother River” and the government is working hard to protect its environment now.
4．Students should balance screen time with outdoor activities to _ _ _ _ _ _ their eyesight.
5．Our city plans to _ _ _ _ more libraries in rural areas next year to help children there read more books.
6．The government has _ _ _ _ measures to protect animals in danger.
7．Students should practice _ _ _ _ _ _ English newspapers daily to improve their vocabulary and reading skills.
[答案]
1．shows
2．attracted
3．called
4．protect
5．build
6．taken
7．reading
[解析]
3．根据The Yellow River和the “Mother River”可知，此处表示“黄河被称为‘母亲河’”，要用被动语态。
overcome get interview make follow improve solve rise
8．The mayor（市长） promised to _ _ _ _ _ _ public transportation to make it easier for people to travel around the city.
9．There are two types of people in the world: those who _ _ _ _ fun of you and those who help you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ your weaknesses.
10．This 1.8-meter-tall robot used a cooling中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2026人教河南版中考英语专题
第二部分 语法通关
专题一 名词
考情分析
说明：通过研习河南近5年中考真题，归纳出中考对语法专题各考点的具体命题规律及考查角度。
考点 考向
名词的辨析 词义辨析
名词的数 ①可数名词单数、可数名词复数（-s/-es/不规则变化）②不可数名词
名词所有格 ①-'s/-'所有格 ②of所有格 ③双重所有格
名词的用法及构词法 ①作主语、作宾语、作表语 ②动词→名词；形容词→名词；名词→名词
考点讲练
考点1名 词的数
名词按其是否可以计数分为可数名词和不可数名词。
一、可数名词
可数名词，单数和复数两种形式。单数可数名词前一般有限定词，如冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、名词所有格等；单数可数名词变为复数形式会有一定的规则。
1.单数可数名词变复数的规则变化
规则 示例
一般情况在词尾加-s mistake—mistakes, customer—customers, place—places
以s, x, sh, ch结尾，在词尾加-es class—classes, box—boxes, wish—wishes, watch—watches 特例：stomach—stomachs
以y结尾 “元音字母+y”，在词尾加-s boy—boys, toy—toys, way—ways
“辅音字母+y”，把y变为i，再加-es city—cities, family—families, activity—activities
以f或fe结尾，一般把f或fe变为v，再加-es leaf—leaves, wolf—wolves, knife—knives
以o结尾 有生命的，在词尾加-es potato—potatoes, tomato—tomatoes, hero—heroes 特例：kangaroo—kangaroos
无生命的，在词尾加-s radio—radios, piano—pianos, zoo—zoos,photo—photos
2.可数名词复数的特殊形式
形式 示例
单数变复数时元音字母变化 foot—feet, tooth—teeth, man—men, woman—women, Englishman—Englishmen, Frenchman—Frenchmen
单复数同形 fish（鱼）, sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese
只用复数形式 glasses（眼镜）， scissors， trousers, pants, goods （商品）
本身表示复数意义 people（人们）, police（警察）, cattle（牛）
二、不可数名词
物质名词（无法区分个体的物质和材料）和抽象名词（抽象概念）一般为不可数名词。
1.初中阶段常见的不可数名词
类别 示例
物质名词 饮食类： milk, water, tea, coffee, soup, juice, meat, beef, pork, rice, bread, salt, cheese, butter
材料及物品类： glass, plastic, cotton, silk, wood, money, silver, gold, furniture（家具）, equipment（设备）, litter（垃圾）, chess
自然类： air, light, rain, snow, fire, wind, ice, electricity
抽象名词 学科类： Chinese, math, English, music, history, science
信息类： news（新闻;消息）, advice（建议）, information（信息）, knowledge（知识）, truth（真相）
感受类： surprise（惊讶）, fun（快乐）, happiness（幸福）, peace（安静;和平）, luck（幸运）, love（爱）
行为类： work（工作）, exercise（锻炼）, attention（注意）, control（控制）, help（帮助）, research（研究）, trust（信任）
日常类： time（时间）, health（健康）, safety（安全）, homework, housework（家务）, traffic（交通）, progress（进展）, courage（勇气）, success（成功）
注意 ①一些单词一般用作不可数名词，但强调种类时是可数名词。如：fruit—fruits， food—foods。
②vegetable虽是物质名词，但常被用作可数名词。
2.不可数名词的“量”的表达
不可数名词一般不能用数来计算,它们既没有单复数变化,也不能和a/an连用。如果要表达数量的多少,常用“表示数量的词+单位词+of+不可数名词”。此结构中，数量决定单位词的单复数形式。如：a glass of water （一杯水）、a piece of news （一则新闻）、three pieces of advice （三条建议）、many bags of gold（许多袋金子）。
三、兼作可数名词与不可数名词的词
一些词既是可数名词又是不可数名词，作可数名词与不可数名词时，表达的意思不同。如下表：
不可数 可数 不可数 可数
agreement同意 （an） agreement （一个）协议 room空间；余地 （a） room （一个）房间
charity慈善 （a） charity （一个）慈善机构 success成功 （a） success （一个/一件）成功的人或事
experience经验 （an） experience （一次）经历 space空间；太空 （a） space （一个）空隙/空子
glass玻璃 （a） glass （一个）玻璃杯 time时间 times次数
kindness仁慈 （a） kindness （一个）友好的举动 wonder惊奇 （a） wonder （一个）奇观
paper纸 papers试卷;报纸;论文 worry担心 （a） worry （一件）令人担忧的事
pity同情 （a） pity （一件）遗憾的事 work工作 （a） work （一个）著作；作品
orange 橙汁 （an） orange （一个）橙子 exercise 锻炼 （an） exercise （一次）训练活动；练习
fish 鱼肉 fishes 鱼 chicken 鸡肉 chickens 鸡
四、名词的量的修饰语
类别 示例
修饰可数名词 单数 a/an/one, this, that, every/each, first/second等序数词
复数 few, a few, several, these, those, both, many, a couple of, a number of, two/three等大于1的基数词
修饰不可数名词 little, a little, much, a bit of, a large amount of
既能修饰可数名词复数，又能修饰不可数名词 some, any, a lot of/lots of/plenty of, most, all， the rest of（其余的）
注意 “one/either/both/neither+of ”后跟可数名词复数。如：one of the problems、either of the books。
夯基专练 考点1
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．When Mr. Zhao got to my desk, he looked at my picture and said, “Wow! I like those bright _ _ _ _ _ _ （color）! They're great!”
2．Now there are tigers of different _ _ _ _ （size） and the largest can be over two meters tall.
3．It took us three _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （weekend） to do online searching, visit the bridges, interview the local people and make the leaflet.
4．Some of my _ _ _ _ _ _ （hero） are real people, and some are from stories.
5．When I face difficulties in my studies, my teacher always offers some _ _ _ _ _ _ （advice） on how to learn English.
6．In these _ _ _ _ _ _ （garden）, each plant has its own story.
7．The Truffauts helped her a lot and treated her like part of the family. They played _ _ _ _ （game） and shared traditional food with her.
8．To complete the handicraft project, I need two_ _ _ _ _ _ （piece） of paper to draw on.
9．The product can meet the needs of parents and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （child）.
10．Hurricanes （飓风） can be strong enough to break _ _ _ _ _ _ （window） into pieces.
11．First, heat the pots and tea cups with warm water. Then, put some tea _ _ _ _ _ _ （leaf） into the teapot. Next, pour hot water from a specific height.
12．For _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （century）, Western medicine paid little attention to traditional Chinese medicine.
13．People had rebuilt the bridge many_ _ _ _ （time）, but it was still washed away over and over again.
14．The sun disappears for months in the northernmost part of the country. People have to wear very heavy_ _ _ _ （coat） to keep warm.
15．Do you know Stonehenge It's one of Britain's most famous historical _ _ _ _ _ _ （place）.
16．“The historical relics（遗迹） in China's ancient _ _ _ _ _ _ （city） have made me want to learn more about the country's past,” Mohammed said.
考点2 名词所有格
名词所有格主要表示名词与名词之间的关系，即被修饰的名词与修饰它的名词之间的所属关系。具体形式如下图：
夯基专练 考点2
盲填或用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．We offered to look after our_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （neighbor） dog when she was away.
2．I1 spent one _ _ _ _ _ _ （night） time making a video Mei Lanfang and His Hometown to take part in the “Tell China's Stories” contest.
3．Three years ago, I paid a visit to my _ _ _ _ _ _
（uncle） home in Sydney.
4．A friend _ _ _ _ mine invited me to his birthday party this weekend.
5．Later, with other _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （people） help, he cheered up and made a living by making shoes.
6．_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （Tony and Peter） father is a pilot. He has been to many countries.
考点3 名词的用法及构词法
一、名词的用法
功能 位置 示例
作主语 用于动词之前，即n.+make/have/is/are/... Scientists developed a way to read minds.
作宾语 用于动词或介词后，即make/have/for/of/about/with/...+n. Never meet strangers we know online. I feel so proud of our country.
作表语 用于系动词后，即be/become/keep/...+n. Cassie wants to be a designer when she grows up.
二、名词构词法变形归类
1．动词→名词
后缀 例词
-er/-or report—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , act—_ _ _ _ , visit—_ _ _ _ _ _ , invent—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , compete—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ion protect—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , suggest—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , pollute—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , communicate—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , prepare—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , imagine—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , invite—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , pronounce—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , decide—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ment agree—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , improve—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , develop—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , achieve—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , manage—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , argue—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , encourage—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ance/-ence perform—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , appear—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , depend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ing feel—_ _ _ _ _ _ , train—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , begin—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
其他 die—_ _ _ _ , fly—_ _ _ _ _ _ , choose—_ _ _ _ _ _ , weigh—_ _ _ _ _ _ , discover—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , succeed—_ _ _ _ _ _ , advise—_ _ _ _ _ _ , fail—_ _ _ _ _ _ , press—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , serve—_ _ _ _ _ _
2．形容词→名词
后缀 例词
-y/-ty/-ity difficult—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , honest—_ _ _ _ _ _ , safe—_ _ _ _ _ _ , electric—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , creative—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , able—_ _ _ _ _ _ , responsible—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ness shy—_ _ _ _ _ _ , sad—_ _ _ _ _ _ , kind—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ance/-ence different—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , important—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , silent—_ _ _ _ _ _ , patient—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-th true—_ _ _ _
-er teenage—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , strange—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
其他 high—_ _ _ _ _ _ , wise—_ _ _ _ _ _ , free—_ _ _ _ _ _
3．名词→名词
后缀 例词
-an/-ian Europe—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , India—_ _ _ _ _ _ , music—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ist art—_ _ _ _ _ _ , tour—_ _ _ _ _ _ , piano—_ _ _ _ _ _ , science—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ship friend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , relation—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-hood child—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , neighbor—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-er office—_ _ _ _ _ _ , village—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
易错提示 用名词填空时，在转换成恰当的名词后，还需要注意是否要用复数形式或名词所有格。
夯基专练 考点3
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．After a two-week training, I became more skilled and got closer to them day by day. I also got much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （please） when playing with them.
2．—What did you do in class this morning, Sally
—We had a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （discuss） about Chinese culture.
3．Amy is my best friend. She's always there to be a good _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （listen）.
4．He draws a picture beside the poem to help show the _ _ _ _ _ _ （mean） of the Chinese poem.
5．When Dave goes back home from school, his dog always greets him at the door with_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （excite）.
6．The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （connect） between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.
7．There aren't any _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （different） between the teen mode and the normal mode in some apps.
8．“There is a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （possible） that a lot of communication is happening,” Professor Hadany said, “because other plants can probably hear
the call of the stressed plants.”
9．“Don't you like it, Danny ”our teacher Mr. Sims asked with_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （kind）.
10．Tourists can see many Western-style _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （build） at Shanghai Disney Resort.
11．The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （invent） of toothbrushes was not as famous as that of paper-cutting, but it was very useful in our daily life.
考题集训
一、从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填空。每词限用一次。
fish mouse photo university sheep foreign
1．More and more _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ are showing interest in traditional Chinese culture.
2．The _ _ _ _ _ _ taken by the young photographer during his trip to Xizang are really amazing.
3．Look! There are three _ _ _ _ in the river. They're swimming in circles.
4．There are many _ _ _ _ on the farm, and the farmer feeds them fresh grass every morning.
5．The cat is running after two _ _ _ _ like crazy in the garden.
6．The number of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in this area is increasing because of the new educational policy.
difference safe habit leader voice season
7．There are many _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ between the twins. For example, one is shy, but the other is outgoing.
8．As a _ _ _ _ _ _ of a team, you need to plan well and make decisions carefully.
9．It is a good _ _ _ _ to do some reading before you go to bed every day.
10．Of all _ _ _ _ _ _ , I love spring best because everything comes back to life.
11．Don't speak loudly on the bus. You should keep your _ _ _ _ down.
12．For your own _ _ _ _ _ _ , please do not smoke inside the plane.
二、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．As we all know, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （child） Day is on June 1st, _ _ _ _ _ _ （woman） Day is on March 8th and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （teacher） Day is on September 10th.
2．Doctors remind us to care for our _ _ _ _ （tooth） and eyes.
3．_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （factory） and vehicles release lots of harmful _ _ _ _ （gas）, which not only make the air dirty but also cause acid rain（酸雨）.
4．The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （man worker） in the factory are all very hard-working.
5．On the table, there are fresh _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （tomato）. There are quite a lot of them, red and shiny, waiting to be used in our delicious _ _ _ _ _ _ （dish）. Next to the tomatoes are piles of green _ _ _ _ _ _ （leaf）.
6．Everyone handled the two _ _ _ _ _ _ （knife） carefully to avoid getting hurt.
7．Meanwhile, the company invited five _ _ _ _ （man） and three _ _ _ _ （woman） to discuss the new project.
8．_ _ _ _ _ _ （German） are known for loving drinking beer, while _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （Englishman） often drink tea in the afternoon.
三、完形填空微语篇。
[2025河南省实验中学三模·改编]Last week, I found myself in a difficult situation with my new 1 . He was a college student who had just moved in across the street and brought a ping-pong table with him. He put it in the grassland for public use and it soon became a favorite place for many in the 2 .
However, in the following days, the 3 from the games never stopped. Whenever there was a game, the crowd cheered loudly, and the noise nearly drove me mad. I went to the boy's house and told him that the 4 had to go, but he didn't take it well. He asked who I was and why I was telling him what to do.
“A neighbour who is bothered by your table!” I shouted at him.
My husband pulled me away. At home, I sat on the sofa, still feeling angry. Suddenly, a 5 on the wall came into view. It was taken at my college graduation ceremony. Seeing it brought back a flood of memories. I remembered my own college days, filled with cheers and adventures. How could I be so “cruel” to the young
The next morning, after waking up, I decided to make an apology first. As some dough on the kitchen table caught my 6 , an idea flashed into my mind: Why not bake some sugar cookies
When I stood in front of his door, what I had said echoed（回响） in my mind. I took several deep 7 and knocked. The following seconds seemed like years for me. When the door finally opened, there was a surprised look on the boy's 8 .
“Hi... I think... I've done something really awful,” I apologized, with my face turning red. “I hope you can accept these...”
I handed him the plate of cookies. He looked at the 9 and then at me.
“How do you know I'm hungry now This is the best snack!” He picked one up and took a bite. But the empty pizza box on his table and sauce on his mouth showed he had already had enough for lunch. Finally, we agreed to start over.
Today, when I passed by the grassland, to my surprise, the ping-pong table was gone. When I got home, I found a box of chocolates in front of the door, with a 10 on it which read, “Enjoy my honest apology!”
1．A．friend B．neighbour C．classmate D．cousin
2．A．school B．city C．community D．center
3．A．sound B．smell C．noise D．picture
4．A．table B．ball C．game D．bat
5．A．map B．book C．newspaper D．picture
6．A．arm B．attention C．head D．hand
7．A．breaths B．photos C．breaks D．turns
8．A．face B．mind C．back D．clothes
9．A．ice-creams B．dishes C．cookies D．dumplings
10．A．letter B．note C．notice D．paper
四、语篇填空第一节。2025河师大附中一模·改编
friend difficult advice activity world happy life month wish attention
1. later, you will go into a new environment. When you step into a new environment, you must have a strong 2. to fit in. Fitting in means you want to make more friends and get more chances to live a happier 3. . Here is some 4. that can help you.
Be confident. Confidence attracts most people. Everyone is special and there is only one person like you in this 5. . Spend some time thinking about your strong points. In this way, you will be able to build up confidence step by step. You won't have much 6. fitting in.
Be kind to everyone. Kindness is the bridge to your own 7. . When people notice your kindness, they will return it one day. Always give more than you receive, and think more of others than of yourself. A person who cares for others is popular everywhere. Be active in group 8. . Different kinds of activities like playing football can help you get to know others. You may add more friends to your circle. At the same time, you'll be amazed to see how much they like you. Instead of being alone to waste time, go out to dance and sing together with others to develop 9. .
Be optimistic（乐观的）. Optimism makes both you and others feel pleased. It makes a good first impression. A pleasant smile costs the least and does the most. Humor catches others' 10. as well. People will like you for making them feel happy.
专题二 形容词和副词
考情分析
考点 考向
形容词和副词的辨析 词义辨析
形容词和副词的比较等级 ①原级：as+adj./adv.+as、not+so/as+adj./adv.+as ②比较级：比较级+than、the+比较级， the+比较级、比较级+and+比较级等结构 ③最高级：最高级+...+in/of/among...、one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数等结构
形容词的用法和构词法 ①作定语修饰名词；作表语，用于系动词后；修饰复合不定代词时后置 ②动词→形容词；名词→形容词；形容词的否定前缀
副词的分类、用法和构词法 ①方式副词、频度副词、时间副词、地点副词、程度副词和疑问副词/词组 ②副词修饰动词、形容词、其他副词和句子 ③形容词→副词
考点讲练
考点1 形容词和副词的比较等级
一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成
1.规则变化
类别 构成方法 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词和部分双音节词 一般在词尾加-er或-est fast faster fastest
near nearer nearest
以字母e结尾的词，在词尾加-r或-st late later latest
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，先把y变成i，再加-er或-est easy easier easiest
early earlier earliest
重读闭音节词词尾只有一个辅音字母时，先双写该辅音字母，再加-er或-est big hot fat wet thin bigger hotter fatter wetter thinner biggest hottest fattest wettest thinnest
多音节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more或most careful beautiful quickly carefully more careful more beautiful more quickly more carefully most careful most beautiful most quickly most carefully
2.不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级 原级 比较级 最高级
good/well better best many/much more most
bad/badly worse worst far farther/further farthest/furthest
little less least
二、形容词和副词的比较等级的常用结构
1.原级的常用结构
结构 含义 示例
as+形容词/副词原形+as 和……一样…… She is as beautiful as her mother. I worked as hard as before.
not+so/as+形容词/副词原形+as 不如……那样…… I can't type so fast as you.
拓展 原级的修饰语
表示程度的副词（quite、very、too、so、enough等）只能修饰形容词和副词原级。
例：He is very tall. She is old enough to drive.
2.比较级的常用结构
结构 含义 示例
比较级+than 比……更…… Cassie's room is bigger than mine. The weather here is hotter than that in Yunnan.
比较级+and+比较级 越来越…… It's getting warmer and warmer.
the+比较级， the+比较级 越……，就越…… The more books you read, the more you know.
Which/What/Who...+比较级, A or B 哪一个/什么/谁更……,A还是B Who plays tennis better, Mike or Sam
the+比较级+of the two... 两者中较……的那一个 Anne is the taller of the two girls.
拓展 比较级的修饰语
much/a lot/even/far/a little/a bit可修饰比较级，放在比较级前面，表程度。
例：It's a bit colder than yesterday. She is much better today.
易错提示 more只能用于构成比较级,不可用于修饰比较级。
3.最高级的常用结构
结构 含义 示例
（the+）最高级（+单数名词）+in/of/among+比较范围 在……中最…… It is the biggest city in China. Soccer is the most popular sport in the country. He could jump （the） farthest of all.
one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数 最……的……之一 He is one of the most popular singers.
sth.+be+the+形容词最高级+名词（+that）+sb.+have/has/had ever+过去分词 某事物是某人所有经历中最……的 He said it was the quietest and most beautiful place he had ever been to.
the+序数词+形容词最高级 第几最……的 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
易错提示 形容词最高级前一般加定冠词the,但其前面有形容词性物主代词（my/his/...）或名词所有格（Lily's/China's/...）时不加the；副词最高级前的the可省略。
夯基专练 考点1
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．Nowadays electric cars give us a much _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （smooth） ride than earlier ones.
2．We students now use _ _ _ _ （few） throwaway products than before.
3．He gave me the _ _ _ _ （good） travel advice I had ever received: “Be like a student on your way around the world.”
4．Smiles and a helping hand can always make people _ _ _ _ _ _ （close） than a language can.
5．Now, people spend _ _ _ _ （little） time outdoors than before.
6．I thought it was the _ _ _ _ _ _ （nice） cake I had ever eaten. We sang, danced and talked and it was really a great time.
7．Brandon Green hopes that his works can help_ _ _ _ （many） Western people know China than before.
8．The Yangtze River is one of the _ _ _ _ _ _ （long） rivers in the world.
9．After a night's rain, the mountains are much greener and the air is much_ _ _ _ _ _ （fresh）.
10．In Spanish, you have to change the verbs （动词） for each person. But my
_ _ _ _ _ _ （big） problem of all is the pronunciation.
11．Everyone in class was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （excited） than ever before.
12．The _ _ _ _ _ _ （hard） you practise, the greater progress you will make.
13．—What will the future be like
—Cities will be_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （beautiful）. And there will be more trees.
14．Many believe that sharks can never be endangered because they are the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （strong） in their food chain.
15．Skating with Nathan was certainly a _ _ _ _ _ _ （good） offer than working on the project.
16．—Our class did well in the school singing competition.
—Yes, you sang _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （beautifully） of all.
17．I had been expecting the chance to fly into space for twenty-five years. It was the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （happy） moment of my life to know that I could be in the mission.
18．Among the three actors, Mr. Black is always the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （humorous）.
19．For most of the students, June is always the _ _ _ _ _ _ （busy） month in a year.
20．So far, Tech-Help has donated （捐赠）_ _ _ _ （many） than 2,000 smart TV sets to different families across the country.
考点2 形容词的用法和构词法
一、形容词的用法
形容词是用来修饰名词（或代词）的一类词。其功能和位置如下：
功能 位置 示例
作定语 一般位于名词前，起描述、修饰的作用，即adj.+n. The nice girl is my sister.
修饰复合不定代词时，通常后置，即something/anything/nobody/everyone/nothing/...+adj. One day at school, something strange caught Ann's attention.
作表语 位于系动词后，即be/feel/become/keep/...+adj. Don't be afraid. You will feel sleepy if you stay up late.
作宾语补足语 常置于keep、make、think等动词之后作宾语补足语，说明宾语的性质、状态或特征 You must keep your eyes closed.
二、形容词的构词法
1．动词→形容词
前/后缀 例词
-ed/-ing（-ed形容词常用于修饰人，表示“感到……的”;-ing形容词常用于修饰事物，表示“令人感到……的”） relax—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , interest—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , excite—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , disappoint—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , worry—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , amaze—_ _ _ _ _ _ /_ _ _ _ _ _
-ive act—_ _ _ _ _ _ , create—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-able enjoy—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , comfort—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , value—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , change—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
a- live—_ _ _ _ , sleep—_ _ _ _ _ _ , wake—_ _ _ _
其他 die—_ _ _ _ , depend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2．名词→形容词
后缀 例词
-y luck—_ _ _ _ , health—_ _ _ _ _ _ , sleep—_ _ _ _ _ _ , sun—_ _ _ _ , fun—_ _ _ _ , noise—_ _ _ _
-ful success—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , help—_ _ _ _ _ _ , harm—_ _ _ _ _ _ , wonder—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , care—_ _ _ _ _ _
-al person—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , nation—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , nature—_ _ _ _ _ _ , culture—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-less help—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , end—_ _ _ _ _ _ , meaning—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , hope—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , use—_ _ _ _ _ _
-ly friend—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , love—_ _ _ _ _ _ , day—_ _ _ _
-ous danger—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , humor—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
-ern south—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , north—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , east—_ _ _ _ _ _ , west—_ _ _ _ _ _
-ese Japan—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , China—_ _ _ _ _ _
-en wood—_ _ _ _ _ _ , gold—_ _ _ _ _ _
其他 science—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , death—_ _ _ _ , fool—_ _ _ _ _ _ , pleasure—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3．形容词的否定前缀
前缀 例词
un- usual—_ _ _ _ _ _ , lucky—_ _ _ _ _ _ , comfortable—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , believable—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
im-/in- polite—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , dependent—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
注：更多例词见《词句默背册》P149
夯基专练 考点2
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．We weren't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （surprise） that she won the talent competition. She sings very well.
2．A long and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （danger） journey! Maybe you need our help.
3．It makes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （enjoy） memories. Some people save letters and look at them over the years.
4．Roberto did not feel happy, sad or angry about them. He was too _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （disappoint） to feel anything.
5．The subway is always_ _ _ _ _ _ （crowd） during rush hours in big cities, filled with people hurrying to work or school, and it's hard to find a place to stand.
6．My grandmother looks very _ _ _ _ _ _ （health） because she walks for an hour every day.
7．People who live in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （Europe） countries near the sea eat lots of fish.
8．“I can't believe it,” Roberto said. “My own uncle wouldn't do that. It's _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （possible）.”
9．Spending hours on electronic devices （设备） every day is _ _ _ _ _ _ （harm） to teenagers' eyesight and may also affect their sleep quality and study efficiency （效率）.
10．Teenagers will feel _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （comfortable） and even get angry if someone reads their diaries.
11．Usually, it takes about one or two years to build a house in the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （tradition） way.
12．Holidays are not necessarily for fun or rest. Doing something _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （meaning） can also bring special pleasure. Maybe this is the spirit of Labor Day.
考点3 副词的分类、用法和构词法
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词，表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。
一、副词的分类
分类 用法 示例
方式副词 表示方式（大多数由“形容词+-ly”构成，少数与形容词同形） slowly, politely, carefully, quietly, fast, hard
频度副词 表示动作的频率 sometimes, often, usually, always, seldom, never
时间副词 表示动作发生的时间，是句子时态的重要标志 now, today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, already, yet
地点副词 表示动作发生的地点或位置关系 here, there, home, away, outside, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere
程度副词 多数修饰形容词和副词，少数修饰动词和介词短语，表示程度 quite, so, much, too, even, very
疑问副词/词组 用于构成特殊疑问句 when, where, why, how, how long（多长;多久）, how often（多长时间一次）, how far（多远）, how soon （多长时间；多久）
二、副词的用法
功能 位置 示例
修饰形容词或其他副词 一般位于被修饰词前，即adv.+adj./adv. Our family bought a new smart TV set last week. It is really cool!
修饰动词 一般位于动词之后，动词若带宾语，则放在宾语之后，即v.（+宾语）+adv. 注意频度副词通常放在实义动词之前，情态动词、助动词和be动词之后 He is writing his letter carefully. People usually give gifts to someone they love or care about.
修饰整个句子 一般位于句首 Suddenly, the eagle opened its wings.
三、副词的构词法
大部分方式副词可由相应的形容词加上后缀-ly构成，但也有特殊的变化形式。
形容词变副词的规则 例词
一般直接在词尾加-ly great—_ _ _ _ _ _ , quick—_ _ _ _ _ _ , quiet—_ _ _ _ _ _ , polite—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词，通常先变y为i，再加-ly happy—_ _ _ _ _ _ , heavy—_ _ _ _ _ _ , angry—_ _ _ _ _ _ , healthy—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
特殊变化 simple—_ _ _ _ _ _ , true—_ _ _ _ , terrible—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , possible—_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
注：更多例词见《词句默背册》P148
拓展
有些词以-ly结尾，却是形容词，如lovely、lively、friendly、lonely、silly等；有些词以-ly结尾，兼有形容词和副词两种词性，如early、likely、daily等。
夯基专练 考点3
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．Rick Abbott, who was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （serious） ill, gave Max a tent and told him to take a risk with it.
2．He _ _ _ _ _ _ （real） hopes that the sculpture he loves will be passed down to the next generation.
3．Tongji University has provided foreign students with some chances to plant different kinds of herbs _ _ _ _ _ _ （wide） used in Chinese medicine and cooking.
4．_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （general） speaking, when you write a letter, a greeting （问候语） such as “Dear...” should be at the top of the letter.
5．The young man didn't know what he should do. _ _ _ _ _ _ （lucky）, a hiker saw him and helped him walk out of the park.
6．—Many students in our class like James because he never gets angry _ _ _ _ _ _ （easy）.
—I agree with you. He is very patient.
7．In most countries, drivers have to pay a fine（罚款） if they break traffic rules, _ _ _ _ _ _ （usual） ＄100-＄300.
8．The car is old, but it still runs very _ _ _ _ （well）.
9．The Monkey King uses a magic stick to fight bad people _ _ _ _ _ _ （brave）.
考题集训
一、从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填空。每词限用一次。
good especial rapid bad hard tradition
1．It's a _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ custom to give red envelopes to kids during the Spring Festival.
2．Hot water can be dangerous, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ for children under five.
3．Our teacher always tells us, “The _ _ _ _ _ _ you study, the _ _ _ _ _ _ grades you will get.”
4．The weather today is even _ _ _ _ than yesterday; there are fewer people in the street.
5．China's Beidou system has developed _ _ _ _ _ _ and it plays an important role in many fields.
二、完形填空微语篇。2025许昌二模·改编
One day, a farmer's donkey had an unlucky accident. It fell into an abandoned well. The poor animal cried for hours and the farmer tried many ways to save it. However, the well was so 1 that he failed over and over again. After thinking for a while, the farmer decided to give up because the donkey was too 2 and the well needed to be covered up anyway. So he thought it just wasn't worth saving the donkey.
Then he invited all his neighbors to come over and help him. They each took a shovel and began to shovel dirt into the well. When the donkey realized what was happening, it cried and shouted at first. After a few shovelfuls of dirt, it 3 calmed down.
When the farmer looked down into the well 4 , he was really shocked by what he saw. With every shovelful of dirt that hit the whole back of the donkey, the donkey would shake it off and take a step up on the new layer （层） of dirt. As the farmer and neighbors continued to shovel dirt on top of the animal, it would shake it off and take a step up again. Pretty soon, to the 5 surprise of everyone, the donkey stepped up over the edge（边缘） of the well and happily got out.
Life is just like this—it is going to shovel dirt on you, all kinds of dirt. The key point of getting out of the well is to stop crying. You should shake the dirt off instead of letting it cover you up. Each one of our problems is a 6 stepping stone. It can help you go 7 and higher. We can get out of the 8 wells just by not stopping and never giving up! Shake it off and take a step up!
1．A．long B．deep C．small D．high
2．A．old B．lovely C．kind D．pretty
3．A．happily B．quietly C．sadly D．gradually
4．A．patiently B．kindly C．carefully D．quickly
5．A．little B．bad C．great D．old
6．A．light B．tiny C．hard D．valuable
7．A．faster B．farther C．slower D．better
8．A．deepest B．best C．worst D．widest
三、微语篇填空。2025焦作二模·改编
possible fast happy especial final
China's amazing freestyle swimmer, Pan Zhanle, celebrated his 20th birthday by taking the Olympic pool by storm at the Paris 2024 Olympics! He broke a world record and helped his team win a gold medal in the men's 4×100m medley relay（混合泳接力赛）.
Pan swam the final leg of the race in an unbelievable time of 45.92 seconds, even 1. than his own world record of 46.40 seconds. At first, China was in third place in the race before Pan's turn. But he didn't show any fear. 2. , he helped China win the race by swimming just for 3 minutes and 27.46 seconds. His performance was 3. eye-catching, as the victory ended the USA's winning streak（连胜） of many years in the event. This showed that what was once thought to be “ 4. ” is well achievable.
Pan was proud of his success and said 5. , “To break the 46-second barrier （屏障） was a goal I set on my birthday a year ago. Although I faced many challenges, I am so glad that I realized it at the Paris Olympics.”
专题三 动词
考情分析
考点 考向
实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词 实义动词的词义辨析 系动词（am/is/are/become/turn/grow/...）+adj./n. 助动词（do/does/did/will/...）+实义动词的适当形态 情态动词（can/could/should/may/might/must/would/have to/...）+do
动词的时态 一般现在时 am/is/are或do/does 一般过去时 was/were或did 一般将来时 will+do或am/is/are going to+do 现在进行时 am/is/are+doing 过去进行时 was/were+doing 现在完成时 have/has+done
被动语态 一般现在时的被动语态 am/is/are+done 一般过去时的被动语态 was/were+done 一般将来时的被动语态 will+be done/be going to+be done 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be done
主谓一致 语法一致、意义一致、就近一致
动词的非谓语形式 动词不定式 to do 动词的-ing形式 doing 动词的-ed形式 done
考点讲练
考点1 实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词
动词通常位于主语之后，在句中充当谓语或谓语的组成部分。动词按句法作用可分为实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。
一、实义动词
实义动词有实际意义，能在句中独立作谓语。有以下分类：
分类 用法 示例
按句法作用分类 及物动词 可直接跟宾语 use/buy/send/make/find/hear/allow+宾语
不及物动词 不能直接跟宾语，若要跟宾语，其后常加介词 Look at/listen to/worry about/belong to+宾语
按动作是否可持续分类 延续性动词 表示动作可持续，可与表示一段时间的状语连用 live, stay, study, work, keep, teach
非延续性动词 表示瞬间动作，即动作一发生便立即结束，在肯定句中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用 buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, leave, join, come, go, catch
二、系动词
系动词不能单独作谓语,必须和表语一起构成系表结构，如常见的“系动词+adj./n.”。初中阶段常见的系动词有以下几类：
分类 例词 例句
“状态”类 be （包括其各种形式 am/is/are/was/were/been/being），keep （保持）, stay （保持）, remain （仍然是；保持） He is a student. He is strong. We should keep fit. You seem happy. Mum gets angry. It sounds great!
“似乎”类 seem （似乎）, appear （看来；似乎）
“变化”类 get （变得）, turn （变成）, go （变得）, become （变成）, grow （逐渐变得）
“感官”类 look （看起来）, sound（听起来）, feel（摸起来；感觉）, taste（尝起来）, smell（闻起来）
三、助动词
助动词本身没有意义或意义不完整，不能单独作谓语。助动词在句中与实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语，以表示时态和语态。此外，助动词还可以用来构成否定句、疑问句等句型。具体用法如下表：
助动词 用法 助动词 用法
do/does/did 构成疑问句：do/does/did+主语+do be（非系动词be） 构成进行时：am/is/are/was/were+doing
构成否定句：don't/doesn't/didn't+do 构成被动语态：am/is/are/was/were+done
will/shall 构成一般将来时：will/shall+do have/has 构成现在完成时：have/has+done
四、情态动词
情态动词不能单独使用，必须与动词原形连用构成谓语，即“can/could/may/might/must/have to/need/should/will/...+动词原形”。
1.情态动词的一般用法
情态动词 用法 示例
can/could 表示能力，意为“能，会”；could是can的过去式，表示过去的能力 —Can you play the piano —Yes, I can./No, I can't. The teacher asked me for my homework, but I couldn't hand it in.
表示请求或允许，意为“可以”；could 的语气更加委婉 Can I play computer games, Mum Could you pass the book to me
may/might 表示请求或允许，意为“可以”；否定回答常用can't、mustn't或may not;might是may的过去式，语气更委婉 —May I go now —No, you can't/mustn't. She said she might go to the party.
must 表示必要，意为“必须”，否定形式为mustn't，意为“禁止，不可以” Don't arrive late for class. You must be on time. —Hurry up, Mum! Let's go across the road quickly. —No, Henry, you mustn't. The traffic lights are red.
“Must I...？”句型的肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn't或don't have to —Must I finish the project today —Yes, you must.（是的，你必须。）/—No, you needn't/don't have to.（不，你不必。）
have to 表示客观需要，意为“不得不；必须”，有人称、时态和数的变化；其否定形式意为“没必要” There was no electricity in the apartment! We had to eat our supper in the dark. We don't have to drink coffee every day.
need 意为“需要”，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。“Need I... ”句型的肯定回答一般用must，否定回答一般用needn't或don't have to You needn't take your umbrella. It is not raining outside.
should 表示观点或建议，意为“应该” Everyone should play a part in saving the earth.
shall 表示征求对方的意见，多用于第一人称 Shall we go bird watching tomorrow
will/would 表示说话人的意愿或提出请求；would是will的过去式，语气更委婉 Will you please help me to carry this box Would you join us
2.情态动词表推测
情态动词 用法 示例
must 表示肯定推测，强调对某事很有把握，意为“一定；肯定” The book must be Mary's. We can see her name on it.
could/may/might 表示把握不大的肯定推测，意为“可能；也许” —Whose English book is this —It might be Lily's, but I'm not sure.
may not 表示把握不大的否定推测，意为“可能不” This hat may not be Jack's. I am not sure.
can't 表示有把握的否定推测，意为“不可能” That bright light can't be a UFO—there's no such thing!
易错提示 mustn't 表示“禁止，不可以”，不能用来表推测。
夯基专练 考点1
盲填或用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．I _ _ _ _ （can） solve this math problem. It's too difficult for me.
2．It might _ _ _ _ （be） the world's earliest form of toothbrushes.
3．What _ _ _ _ you think of the novel, Journey to the West
4．The soup _ _ _ _ _ _ （smell） so good. What's in it
5．My parents worry _ _ _ _ my health when I stay up late studying, because it makes me feel sleepy in class the next day.
6．Should I _ _ _ _ _ _ （remind） him not to bring food into the classroom
7．You must _ _ _ _ （take） an umbrella with you, because the weather forecast says the rain will be very heavy this afternoon.
8．They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （not finish） the project yet, but they will try to complete it today.
9．We _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （not have） to buy a new printer. The old one still works well.
考点2 动词的时态
一、一般现在时
构成 1.谓语动词为be动词：主语+am/is/are+n./adj./...（+其他） 2.谓语动词为实义动词：主语+动词原形/第三人称单数（+其他）
用法 1.表示现阶段经常性或习惯性的动作或现在的状态 She likes to help others. A lot of people in China travel by high-speed train every year. 2.表示客观事实或普遍真理 The earth goes around the sun. 3.在if、unless、when、until/till、as soon as等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来的动作（主将从现——主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时） If you keep working hard, you will succeed some day. What are you going to be when you grow up
标志性时间状语 1.表示频率的词语：always、usually、often、sometimes、once/twice a week等 2.表示重复出现的时间词：on Mondays、every day/week/month/year等
注意 动词第三人称单数的变化规则
注意
规则 示例
一般在词尾加-s play—plays, believe—believes, say—says
以/s/、/ /、/t /音素结尾或以o结尾的动词，在词尾加-es fix—fixes, finish—finishes, watch—watches, go—goes
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，变y为i加-es study—studies, marry—marries, satisfy—satisfies
二、一般过去时
构成 1.谓语动词为be动词：主语+was/were+n./adj./...（+其他） 2.谓语动词为实义动词：主语+动词的过去式（+其他）
用法 表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态 They came up with some ideas to offer the young more jobs last month. When I was a child, I often went to that park/I used to go to that park.（表过去习惯性或经常发生的动作，还可用“used to+动词原形”来表示）
标志性时间状语 just now、 yesterday、 last week/month/year、 in+过去的年份、 in the past、 a few days ago、 once upon a time、 at the age of five、 when I was 5 years old等
三、一般将来时
构成及用法 1.主语+will+动词原形（+其他），表示将来的动作或存在的状态 What will the future be like 2.主语+am/is/are going to+动词原形（+其他），表示打算、计划或准备做某事 What are you going to do when you grow up
标志性时间状语 next week/month/year、in+时间段、in+将来的年份、in the future、soon、tomorrow等
四、现在进行时
构成 主语+am/is/are+动词的-ing形式（+其他）
用法 1.表示现在正在进行的动作或正在发生的事 He is watching TV now. Look! Jeff is helping a blind man cross the road.
2.表示现阶段或当前一段时间内正在进行的动作 I am reading an interesting book these days. 3.表示计划或安排好的将来要做的事情，用现在进行时表示将来 We are leaving early tomorrow morning.
标志性时间状语及场景句 1.表示“此时此刻”的词汇： now、right now、at the moment 2.表示某事正在发生的场景句： Look!/Listen!/What are you doing /... 3.表示当前一段时间的词汇：these days、this month
五、过去进行时
构成 主语+was/were+动词的-ing形式（+其他）
用法 表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作： 1.与表示过去某个时间点的时间状语连用 What were you doing at eight last night 2.用在含有when或while引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个动作发生时，另外一个动作正在进行，或两个动作同时进行 He was reading in the library when the rainstorm came. While I was going through the forest, I fell on the ground. While Linda was sleeping, Jenny was helping Mary with her homework.
标志性时间状语 at that time/moment、at this time yesterday、过去的具体时间（如at 9 o'clock yesterday morning）、when/while 引导的时间状语从句（while从句中多用过去进行时）等
注意 动词的-ing形式的变化规则
注意
规则 示例
一般直接在词尾加-ing fly—flying, sell—selling, go—going, see—seeing
以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去掉e再加-ing smile—smiling, make—making, move—moving
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这个辅音字母再加-ing begin—beginning, cut—cutting, forget—forgetting, get—getting, hit—hitting, plan—planning, put—putting, run—running, sit—sitting, shop—shopping, stop—stopping
少数以ie结尾的动词，先变ie为y，再加-ing die—dying, tie—tying, lie—lying
六、现在完成时
构成 主语+have/has+动词的过去分词（+其他）
用法 1.表示过去发生的动作或事件对现在造成影响 I have seen this film. I do not want to see it again. （过去已经看过该电影，对现在的影响是不想再看一遍） 2.表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还会持续下去。常和“for+时间段”“since+过去的时间点”或since引导的时间状语从句（从句谓语动词用一般过去时）连用，谓语动词用延续性动词 They have been friends since they first met.（从首次见面成为朋友，持续到现在） We have been friends for nearly 5 years. （做朋友持续5年了）
标志性时间状语 for+时间段、since+过去的时间点或since引导的时间状语从句（从句谓语动词用一般过去时）、already（肯定句）/yet（否定句/疑问句）、just、ever、never、so far、up to now、in the past/last three years、recently/lately、表示次数的词汇（once/twice/three times等）
注意 动词的过去式和过去分词的变化规则
规则变化
规则变化 原形 过去式 过去分词
一般直接加-ed watch stay want watched stayed wanted watched stayed wanted
以e结尾的动词，加-d love loved loved
以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，变y为i加-ed cry cried cried
以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这个辅音字母再加-ed plan stop shop chat fit planned stopped shopped chatted fitted planned stopped shopped chatted fitted
不规则变化
类型 示例 类型 示例
ABC型 begin—began—begun ABB型 bring—brought—brought
ABA型 become—became—become AAA型 cut—cut—cut
注：更多动词的不规则变化详见《词句默背册》P150
注意 区分一般过去时和现在完成时
拓展
不同点 时态 用法 例句
侧重点不同 现在完成时 是与现在有关的时态，属于现在时态的范畴，侧重于过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果 I have already seen the film. （说明“看电影”这个动作发生在过去，现在对这部电影的内容已经有所了解）
一般过去时 是一种过去的时态,侧重于表示过去的动作，与现在无关 I saw a film yesterday. （仅说明昨天“看电影”这件事，与现在无关）
连用的时间状语不同 现在完成时 与现在完成时连用的时间状语：already、yet、just、so far、in the last/past...、 ever、 never、since...、 for...等 Have you ever been to Shanghai （不强调什么时间去的，只问有没有这个经历）
一般过去时 一般过去时常与two days/three weeks ago、yesterday、 last month/year、 in+过去的年份、 just now等连用 I went to Shanghai in 2022. （强调发生的具体时间）
夯基专练 考点2
一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．It seems that families are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （spend） more and more time together.
2．I _ _ _ _ （take） the photos during the month of June, just after the rain. The air was full of small drops of water.
3．Mr. Zhao is patient and he always_ _ _ _ （tell） us not to worry about giving wrong answers.
4．A primary school in Nanjing has just_ _ _ _ _ _ （open） a herb farm.
5．When Mom came home, Danny _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （play） the piano in the living room.
6．I will be pretty upset if I _ _ _ _ （feel） left out.
7．—I am going to the party.
—If you do, you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （have） a great time.
二、微语篇填空。
share live move be visit start love
John's family 1. to Shanghai last year because his dad got a new job. By now he 2. there for nearly a year. John 3. lonely at first and missed his old
friends. But now he 4. that place and he has made a lot of friends. His best friend is Mike. They 5. the same hobby—watching Harry Potter films. When John first met Mike, Mike was watching one of the Harry Potter films. And then they 6. talking about that film. Next summer, they 7. Universal Studios Beijing to experience the scenes in Harry Potter. John's classmates will probably get postcards from him, saying they're having so much fun in the theme park.
考点3 被动语态
一、被动语态的构成
英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的-ed形式”构成。其中助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词时完全一样。
分类 被动结构 示例
★一般现在时 am/is/are+done Chinese is spoken by more and more people around the world nowadays.
★一般过去时 was/were+done Tea was invented by accident about 5,000 years ago.
★一般将来时 will+be+done； am/is/are going to+be+done To make the environment much better, more trees will be planted next year.
现在进行时 am/is/are+being+done The hair product is being used at present.
过去进行时 was/were+being+done The bridge was being built throughout the summer of 2024.
现在完成时 have/has+been+done How much e-waste has been produced
★含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+done 16-year-old teenagers shouldn't be allowed to drive. Something must be done about the present situation.
二、被动语态的用法
当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要说明谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。通常有以下两种情况：
1.主语是人，但为动作的承受者，可翻译为“（主语）被……”，谓语动词使用被动语态。
The artists are encouraged to tell good Chinese stories in their favorite art forms.（艺术家们被鼓励）
2.主语是物，且为动作的承受者，可翻译为“（主语）被……”，谓语动词使用被动语态。
A new supermarket will be built on Centre Street next year.（超市将被建造）
三、主动形式表被动意义
情况 示例
谓语动词为系动词feel、taste、sound、smell、look、keep、stay、remain、prove等时 This material feels very soft.（这种材料摸上去很柔软。）
表示主语内在性质、用途或性能的不及物动词（sell、read、write、wash、wear等）与well、easily等副词连用时 The pen writes smoothly.（这支笔写起来很流畅。） This kind of food sells well.（这种食物很畅销。）
用于“主语+be+adj.+to do”结构时 This question is hard to answer.（这个问题很难回答。） English is easy to learn.（英语很容易学。）
夯基专练 考点3
一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．The house was _ _ _ _ （build） in the 19th century and was in a typical style of that time.
2．The Spring Flower Festival _ _ _ _ _ _ （hold） in April every year in our city.
3．When a modern city meets its past, not only can tourism be developed better, but the local culture and history can also _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （know） by more people.
4．The Internet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （invent） by the US government in the 1960s for the army to use.
5．In fact, around 70 million sharks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （catch） and traded in this industry every year.
6．We saw many koalas and were happy to see that they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （protect） well in the forest.
7．ChatGPT, an AI chatbot, was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （develop） by OpenAI and met the public in November 2022.
二、用括号中所给词汇的适当形式填空，使短文完整。
As many animals are going extinct, we must do something to protect them. First, we should protect their habitats. If their living places 1. （not protect）, animals will have nowhere to live. Last year, many trees 2. （cut down） to build roads on mountains, and fences 3. （build） along the roads, which caused inconvenience to wildlife. Second, any forms of hunting shouldn't 4. （allow）. A lot of animals 5. （kill） just for their beautiful fur, which is so cruel. We should also protect the environment. A project 6. （set up） in our school last month and a lot of rubbish in the mountains 7. （pick up） by volunteers last week. But if people 8. （not prevent） from entering these areas, the problem will continue.
考点4 主谓一致
主谓一致是指句子的谓语与其主语在人称和数方面必须保持一致。主谓一致遵循三原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。
一、语法一致原则——主语、谓语在语法形式上保持一致
主语 谓语形式 示例
不可数名词、可数名词单数、第三人称代词单数he/she/it 单数形式 The boy was interested in English. He doesn't think it is a good idea.
动词不定式、动词的-ing形式 单数形式 Reading is learning.
不定代词/every one/each one、one/each of+复数名词/复数代词 单数形式 Each one has a gift. Each of the answers is worth 20 points.
复合不定代词anyone/somebody/everything/nobody等 单数形式 Is everything all right
none/neither of+复数名词/复数代词 单数/复数形式 None of us has/have been to Beijing.
复数名词、复数代词 复数形式 These apples are Mike's.
and或both...and...连接的并列主语 复数形式 Tom and Mike are good friends. Both Lucy and Lily are students.
拓展1
“A+with/along with/together with/as well as+B”结构作主语时，谓语动词的数由A的单复数形式决定。
Mr. Green with his wife and two daughters is coming to Beijing.
拓展2
shoes、clothes、trousers、scissors、glasses、shorts、jeans、chopsticks、gloves等作主语时，谓语动词须用复数形式。但如果这些名词被a pair/kind of 修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。
二、意义一致原则——主语、谓语在意义上保持一致
类别 谓语形式 示例
表示金钱、价格、时间、长度等的复数名词或词组作主语时，一般看作一个整体 单数形式 Three years is a long time.
集体名词,如family、team、class、group等作主语时 表示整体概念 单数形式 His family is going to move.（强调一个家庭）
表示各个成员 复数形式 His family are all eating.（强调家庭成员）
police、people等作主语时 复数形式 The police are helping a girl look for her mother.
拓展1
all、any、enough、half、more、most、some作主语或修饰主语时，若主语表示复数意义，则谓语用复数形式；若主语表示单数意义或是不可数名词，则谓语动词用单数形式。
All of the apples are rotten.（所有的苹果都腐烂了。）
All of the apple is rotten.（整个苹果都腐烂了。）
拓展2
主语为“分数/百分数+of+名词”时，其后的谓语形式取决于of后的名词的单复数形式。
About 60% of the students in our school are boys.
About 60% of the work is done.
三、就近一致原则——谓语的单复数取决于离谓语最近的主语的单复数形式
类别 谓语形式 示例
There be结构中 be动词常与离它近的主语在数上保持一致 There is a table and three chairs in Tom's room.
either...or...、neither...nor...、not only...but （also）...、not...but...连接两个并列主语时 谓语动词与离它较近的主语在人称和数上保持一致 Not only my parents but also I am looking forward to meeting my uncle.
夯基专练 考点4
用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．Although our _ _ _ _ （meal） look better, large amounts of sugar are often added.
2．Chinese Language Day_ _ _ _ （fall） on April 20th every year.
3．Xinzhou Ancient City in Shanxi, with a history of more than 1,800 years, _ _ _ _ （have） over 500 stores and restaurants.
4．A recent study shows that letter writing _ _ _ _ （make） the writer happy.
5．Neither Lily nor her parents _ _ _ _ （be） outdoors when the rainstorm came.
6．This is my good friend, Lucy. Not only she but also I _ _ _ _ （be） good at recycling. We often make some toys out of waste.
7．Reading novels _ _ _ _ （be） her favorite way to relax.
8．There _ _ _ _ （be） a big tree behind the shop. You can see many birds in it.
9．The centre of hurricane（飓风） winds is called the eye. Winds in the eye _ _ _ _ （be） not very strong.
10．There _ _ _ _ （be） some good advice and ways about how to use the Internet correctly and wisely.
11．Each of them _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （receive） a gift from the school every year.
12．Three years _ _ _ _ （be） a short time in one's life.
13．Either you or he _ _ _ _ （be） responsible for the mistake.
考点5 动词的非谓语形式（没有人称和数的变化）
一、动词不定式
动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，有时可以不带to，其否定式为“not+动词不定式”。具体用法见下表：
功能 位置与常见用法 示例
作主语 放在句首，谓语动词用单数 To see isto believe.（to believe作表语）
通常用it作形式主语，真正的主语，即动词不定式则被后置： It+is+adj.（+for/of sb.）+to do sth. It takes sb.+一段时间+to do sth.（做某事花费某人多少时间） It is important for us to work hard in order to have a better life. It takes me half an hour to walk to school every day.
作宾语 在一些动词后作宾语： afford/agree/want/hope/decide/wish/learn/expect/fail/plan/promise/refuse/wait/...+to do sth. They can't afford to buy a house. He decided to visit his grandparents on Saturday evening.
有些动词后接动词不定式作宾语时，常用it作形式宾语，把真正的宾语，即不定式后置：find/think+it+adj.+to do sth. I found it difficult to find a job in the city.
动词不定式可以和疑问词连用作宾语： what/which/when/where/how+to do Nobody told us what to do next. We don't know whereto go.
作状语 位于表示情绪、状态等的形容词后：be+adj.+to do sth. I am proud to be a Chinese.
表目的：to do/in order to do... A friend came to see me last night. To learn English well, you must study hard.
表结果：too+adj.+to do sth. （太……而不能做某事） adj./adv.+enough+to do sth.（足够……做某事） He is too young to go to school. He is old enough to go to school.
作宾语补足语 位于宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明： advise/allow/ask/encourage/force/invite /order/require/want/warn/teach/...+sb.+to do sth.（变被动后依然接to do） 注意 动词不定式在使役动词（make、let、have...）和感官动词（feel、hear...）后作宾语补足语时，通常省略to She encouraged me to write. My mom advises me to do my homework first. All the students were asked to complete a questionnaire（问卷）.
作定语 动词不定式作定语时要后置： something/anything/nothing/物/人+ to do I have some clothes to wash. I want something to eat. He has no place to live.
二、动词的-ing形式
动词的-ing形式为在动词原形后加-ing构成；其否定形式为“not+动词的-ing形式”。动词的-ing形式可以和助动词be一起构成进行时，还可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语等，详见下表：
功能 位置与常见用法 示例
作主语 放在句首，谓语动词用单数 Swimming is good for health.
作宾语 一些动词（enjoy/practice/finish/mind/miss/keep/suggest/imagine/consider/avoid/...）后接动词的-ing形式 He practices speaking English every day. When playing in the hallways, students should avoid pushing each other.
介词（of/to（to为介词时，后面接动词的-ing形式如be used to/ look forward to+doing...）/for/after/by/about/...）后接动词的-ing形式 They are talking about designing computer programs.
作表语 My favourite hobby is collecting stamps.
作定语 They found another hiding place.（作前置定语） They found a highway leading into the mountains.（作后置定语）
作状语 She was in the kitchen preparing supper.
作宾语补足语 I can't imagine Grandma riding a motorbike.
三、动词的-ed形式
动词的-ed形式也叫动词的过去分词，它除了可以与助动词be一起构成被动语态，与have/has一起构成现在完成时，还可以在句中作表语、定语、宾语补足语或状语。详见下表：
功能 示例
作表语 He is not interested in research.
作定语 She had a pleased look on her face.
作宾语补足语 We all wished the problem settled.（希望问题被解决）
作状语 Mr. Brown, deeply moved, thanked him again and again.（深深地被感动）
夯基专练 考点5
一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空。
1．She walked for a long time, and stopped _ _ _ _ _ _ （have） a rest under a tree.
2．It seemed that they decided _ _ _ _ （do）something without her.
3．Instead of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （climb） Mount Impossible every day, you played on the smaller hills and became better at climbing.
4．Drivers learn the rules of the road and they learn how _ _ _ _ （be） better drivers.
5．I understand that _ _ _ _ （do） housework is more difficult than I used to imagine.
6．At the same time, relics protection organizations and tourism organizations should work together _ _ _ _ _ _ （make） this economic model better.
7．Right now, Tech-Help is giving smart TV sets to families in Xinjiang. There are about 50 families on the_ _ _ _ _ _ （wait） list.
8．He burned your farm down to force you _ _ _ _ _ _ （sell） it.
9．After some time, Haojia was pleased _ _ _ _ _ _ （find） that the moon was in the bucket.
10．How can I become a better person This question has been in my mind for a long time. As students, we should spend most of our time _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （study）.
11．You're expected _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （shake） hands when meeting people for the first time in China.
12．On the bus ride home, Ann avoided_ _ _ _ _ _ （sit） next to Lily on purpose.
13．They have even asked governments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ （develop） laws to stop the sale of shark fins.
二、语篇填空第一节。
give paint surprise run clean smile think fix follow have
Our community library decided to 1. a painting class. I told my friend Ella, and we both signed up.
On the big day, our first task was to paint a white vase of cheerful yellow sunflowers against a blue background.
We were asked to 2. our canvas （画布） blue. It was easy to 3. the instructor to move the brush. Although I had never painted before, I could tell I was a natural. I started to 4. about where I would hang my new masterpiece.
Immediately after that, however, I began to 5. problems. The first curved （弯曲的） line of my vase looked perfect, but when I painted the line on the opposite side, my hand slipped （打滑）. I tried to cover that white streak （条痕） with blue paint, but it didn't work.
While I was busy 6. my messy painting, the instructor explained how to paint the sunflower leaves. Things went downhill fast after that. My leaves looked like fat, green caterpillars （毛毛虫）. When I failed to 7. my paintbrush, I accidentally made the sunflowers green. I felt upset when I saw how good others' paintings looked.
Ella sweetly praised my sunflowers, perhaps feeling sorry for me. When I said that hers was much better, she looked 8. and said, “No, it isn't. I messed up in at least five places.” After a few seconds, she asked, “Want to trade paintings ”
Until that moment, I had only disliked my painting. And yet, for some reason, 9. it away made me feel wrong. It wasn't a perfect painting, but it was mine—the first one I had ever created. I knew Ella must have realized that she felt the same way when she suddenly shook her head and said, “Never mind.”
My sunflower painting still hangs directly above my bed. I often look at it. Every time I look at it, it makes me 10. . It always brightens my day and brings warmth to my room. I really like it now.
考题集训
一、从方框中选择合适的单词，并用其适当形式填空。
attract read build protect take call show
1．A recent survey _ _ _ _ that 60% of teenagers in Henan prefer online learning platforms for English study.
2．Our city held a lantern show during the Spring Festival, which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ thousands of visitors.
3．The Yellow River is _ _ _ _ _ _ the “Mother River” and the government is working hard to protect its environment now.
4．Students should balance screen time with outdoor activities to _ _ _ _ _ _ their eyesight.
5．Our city plans to _ _ _ _ more libraries in rural areas next year to help children there read more books.
6．The government has _ _ _ _ measures to protect animals in danger.
7．Students should practice _ _ _ _ _ _ English newspapers daily to improve their vocabulary and reading skills.
overcome get interview make follow improve solve rise
8．The mayor（市长） promised to _ _ _ _ _ _ public transportation to make it easier for people to travel around the city.
9．There are two types of people in the world: those who _ _ _ _ fun of you and those who help you _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ your weaknesses.
10．This 1.8-meter-tall robot used a cooling system to stop the room from _ _ _ _ _ _ too hot.
11．Tourists must _ _ _ _ _ _ local environmental rules to help protect nature and keep the area clean.
12．The hero is being _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ about his brave actions by reporters now.
13．The _ _ _ _ _ _ number of electric cars shows green trends. It's a step towards a cleaner future.
14．The problem must be _ _ _ _ _ _ before next month, or it may cause bigger trouble.
continue draw water keep produce live use
15．As students, we are lucky to _ _ _ _ in such an exciting time.
16．We set up more boxes and bins for paper that we could _ _ _ _ again, and recycled plastics and cans.
17．For example, we hang up red lanterns and set off fireworks to _ _ _ _ evil spirits away.
18．This movie _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the legend of the brave and naughty Nezha. It is full of exciting battles and touching moments.
19．During the art class, she _ _ _ _ a beautiful landscape with colorful mountains and a clear river, which won high praise from the teacher.
20．—Peter, did you play table tennis with your friends after school yesterday
—No, I didn't. We _ _ _ _ _ _ the vegetables in our school garden.
21．New types of energy from the sun, wind and water_ _ _ _ _ _ little pollution and will never run out.
二、完形填空微语篇。 2025焦作二模·改编
My brother Wang Tao was so smart that he scored high and entered No.1 Middle School, which is the best one in our town. I wished he weren't so perfect because it made me feel like I had to work twice as hard just to 1 up with him.
“I needed an A!” I 2 it to myself before the math test. I studied until the last minute and rushed to class. I felt confident as I 3 the first page of the test, quickly filling in the answers with a smile. However, as I 4 to the last page, I couldn't remember anything. As a result, I was the last one to hand in my test paper.
The next day, I got my test paper back. I 5 the red score: 72! Not even a B. It was over. I felt upset. When I arrived home, Wang Tao was 6 on the sofa, reading. He immediately noticed the sadness on my face. He asked with care, “What's wrong, Wang Li ” I shouted at him, “How I wish you were not so perfect!” I told him about what I 7 .
To my surprise, Wang Tao listened patiently and said, “You know, Wang Li, being at No. 1 Middle School is not as easy as it seems. I have my own worries and failures, too. When I got a lower grade in a very important subject, I 8 just like you do now. You are so focused on being perfect that you forget to 9 the journey of learning. I may seem perfect from the outside, but you don't see the hours of hard work and the times I doubted myself.”
He looked into my eyes sincerely and said, “Be proud of your hard work, not just the results.” I looked at Wang Tao with understanding and said, “Thank you, Brother. I'm so sorry for what I said.” From that day on, I learned to focus on my personal growth, rather than 10 myself with others.
1．A．look B．come C．catch D．go
2．A．explained B．mentioned C．repeated D．reported
3．A．handed out B．took away
C．turned down D．looked through
4．A．returned B．turned C．carried D．pushed
5．A．saw B．heard C．smelt D．felt
6．A．jumping B．sitting C．standing D．climbing
7．A．experienced B．admired C．refused D．chose
8．A．heard B．sounded C．knew D．felt
9．A．discuss B．control C．enjoy D．complete
10．A．study B．help C．compete D．compare
三、语篇填空第一节。5·3原创
include speak play hold remember mark line show fight appear
九三阅兵 On September 3, China 1. a grand military parade（阅兵） in Beijing to 2. the 80th anniversary of the victory in the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the World Anti-Fascist War.
The theme（主题） of this event is “Remember the Great Victory, Safeguard Peace and Development”. Its main goals are to help people 3. history, honor the heroes who 4. for our country, cherish the peace we have now, and encourage the younger generations to carry forward the spirit of the past.
Troops 5. up in formations （编队） in the parade. These formations 6. an air echelon （梯队）, foot formations （soldiers marching on foot）, honor guards carrying historical battle flags and equipment columns （vehicles with military tools）. A great thing about this parade was that all the weapons （武器） shown were made in China. What's more, many new types of weapons 7. for the first time.
During the parade,lots of high-tech military equipment was 8. , like missiles （导弹） and drones （无人驾驶飞机）. These advanced tools surprised people all over the world. On social media, netizens from different countries 9. high