(共25张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第二讲 需“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词
第1节 名词和数词
一、名词
考点 1 名词的单复数
1.名词复数的规则变化
规则 例词
一般在词尾直接加-s student→students;teacher→teachers;doctor→doctors;table→tables
以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的名词,多数情况下在词尾加-es glass→glasses;dish→dishes;box→boxes;
watch→watches(例外:stomach→stomachs)
规则 例词
以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的名词,需把y变为i再加-es family→families;baby→babies;army→armies;body→bodies
以“元音字母+-y”结尾的名词,直接加-s toy→toys;valley→valleys
以-o结尾
的名词 加-s radio→radios;video→videos;zoo→zoos
加-es hero→heroes;potato→potatoes;tomato→tomatoes
规则 例词
以-o结尾的部分名词的复数形式有两种,既可加-s也可加-es volcano→volcanos/volcanoes
以-f或
-fe结尾
的名词 把f或fe变成v,再加-es half→halves;knife→knives;
leaf→leaves;thief→thieves;
wife→wives;wolf→wolves
直接加-s proof→proofs;roof→roofs;chief→chiefs;belief→beliefs
2.名词复数的不规则变化
规则 例词
自身有特殊变化的名词 child→children;man→men;tooth→teeth;foot→feet;
mouse→mice;phenomenon→phenomena;medium→
media
单复数同形 Chinese;sheep;deer;series;means (方式,方法);works
(工厂);species
合成名词的复数 passer-by→passers-by;looker-on→lookers-on;grown-up→grown-ups;stand-by→stand-bys
规则 例词
man,woman构成的复合名词 gentleman→gentlemen;policeman→policemen;
chairwoman→chairwomen;craftsman→craftsmen(例外:German→ Germans;human→ humans)
man, woman作定语修饰名词 a man cook→men cooks
a man driver→men drivers
[特别提醒] 有些名词在使用时总是用其复数形式。如thanks、clothes、congratulations、shoes、trousers、glasses (眼镜)等。
考点2 不可数名词
抽象名词具体化
1.表示抽象的特征、状态、行为的一场、一次、一种及多种、多场等,如a big fire、a heavy rain、a strong wind、a thick fog、have a look、make an apology、take a deep breath、live a(n)...life、have a good time、a wonderful lunch、a need、a discovery、a love、a collection of、a history of、a population of、an area of、an understanding of等。
2.表示情感、情绪的抽象名词强调具体的人或事:
3.有些物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类时,可以用作可数
名词。如some coffee一些咖啡、a coffee一杯咖啡、three coffees 三杯咖啡;some drink一些饮料、a drink一杯饮料、three drinks三杯饮料;his hair他的头发、a few grey hairs几根白发;glass玻璃、a glass一个玻璃杯等。
考点 3 形不同,意各异
考点 4 名词所有格
情况 构成 例词
表示有生命的名词的所有格 在词尾加-’s the boy’s bag;
men’s rooms
若名词已有复数词尾-s 只在词尾加-’ the workers’ struggle
如果两个名词并列,且分别加-’s,则表示“分别有……”;若只有后一个名词加-’s,则表示两个
“共有” - John’s and Mary’s rooms
(两间);John and Mary’s room (一间)
情况 构成 例词
在表示店铺、教堂、诊所的名称或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词 - at the doctor’s在诊所;
at my sister’s在我姐姐/妹妹的家
表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价值、国家、城市等无生命名词的所有格 在词尾加-’s或-’来表示所属关系,意为“……的” a twenty minutes’ walk;a ten miles’ journey;two pounds’ weight;
ten dollars’ worth
情况 构成 例词
无生命的名词的所有格用of结构 - a map of China;the end of this term;the capital of our country;the colour of the flowers
双重所有格 of+名词-’s/of+名词性物主代词 a friend of my father’s;an experience of hers
考点 5 常见名词后缀
动词变名词
-al survive→survival;arrive→arrival; approve→approval
-ance/
-ence appear→appearance;annoy→annoyance;exist→existence
-tion/
-ation/
-sion compete→competition;explain→explanation;
discuss→discussion
动词变名词
-ment achieve→achievement;argue→argument;judge→
judg(e)ment
-ture/
-ure press→pressure;mix→mixture;depart→departure;
fail→failure
-y discover→discovery;recover→recovery;deliver→
delivery
其他 choose→choice;vary→variety
形容词变名词
-age short→shortage
-cy efficient→efficiency;fluent→fluency
-dom free→freedom;wise→wisdom
-ce different→difference;silent→silence
-ness weak→weakness;careless→carelessness
-th young→youth;warm→warmth; true→truth
-ty/-ity safe→safety;cruel→cruelty; disable→disability
二、数词
数词分为两种: 基数词(表示数目)和序数词(表示顺序)。
考点 1 年龄的表达法
表示某人的确切年龄, 用“基数词+year(s) old” 或者“at the age of+基数词”, 也可直接用基数词;表示某人几十多岁的大概年龄时, 用“in one’s+整+的基数词的复数(如twenties、thirties等)”来表达。
考点2 年代的表达法
表示“多少世纪多少年代”时, 在年份后加“ -s”或“- ’s”。
考点3 分数的表达法
分子用基数词, 分母用序数词, 若分子大于1, 则分母用复数。如one -fourth/a quarter四分之一、two -fifths五分之二等。
考点 4 hundred/score/dozen等的用法
具体数字+dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million 等词时,后面直接加名词复数;表示笼统数目时,用dozens/scores/hundreds/thousands
/millions of+名词复数。如two dozen eggs两打鸡蛋、many dozen pencils好多打铅笔、dozens of eggs几十个鸡蛋、scores of pencils几十支铅笔、thousands of people成千上万的人等。
考点 5 序数词的使用
1.序数词在句中主要作定语,一般情况下序数词前要加定冠词。
2.序数词前有时加不定冠词,表示“又一、再一”,相当于another。
3.有时序数词作状语,不加冠词。
[特别提醒] 表示数词的顺序往往用序数词。大部分是在基数词的基础上加- th。以- y结尾的基数词变序数词,把y变成ie再加- th。如fourth第四、sixth第六、thirtieth 第三十、fortieth 第四十。下面的词例外,需特别铭记:first第一、second第二、third第三、fifth第五、eighth第八、ninth第九、twelfth第十二。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(人教必修三)Festivals are an important part of society. They reflect people’s wishes, (belief), faiths, and attitudes towards life.
2.(北师大选必一)I can’t even imagine going without social networking for a week—think of all the important appointments, invitations and news (update) you would miss!
3.(人教必修一)Written Chinese has also become an important means by which (China) present is connected with its past.
beliefs
updates
China’s
4.(译林选必二)It is advisable to remember that journalists may have different (priority),which would influence how they report an event.
5.(外研选必一)How to protect the delicate ecosystem was among the top (concern).
priorities
concerns(共25张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第二讲 需“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词
第2节 形容词和副词
考点 1 形容词和副词的基本用法
(一)形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语或状语
1.以a -开头的形容词常作表语,如afraid、alone、alive、ashamed、awake等;常作表语的形容词还有content、worth、ill、sure等。
The book is worth reading.
这本书值得被读。
2.形容词作状语表示原因、伴随、结果等,表示主语的状态和特征,逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。
(2024·九省联考)“What’s all this?” Katherine asked, obviously confused.
“这是怎么回事?”凯瑟琳问,显然很困惑。
(二)副词在句中作状语,修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或句子
(2022·新高考Ⅰ卷)I firmly believe that you will finish your run if you bravely face this challenge.
我坚信,只要你勇敢地面对这次挑战,你一定能跑完全程。
[特别提醒] 常作评注性状语,置于句首修饰整个句子的副词有fortunately、luckily、surprisingly、honestly、personally、actually、thankfully等。
(2023·全国甲卷)Unfortunately,he was arrested and forced to stay there for over ten years.
不幸的是,他被抓获并被迫在那里待了十多年。
考点 2 形容词变副词的规则
类别 例词
直接加-ly clear→clearly清楚地
great→greatly很,大大地
以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的形容词,变y为i再加-ly happy→happily高兴地
heavy→heavily沉重地
词尾为-le的形容词,去掉e,再加-y(whole例外) terrible→terribly极度地
gentle→gently轻柔地
whole→wholly整个地
类别 例词
词尾为-ue的形容词,去掉e,再加-ly true→truly真实地
词尾为-ll的形容词,直接加-y full→fully充分地;完全地
dull→dully迟钝地
词尾为-ic的形容词,加
-ally(public例外) basic→basically基本上
scientific→scientifically合乎科学地
public→publicly公开地;公然地
考点3 形容词和副词的比较等级
(一)形容词和副词的同级比较
基本结构:
(1)表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某一方面相等时,可以用以下三种形式表示:
①as+形容词/副词的原级+as
②as+形容词+a(n)+单数名词+as
③as+many/much+复数名词/不可数名词+as
Henry is a worker as good as Peter (is).
=Henry is as good a worker as Peter (is).
亨利是和彼得一样好的工人。
He has as many books as I.
他有和我一样多的书。
(2)表示双方不相等时,用“not so/as+形容词/副词的原级+as”结构。
Michael is not as/so tall as Wood.
迈克尔没有伍德长得高。
(二)形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1.比较级与最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
词形分类及变化构成 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节
和少数双音节词 一般加-er或-est tall taller tallest
long longer longest
以-e结尾的,只加-r或-st nice nicer nicest
fine finer finest
词形分类及变化构成 原级 比较级 最高级
单音节词
和少数双
音节词 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写该辅音字母再加-er或-est big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
fat fatter fattest
以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的,先变y为i再加-er或-est happy happier happiest
easy easier easiest
其他双音
节词和多
音节词 在前面加more
或most difficult more
difficult most
difficult
beautiful more
beautiful most
beautiful
[特别提醒] 表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent、extreme、perfect、favorite等,没有最高级,也不与比较级连用;有些词本身含有比较的意义,其后用to而不用than,如superior to优/高于; inferior to次于; senior to年长于,地位高于; junior to地位低于等。
(2)不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good、well better best
bad、badly、ill worse worst
many、much more most
little less least
far ·farther[指时间或空间上“更远(的)”]
·further[指空间距离
“更远(的)”;在更大程度上] ·farthest[指时间或空间上
“最久(的);最远(的)”]
·furthest[指空间距离“最远(的)”;在最大程度上]
old older/elder oldest/eldest
2.比较级的常见结构
(1)“形容词/副词比较级+than”结构,表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”;“less+形容词/副词原级+than”结构,表示“一方不及另一方……”。常见的修饰比较级的词有any、much、even、far、by far、a lot、a great deal等。
The breadth of education is more important than its length,and the length of life is less important than its depth.
教育的长度不及广度重要,人生的长度不及深度重要。
(2)“the+比较级+主语+谓语, the+比较级+主语+谓语”,表示“越……就越……”。
(2024·九省联考)Studies show that the earlier kids learn to form positive relationships, the better they are at relating to others as teenagers and adults.
研究表明,孩子越早学会建立积极的人际关系,他们在青少年和成年后就越善于与他人相处。
(3)“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more/less and less+原级”表示“越来越……”。
I’m feeling more and more exhausted as the day goes on.
随着一天的过去,我感到越来越疲惫了。
(4)表示“和……一样不……”时,用“no+比较级+than”结构。
You are no taller than I.
你和我一样矮。
(5)“the+比较级+of (the)+名词/代词”,表示“(两者中)较……的”。
I would prefer the smaller of the two cameras,which is very easy for me to carry.
这两个照相机中,我喜欢较小的那个,对我来说,它很容易携带。
3.比较级形式表示最高级意义的表达方式
(1)“否定词+比较级”表示最高级含义。
(2024·浙江1月卷)There was nothing she feared more than having to run a whole mile.
她最害怕的莫过于跑完整整一英里。
(2)比较级在以下几种结构中均表示最高级含义:
比较级+than+any other+单数名词;
比较级+than+all the other+复数名词;
比较级+than+any of the other+复数名词。
The Great Wall is longer than any other man -made structure/than all the other man- made structures/than any of the other man-made structures in history.
长城比历史上任何人造建筑都长。
4.最高级的用法
(1)the+形容词的最高级(+名词)+比较范围(in/of/among短语)
She is the most active student in our class.
她是我们班最活跃的学生。
(2)one of+形容词最高级+名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。
(3)序数词+形容词最高级+名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
(4)常用的最高级的修饰语有by far、nearly、almost、by no means、not really以及序数词等。
It is by far the worst speech he has ever made.
这是他迄今发表过的最差的演讲。
考点 4 倍数表达法
常用的倍数表达法:
Our classroom is three times as large as theirs.
=Our classroom is three times larger than theirs.
=Our classroom is three times the size of theirs.
我们的教室是他们的教室的三倍大。
考点 5 常见的易混词
beside在旁边(或附近) besides此外,而且
late迟的/地,晚的/地 lately近来
later后来,以后
latest最近的,最新的
ago以前(以现在为起点) before以前(以过去为起点)
somewhere某处 everywhere到处
high在高处;高 highly高度地;很;非常
wide广阔地;充分地 widely广泛地;普遍地
deep深深地 deeply深刻地;深沉地
free免费 freely自由地;畅通地
close接近;紧挨着 closely仔细地;紧密地
hard努力地 hardly几乎不
near在附近 nearly几乎,差不多
[特别提醒] 下列单词以- ly结尾,但是形容词而非副词:lively、lonely、lovely、friendly、ugly、silly、timely、costly等。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(外研选必一) People sit uncomfortably on plastic chairs, looking through old magazines, all of which have been read hundreds of times _____________(previous).
2.(译林选必三)Splendid as the view of the Earth is, spacewalking is not as (excite) as you might think.
3.(译林选必一)While it was hard to pick a favourite painting out of so many amazing works, the artists who made the (deep) impression on me were two of the greatest Impressionist painters,Claude Monet and Pierre -Auguste Renoir.
previously
exciting
deepest
4.(译林选必二)We also need to be critical about the information we receive and remember not to (blind) trust what we have read.
5.(人教必修三)Eight years later, Lin graduated from Peking Union Medical College (PUMC) with the Wenhai Scholarship, the _______
(high) prize given to graduates.
6.(人教选必一)Albert Einstein, who is perhaps the greatest scientist in modern physics, is often considered one of the (smart) men who ever lived.
blindly
highest
smartest
7.(北师大选必三)Dr. Sun Qiang, director of the research team, said they had been (whole) devoted to the research and had been taking care of more than 1,000 monkeys 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for more than 5 years.
8.(外研选必四)Lying under waters across the globe are an estimated three million shipwrecks. All of them represent attempts over the centuries to explore Earth’s (far) corners.
9.(外研选必四)Our power to investigate and thus understand space changed (dramatic) when the first telescope was angled at the night sky.
10.(译林必修三)We can achieve almost anything online—with access to the Internet come some (true) life -changing advantages.
wholly
farthest
dramatically
truly