(共22张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第三讲 不可忽视的小词——代词、冠词和介词(短语)
第2节 冠词
考点1 不定冠词a、an的用法
(一)不定冠词的用法(八个“一”)
泛指“一”(one) It was a cold winter night and the moon was shining brightly across the night sky.
“每一”(＝per) Prices start at $13.95 a meter for printed cotton.
“同一”(＝the same) They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.
“一类”(＝复数名词) A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.
“任一”(＝any) What he needs is a book.
“某一”(＝a certain) A Mr. White with some big bags is waiting to see you at the school gate.
“一个/场/次/件”(抽象名词) The art show was not a failure but a success.
“一种/份/阵/……”
(物质名词) What a heavy rain！
A coffee is enough.
1.用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前,表示泛指。
My friend John is a handsome young man, a young man everyone likes to work with.
我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人,一个人人都喜欢与之共事的年轻人。
2.用在序数词前,表示“再一,又一”。
This is the first time I’ve been to Japan, but I hope to visit a second time in the future.
这是我第一次去日本,但我希望将来能再去一次。
3.用在形容词的比较等级前,表示“一个更……的”。
Only by reading the latest issue of this magazine can you have a better understanding of the astronauts’ life in space.
只有通过读这本杂志的最新一期,你才能更好地了解航天员在太空的生活。
4.“a most＋形容词”表示“很……,非常……”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very；而“the＋most＋多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示“最……”。
She is the most talented musician I have ever met.
她是我见过的最有天赋的音乐家。
He is a most talented musician.
他是一位非常有天赋的音乐家。
(二)不定冠词的固定搭配
have a gift for有……的天赋
get a lift/ride搭便车
pay a visit to参观
lend sb. a hand帮助某人
as a result因此
at a distance离一段距离
a waste of ……的浪费
be/go on a diet节食
make a living谋生
as a matter of fact事实上
in a sense/way在某种意义上
all of a sudden突然
考点 2 定冠词the的用法
(一)定冠词的基本用法
1.特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。
Yesterday an 8- year- old boy fell into the river. The boy was saved by a policeman.
昨天,一个8岁的男孩掉进了河里。这个男孩被一名警察救了。
2.用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only、very、same等之前；“the＋形容词”表示一类人。
Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.
杨利伟是中国第一个进入太空的人。
The organization provides special education and support for the deaf and the dumb.
该组织为聋哑人提供特殊教育和支持。
3.用于表示朝代、年代的名词前,或用于整十的数词复数前,表示某个年代。
In the early 1600s, Galileo was the first to use his telescope to explore the sky.
在17世纪初,伽利略是第一个使用望远镜探索太空的人。
4.用于表示姓氏的复数名词前,表示一家人或夫妇俩。
The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.
史密斯夫妇曾住在我们楼上的公寓里。
5.用于世界上独一无二的事物前。
As the sun went down, there was a bar of red over the western hill.
日落时,西山上有一条红色的光带。
6.用在“by＋the＋单位计量词”中,但是如果是在抽象名词前则不用冠词,如by weight、by time、by length、by size等。
I got paid by time.To be exact,I got paid by the hour.
我按时间拿报酬,确切地说,我是按小时拿钱。
7.用于固定结构“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体部位”。
The police caught the thief by the arm.
警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。
[特别提醒] 被演奏的西洋乐器前用the,但是球类、棋类之前却没有冠词。
As far as I know,he likes playing the piano but doesn’t like playing football.
据我所知,他喜欢弹钢琴却不喜欢踢足球。
(二)定冠词的固定搭配
at the moment此刻；目前
in the end最后,最终
to tell the truth说实话
on the other hand另一方面
by the way顺便说一下
in the middle of在……中间
at the same time同时
on the contrary相反
on the whole总的来说
in the distance在远处
to the point中肯；切题
make the most/best of充分利用
考点 3 零冠词的用法
(一)零冠词的基本用法
1.表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。
Misfortune never comes alone.
祸不单行。
2.表示月、季节、星期、节假日、大洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类等名词前。
I’m going to take up chemistry this semester.
本学期我打算学化学。
They were having breakfast when I arrived.
我到达时他们正在吃早饭。
3.与by连用的表示交通工具、通信工具的名词前。
Are you going there by plane or by ship
你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？
4.在称呼语前或表示独一无二的头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。
John, head of the group, will plan for the whole trip. 组长约翰将为这次旅行制订全程计划。
5.as/though引导让步状语从句,单数名词提前至句首时,其前不加冠词。
Child as he is,he knows a lot about Chinese history.虽然他还是个孩子,但是他对中国历史了解很多。
(二)零冠词的固定搭配
on purpose故意地
by chance碰巧
catch fire着火
at dawn在黎明
face to face面对面
out of date过时的
make room for给……让位
in debt负债
in shape状况良好
on foot步行
in danger在危险中
side by side肩并肩；并排
from time to time不时地
hand in hand手拉手
day after day日复一日地
考点 4 有无定冠词，意义各不同
名词前无冠词的搭配 名词前有冠词的搭配
sit at table坐在桌旁吃饭 sit at the table坐在桌旁(不一定在吃饭)
at school在上学 at the school在学校(不一定是上学)
by sea乘船;由海路 by the sea在海边
in front of在……(外部的)前面 in the front of在……(内部的)前面
out of question没问题 out of the question不可能
名词前无冠词的搭配 名词前有冠词的搭配
in possession of拥有 in the possession of为……所拥有
by day在白天 by the day按天计算
in charge of掌管 in the charge of在……的掌管下
take place发生 take the place of代替
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(外研选必一)It was actually a very clever means to highlight the importance of the Great Barrier Reef and need to protect it.
2.(译林选必四)I wondered if the first day of school was always such ____ circus.
3.(北师大选必二)Anne was a teacher and former student at a school for blind in Boston.
the
a
the
4.(译林选必二)We absorb these marketing messages without thinking about them too much, yet they will probably have effect on us the next time we go shopping.
5.(北师大选必二)CGI (Computer Generated Image) technology has had a huge impact on the film industry. It allowed the previously unfilmable to become reality.
6.(外研选必一)This is like a warning, or call for help: “I’m being attacked！”
an
a
a
7.(外研选必一)Most surprisingly of all, plants have amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest.
8.(外研必修二)As a computer engineer, there’s always a new challenge just around corner!
9.(人教选必二)My presentation on traditional Chinese art was ___ great success, which boosted my confidence.
10.(人教选必一)As consequence, he had to flee Germany.
an
the
a
a(共38张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第三讲 不可忽视的小词——代词、冠词和介词(短语)
第3节 介词(短语)
考点1 高频介词的基本用法
1.for表示“(时间、距离)达到,计；因为,为了；换取；就……而言；(表示去向)往,向”等。
We walked for miles.
我们走了好几英里路。
2.by表示“在……旁边,靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；被,由；按照,通过……方式；数量(程度)达到；经过”等。
They are paid by the day.
他们按天计酬。
3.with表示“带有,具有；随着；因为；就……来说；用,以；和,与；对于,关于”等。
A young woman came in with a cup of coffee.
一名年轻女子端着一杯咖啡走了进来。
4.of 表示“属于,关于”和同位关系等；还常用在“It is/was＋adj.＋of...”句型中,表示描述对象的特征。
The city of Beijing is very beautiful.
北京市很美丽。
It’s typical of him to go to work early.
他一向上班很早。
I hope this book will be of value to students.
我希望这本书对学生们有帮助。
5.on表示“在……之上；在(某一天)；处在……情况中；关于(事或人)”等。
on the table在桌子上
on Sept.1在9月1日
on sale (减价)出售
on foot步行
on holiday 在度假
an article on art一篇关于艺术的文章
6.in表示“在……内；(表示方向)以……方向；在(某段时间)之后；穿着；(表示状态或状况)处于……中；(表示使用的语言、材料等)用……,以……；在……方面”等。
in all directions四面八方
in an hour 一小时后
in cash用现金
in ruins 成为废墟
in a red coat穿着一件红色外套
in color在颜色方面
in ink用钢笔
7.against表示“反对,反抗,违背；倚,靠；衬托,以……为背景；逆着(水流、潮流、风等)”或“与……相对抗 ”。
An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are against it.
看来意见达成一致是不可能了,因为委员会的大多数成员都表示反对。
He stood with his back against the wall.
他背靠墙站着。
Flowers look better against green leaves.
花在绿叶的衬托下更好看。
考点2 介词的分类
1.表示时间的介词
after在……之后
at在……时刻(时间点)
before在……之前
between在……之间
by在……之前,不迟于
during在……期间
for达到,计(表示一段时间)
on在(某一天)
since自……以来
until/till直到
in在(某段时间)之后；在(某月、某年等)
from...to...从……到……
shortly after不久之后
2.表示空间关系和方位的介词
3.表示方式、方法、手段的介词
(1)with多指用有形的工具、身体的某部位或器官；
(2)by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；
(3)in指使用某种语言、材料等；
(4)on表示使用特指的交通工具,或依靠某种方式或方法等。
4.表示原因的介词或短语
as a result of由于……
because of因为,由于
on account of由于
due to 由于
owing to因为,由于
thanks to幸亏,多亏
for因为,由于
with由于
考点3 介词的搭配
(一)介词与动词的搭配
1.“动词＋sb.＋of＋sth.”结构
accuse sb. of sth.指责/控告某人某事
cure sb. of sth.治好某人的某种疾病
rid sb. of sth.使某人摆脱某物
cheat sb. of sth.骗走某人某物
remind sb. of sth.使某人想起某事
inform sb. of sth.通知某人某事
rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人某物
warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事
convince sb. of sth.使某人确信某事
suspect sb. of sth.怀疑某人某事
2.“动词＋sb.＋for＋doing sth.”结构
blame sb. for doing sth.指责某人做某事
punish sb. for doing sth.因做某事而惩罚某人
thank sb. for doing sth.感谢某人做某事
3.“动词＋sb./sth.＋from＋(doing) sth.”结构
prevent/stop/keep sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止某人/物做某事
protect/preserve/defend/shelter sb./sth. from being done保护某人/ 物免于被……
ban/prohibit sb./sth. from doing sth.禁止某人/物做某事
4.其他常考的动词与介词的搭配
result from由……造成,因……而产生
result in导致,结果是
call at访问(某地)
call on拜访(某人)
call for要求；需要
add to增加
end up with以……结束
fix one’s eyes on注视
give in (to)屈服
give way to屈服,退让,让步
get rid of免除；摆脱
get through正式通过；(用电话)接通,联系上；顺利通过(考试等)
go through经历
look down on/upon轻视,看不起
make use of利用
make fun of取笑
run out of用完
show around/round领(某人)参观
show off炫耀；展示
take pride in因……而自豪
take on呈现；承担
live up to不辜负
put forward提出
put up with忍受
adapt to适应
refer to涉及；查阅；指的是
come across (偶然)遇见
pick up捡起；用车接(某人)；接收；偶然习得
(二)介词与名词的搭配
1.“at＋n.”表示状态
at a loss不知所措
at peace处于和平状态
at war在战争中
at work在工作
2.其他以at开头的短语
at the beginning of在……的开始
at the cost of以……为代价
at the risk of冒……的危险
at the mercy of在……支配下；任由……摆布
3.“on＋n.”表示状态
on exhibition/show在展出
on fire着火
on sale出售；打折
on the decrease/increase在减少/在增加
4.其他以on开头的短语
on account of因为
on behalf of代表
on no account/condition决不
5.“by＋n.”表示方式
by air/plane乘飞机
by hand用手工
6.“in＋n.”表示方式
in cash用现金付款
in depth在深度上
in detail详细地
in English用英语
7.其他以in开头的短语
in place of代替
in addition to另外
in return作为回报
in spite of尽管
in exchange for作为交换
in favor of支持,赞成
in case of万一；如果,假使
in support of为支持……
in honour of为纪念；为庆祝
in memory of为了纪念……
8.“of＋n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)
of benefit有益处的
of importance重要的
of significance有意义的
of value有价值的
9.“out of＋n.”表示状态
out of balance失去平衡
out of breath上气不接下气
out of date过期,过时
out of sight看不见
out of work失业
10.“under＋n.”表示被动
under pressure在压力下
under treatment在治疗中
under control处于控制之中
under repair正在修理
11.“with＋n.”表示方式
with delight/joy高兴地
with difficulty困难地
with ease轻而易举地
with fear害怕地
with pleasure乐意地
12.“beyond＋n.”表示“超出……,难以……”
beyond comparison无与伦比
beyond reach 够不到
beyond description难以描述
beyond expression/words难以表达
beyond recognition难以辨认
(三)形容词与介词构成的搭配
1.be＋adj.＋about
be anxious about为……忧虑
be curious about对……好奇
be particular about对……讲究/挑剔
be worried/concerned about对……担心
2.be＋adj.＋at
be angry at因/对……生气
be good at擅长
be astonished at对……吃惊
be present at出席
3.be＋adj.＋in
be absorbed in专注于……
be active in积极于……
be dressed in穿着……
be engaged in忙于……
be rich in富含……
be occupied in忙于……
4.be＋adj.＋for
be eager for渴望……
be famous for因……著名
be fit for适合；胜任……
be ready for准备好……
be sorry for对……感到抱歉
be prepared for为……做好准备
5.be＋adj.＋from
be absent from缺席
be different from不同于
be far from远离
be free from不受……影响
6.be＋adj.＋to
be close to接近……
be devoted to致力于……
be equal to等于……；胜任……
be familiar to对……熟悉
be friendly to对……友好
be harmful to对……有害
be kind to对……友好
be similar to与……相似
be grateful to对……心存感激
7.be＋adj.＋of
be aware of意识到……
be fond of喜欢……
be proud of因……而自豪
be short of缺乏……
be critical of对……挑剔
8.be＋adj.＋with
be busy with忙于……
be familiar with对……熟悉
be combined with与……结合
be patient with对……有耐心
be popular with受……欢迎
be pleased with对……感到满意
be angry with (sb.)对(某人)生气
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(人教选必二)When I got lost, I had to ask passers- by for help, but people here speak fast and use words I’m not familiar .
2.(译林选必四)Four years had disappeared a flash.I stood with my certificate in hand and reflected those four years.
3.(外研选必一)We are specially trained clowns who work as part of a programme known “hospital clowning”.
4.(人教选必二)As I always tell my son, there are no great difficulties _______ a person who is brave,optimistic, and willing to work hard!
with
in
on/upon
as
for
5.(北师大选必一)I wasn’t very good at most school subjects before I met Mr. Jenkins. I suppose I was a bit lazy, especially maths.
6.(人教选必一)Given that Yuan’s hybrids made him quite wealthy, one might think he would have retired a life of leisure.
7.(译林选必一) his late twenties, Beethoven suffered one of the worst possible twists for a musician：he started to lose his hearing.
8.(外研选必一)Where technology will take art next is anyone’s guess. But one thing is sure—with so many artists exploring new possibilities, we can definitely expect the unexpected.
in
to
In
for
9.(译林选必二)From the ancient simple advertisements painted on outdoor signs the colourful, interactive ones in smartphone apps, advertising and the mass media have developed hand in hand.
10.(人教选必二)Other students are not mature enough to handle the challengesu ____ themselves and may become depressed.
to
by(共27张PPT)
板块一 词法
语法突破篇
第三讲 不可忽视的小词——代词、冠词和介词(短语)
第1节 代词
考点 1 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词
(一)代词的形式
人称 单复
数 主格 宾格 形容词性
物主代词 名词性
物主代词 反身代词
第一
人称 单数 I me my mine myself
复数 we us our ours ourselves
第二
人称 单数 you you your yours yourself
复数 you you your yours yourselves
第三
人称 单数 he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its itself
复数 they them their theirs themselves
1.人称代词作主语时用主格,作宾语、表语时用宾格。
I like yours better than ours.
我喜欢你们的胜过我们自己的。
2.物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词作定语,名词性物主代词可作主语、表语和宾语。
The author can report other people’s results which more or less agree with hers.
作者可以发表与她自己的观点或多或少一致的别人的成果。
(二)反身代词的习惯用法
[特别提醒] 含有反身代词的习惯用语：
by oneself独自,独立地
for oneself亲自
help oneself to随便吃/用
enjoy oneself玩得开心
make yourself at home别客气
teach oneself自学
say to oneself自言自语
seat oneself就座
behave oneself举止规矩
come to oneself苏醒,恢复知觉
be not oneself身体不舒服
考点 2 it的用法
1.指代前面提到过的事物、群体、想法等或代替指示代词this或that；也可指代时间、距离、天气、日期、温度等；还可指代不清楚或没必要指出性别的说话对象。
2.作形式主语或形式宾语,代替不定式、动名词或名词性从句。
(1)it作形式主语的常用句型：
①It＋be＋adj./n.(＋for/of sb.)＋to do sth.
②It is no good/no use/...doing sth.
③It’s (well) worth doing sth.
④It＋be＋名词短语(a pity/a fact/no wonder/...)/adj.＋that从句
⑤It＋特殊动词(词组)(seems/appears/turned out/occurred to sb./...)＋that从句
⑥It＋be＋过去分词＋that从句
⑦It＋takes＋(sb.) some time/some money to do sth.
(2)it作形式宾语的常用句型：
①主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋adj./n.(＋for/of sb.)＋to do/从句
②主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋useless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time (money/energy/...)/...＋doing...
③主语＋think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep/find/...＋it＋natural/essential/...＋that...(should)...
[特别提醒] like、enjoy、hate、love、appreciate等表示喜欢、憎恶等情感的动词以及depend on/upon、see to等动词短语后,不能直接跟从句,应先加it,再接when、if、that等引导的从句。
(2023·新课标Ⅰ卷) I would appreciate it if you can take my following proposals into consideration.
如果您能考虑我以下的建议,我将不胜感激。
3.含it的常考短语或句型
考点 3 不定代词
1.both、all、either、any、neither、none的用法
范围 含义
都 任一 都不
两者 both either neither
三者或三者以上 all any none
It’s an either- or situation—we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday,but we can’t do both.
这是一种二选一的情况：我们今年要么买一辆新车,要么去度假,但两者不可兼得。
None of the books on the shelf are interesting.
书架上的书没有一本是有趣的。
You can choose either book；they are both interesting.
你可以选择这两本书中的任何一本；它们都很有趣。
[特别提醒] 固定搭配：anything but(根本不)、nothing but(只不过；仅仅)、all but(几乎；差一点)、none but(仅仅；只有)。everything意为“每件事物；所有事物”,强调整体,与not连用时表示部分否定,意为“并不是所有事物都……”。
(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)Not all great writers are great spellers.
不是所有伟大的作家都是伟大的拼写家。
2.one、another、the other、some、others、the others的用法
数的形式 含义
一个/一些 另外一个/一些 剩余的一个/一些
单数 one another the other
复数 some others the others
I have two books—one is English,and the other is French.
我有两本书,一本是英语的,另一本是法语的。
(2022·全国乙卷)Some students prefer to read English books, some like listening to English songs better, others view watching English movies as the most effective way to practice English.
有些学生喜欢读英语书,有些学生更喜欢听英语歌曲,还有一些学生认为看英语电影是练习英语的最有效的方法。
3.many、much、few、little、a few、a little的用法
类型 变化与一致
不同点 相同点
many/much many修饰或替代可数名词复数;
much修饰或替代不可数名词 两者都表示“许多”
few/little
(少) few修饰或替代可数名词复数;little修饰或替代不可数名词 表示“几乎没有”
a few/a little a few修饰或替代可数名词复数;a little修饰或替代不可数名词 表示“一些”
He can speak a little French,but he knows little English.
他会说点法语,但几乎不懂英语。
4.复合不定代词
代词 意义 用法
somebody/someone 某人 主要用于肯定句;用于否定句或疑问句时,表示希望得到肯定答复
something 某物
anybody/anyone 任何人 主要用于否定句、疑问句,也可用于if或whether后;用于肯定句时表示“任何”
anything 任何事
代词 意义 用法
everybody/everyone 每个人 常用于肯定句;用于否定句时常表示部分否定
everything 每件事物
nobody/no one 没有人 主要用于否定句,表示全部否定,不能与of短语连用(none 既可指人又可指物,常与of短语连用,表示数量)
nothing 没有事物
Somebody seemed to have called on me in my absence.
我不在时,好像有人来找过我。
I have told you that I don’t have anything to say about it. Everything has gone wrong.
我已经告诉过你,我对此无话可说。一切都错了。
I’m writing to tell you something about my life and study in recent days.
我写信告诉你最近我在生活和学习上的一些事。
考点 4 替代词：one(s)，that，those
one(s) one代替的是前面提到的同类异物中的任何一个,相当于“a/an+单数名词”; ones用来代替前面出现的复数名词,也表示泛指 a/an+可数名词单数=one;
the+可数名词单数=that/the one;
the+不可数名词=that;
the+可数名词复数=the ones/those;
可数名词复数=ones
that 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事
物,所代替的名词可以是可数名词单数,也可以是不可数名词,其前面通常不能有修饰语,但可以有后置定语
those 代替前面提到的同类异物中特指的事
物,只能指代可数名词复数,相当于the ones
(北师大选必一)Some spent the dinner bending over their phones, texting friends online but ignoring the ones (＝those/the persons) who sat right in front of them.
一些人在晚餐时弯着腰看手机,在网上给朋友发短信,但忽略了坐在他们正前方的人。
I don’t like this camera. Will you please show me another one
我不喜欢这款照相机,你能再给我拿一款吗？
A house built of brick lasts longer than that built of wood.
用砖盖的房子比用木头盖的房子要持久耐用些。
考点针对训练
语法与教材
1.(人教选必二) takes about twenty minutes from the time you start eating for your brain to tell your body that you are full.
2.(人教必修一)Finally, I stopped comparing (I) with actresses and models and looking for things that were wrong with my face or body.
3.(译林选必二)The history of advertising has always been closely linked with of the mass media.
It
myself
that
4.(译林选必二)Despite the uncertainty about (it) medical basis, acupuncture(针灸) has become a popular form of treatment.
5.(译林选必二) was a Frenchman, Pierre de Coubertin, who brought the Olympics back to life.
6.(译林选必三)If your heart breaks like (I) at the thought of our irreplaceable heritage being lost forever, please take action.
its
It
mine
8.(人教选必一)Today, is estimated that about 60 percent of domestic rice consumption in China is comprised of crops generated from Yuan’s hybrid strains.
it
7.(译林选必二)The basic definition of VR lies in the name (it), which means “reality that is not real”.
itself
